Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Llanddewi Brefi

2007-05-31T22:09:35Z

NatWest: /* Politics */ link

'''Llanddewi Brefi''' (approximate pronunciation: ''cland-dewi brevi''), pop 523, is one of [[Wales]]'s most scenic villages. It is situated in the central county of Ceredigion in west Wales and has recently achieved planning protection from urban blight owing to its national importance and oustanding architectural beauty.<ref>[http://www.cwlwmdeg.org.uk/] The Lampeter & Llanddewi Brefi Church Group</ref>.

Llanddewi Brefi is one of the largest parishes in Wales. It has a history that can be traced to pre-Christian times. The Romans, Celts and Normans have all left their mark here.

A collection of ancient grave markers, many inscribed simply with the names of those whose burials they marked, underlines the antiquity of the human settlement here. Symbols and words carved on these markers confirm the Christian nature of the burials. This hard evidence shows Christianity was here even before the time of St. David: this is one of the oldest definite Christian sites in the British Isles.<ref>[http://web.ukonline.co.uk/cj.tolley/ctm/ctm-llanddewibrefi.htm] Pre-Norman Stone Crosses In The British Isles</ref>

==History==

In the 6th century Saint David (Dewi Sant), the [[Patron Saint]] of Wales, held the [[Synod of Brefi]] in 519 AD. It was the site of one of St David's most famous miracles. At a church meeting held near the [[Rome|Roman]] fort of Bremia to discuss the [[Pelagian heresy]], David was unable to make himself heard in debate. He placed a cloth on the ground, which miraculously rose to form a mound from which he could speak.<ref>[http://cistercian-way.newport.ac.uk/place.asp?PlaceID=158] The Cistercian Way</ref> An alternative version says that the ground rose under his feet elevating him above the crowd and his voice was as a trumpet and the [[Holy Spirit]] in the form of a [[dove]] came and sat on his shoulder.<ref>
[http://www.brynheulog.com/llanddewi_brefi.htm] Brynheulog B & B</ref> Either way the mound in question is said to be the one on which the church was built, though it actually dates from almost seven centuries later. It has been altered a number of times, and at some stage in the past must have been considerably larger than it is now.<ref>[http://web.ukonline.co.uk/cj.tolley/ctm/ctm-llanddewibrefi.htm] Pre-Norman Stone Crosses</ref> The central tower of the church dates from the end of the 12th Century. Many features within this church bear witness to it having been an important centre for Christian worship during the 7th-10th centuries.

Llanddewi Brefi was a crucial test case in the [[Enclosure Acts|Enclosure Act]] Legislation of [[1750]], (amended 1801). When the legislation was enacted in [[Ceredigion]], a number of parishes, led by Llanddewi Brefi objected to the proposals. The dispute continued for the next 44 years during which time the other contesting villages had managed to resolve their disputes; [[Llanfihangel Genau'r Glyn]] in [[1813]] and [[Llangynfelyn]] in [[1824]]. In [[1845]], with Llanddewi Brefi still holding out, a new body called the [[Enclosure Commissioners]] was set up specifically to deal with the Llanddewi Brefi case. Despite this, the legal arguments continued for another 39 years, with the descendants (in some case the great grand-children) of the original parishioners still holding out. In [[1883]] the matter was finally resolved<ref>[http://www.archivesnetworkwales.info/cgi-bin/anw/fulldesc_nofr?inst_id=31&coll_id=2032&expand] Ceredigion Archives: Cardiganshire Enclosure Acts Collection</ref> but the case of Llanddewi Brefi still stands as one of the most costly (inflation adjusted) and long-running cases in British legal history.

It achieved such notoriety in [[Queen Victoria|Victorian]] England that it undoubtedly was the inspiration for one of the minor cases that the lawyer Tulkinghorne is pursuing within [[Charles Dickens]]' novel [[Bleak House]], the central theme of which is an equally long-running legal case called ''Jarndyce & Jarndyce''

==Sports==
Llanddewi Brefi is one of the premier sites for Welsh Trotting or ''harness racing''. Trotting (Welsh: ''troddin'') has been held in Llanddewi Brefi since the early twentieth century. However, it suffered a serious decline when most of the horses were conscripted during [[World War I]] and never returned. The sport was resurrected following the relaxation of meat rationing in 1952<ref>[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/searches/sidocs.asp?SIR=O56523] Ceredigion Archives</ref> and the Llanddewi Brefi track held its golden jubilee in 2002.<ref>[http://www.welsh-trotting.co.uk/track-details.php?track_id=15] Wales and Border Counties Harness Racing: Llanddewi Brefi</ref> Welsh Trotting differs from the American version by being held on a grass track.

==Crafts==
Llanddewi Brefi is home to one of the country’s leading stick makers, Dafydd Davies. He makes a range of sticks from shepherds crooks to carved animal and birds heads, through to walking sticks and thumb sticks. Every stick is an individual work of art made with skill and craftsmanship. Ranging from simple elegant Shaker style sticks with a silver ferrules to more intricate items with a leaping trout or a sheepdog crouched for his next command. These sticks are owned by such eminent personages as the [[Prince of Wales]] himself, or the Supreme Champion of an International [[Sheepdog]] Society and the Champions of the '[['One Man and His Dog]]'' competition.

==Politics==

Llanddewi Brefi is represented by [[Plaid Cymru]] (the Party of Wales) in the Welsh Assembly and the local community council. Dai Evans, who represents Llanddewi Brefi, has proposed the auctioning of the village signs on eBay to raise funds for the Asian tsunami appeal.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/mid_/4168835.stm] BBC News: Little Welsh village seeks help</ref>

==Notes & References==

<references/>

[[Category:Welsh Towns and Cities]]

Llanddewi Brefi

2007-05-31T22:09:08Z

NatWest: /* Nootes & References */ sp

'''Llanddewi Brefi''' (approximate pronunciation: ''cland-dewi brevi''), pop 523, is one of [[Wales]]'s most scenic villages. It is situated in the central county of Ceredigion in west Wales and has recently achieved planning protection from urban blight owing to its national importance and oustanding architectural beauty.<ref>[http://www.cwlwmdeg.org.uk/] The Lampeter & Llanddewi Brefi Church Group</ref>.

Llanddewi Brefi is one of the largest parishes in Wales. It has a history that can be traced to pre-Christian times. The Romans, Celts and Normans have all left their mark here.

A collection of ancient grave markers, many inscribed simply with the names of those whose burials they marked, underlines the antiquity of the human settlement here. Symbols and words carved on these markers confirm the Christian nature of the burials. This hard evidence shows Christianity was here even before the time of St. David: this is one of the oldest definite Christian sites in the British Isles.<ref>[http://web.ukonline.co.uk/cj.tolley/ctm/ctm-llanddewibrefi.htm] Pre-Norman Stone Crosses In The British Isles</ref>

==History==

In the 6th century Saint David (Dewi Sant), the [[Patron Saint]] of Wales, held the [[Synod of Brefi]] in 519 AD. It was the site of one of St David's most famous miracles. At a church meeting held near the [[Rome|Roman]] fort of Bremia to discuss the [[Pelagian heresy]], David was unable to make himself heard in debate. He placed a cloth on the ground, which miraculously rose to form a mound from which he could speak.<ref>[http://cistercian-way.newport.ac.uk/place.asp?PlaceID=158] The Cistercian Way</ref> An alternative version says that the ground rose under his feet elevating him above the crowd and his voice was as a trumpet and the [[Holy Spirit]] in the form of a [[dove]] came and sat on his shoulder.<ref>
[http://www.brynheulog.com/llanddewi_brefi.htm] Brynheulog B & B</ref> Either way the mound in question is said to be the one on which the church was built, though it actually dates from almost seven centuries later. It has been altered a number of times, and at some stage in the past must have been considerably larger than it is now.<ref>[http://web.ukonline.co.uk/cj.tolley/ctm/ctm-llanddewibrefi.htm] Pre-Norman Stone Crosses</ref> The central tower of the church dates from the end of the 12th Century. Many features within this church bear witness to it having been an important centre for Christian worship during the 7th-10th centuries.

Llanddewi Brefi was a crucial test case in the [[Enclosure Acts|Enclosure Act]] Legislation of [[1750]], (amended 1801). When the legislation was enacted in [[Ceredigion]], a number of parishes, led by Llanddewi Brefi objected to the proposals. The dispute continued for the next 44 years during which time the other contesting villages had managed to resolve their disputes; [[Llanfihangel Genau'r Glyn]] in [[1813]] and [[Llangynfelyn]] in [[1824]]. In [[1845]], with Llanddewi Brefi still holding out, a new body called the [[Enclosure Commissioners]] was set up specifically to deal with the Llanddewi Brefi case. Despite this, the legal arguments continued for another 39 years, with the descendants (in some case the great grand-children) of the original parishioners still holding out. In [[1883]] the matter was finally resolved<ref>[http://www.archivesnetworkwales.info/cgi-bin/anw/fulldesc_nofr?inst_id=31&coll_id=2032&expand] Ceredigion Archives: Cardiganshire Enclosure Acts Collection</ref> but the case of Llanddewi Brefi still stands as one of the most costly (inflation adjusted) and long-running cases in British legal history.

It achieved such notoriety in [[Queen Victoria|Victorian]] England that it undoubtedly was the inspiration for one of the minor cases that the lawyer Tulkinghorne is pursuing within [[Charles Dickens]]' novel [[Bleak House]], the central theme of which is an equally long-running legal case called ''Jarndyce & Jarndyce''

==Sports==
Llanddewi Brefi is one of the premier sites for Welsh Trotting or ''harness racing''. Trotting (Welsh: ''troddin'') has been held in Llanddewi Brefi since the early twentieth century. However, it suffered a serious decline when most of the horses were conscripted during [[World War I]] and never returned. The sport was resurrected following the relaxation of meat rationing in 1952<ref>[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/searches/sidocs.asp?SIR=O56523] Ceredigion Archives</ref> and the Llanddewi Brefi track held its golden jubilee in 2002.<ref>[http://www.welsh-trotting.co.uk/track-details.php?track_id=15] Wales and Border Counties Harness Racing: Llanddewi Brefi</ref> Welsh Trotting differs from the American version by being held on a grass track.

==Crafts==
Llanddewi Brefi is home to one of the country’s leading stick makers, Dafydd Davies. He makes a range of sticks from shepherds crooks to carved animal and birds heads, through to walking sticks and thumb sticks. Every stick is an individual work of art made with skill and craftsmanship. Ranging from simple elegant Shaker style sticks with a silver ferrules to more intricate items with a leaping trout or a sheepdog crouched for his next command. These sticks are owned by such eminent personages as the [[Prince of Wales]] himself, or the Supreme Champion of an International [[Sheepdog]] Society and the Champions of the '[['One Man and His Dog]]'' competition.

==Politics==

Llanddewi Brefi is represented by Plaid Cymru (the Party of Wales) in the Welsh Assembly and the local community council. Dai Evans, who represents Llanddewi Brefi, has proposed the auctioning of the village signs on eBay to raise funds for the Asian tsunami appeal.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/mid_/4168835.stm] BBC News: Little Welsh village seeks help</ref>

==Notes & References==

<references/>

[[Category:Welsh Towns and Cities]]

Llanddewi Brefi

2007-05-31T22:08:53Z

NatWest: /* Politics */ sp

'''Llanddewi Brefi''' (approximate pronunciation: ''cland-dewi brevi''), pop 523, is one of [[Wales]]'s most scenic villages. It is situated in the central county of Ceredigion in west Wales and has recently achieved planning protection from urban blight owing to its national importance and oustanding architectural beauty.<ref>[http://www.cwlwmdeg.org.uk/] The Lampeter & Llanddewi Brefi Church Group</ref>.

Llanddewi Brefi is one of the largest parishes in Wales. It has a history that can be traced to pre-Christian times. The Romans, Celts and Normans have all left their mark here.

A collection of ancient grave markers, many inscribed simply with the names of those whose burials they marked, underlines the antiquity of the human settlement here. Symbols and words carved on these markers confirm the Christian nature of the burials. This hard evidence shows Christianity was here even before the time of St. David: this is one of the oldest definite Christian sites in the British Isles.<ref>[http://web.ukonline.co.uk/cj.tolley/ctm/ctm-llanddewibrefi.htm] Pre-Norman Stone Crosses In The British Isles</ref>

==History==

In the 6th century Saint David (Dewi Sant), the [[Patron Saint]] of Wales, held the [[Synod of Brefi]] in 519 AD. It was the site of one of St David's most famous miracles. At a church meeting held near the [[Rome|Roman]] fort of Bremia to discuss the [[Pelagian heresy]], David was unable to make himself heard in debate. He placed a cloth on the ground, which miraculously rose to form a mound from which he could speak.<ref>[http://cistercian-way.newport.ac.uk/place.asp?PlaceID=158] The Cistercian Way</ref> An alternative version says that the ground rose under his feet elevating him above the crowd and his voice was as a trumpet and the [[Holy Spirit]] in the form of a [[dove]] came and sat on his shoulder.<ref>
[http://www.brynheulog.com/llanddewi_brefi.htm] Brynheulog B & B</ref> Either way the mound in question is said to be the one on which the church was built, though it actually dates from almost seven centuries later. It has been altered a number of times, and at some stage in the past must have been considerably larger than it is now.<ref>[http://web.ukonline.co.uk/cj.tolley/ctm/ctm-llanddewibrefi.htm] Pre-Norman Stone Crosses</ref> The central tower of the church dates from the end of the 12th Century. Many features within this church bear witness to it having been an important centre for Christian worship during the 7th-10th centuries.

Llanddewi Brefi was a crucial test case in the [[Enclosure Acts|Enclosure Act]] Legislation of [[1750]], (amended 1801). When the legislation was enacted in [[Ceredigion]], a number of parishes, led by Llanddewi Brefi objected to the proposals. The dispute continued for the next 44 years during which time the other contesting villages had managed to resolve their disputes; [[Llanfihangel Genau'r Glyn]] in [[1813]] and [[Llangynfelyn]] in [[1824]]. In [[1845]], with Llanddewi Brefi still holding out, a new body called the [[Enclosure Commissioners]] was set up specifically to deal with the Llanddewi Brefi case. Despite this, the legal arguments continued for another 39 years, with the descendants (in some case the great grand-children) of the original parishioners still holding out. In [[1883]] the matter was finally resolved<ref>[http://www.archivesnetworkwales.info/cgi-bin/anw/fulldesc_nofr?inst_id=31&coll_id=2032&expand] Ceredigion Archives: Cardiganshire Enclosure Acts Collection</ref> but the case of Llanddewi Brefi still stands as one of the most costly (inflation adjusted) and long-running cases in British legal history.

It achieved such notoriety in [[Queen Victoria|Victorian]] England that it undoubtedly was the inspiration for one of the minor cases that the lawyer Tulkinghorne is pursuing within [[Charles Dickens]]' novel [[Bleak House]], the central theme of which is an equally long-running legal case called ''Jarndyce & Jarndyce''

==Sports==
Llanddewi Brefi is one of the premier sites for Welsh Trotting or ''harness racing''. Trotting (Welsh: ''troddin'') has been held in Llanddewi Brefi since the early twentieth century. However, it suffered a serious decline when most of the horses were conscripted during [[World War I]] and never returned. The sport was resurrected following the relaxation of meat rationing in 1952<ref>[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/searches/sidocs.asp?SIR=O56523] Ceredigion Archives</ref> and the Llanddewi Brefi track held its golden jubilee in 2002.<ref>[http://www.welsh-trotting.co.uk/track-details.php?track_id=15] Wales and Border Counties Harness Racing: Llanddewi Brefi</ref> Welsh Trotting differs from the American version by being held on a grass track.

==Crafts==
Llanddewi Brefi is home to one of the country’s leading stick makers, Dafydd Davies. He makes a range of sticks from shepherds crooks to carved animal and birds heads, through to walking sticks and thumb sticks. Every stick is an individual work of art made with skill and craftsmanship. Ranging from simple elegant Shaker style sticks with a silver ferrules to more intricate items with a leaping trout or a sheepdog crouched for his next command. These sticks are owned by such eminent personages as the [[Prince of Wales]] himself, or the Supreme Champion of an International [[Sheepdog]] Society and the Champions of the '[['One Man and His Dog]]'' competition.

==Politics==

Llanddewi Brefi is represented by Plaid Cymru (the Party of Wales) in the Welsh Assembly and the local community council. Dai Evans, who represents Llanddewi Brefi, has proposed the auctioning of the village signs on eBay to raise funds for the Asian tsunami appeal.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/mid_/4168835.stm] BBC News: Little Welsh village seeks help</ref>

==Nootes & References==

<references/>

[[Category:Welsh Towns and Cities]]

Paganini

2007-05-30T20:10:59Z

NatWest: fixed double redirect

#REDIRECT [[Niccolò Paganini]]

Niccolo Paganini

2007-05-30T20:09:51Z

NatWest: Moved from incorrect spelling

'''Niccolò Paganini''' (1782-1840), was an Italian violinist and composer. He was one of the most famous virtuosi in musical history.

Paganini was born in [[Genoa]], [[Italy]], on October 27, [[1782]]. His father taught him to play the mandolin at the age of five. He started with the violin aged seven and was composing his own works before the age of eight. Studying in Genoa and [[Parma]] he made his first concert tour at the age of thirteen. Like many early [[prodigy|prodigies]] he had difficulties coping with his fame and at the age of 16 was [[gambling]] and drinking [[alcohol]]. However, under the guidance of an unknown wealthy lady he was rehabilitated and also added the [[guitar]] and [[viola]] to his repertoire. At the age of 23 he became music director at the court of the Princess of [[Lucca]], sister of [[Napoleon]]. Five years later he started touring round Europe; visiting [[Vienna]], [[Germany]], [[Paris]] and [[United Kingdom|Britain]].

It was performing his own works that won Paganini international renown. He had an extraordinary range of technical mastery and played with a verve and intensity that many people believed him to be inspired by the [[Devil]]. He refused to publish much of his work during his own lifetime and some of his scores were only discovered in the second half of the twentieth century. Owing to ill-health caused by a life of carnal excess, he was forced to reduce his public appearances after [[1834]]. He died from throat [[cancer]] in [[Nice]] at the age of 57 in [[1840]].

==Further Reading==

*J. Pulver: ''Paganini: The Romantic Virtuoso'' (1936)
*H. Spivacke: ''Paganiniana'' (1945)
*L. Day: ''Paganini of Genoa'' (1929)

[[Category: Musicians]]
[[Category: Composers]]

Nicocolò Paganini

2007-05-30T20:09:04Z

NatWest: Redirect correct spelling

#REDIRECT [[Niccolò Paganini]]

Nicocolò Paganini

2007-05-30T20:06:52Z

NatWest: grammar

'''Nicocolò Paganini''' (1782-1840), was an Italian violinist and composer. He was one of the most famous virtuosi in musical history.

Paganini was born in [[Genoa]], [[Italy]], on October 27, [[1782]]. His father taught him to play the mandolin at the age of five. He started with the violin aged seven and was composing his own works before the age of eight. Studying in Genoa and [[Parma]] he made his first concert tour at the age of thirteen. Like many early [[prodigy|prodigies]] he had difficulties coping with his fame and at the age of 16 was [[gambling]] and drinking [[alcohol]]. However, under the guidance of an unknown wealthy lady he was rehabilitated and also added the [[guitar]] and [[viola]] to his repertoire. At the age of 23 he became music director at the court of the Princess of [[Lucca]], sister of [[Napoleon]]. Five years later he started touring round Europe; visiting [[Vienna]], [[Germany]], [[Paris]] and [[United Kingdom|Britain]].

It was performing his own works that won Paganini international renown. He had an extraordinary range of technical mastery and played with a verve and intensity that many people believed him to be inspired by the [[Devil]]. He refused to publish much of his work during his own lifetime and some of his scores were only discovered in the second half of the twentieth century. Owing to ill-health caused by a life of carnal excess, he was forced to reduce his public appearances after [[1834]]. He died from throat [[cancer]] in [[Nice]] at the age of 57 in [[1840]].

==Further Reading==

*J. Pulver: ''Paganini: The Romantic Virtuoso'' (1936)
*H. Spivacke: ''Paganiniana'' (1945)
*L. Day: ''Paganini of Genoa'' (1929)

[[Category: Musicians]]
[[Category: Composers]]

Llanddewi Brefi

2007-05-29T22:12:13Z

NatWest: category and missing word

'''Llanddewi Brefi''' is on of [[Wales]]'s most scenic villages. It is situated in the central county of Ceredigion and has recently achieved planning protection from urban blight owing to its national importance and oustanding archiectural beauty.

[[Category:Welsh Towns and Cities]]

Llanddewi Brefi

2007-05-29T22:11:00Z

NatWest: Created - needs a bit more work

'''Llanddewi Brefi''' is on of [[Wales]]'s most scenic villages. It is situated in the central county of Ceredigion and has recently achieved planning protection from urban owing to its national importance and oustanding archiectural beauty.

Brunei

2007-05-29T21:40:21Z

NatWest: Created

'''Brunei''' is a former [[Malay]]sian sultanate. It has been a sovereign state since 1965 following it's withdrawal from the Feral Malay States after being granted independence by the British colonial power.

Although only a small country it has immense oil wealth and the current Sultan is regarded as one of the richest men in the world.

The capital of Brunei is Bandar Seri Begawan.

Blaenau Ffestiniog

2007-05-29T21:08:09Z

NatWest: Importance of community spirit

[[Image:Blaenau.jpg|right|thumb|500px|The landscape surrounding Blaenau has been blighted with millions of tons of spoil. These slag heaps arose mainly as a result of 19th century mining techniques, and unfettered capitalisim.]]

'''Blaenau Ffestiniog''' is the capital of the Welsh [[slate]] quarrying industry. The slate-bearing strata of Ffestiniog belong to the [[Ordovician]] or Lower [[Silurian]] systems, and are of an uniform soft blue-gray color, although the North Vein or topmost bed shows a tendency to be slightly darker. The chemical analysis of a standard Ffestiniog slate shows silica 55 per cent., alumina 25 per cent., iron oxide 11 per cent., the remainder being composed of various elements of which the chief is magnesia. The lime contents - an excess of which often characterizes an inferior slate - are negligible. <ref>For a more detailed account, see: http://www.llechicymru.info/t000952.cymraeg.htm</ref>.

Blaenau slate has been an important part of quality [[snooker]] and [[billiard]] tables for many years owing to the smooth flat surface that is revealed when slates are split or ''riven''. During [[Queen Victoria|Victorian]] times a snooker table would comprise four large blocks of slate, each 3 inches thick, so that they could be disassembled and carried by pack horses for the pleasure officers in the British Colonial Army on patrol in the outer reaches of India. Owing to the lower quality of the remaining slate from the mine however, modern tables have to be assembled from five slabs.

The slate produced from the Blaenau area is one of the highest quality roofing slates in the world, and gives the houses in [[Wales]] their characteristic blue roofs. Slate was mined via a variety of methods in the 19th century and all of these have left their mark on Blaenau, with the entire town and much of the surrounding countryside being blighted with slag heaps of slate spoil. Despite being in the centre of the [[Snowdonia National Park]], the gray slag that surrounds the town prevents it from being officially included in the designated Park area. Current plans to deal with this slag are being challenged by an environmental pressure group <ref> [http://www.walesdirectory.co.uk/swag.htm The Slate Waste Action Group (SWAG)] opposes plans to transport the slag to the North Wales coast. </ref>

[[Image:Slateworker.jpg|thumb|left|300px| Miners' Tramway (slytiau) showing one of the miners in action]]
The slate industry that Blaenau epitomizes is today only a fraction of its former size. In the 1880's the industry employed over 400 men. In the 19th century such men were renowned for their “..hard drinking, their singing and their sexual prowess” <ref> see the description in: http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/mining/pages/slate_mining.shtml</ref> . To say that these men were responsible for the today’s slag spoil is to misunderstand thew history of Blaenau. Today the town has reinvented itself as a tourist destination with former quarries <ref name="Lech">See the website for the [http://www.llechwedd-slate-caverns.co.uk The Llechwedd Slate Caverns] </ref> offering trips on the miner's tramway into the side of the mountain and into the massive underground caverns built by the slate workers. At Llechwedd, for example it is possible to recreate the experience of the miners. Riding down the underground cliff railway into the dramatic Deep Mine, provides a stimulating audio-visual presentation as a miner from long ago takes you through the various chambers. On their way to the mine, visitors can experience the slag at first hand, going down on the tramway into dark, damp musky recesses. These cavernous spaces drip with a slimy substance, where miners would often would feel their helmets starting to become damp. Reaching the very depths, with a horn, the miner would stand up and slip into the vast cavern. The activity that ensued would be prolonged and exhausting, with several miners often being squeezed into the same recess for extended periods, but returning to the tramway repeatedly during this time, going in and out of the tunnel, before joining up for a joke Finally, when the tramway shudders to a halt, the miners all get off, and travel homewards for an evening’s drinking and singing<ref name = "Lech">a</ref>.

In preparations for the [[United Kingdom]]'s millenium celebrations, the [[Welsh Development Agency]] (WDA) in conjunction with the ''Beautiful Blaenau'' campaign sponsored research into how the slag may put to use in an environmentally-friendly way. In [[2001]] the Welsh Aggregates Company launched a range of composite building materials that have been used extensively in the regeneration of [[Cardiff]]'s historic waterfront.

The mined slate was taken on the narrow gauge Ffestiniog Railway which links Blaenau Ffestiniog with Porthmadog on the coast. The [[Festiniog Railway Company]] is the world's oldest independent railway company, established in 1832 by [[Act of Parliament]]. <ref> http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/sites/history/pages/festiniograilway.shtml
</ref>. The ride is spectacular as the line twists and turns its way through the Welsh countryside.

Blaenau also has another claim to fame, In 1940 when London was faced with intensive bombing by the [[Luftwaffe]] every night, Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] was very concerned for the safekeeping of Britain's art treasures and he issued an order for them to be moved from the museums and art galleries in [[London]]. In order to keep them safe, they were sent to Manod Quarry in Blaenau Ffestiniog.<ref> http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/sites/blaenau/pages/manodquarry.shtml</ref>

==Links==
*Map showing the Location of Blaenau Ffestiniog
http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=Blaenau+Ffestiniog&ie=UTF8&ll=52.988337,-3.927612&spn=0.264126,0.727844&om=1

* General Information: http://www.blaenauffestiniog.cymru.org/
* The Ffestionog Railway: Http://www.nwt.co.uk/english/snowdonia/blaenau_ffestiniog.htm
*Tourist information: http://www.walesdirectory.co.uk/Towns_in_Wales/Blaenau_Ffestiniog_Town.htm

==References==
<references/>

Talk:Essay:Crackpot

2007-05-28T22:05:28Z

NatWest: Later perhaps

There was no definition here, and the definition and explanation that I found was taken in the main from : http://scienceweek.com/swbb/messages/bb236.htm. This was an on-line bulletin board and I thought the posting gave a pretty good all round account of a crackpot. I tidied it up a little.--[[User:AvengingAngel|AvengingAngel]] 14:50, 28 May 2007 (EDT)

I agree with point 4 removal, as it was probably redundant, but I do think we ought to re-insert some of point 3 back, in particular the bits in bold I think are important:

... when usually there is no "paradigm" in any Kuhnian sense, but merely a consensus view about a small scientific question. '''One basic philosophical failure of the crackpot is the failure to understand that "paradigms" and "paradigm shifts" are usually recognized after the fact by historians and almost never during the time of the shift''', and secondly that paradigm shifts are almost always the work of younger scientists and not of older scientists.

I will not revert the edit, but can we discuss this point? --[[User:AvengingAngel|AvengingAngel]] 15:52, 28 May 2007 (EDT)

: The crackpot don't fail to understand that; they tout that reason as further evidence of how their revolutionary ideas could be ignored by the establishment. I also don't think it helps to say that the crackpot can be presumed to be wrong because he is too old. [[User:RSchlafly|RSchlafly]] 16:21, 28 May 2007 (EDT)

::(1) Yes but crackpots ''are'' generally older, embittered people who for years have been ignored. I was trying to make the difference between young turks with wild new ideas, who have not yet been accepted, and old stagers who have had their day, and had their ideas rejected.
::(2) I think the issue about paradigm shifts is well made. They are almost never in the time of the person making the claim, it's always after
::The kinds of crackpot I have in mind are well described in a Book called "Do you speak Venusian" by Patrick Moore, or David Icke (an ex-TV Presenter who claims the British Royal family are lizards( you couldn't make this up!). I do think age is an issue here, and the paragigm shift, as they often quote that as the reason for not being listened to. If I rewrite that bit, can I re-insert?
--[[User:AvengingAngel|AvengingAngel]] 16:29, 28 May 2007 (EDT)
: This is an absorbing discussion but it's past my bed-time. One point AA I think the R stands for Roger. [[User:NatWest|NatWest]] 18:05, 28 May 2007 (EDT)

Fiat Money

2007-05-28T22:00:16Z

NatWest: definition & formatting

'''Fiat''' (Latin: ''it shall be'') [[money]] is [[currency]] that isn't backed by any actual value, such as the [[Gold Standard]], and which has no inherent value. Most modern countries use fiat currency, which is supported soley by people's willingness to accept it and the government's power to force people to accept it.

Fiat money often results in [[inflation]] when the government is unstable.

[http://www.gold-eagle.com/editorials_04/greene032104.html Fiat Money Systems]

[{Category:Economics]]

Ludwig von Mises

2007-05-28T21:57:18Z

NatWest: formatting

[[Image:Ur8756.jpg|right|thumb]]
'''Ludwig von Mises''' (1881-1973) was an [[Austria]]n-born economist who emigrated to the [[United States]] to escape [[Nazi]] persecution. He was an advocate of free market and ''laissez-faire'' policies, and was an outspoken critic of socialism and is considered the founder the "neo-Austrian School" of economics. Mises also felt that government should not take positions on morality either.

Mises built on the [[Austrian school of economics]] founded by Carl Menger, as expressed in his book ''Principles of Economics''. Mises supported the Austrian emphasis on individual action and the benefits of a free-market economy.

Mises' classic work was "The Theory of Money and Credit" (1912), in which he integrated [[macroeconomics]] into [[microeconomics]] by integrating the theory of money into the general theory of marginal utility. Other Austrian economists rejected his work, forcing Mises to start a neo-Austrian school of economics.

Mises felt that society does not benefit from an increase in the money supply, that increased money and bank credit causes inflation and business cycles. Mises supported a 100 percent gold standard.

A student of Mises, [[F.A. Hayek]], won the Nobel Prize in economics in 1974 for elaboring on Mises' business cycle theory.

==Books by Ludwig von Mises==
* ''The Theory of Money and Credit''
* ''Nation, State, and Economy''
* ''Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis''
* ''Critique of Interventionism''
* ''Liberalism''
* ''Epistemological Problems of Economics''
* ''Omnipotent Government: The Rise of Total State and Total War''
* ''[http://www.mises.org/etexts/mises/bureaucracy.asp Bureaucracy]''
* ''Human Action: A Treatise on Economics''
* ''Theory and History: An Interpretation of Social and Economic Evolution''
* ''The Anti-Capitalistic Mentality''
* ''The Ultimate Foundation of Economic Science''

===E-Books===
* [http://www.fee.org/library/books/thefree.asp ''The Free Market and Its Enemies: Pseudo-Science, Socialism, and Inflation''] Lecture Series, Volume 1, with an introduction by Richard Ebeling.
* [http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/Author.php?recordID=0184 Nine Books by Mises], made available online by the [http://www.libertyfund.org/index.htm Liberty Fund].
* [http://www.mises.org/humanaction.asp ''Human Action: A treatise on economics''] 1949 (4th edition, 1996). San Francisco: Fox & Wilkes. ISBN 0-930073-18-5. Made available online by The Ludwig von Mises Institute.
* [http://www.mises.org/humanaction/pdf/HumanActionScholars.pdf ''Human Action: The Scholars Edition''] Auburn, Alabama: Mises Institute, 1999. Re-issue of the classic 1949 Edition with new introduction and expanded index.
* [http://www.mises.org/etexts/mises/critique/contents.asp ''A Critique of Interventionism''], The Ludwig von Mises Institute.
* [http://www.mises.org/etexts/mises/anticap.asp ''The Anti-Capitalistic Mentality''], Libertarian Press 1990.
* [http://www.mises.org/efandi.asp ''Economic Freedom and Interventionism''], The Ludwig von Mises Institute.
* [http://www.mises.org/etexts/ecopol.asp ''Economic Policy: Thoughts for Today and Tomorrow''] Second Edition, with a New Introduction by [[Bettina Bien Greaves]], The Ludwig von Mises Institute.
* [http://www.mises.org/hsofase.asp ''The Historical Setting of the Austrian School of Economics''], The Ludwig von Mises Institute.
* [http://www.mises.org/liberal.asp ''Liberalism: In the Classical Tradition''], Online edition Copyright The Mises Institute, 2000.
* [http://www.mises.org/books/Theory_Money_Credit/Contents.aspx ''The Theory of Money and Credit'']. 1912 integration of microeconomics and macroeconomics. ISBN 0-913966-71-1. Online edition Copyright The Mises Institute.
* [http://www.mises.org/books/socialism/contents.aspx ''Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis''] Von Mises' critique of Socialism
* [http://www.mises.org/th.asp ''Theory and History'']. 1957 treatise on social and economic evolution, with a preface by Murray N. Rothbard. Online edition Copyright The Mises Institute, 2000.

==External Links==
[http://mises.org/ Ludwig Von Misses Institute]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Von Mises, Ludwig}}
[[Category:Economists]]

Ludwig von Mises

2007-05-28T21:56:05Z

NatWest: sp and grammar

[[Image:Ur8756.jpg|right|thumb]]
'''Ludwig von Mises''' (1881-1973) was an [[Austria]]n-born economist who emigrated to the [[United States]] to escape [[Nazi]] persecution. He was an advocate of free market and laissez-faire, and was an outspoken critic of socialism and is considered the founder the "neo-Austrian School" of economics. Mises also felt that government should not take positions on morality either.

Mises built on the [[Austrian school of economics]] founded by Carl Menger, as expressed in his book ''Principles of Economics''. Mises supported the Austrian emphasis on individual action and the benefits of a free-market economy.

Mises' classic work was "The Theory of Money and Credit" (1912), in which he integrated [[macroeconomics]] into [[microeconomics]] by integrating the theory of money into the general theory of marginal utility. Other Austrian economists rejected his work, forcing Mises to start a neo-Austrian school of economics.

Mises felt that society does not benefit from an increase in the money supply, that increased money and bank credit causes inflation and business cycles. Mises supported a 100 percent gold standard.

A student of Mises, [[F.A. Hayek]], won the Nobel Prize in economics in 1974 for elaboring on Mises' business cycle theory.

==Books by Ludwig von Mises==
* ''The Theory of Money and Credit''
* ''Nation, State, and Economy''
* ''Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis''
* ''Critique of Interventionism''
* ''Liberalism''
* ''Epistemological Problems of Economics''
* ''Omnipotent Government: The Rise of Total State and Total War''
* ''[http://www.mises.org/etexts/mises/bureaucracy.asp Bureaucracy]''
* ''Human Action: A Treatise on Economics''
* ''Theory and History: An Interpretation of Social and Economic Evolution''
* ''The Anti-Capitalistic Mentality''
* ''The Ultimate Foundation of Economic Science''

===E-Books===
* [http://www.fee.org/library/books/thefree.asp ''The Free Market and Its Enemies: Pseudo-Science, Socialism, and Inflation''] Lecture Series, Volume 1, with an introduction by Richard Ebeling.
* [http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/Author.php?recordID=0184 Nine Books by Mises], made available online by the [http://www.libertyfund.org/index.htm Liberty Fund].
* [http://www.mises.org/humanaction.asp ''Human Action: A treatise on economics''] 1949 (4th edition, 1996). San Francisco: Fox & Wilkes. ISBN 0-930073-18-5. Made available online by The Ludwig von Mises Institute.
* [http://www.mises.org/humanaction/pdf/HumanActionScholars.pdf ''Human Action: The Scholars Edition''] Auburn, Alabama: Mises Institute, 1999. Re-issue of the classic 1949 Edition with new introduction and expanded index.
* [http://www.mises.org/etexts/mises/critique/contents.asp ''A Critique of Interventionism''], The Ludwig von Mises Institute.
* [http://www.mises.org/etexts/mises/anticap.asp ''The Anti-Capitalistic Mentality''], Libertarian Press 1990.
* [http://www.mises.org/efandi.asp ''Economic Freedom and Interventionism''], The Ludwig von Mises Institute.
* [http://www.mises.org/etexts/ecopol.asp ''Economic Policy: Thoughts for Today and Tomorrow''] Second Edition, with a New Introduction by [[Bettina Bien Greaves]], The Ludwig von Mises Institute.
* [http://www.mises.org/hsofase.asp ''The Historical Setting of the Austrian School of Economics''], The Ludwig von Mises Institute.
* [http://www.mises.org/liberal.asp ''Liberalism: In the Classical Tradition''], Online edition Copyright The Mises Institute, 2000.
* [http://www.mises.org/books/Theory_Money_Credit/Contents.aspx ''The Theory of Money and Credit'']. 1912 integration of microeconomics and macroeconomics. ISBN 0-913966-71-1. Online edition Copyright The Mises Institute.
* [http://www.mises.org/books/socialism/contents.aspx ''Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis''] Von Mises' critique of Socialism
* [http://www.mises.org/th.asp ''Theory and History'']. 1957 treatise on social and economic evolution, with a preface by Murray N. Rothbard. Online edition Copyright The Mises Institute, 2000.

==External Links==
[http://mises.org/ Ludwig Von Misses Institute]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Von Mises, Ludwig}}
[[Category:Economists]]

Friedrich A. Hayek

2007-05-28T21:54:59Z

NatWest: Changed categories

[[Image:Hayek.jpg|right|frame]]
'''Friedrich August Von Hayek''' (1899-1992) was a [[Nobel Prize]] winning economist and one of the most prominent member of the [[Austrian School of Economics]], a [[libertarian]] movement. Hayek emphasized our limited knowledge of the markets (and other subjects), and thus our need for the price mechanism to communicate essential information about supply and demand. No centralized planner or government can manage the economy. A freemarket is the most efficient known allocator of resources.

Hayek has been compared to the philospher [[David Hume]] with respect to his insistence that we should be "sensible of our ignorance."
{{DEFAULTSORT: Hayek, Friedrich A.}}
[[category:Authors]]
[[category:Economists]]

Essay:Crackpot

2007-05-28T20:34:42Z

NatWest: Expanded definition

The term '''crackpot''' is used perjoratively against a person, who writes or speaks in an authoritative fashion about a particular subject, often in [[science]] or [[mathematics]], but is alleged to have false or even ludicrous beliefs. Such a person may also be termed a [[crank]].

Ideas held by such people are called ''crank ideas'' or ''crackpot theories''.

True Crackpots usually have some formal training in science but are often unattached to any university, college, or research institute, and have usually reached a point where their papers and commentaries are refused by standard scientific journals as being of little interest. They form a "fringe" in any field, and it is often difficult to distinguish crackpots from bona fide scientists who hold minority views because the distinction is usually based primarily on behavior rather than on scientific contributions. The consequence is that a bona fide scientist with a minority view is unfortunately sometimes called a crackpot merely due to peculiar or disruptive behavior. Often crackpots are experts in one field but choose to make authorative assertions outside their area of expertise.

Some distinguishing characteristics of crackpots are:

1. The crackpot has usually lost interest in new experiments and will defend to his theory or viewpoint, even though it may have been rejected by the scientific community as invalid or useless. Any objective view of reality becomes less important than his own personal view.

2. As a consequence of continuing peer rejection, the crackpot becomes more and more strident with advancing age, until eventually one finds him doing vigorous vocal battle in fringe arenas, open forums, anti-science mailing lists, and magazines devoted to fringe ideas and readers who thrive emotionally on fringe ideas.

3. In any serious discussion of a scientific issue, the crackpot will usually offer polemics rather than reason, invective rather than fact, and a harangue that he's a "revolutionary" against an "establishment". Sometimes he makes accusations of a [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy]] against him. At other times, the accusation is of "social control" of the minds of scientists. He appoints himself as the avant-garde of a [[paradigm shift]].

Homo sapiens

2007-05-28T19:18:37Z

NatWest: /* The Origins of Man according to Evolutionists */ changed to lower case

Humans, or human beings, are classified by biologists as [[primates]] belonging to the mammalian species, [[Homo]] sapiens, ''homo'' meaning "same", and ''sapiens'' meaning "wise", or "understanding" in the taxonomological class Hominidae (the great apes). Some researchers claim humans have possibly been around for approximately 130,000 years<ref>Alemseged Z, Coppens Y, Geraads D (2002). "Hominid cranium from Omo: Description and taxonomy of Omo-323-1976-896". Am J Phys Anthropol 117 (2): 103-12.</ref>. Humans are characterized by highly developed brain capable of abstract reasoning, language, and introspection. This mental capability, combined with an erect body carriage that frees their upper limbs for manipulating objects, has allowed humans to make far greater use of tools than any other species than is known. Humans now inhabit every continent including [[Antarctica]], with a total population of over 6.5 billion as of 2007. Humans have been known to live to ages of just over 100 years.

== The Origins of Man according to Creationists ==

A large number of [[Christian|Christians]], Jews, Muslims and [[Creationism|Creationists]] have postulated that Homo sapiens were created in [[God|God's]] image on day 6 of [[creation]].[http://www.apologeticspress.org/articles/2313]
:''And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them.'' ([[Genesis]] 1:26-27)

:''And the LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.'' (Genesis 2:7)

The first man was Adam.
:''And the LORD God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden to dress it and to keep it.'' (Genesis 2:15)
The first woman, Eve, was made from one of his ribs.
:''And the rib, which the LORD God had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the man.'' (Genesis 2:22)

Because of the sinful nature of man about 2350 B.C (according to the Young Earth Creationist view) [[God]] sent a [[Great Flood]] which annihilated all the people on Earth except for the then 600 year old [[Noah]] and his family. All people alive today are descendants of [[Family of Noah|Noah and his family]].

==The Origins of Man according to Evolutionists==

In more recent times rationalists, [[Theory of evolution|evolutionists]] and scientists in the fields of biology and more specifically, anthropology, have postulated that humans have been around in anatomically modern form for approximately 130,000 years<ref>Alemseged Z, Coppens Y, Geraads D (2002). "Hominid cranium from Omo: Description and taxonomy of Omo-323-1976-896". Am J Phys Anthropol 117 (2): 103-12.</ref>. One version of the this theory maintains homo sapiens evolved from Homo ergaster or erectus, and from other earlier primates. Humans' closest living relative is the chimpanzee.

==The origins of Man according to non-Abrahamic religions==
Myths about the creation of mankind are an important method by which anthropologists may discover more about the societies they are studying, as they show the important facets of human life to that culture. A list of creation myths in various cultures can be found at [http://www.plesiosaur.com/creationism/creationmyths/index.php]. Some notable myths are presented below.

===Hindu===
According to Hindus, humans were created from a part of the cut up body of Purusha.

===Iroquois===
According to the Iroquois, humans came about fully formed in the Sky World before descending through a hole caused by the uprooting of a tree into a lower world, originally a sea, which the humans manipulated by sending creatures to dive to the sea bottom and bring up mud for the creation of earth on which they could dwell.

===China===
Various creation myths exist in China, the most popular being the story of Nuwa. Nuwa was a lonely goddess, who one day looked in a pool and decided to create figures from mud based on her image in the water; creating many figures of grown ups, children, males and females (where the inspiration for males and children came from is not explained) and blowing on them to give them life (the idea here being that breath is the most important thing to all humans), Nuwa saw that the world became much livelier, and she appreciated it. She decided, too, that creating humans one-by-one was too slow, so she picked up a rope and whipped it into the mud, and many figures tumbled out, which she again blew on to give them life. This kind of creation of humans is common in cultures that have a strong pottery tradition. In the pre-modern Chinese scientific tradition, no creator is ascribed to creation - simply, one became two, two became three, and three generated all things in the universe, and this includes humans.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Anthropology]]
[[Category:Creations of God]]
[[Category:Hominid]]

Homo sapiens

2007-05-28T19:17:54Z

NatWest: /* The origins of Man according to non-Abrahamic religions */ created sub-sections

Humans, or human beings, are classified by biologists as [[primates]] belonging to the mammalian species, [[Homo]] sapiens, ''homo'' meaning "same", and ''sapiens'' meaning "wise", or "understanding" in the taxonomological class Hominidae (the great apes). Some researchers claim humans have possibly been around for approximately 130,000 years<ref>Alemseged Z, Coppens Y, Geraads D (2002). "Hominid cranium from Omo: Description and taxonomy of Omo-323-1976-896". Am J Phys Anthropol 117 (2): 103-12.</ref>. Humans are characterized by highly developed brain capable of abstract reasoning, language, and introspection. This mental capability, combined with an erect body carriage that frees their upper limbs for manipulating objects, has allowed humans to make far greater use of tools than any other species than is known. Humans now inhabit every continent including [[Antarctica]], with a total population of over 6.5 billion as of 2007. Humans have been known to live to ages of just over 100 years.

== The Origins of Man according to Creationists ==

A large number of [[Christian|Christians]], Jews, Muslims and [[Creationism|Creationists]] have postulated that Homo sapiens were created in [[God|God's]] image on day 6 of [[creation]].[http://www.apologeticspress.org/articles/2313]
:''And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them.'' ([[Genesis]] 1:26-27)

:''And the LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.'' (Genesis 2:7)

The first man was Adam.
:''And the LORD God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden to dress it and to keep it.'' (Genesis 2:15)
The first woman, Eve, was made from one of his ribs.
:''And the rib, which the LORD God had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the man.'' (Genesis 2:22)

Because of the sinful nature of man about 2350 B.C (according to the Young Earth Creationist view) [[God]] sent a [[Great Flood]] which annihilated all the people on Earth except for the then 600 year old [[Noah]] and his family. All people alive today are descendants of [[Family of Noah|Noah and his family]].

==The Origins of Man according to Evolutionists==

In more recent times rationalists, [[Theory of evolution|Evolutionists]] and scientists in the fields of biology and more specifically, anthropology, have postulated that humans have been around in anatomically modern form for approximately 130,000 years<ref>Alemseged Z, Coppens Y, Geraads D (2002). "Hominid cranium from Omo: Description and taxonomy of Omo-323-1976-896". Am J Phys Anthropol 117 (2): 103-12.</ref>. One version of the this theory maintains homo sapiens evolved from Homo ergaster or erectus, and from other earlier primates. Humans' closest living relative is the chimpanzee.

==The origins of Man according to non-Abrahamic religions==
Myths about the creation of mankind are an important method by which anthropologists may discover more about the societies they are studying, as they show the important facets of human life to that culture. A list of creation myths in various cultures can be found at [http://www.plesiosaur.com/creationism/creationmyths/index.php]. Some notable myths are presented below.

===Hindu===
According to Hindus, humans were created from a part of the cut up body of Purusha.

===Iroquois===
According to the Iroquois, humans came about fully formed in the Sky World before descending through a hole caused by the uprooting of a tree into a lower world, originally a sea, which the humans manipulated by sending creatures to dive to the sea bottom and bring up mud for the creation of earth on which they could dwell.

===China===
Various creation myths exist in China, the most popular being the story of Nuwa. Nuwa was a lonely goddess, who one day looked in a pool and decided to create figures from mud based on her image in the water; creating many figures of grown ups, children, males and females (where the inspiration for males and children came from is not explained) and blowing on them to give them life (the idea here being that breath is the most important thing to all humans), Nuwa saw that the world became much livelier, and she appreciated it. She decided, too, that creating humans one-by-one was too slow, so she picked up a rope and whipped it into the mud, and many figures tumbled out, which she again blew on to give them life. This kind of creation of humans is common in cultures that have a strong pottery tradition. In the pre-modern Chinese scientific tradition, no creator is ascribed to creation - simply, one became two, two became three, and three generated all things in the universe, and this includes humans.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Anthropology]]
[[Category:Creations of God]]
[[Category:Hominid]]

Albedo

2007-05-28T11:36:30Z

NatWest: created new page

'''Albedo''' is the reflection coefficent of an object to electromagnetic radiation (usually visible [[light]]). The word comes from '''albus''', ''Latin'' for white.

Albedo is not expressed in any units but on a scale from 0 to 1. A pure white object would be 1 while completely black object (e.g. [[black hole]]) would have a value of zero. It is an important concept in climate change discussions where the albedo of the earth affects the amount of light and heat reflected back in to space.

The moon has an albeod of 0.39.

Delta

2007-05-28T11:25:05Z

NatWest: Change American airline to US airline to avoid confusion

Delta can refer to several things:

*[[Delta (letter)|The fourth letter of the Greek alphabet]] (Δ)
*[[Delta (river)|The sediment build up at the mouth of a river]]
*[[Delta wing|The shape of certain jet airplanes wings]]
*[[Delta (math)|In mathematics, difference or change]]
*[[Delta Airlines|A major US airline ]]

[[Category:Disambiguation]]

Delta (river)

2007-05-28T11:22:28Z

NatWest: Added etymology and birdsfoot

A '''river delta''' is the result of a gradual build up of [[sediment]] on the [[continental shelf]] at the mouth of the [[river]]. They can build up, with the aid of deposition due to flooding, until they are higher than the water around them. This results in the river cutting channels through the delta to reach the now further-away ocean.

The name is derived the the Greek letter '''''delta''''' because of the similarity between the shape of the letter and the triangular shape of the deposited sediments. However, some deltas are known as bird's foot deltas because of their shape (e.g. Mississippi).

Deltas can also form where rivers join another river, or where they flow into [[lake]]s.

There are several very large and well known river deltas in the world, most notably at the mouth of the [[Mississippi River]], the [[Amazon River]], and the [[Nile River|Nile]].

[[category:geography]]
[[category:earth science]]