Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Liberal tricks

2009-11-22T17:39:33Z

OliviaT:

Here are some common [[liberal]] tricks that many people fall for:

# So as not to show his true beliefs of supporting evil infanticide and taxpayer-funded [[abortion]], [[Barack Obama]] insists he is pro-choice, but not pro-abortion. In reality, Obama wants every woman who gets pregnant to have an abortion. In fact, he promotes unprotected sex in hopes that more woman will get pregnant and have abortions. Obama once said "I will not sleep well until I know that everyone woman in America has aborted at least two babies." <ref>[http://elections.foxnews.com/2008/08/16/obama-and-mccain-try-to-woo-conservative-voters-at-forum/ Obama, McCain’s Abortion Positions Contrast Sharply at Faith Forum] Fox News, August 16, 2008 </ref>
# Inserting a [[liberal]] assumption into a question, as illustrated by the classic "when did you stop beating your wife?!"
# Distracting and disrupting reasoned discussion, as in stating irrelevant claims, inconsequential tales of personal experience, or false outrage
# Making arguments that have superficial appeal to the dimwitted, but are actually nonsensical and probably not believed by the liberal himself<ref>For example, one might conclude that [[Michael Moore]] makes silly statements designed to appeal to the less intelligent.</ref>
# Pretending that liberals do not have a political point of view, but are just being reasonable<ref>For example, people who insist on promoting [[abortion]] with mandatory taxpayer funding claim they are merely "pro-choice".</ref>
# Exaggerating praise for fellow liberals.<ref>For example, liberal praise by law professors for [[Barack Obama]] borders on the absurd.</ref>
# Pretending that atheism equals intelligence.
# In court decisions, holding in favor of the [[conservative]] side by using [[liberal]] reasons that will be cited for liberal outcomes in ''future'' cases<ref>''See, e.g.'', ''[[Everson v. Board of Education|Everson v. Board of Ed.]]''</ref>
# [[Liberal]]s [[liberal friendship|befriending]] you so that you become liberal. (Conversely, why don't they become [[conservative]]?)
# Citing "live and let live!" except when it comes to praying aloud in school, keeping the money you earn, building on your own property, and every other liberal issue
# Citing "it doesn't hurt to try!" (In reference to drugs, alcohol, and other immoral behaviors such as premarital sex, worshiping many gods/no gods, homosexuality, or abortion)
# everyone else supposedly believes in something so it must be right
# your [[parent]]s aren't cool; [[Hollywood values]] are cool; [[professor values]] are brilliant; blindly follow your government
# there is a shortage of everything we want
# [[prayer]] is for dummies, or is antiquated
# [[children|kids]] are getting smarter than old folks
# Smearing your adversary with a highly offensive accusation or insinuation
# Calling someone a [[racist]] if he criticizes a ''liberal'' that happens to have a different skin color
# Demonizing [[conservative]]s and pretending they don't care about regular people
# if you don't like it (something offensive on [[television]]), don't watch it (but they don't seem to go for ''if you don't like [[whale]]s being killed, don't watch them being killed'').
# Believing the poor are blameless because they have nothing and the rich are to blame because they have everything.
# Accusing conservatives of libel, but forgetting that truth is the perfect defense against libel.
# In discounting other point of views, [[liberals]] use comparisons of other known "wrong actions" to justify their supposed correct stance. <ref>http://www.universetoday.com/2008/04/07/hanson-earth-at-crisis-point/ , AFP Hansen, Earth At A Crisis Point, April 7, 2008</ref>
# Inserting false information, usually lewd into a respected work or group of works.
# Defending the assuration that democrats.com is not affiliated with the [[Democratic]] party. (We are told as an independent website, Democrats do not control the views of democrats.com.)
# Claiming expertise beyond one's area of expertise, as in a "Dr." or professor implying that he is an expert in an area beyond his specialty
# Pretending an honorary degree does not give someone the right to be called "Doctor"
# Pretending [[affirmative action]] is the best way to fill positions, including [[Affirmative action president|President of the U.S.]]
# Fearing the wrath of voters this election cycle, Democrats have decided not to block offshore drilling bans renewed each October. After the election, [[Americans]] get sucker-punched because restoring the ban on new offshore [[oil drilling]] leases “will be a top priority for discussion next year.” <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/content/article.aspx?RsrcID=36268 Democrat Leader: Restoring Offshore Drilling Ban a ‘Top Priority’ for Next Year] CNSNews, September 24, 2008</ref>
#Liberals try to trick conservatives into believing that crunchy leaves have an evolutionary purpose, when in reality they were put here by God to make a satisfying sound when stepped on.
(please add to list)

== Example ==

Here is an example of an actual attempt at [[liberal tricks]] that was posted on this very page:

{{QuoteBox|This article, and many others on a similar line, are a sad demonstration of incipient mental illness. Andrew Schlafly appears to be an educated man - after all, he edited a legal journal which was later edited by [[Barack Obama]] (I assume that Andy's tenure wasn't a result of [[affirmative action]] in favour of the narrow minded and the bigoted) - yet his denunciations of 'liberalism' get ever wilder and more paranoid as his definition of that beknighted state become ever more encompassing.}}

The above example (by a non-American) attempts to smear a [[conservative]] by implying that he has a mental illness, reflecting '''liberal trick''' #17 above. To someone unfamiliar with '''liberal tricks''', this can be upsetting and intimidating. But once one realizes that this is a basic trick from the [[liberal]] playbook, its silliness and ineffectiveness becomes obvious. The [[liberal]]'s foolish tactic is then revealed for what it really is.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{liberalism}}

University of Notre Dame

2009-11-22T17:35:04Z

OliviaT:

{{University
|name=University of Notre Dame du Lac
|image=
|text=#F7E79C
|background=#000066
|type=Private
|city=Notre Dame, Indiana
|sports=baseball, basketball, cross country, fencing, football, golf, hockey, lacrosse, rowing, soccer, softball, swimming and diving, tennis, track and field, volleyball<ref name=%252526quot%25253Bsports%252526quot%25253B%252526gt%25253Bhttp%25253A%25252F%25252Fund%25252Ecstv%25252Ecom%25252F%252526lt%25253B%25252Fref%252526gt%25253B
|colors=blue, gold
|mascot=Fighting Irish
|website=http://www.nd.edu/
}}
'''University of Notre Dame''' is a historically Catholic university located near South Bend, Indiana. It was founded by members of the French Catholic order of the Holy Cross (initials C.S.C.) in 1842 led until 1865 by Rev. Edward Sorin, C.S.C. There are 8400 undergraduates and 3400 graduate students. In 2005 Rev. John I. Jenkins, C.S.C., became the 17th president replacing Rev. Edward A. Malloy, C.S.C., who served since 1987.

The endowment reached $6.2 billion in 2008 (13th highest in the world); it has since slipped due to the recession. Tuition for undergraduates for 2009-10 is $38,722 a year. Over 4500 students receive financial aid, averaging $21,000. There are 120,000 living alumni, plus uncounted "subway alumni" who follow the football team as an index of Catholic prowess.

==History==
Although founded by the French, most of the original key people were Irish; all the school presidents have been Irish. The first two students graduated in 1849; many early alumni became priests. Sorin sent seven of his priests to be Union chaplains during the Civil War.

William J. Hoynes (1846-1919) was dean of the law school 1883-1919, and when its new building was opened shortly after his death it was renamed in his honor.

Father John Zahm (1851-1921) became the Holy Cross Provincial for the United States (1896-1906), with overall supervision of the university, He tried to transform Notre Dame into a great university, erecting buildings and added to the campus art gallery and library, and amassing what became a famous Dante collection. His term was not renewed because of fears he had expanded Notre Dame too quickly and had run the Holy Cross order into serious debt.
[[File:UND1910.jpg|thumb|280px|ND in 1910]]

Rev. Theodore Hesburgh, C.S.C., (born 1917) served as president for 35 years (1952-87). In that time the annual operating budget rose from $9.7 million to $176.6 million, the endowment from $9 million to $350 million, and research funding from $735,000 to $15 million. Enrollment increased from 4,979 to 9,600, faculty from 389 to 950, and degrees awarded annually from 1,212 to 2,500.

In 18 years under President Malloy (1987-2005), there was rapid rapid growth in the school's reputation, faculty, and resources. He increased the faculty by more than 500 professors; the academic quality of the student body has improved dramatically, the average SAT score rose from 1240 to 1360; the number of minority students more than doubled; the endowment grew from $350 million to more than $3 billion; the annual operating budget rose from $177 million to more than $650 million; and annual research funding improved from $15 million to more than $70 million. Notre Dame’s most recent capital campaign raised $1.1 billion, far exceeding its goal of $767 million, and is the largest in the history of Catholic higher education.

==Catholic status==
Since 1967 it has been controlled by a lay board, and not by the Catholic Church. The trustees are to select presidents from the pool of C.S.C. priests (that is, members of the Holy Cross order). President Hesburgh orchestrated the change to head off too-tight Church control. The University's conferral of an honorary degree on President Obama in May 2009 led to protests by some bishops, who disagree with Obama's positions.

In the decade after the Second Vatican Council (1963) the university’s basic Catholicism did not change, but its ways of emphasizing it did. Instead of merely trying to perpetuate the institution and keep its adherents obedient to the institutional church, there was an attempt to develop a laity which is informed and dedicated. Many previously ignored topics such as compulsory celibacy for the priesthood, birth control, and ecumenicity were discussed without limits.

Although the faculty was well over 85% Catholic before 1970, search practices have broadened. In recent years about half the new faculty hires have been Catholics, and Catholics now comprise 52% of the faculty.<ref> At the top 50 research universities in the U.S. about 6% of the faculty are Catholics. John T. Mcgreevy, "Catholic Enough? Religious Identity at Notre Dame," ''Commonweal'', Vol. 134, September 28, 2007</ref>

In a policy statement the university declares that "the Catholic identity of the University depends upon ... the continuing presence of a predominant number of Catholic intellectuals" on the faculty. There is a consensus this means a solid majority. As the provost has explained, the aim is "to have a majority of faculty who are Catholic, who understand the nature of the religion, who can be living role models, who can talk with students about issues outside the classroom and can infuse values into what they do."<ref>William H. Dempsey, "How Catholic Is Notre Dame?" ''First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life,'' No. 183, May 2008. </ref>

==Intellectual life==
===Science===
Father Joseph Carrier, C.S.C. was Director of the Science Museum and the Library and Professor of Chemistry and Physics until 1874. Carrier taught that scientific research and its promise for progress were not antagonistic to the ideals of intellectual and moral culture endorsed by the Church. One of Carrier's students was Father John Zahm (1851-1921) who was made Professor and Co-Director of the Science Department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist. Zahm was active in the Catholic Summer School movement, which introduced Catholic laity to contemporary intellectual issues. His book ''Evolution and Dogma'' (1896) defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory as true, and argued, moreover, that even the great Church teachers Thomas Aquinas and Augustine taught something like it. The intervention of Irish American Catholics in Rome prevented Zahm's censure by the Vatican. In 1913, Zahm and former President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] embarked on a major expedition through the Amazon.
====Lobund Institute====
The Lobund Institute grew out of pioneering research in germ-free-life which began in 1928. This area of research originated in a question posed by Pasteur as to whether animal life was possible without bacteria. Though others had taken up this idea, their research was short lived and inconclusive. Lobund was the first research organization to answer definitively, that such life is possible and that it can be prolonged through generations. But the objective was not merely to answer Pasteur's question but also to produce the germ free animal as a new tool for biological and medical research. This objective was reached and for years Lobund was a unique center for the study and production of germ free animals and for their use in biological and medical investigations. Today the work has spread to other universities. In the beginning it was under the Department of Biology and a program leading to the master's degree accompanied the research program. In the 1940s Lobund achieved independent status as a purely research organization and in 1950 was raised to the status of an Institute. In 1958 it was brought back into the Department of Biology as integral part of that department, but with its own program leading to the degree of PhD in Gnotobiotics.<ref>See Philip S. Moore, ''The Story of Notre Dame: Academic Development: University of Notre Dame'' [http://archives.nd.edu/moore/moore06.htm#138 online] </ref>

===English===
Richard Sullivan taught English from 1936 to 1974 and published six novels, dozens of short stories, and various other efforts. Though published by major houses, he never became an important mainstream writer but was known as a regional writer and a Catholic spokesman.

During his long tenure as an English professor during the 1930s-60s, Frank O'Malley emerged as the exemplary American Catholic intellectual. Influenced by Jacques Maritain, John U. Nef, and others, O'Malley developed a concept of Christian philosophy that was a fundamental element in his thought. Through his course "Modern Catholic Writers" O'Malley introduced generations of undergraduates to Gabriel Marcel, Graham Greene, Evelyn Waugh, Sigrid Undset, Paul Clandel, and Gerard Manley Hopkins.<ref> Arnold Sparr, "The Catholic Laity, the Intellectual Apostolate and the Pre-Vatican II Church: Frank O'Malley of Notre Dame." ''U.S. Catholic Historian'' 1990 9(3): 305-320. 0735-8318 </ref>

===History===
The Program in Mediaeval Studies began in 1933 and expanded into a world-famous Mediaeval Institute in 1946, an upgrade from the which dates back to 1933. It provides a center of research, instruction, and preparation of teacher-scholars in the Christian civilization of the Middle Ages," and offers courses on mediaeval thought, life and culture. Its '' Publications in Mediaeval Studies'' began in 1936. ''Texts and Studies in Mediaeval Education'' published its first volume in 1953.

Father Thomas McAvoy (1903-69) was a leading historian of American Catholicism, professor of history and university archivist.

The History department has hired [[Mark Noll]], a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and perhaps the nation's leading evangelical intellectual, as well as [[George Marsden]], another evangelical and the Bancroft Prize-winning biographer of Jonathan Edwards.

===European émigrés===
The rise of Hitler and other dictators in the 1930s forced numerous Catholic intellectuals to flee Europe; many came to Notre Dame, including Anton-Hermann Chroust (1907-1982) in classics and law<ref>See [http://myweb.wvnet.edu/~jelkins/lp-2001/chroust.html bibliography]</ref>, and Waldemar Gurian a German Catholic intellectual of Jewish descent Positivism dominated American intellectual life in the 1920s onward but in marked contrast, Gurian received a German Catholic education and wrote his doctoral dissertation under Max Scheler.<ref>Frank O'Malley, "Waldemar Gurian at Notre Dame," ''Review of Politics,'' Vol. 17, No. 1, The Gurian Memorial Issue (Jan., 1955), pp. 19-23 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1405095 in JSTOR]</ref>. Ivan Meštrovic (1883-1962), a renown sculptor, brought Croatian culture to campus.<ref>See [http://www.nd.edu/~ndethics/inspires/mestrovic.shtml Ivan Meštrovic (1883-1962)] </ref>

The exiles developed a distinctive emphasis on the evils of totalitarianism. For example the political science courses of Gerhart Niemeyer (1907-97) explained communist ideology and were particularly accessible to his students. He came to ND in 1955, and was a frequent contributor to the ''National Review'' and other conservative magazines.<ref> William S. Miller, "Gerhart Niemeyer: His Principles of Conservatism," ''Modern Age'' 2007 49(3): 273-284 online at [[EBSCO]]</ref>

====Political Science====
''The Review of Politics'' was founded in 1939 by Gurian, modeled after German Catholic journals. It quickly emerged as part of an international Catholic intellectual revival, offering an alternative vision to the failed positivist philosophy. For 44 years, the ''Review'' was edited by Gurian, Matthew Fitzsimons, Frederick Crosson, and Thomas Stritch. Intellectual leaders included Gurian, Jacques Maritain, Frank O'Malley, Leo Richard Ward, F. A. Hermens, and John U. Nef. It became a major forum for political ideas and modern political concerns, especially from a Judeo-Christian and scholastic tradition..<ref> Thomas Stritch, "After Forty Years: Notre Dame and the Review of Politics" ''Review Of Politics'' 1978 40: 437-446. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1406757 in JSTOR]</ref>

==Student life==
In the 19th century there were large boarding programs for elementary and high school boys; they were phased out by 1920.

The Catholic Total Abstinence Union was influential among undergraduates from its founding in 1842, and by 1880 the campus was officially "dry." World War I changes included a lessening of interest in temperance, more off-campus freedom for students, and national prohibition, and the phasing out of pre-collegiate prohgrams. While the use of alcohol by students, on or off campus, was forbidden, it was increasingly more difficult to enforce. Father John O'Hara, the Prefect of Religion, re-encouraged temperance in the early 1920s, and although he became president of Notre Dame in 1933, the temperance movement had run its course by the time he left in 1939. The influx of World War II veterans to the university in the late 1940s sealed the fate of Notre Dame's temperance movement.<ref> John F. Quinn, "'It's Fashionable Here to be a Total Abstainer': Temperance Advocacy at the University of Notre Dame, 1870-1940." ''American Catholic Studies'' 1999 110: 1-27. 0002-7790 </ref>

Women were admitted as graduate students after World War II, and as undergraduates in 1972, after a failed effort to merge with neighboring Saint Mary's College, an all-woman's college that remains independent.<ref> See Susan L. Poulson and Loretta P. Higgins, "Gender, Coeducation, and the Transformation of Catholic Identity American Catholic Higher Education" ''Catholic Historical Review'' 2003 89(3): 489-510 in [[EBSCO]]</ref>

The University of Notre Dame has become increasingly liberal in recent years. Its professors practice the tenants of [[professor values]] and many of its students partake in liberal activities such as drug use and premarital sex.

==Athletics==
Football began in 1887 and by 1927 the team had the nickname "Fighting Irish". From 1918 to 1930 head football coach Knute Rockne (1888-1931) took ND football to the top, winning six national championships and setting a standard that subsequent coaches had to meet or be fired. Rockne's success was both a blessing and a curse. It made the small school nationally famous as the most visible institution of Catholicism in America, and a demonstration of physical prowess every Saturday in the fall season. Academic critics on and off campus complained about the promotion of brawn over brains, and the hyper-aggressive tactics used to recruit athletes and keep them eligible to play. But intellectuals made the same complaint about every top-ranked school, and downplayed the need of ND for money and the Catholic community for recognition. Rockne himself, until his death in a plane crash at the height of his career, never backed down from his advocacy of the positive value of both football and a winning tradition.<ref> Ray Robinson, ''Rockne of Notre Dame: The Making of a Football Legend'' (1999); Murray Sperber, ''Shake Down the Thunder: The Creation of Notre Dame Football'' (1993)</ref>

Notre Dame has 12 men's and 12 women's sports teams.<ref name=%252526quot%25253Bsports%252526quot%25253B%25252F%252526gt%25253B The football program has won 13 bowl games (while losing 15) and 13 national championships.<ref>http://www.nationalchamps.net/NCAA/database/notredame_database.htm</ref>

George Gipp was the school’s legendary football player during 1916-20. He played semiprofessional baseball and smoked, drank, and gambled when not playing sports. He was also humble, generous to the needy, and a man of integrity. It was in 1928 that famed coach [[Knute Rockne]] used his final conversation with the dying Gipp to inspire the Notre Dame team to beat the Army team and "win one for the Gipper." The 1940 film, "Knute Rockne - All American," starred Pat O'Brien as Knute Rockne and [[Ronald Reagan]] as Gipp.

==Further reading==
* Burns, Robert E. ''Being Catholic, Being American: The Notre Dame Story, 1934-1952, Vol. 2.'' (2000). 632pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Being-Catholic-American-1934-1952-Education/dp/0268021635/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1242795543&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Hesburgh, Theodore M. ''God, Country, Notre Dame: The Autobiography of Theodore M. Hesburgh'' (2000)
* McAvoy, Thomas T. "Notre Dame, 1919-1922: The Burns Revolution". ''Review of Politics'' 1963 25(4): 431-450. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1405842 in JSTOR]
* McAvoy, Thomas T. ''Father O'Hara of Notre Dame'' (1967)
* Massa, Mark S. ''Catholics and American Culture: Fulton Sheen, Dorothy Day, and the Notre Dame Football Team.'' (1999). 278 pp.
* Moore, Philip S. ''The Story of Notre Dame: Academic Development: University of Notre Dame'' [http://archives.nd.edu/moore/moore.htm online book]
* O'Brien, Michael. ''Hesburgh: A Biography.'' (1998). 354 pp.
* O'Connell, Marvin R. ''Edward Sorin.'' (2001). 792 pp.
* Rice, Charles E., Ralph McInerny, and Alfred J. Freddoso. What Happened to Notre Dame? (2009), laments the weakening of Catholicism at ND as shown by the Obama fiasco
* Robinson, Ray. ''Rockne of Notre Dame: The Making of a Football Legend.'' (1999). 290 pp.
* Sperber, Murray. ''Shake Down the Thunder: The Creation of Notre Dame Football.'' (1993) 634 pp.
* Yaeger, Don and Looney, Douglas S. ''Under the Tarnished Dome: How Notre Dame Betrayed Its Ideals for Football Glory.'' (1993). 299 pp.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.nd.edu/ University of Notre Dame]

{{Nb_US_universities|Indiana‎}}
[[Category:Universities]]
[[Category:Football]]
[[Category:Catholic Church]]

University of Notre Dame

2009-11-22T17:33:56Z

OliviaT:

{{University
|name=University of Notre Dame du Lac
|image=
|text=#F7E79C
|background=#000066
|type=Private
|city=Notre Dame, Indiana
|sports=baseball, basketball, cross country, fencing, football, golf, hockey, lacrosse, rowing, soccer, softball, swimming and diving, tennis, track and field, volleyball<ref name=%2526quot%253Bsports%2526quot%253B%2526gt%253Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fund%252Ecstv%252Ecom%252F%2526lt%253B%252Fref%2526gt%253B
|colors=blue, gold
|mascot=Fighting Irish
|website=http://www.nd.edu/
}}
'''University of Notre Dame''' is a historically Catholic university located near South Bend, Indiana. It was founded by members of the French Catholic order of the Holy Cross (initials C.S.C.) in 1842 led until 1865 by Rev. Edward Sorin, C.S.C. There are 8400 undergraduates and 3400 graduate students. In 2005 Rev. John I. Jenkins, C.S.C., became the 17th president replacing Rev. Edward A. Malloy, C.S.C., who served since 1987.

The endowment reached $6.2 billion in 2008 (13th highest in the world); it has since slipped due to the recession. Tuition for undergraduates for 2009-10 is $38,722 a year. Over 4500 students receive financial aid, averaging $21,000. There are 120,000 living alumni, plus uncounted "subway alumni" who follow the football team as an index of Catholic prowess.

The University of Notre Dame has become increasingly liberal in recent years. Its professors practice the tenants of [[professor values]] and many of its students partake in liberal activities such as drug use and premarital sex.

==History==
Although founded by the French, most of the original key people were Irish; all the school presidents have been Irish. The first two students graduated in 1849; many early alumni became priests. Sorin sent seven of his priests to be Union chaplains during the Civil War.

William J. Hoynes (1846-1919) was dean of the law school 1883-1919, and when its new building was opened shortly after his death it was renamed in his honor.

Father John Zahm (1851-1921) became the Holy Cross Provincial for the United States (1896-1906), with overall supervision of the university, He tried to transform Notre Dame into a great university, erecting buildings and added to the campus art gallery and library, and amassing what became a famous Dante collection. His term was not renewed because of fears he had expanded Notre Dame too quickly and had run the Holy Cross order into serious debt.
[[File:UND1910.jpg|thumb|280px|ND in 1910]]

Rev. Theodore Hesburgh, C.S.C., (born 1917) served as president for 35 years (1952-87). In that time the annual operating budget rose from $9.7 million to $176.6 million, the endowment from $9 million to $350 million, and research funding from $735,000 to $15 million. Enrollment increased from 4,979 to 9,600, faculty from 389 to 950, and degrees awarded annually from 1,212 to 2,500.

In 18 years under President Malloy (1987-2005), there was rapid rapid growth in the school's reputation, faculty, and resources. He increased the faculty by more than 500 professors; the academic quality of the student body has improved dramatically, the average SAT score rose from 1240 to 1360; the number of minority students more than doubled; the endowment grew from $350 million to more than $3 billion; the annual operating budget rose from $177 million to more than $650 million; and annual research funding improved from $15 million to more than $70 million. Notre Dame’s most recent capital campaign raised $1.1 billion, far exceeding its goal of $767 million, and is the largest in the history of Catholic higher education.

==Catholic status==
Since 1967 it has been controlled by a lay board, and not by the Catholic Church. The trustees are to select presidents from the pool of C.S.C. priests (that is, members of the Holy Cross order). President Hesburgh orchestrated the change to head off too-tight Church control. The University's conferral of an honorary degree on President Obama in May 2009 led to protests by some bishops, who disagree with Obama's positions.

In the decade after the Second Vatican Council (1963) the university’s basic Catholicism did not change, but its ways of emphasizing it did. Instead of merely trying to perpetuate the institution and keep its adherents obedient to the institutional church, there was an attempt to develop a laity which is informed and dedicated. Many previously ignored topics such as compulsory celibacy for the priesthood, birth control, and ecumenicity were discussed without limits.

Although the faculty was well over 85% Catholic before 1970, search practices have broadened. In recent years about half the new faculty hires have been Catholics, and Catholics now comprise 52% of the faculty.<ref> At the top 50 research universities in the U.S. about 6% of the faculty are Catholics. John T. Mcgreevy, "Catholic Enough? Religious Identity at Notre Dame," ''Commonweal'', Vol. 134, September 28, 2007</ref>

In a policy statement the university declares that "the Catholic identity of the University depends upon ... the continuing presence of a predominant number of Catholic intellectuals" on the faculty. There is a consensus this means a solid majority. As the provost has explained, the aim is "to have a majority of faculty who are Catholic, who understand the nature of the religion, who can be living role models, who can talk with students about issues outside the classroom and can infuse values into what they do."<ref>William H. Dempsey, "How Catholic Is Notre Dame?" ''First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life,'' No. 183, May 2008. </ref>

==Intellectual life==
===Science===
Father Joseph Carrier, C.S.C. was Director of the Science Museum and the Library and Professor of Chemistry and Physics until 1874. Carrier taught that scientific research and its promise for progress were not antagonistic to the ideals of intellectual and moral culture endorsed by the Church. One of Carrier's students was Father John Zahm (1851-1921) who was made Professor and Co-Director of the Science Department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist. Zahm was active in the Catholic Summer School movement, which introduced Catholic laity to contemporary intellectual issues. His book ''Evolution and Dogma'' (1896) defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory as true, and argued, moreover, that even the great Church teachers Thomas Aquinas and Augustine taught something like it. The intervention of Irish American Catholics in Rome prevented Zahm's censure by the Vatican. In 1913, Zahm and former President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] embarked on a major expedition through the Amazon.
====Lobund Institute====
The Lobund Institute grew out of pioneering research in germ-free-life which began in 1928. This area of research originated in a question posed by Pasteur as to whether animal life was possible without bacteria. Though others had taken up this idea, their research was short lived and inconclusive. Lobund was the first research organization to answer definitively, that such life is possible and that it can be prolonged through generations. But the objective was not merely to answer Pasteur's question but also to produce the germ free animal as a new tool for biological and medical research. This objective was reached and for years Lobund was a unique center for the study and production of germ free animals and for their use in biological and medical investigations. Today the work has spread to other universities. In the beginning it was under the Department of Biology and a program leading to the master's degree accompanied the research program. In the 1940s Lobund achieved independent status as a purely research organization and in 1950 was raised to the status of an Institute. In 1958 it was brought back into the Department of Biology as integral part of that department, but with its own program leading to the degree of PhD in Gnotobiotics.<ref>See Philip S. Moore, ''The Story of Notre Dame: Academic Development: University of Notre Dame'' [http://archives.nd.edu/moore/moore06.htm#138 online] </ref>

===English===
Richard Sullivan taught English from 1936 to 1974 and published six novels, dozens of short stories, and various other efforts. Though published by major houses, he never became an important mainstream writer but was known as a regional writer and a Catholic spokesman.

During his long tenure as an English professor during the 1930s-60s, Frank O'Malley emerged as the exemplary American Catholic intellectual. Influenced by Jacques Maritain, John U. Nef, and others, O'Malley developed a concept of Christian philosophy that was a fundamental element in his thought. Through his course "Modern Catholic Writers" O'Malley introduced generations of undergraduates to Gabriel Marcel, Graham Greene, Evelyn Waugh, Sigrid Undset, Paul Clandel, and Gerard Manley Hopkins.<ref> Arnold Sparr, "The Catholic Laity, the Intellectual Apostolate and the Pre-Vatican II Church: Frank O'Malley of Notre Dame." ''U.S. Catholic Historian'' 1990 9(3): 305-320. 0735-8318 </ref>

===History===
The Program in Mediaeval Studies began in 1933 and expanded into a world-famous Mediaeval Institute in 1946, an upgrade from the which dates back to 1933. It provides a center of research, instruction, and preparation of teacher-scholars in the Christian civilization of the Middle Ages," and offers courses on mediaeval thought, life and culture. Its '' Publications in Mediaeval Studies'' began in 1936. ''Texts and Studies in Mediaeval Education'' published its first volume in 1953.

Father Thomas McAvoy (1903-69) was a leading historian of American Catholicism, professor of history and university archivist.

The History department has hired [[Mark Noll]], a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and perhaps the nation's leading evangelical intellectual, as well as [[George Marsden]], another evangelical and the Bancroft Prize-winning biographer of Jonathan Edwards.

===European émigrés===
The rise of Hitler and other dictators in the 1930s forced numerous Catholic intellectuals to flee Europe; many came to Notre Dame, including Anton-Hermann Chroust (1907-1982) in classics and law<ref>See [http://myweb.wvnet.edu/~jelkins/lp-2001/chroust.html bibliography]</ref>, and Waldemar Gurian a German Catholic intellectual of Jewish descent Positivism dominated American intellectual life in the 1920s onward but in marked contrast, Gurian received a German Catholic education and wrote his doctoral dissertation under Max Scheler.<ref>Frank O'Malley, "Waldemar Gurian at Notre Dame," ''Review of Politics,'' Vol. 17, No. 1, The Gurian Memorial Issue (Jan., 1955), pp. 19-23 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1405095 in JSTOR]</ref>. Ivan Meštrovic (1883-1962), a renown sculptor, brought Croatian culture to campus.<ref>See [http://www.nd.edu/~ndethics/inspires/mestrovic.shtml Ivan Meštrovic (1883-1962)] </ref>

The exiles developed a distinctive emphasis on the evils of totalitarianism. For example the political science courses of Gerhart Niemeyer (1907-97) explained communist ideology and were particularly accessible to his students. He came to ND in 1955, and was a frequent contributor to the ''National Review'' and other conservative magazines.<ref> William S. Miller, "Gerhart Niemeyer: His Principles of Conservatism," ''Modern Age'' 2007 49(3): 273-284 online at [[EBSCO]]</ref>

====Political Science====
''The Review of Politics'' was founded in 1939 by Gurian, modeled after German Catholic journals. It quickly emerged as part of an international Catholic intellectual revival, offering an alternative vision to the failed positivist philosophy. For 44 years, the ''Review'' was edited by Gurian, Matthew Fitzsimons, Frederick Crosson, and Thomas Stritch. Intellectual leaders included Gurian, Jacques Maritain, Frank O'Malley, Leo Richard Ward, F. A. Hermens, and John U. Nef. It became a major forum for political ideas and modern political concerns, especially from a Judeo-Christian and scholastic tradition..<ref> Thomas Stritch, "After Forty Years: Notre Dame and the Review of Politics" ''Review Of Politics'' 1978 40: 437-446. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1406757 in JSTOR]</ref>

==Student life==
In the 19th century there were large boarding programs for elementary and high school boys; they were phased out by 1920.

The Catholic Total Abstinence Union was influential among undergraduates from its founding in 1842, and by 1880 the campus was officially "dry." World War I changes included a lessening of interest in temperance, more off-campus freedom for students, and national prohibition, and the phasing out of pre-collegiate prohgrams. While the use of alcohol by students, on or off campus, was forbidden, it was increasingly more difficult to enforce. Father John O'Hara, the Prefect of Religion, re-encouraged temperance in the early 1920s, and although he became president of Notre Dame in 1933, the temperance movement had run its course by the time he left in 1939. The influx of World War II veterans to the university in the late 1940s sealed the fate of Notre Dame's temperance movement.<ref> John F. Quinn, "'It's Fashionable Here to be a Total Abstainer': Temperance Advocacy at the University of Notre Dame, 1870-1940." ''American Catholic Studies'' 1999 110: 1-27. 0002-7790 </ref>

Women were admitted as graduate students after World War II, and as undergraduates in 1972, after a failed effort to merge with neighboring Saint Mary's College, an all-woman's college that remains independent.<ref> See Susan L. Poulson and Loretta P. Higgins, "Gender, Coeducation, and the Transformation of Catholic Identity American Catholic Higher Education" ''Catholic Historical Review'' 2003 89(3): 489-510 in [[EBSCO]]</ref>

==Athletics==
Football began in 1887 and by 1927 the team had the nickname "Fighting Irish". From 1918 to 1930 head football coach Knute Rockne (1888-1931) took ND football to the top, winning six national championships and setting a standard that subsequent coaches had to meet or be fired. Rockne's success was both a blessing and a curse. It made the small school nationally famous as the most visible institution of Catholicism in America, and a demonstration of physical prowess every Saturday in the fall season. Academic critics on and off campus complained about the promotion of brawn over brains, and the hyper-aggressive tactics used to recruit athletes and keep them eligible to play. But intellectuals made the same complaint about every top-ranked school, and downplayed the need of ND for money and the Catholic community for recognition. Rockne himself, until his death in a plane crash at the height of his career, never backed down from his advocacy of the positive value of both football and a winning tradition.<ref> Ray Robinson, ''Rockne of Notre Dame: The Making of a Football Legend'' (1999); Murray Sperber, ''Shake Down the Thunder: The Creation of Notre Dame Football'' (1993)</ref>

Notre Dame has 12 men's and 12 women's sports teams.<ref name=%2526quot%253Bsports%2526quot%253B%252F%2526gt%253B The football program has won 13 bowl games (while losing 15) and 13 national championships.<ref>http://www.nationalchamps.net/NCAA/database/notredame_database.htm</ref>

George Gipp was the school’s legendary football player during 1916-20. He played semiprofessional baseball and smoked, drank, and gambled when not playing sports. He was also humble, generous to the needy, and a man of integrity. It was in 1928 that famed coach [[Knute Rockne]] used his final conversation with the dying Gipp to inspire the Notre Dame team to beat the Army team and "win one for the Gipper." The 1940 film, "Knute Rockne - All American," starred Pat O'Brien as Knute Rockne and [[Ronald Reagan]] as Gipp.

==Further reading==
* Burns, Robert E. ''Being Catholic, Being American: The Notre Dame Story, 1934-1952, Vol. 2.'' (2000). 632pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Being-Catholic-American-1934-1952-Education/dp/0268021635/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1242795543&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Hesburgh, Theodore M. ''God, Country, Notre Dame: The Autobiography of Theodore M. Hesburgh'' (2000)
* McAvoy, Thomas T. "Notre Dame, 1919-1922: The Burns Revolution". ''Review of Politics'' 1963 25(4): 431-450. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1405842 in JSTOR]
* McAvoy, Thomas T. ''Father O'Hara of Notre Dame'' (1967)
* Massa, Mark S. ''Catholics and American Culture: Fulton Sheen, Dorothy Day, and the Notre Dame Football Team.'' (1999). 278 pp.
* Moore, Philip S. ''The Story of Notre Dame: Academic Development: University of Notre Dame'' [http://archives.nd.edu/moore/moore.htm online book]
* O'Brien, Michael. ''Hesburgh: A Biography.'' (1998). 354 pp.
* O'Connell, Marvin R. ''Edward Sorin.'' (2001). 792 pp.
* Rice, Charles E., Ralph McInerny, and Alfred J. Freddoso. What Happened to Notre Dame? (2009), laments the weakening of Catholicism at ND as shown by the Obama fiasco
* Robinson, Ray. ''Rockne of Notre Dame: The Making of a Football Legend.'' (1999). 290 pp.
* Sperber, Murray. ''Shake Down the Thunder: The Creation of Notre Dame Football.'' (1993) 634 pp.
* Yaeger, Don and Looney, Douglas S. ''Under the Tarnished Dome: How Notre Dame Betrayed Its Ideals for Football Glory.'' (1993). 299 pp.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.nd.edu/ University of Notre Dame]

{{Nb_US_universities|Indiana‎}}
[[Category:Universities]]
[[Category:Football]]
[[Category:Catholic Church]]

University of Notre Dame

2009-11-22T17:33:07Z

OliviaT:

{{University
|name=University of Notre Dame du Lac
|image=
|text=#F7E79C
|background=#000066
|type=Private
|city=Notre Dame, Indiana
|sports=baseball, basketball, cross country, fencing, football, golf, hockey, lacrosse, rowing, soccer, softball, swimming and diving, tennis, track and field, volleyball<ref name=%26quot%3Bsports%26quot%3B%26gt%3Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fund%2Ecstv%2Ecom%2F%26lt%3B%2Fref%26gt%3B
|colors=blue, gold
|mascot=Fighting Irish
|website=http://www.nd.edu/
}}
'''University of Notre Dame''' is a historically Catholic university located near South Bend, Indiana. It was founded by members of the French Catholic order of the Holy Cross (initials C.S.C.) in 1842 led until 1865 by Rev. Edward Sorin, C.S.C. There are 8400 undergraduates and 3400 graduate students. In 2005 Rev. John I. Jenkins, C.S.C., became the 17th president replacing Rev. Edward A. Malloy, C.S.C., who served since 1987.

The endowment reached $6.2 billion in 2008 (13th highest in the world); it has since slipped due to the recession. Tuition for undergraduates for 2009-10 is $38,722 a year. Over 4500 students receive financial aid, averaging $21,000. There are 120,000 living alumni, plus uncounted "subway alumni" who follow the football team as an index of Catholic prowess.

The University of Notre Dame has become increasingly liberal in recent years. Its professors practice the tenants of [[professor values]] and many of its students partake in immoral activities such as drug use and premarital sex.

==History==
Although founded by the French, most of the original key people were Irish; all the school presidents have been Irish. The first two students graduated in 1849; many early alumni became priests. Sorin sent seven of his priests to be Union chaplains during the Civil War.

William J. Hoynes (1846-1919) was dean of the law school 1883-1919, and when its new building was opened shortly after his death it was renamed in his honor.

Father John Zahm (1851-1921) became the Holy Cross Provincial for the United States (1896-1906), with overall supervision of the university, He tried to transform Notre Dame into a great university, erecting buildings and added to the campus art gallery and library, and amassing what became a famous Dante collection. His term was not renewed because of fears he had expanded Notre Dame too quickly and had run the Holy Cross order into serious debt.
[[File:UND1910.jpg|thumb|280px|ND in 1910]]

Rev. Theodore Hesburgh, C.S.C., (born 1917) served as president for 35 years (1952-87). In that time the annual operating budget rose from $9.7 million to $176.6 million, the endowment from $9 million to $350 million, and research funding from $735,000 to $15 million. Enrollment increased from 4,979 to 9,600, faculty from 389 to 950, and degrees awarded annually from 1,212 to 2,500.

In 18 years under President Malloy (1987-2005), there was rapid rapid growth in the school's reputation, faculty, and resources. He increased the faculty by more than 500 professors; the academic quality of the student body has improved dramatically, the average SAT score rose from 1240 to 1360; the number of minority students more than doubled; the endowment grew from $350 million to more than $3 billion; the annual operating budget rose from $177 million to more than $650 million; and annual research funding improved from $15 million to more than $70 million. Notre Dame’s most recent capital campaign raised $1.1 billion, far exceeding its goal of $767 million, and is the largest in the history of Catholic higher education.

==Catholic status==
Since 1967 it has been controlled by a lay board, and not by the Catholic Church. The trustees are to select presidents from the pool of C.S.C. priests (that is, members of the Holy Cross order). President Hesburgh orchestrated the change to head off too-tight Church control. The University's conferral of an honorary degree on President Obama in May 2009 led to protests by some bishops, who disagree with Obama's positions.

In the decade after the Second Vatican Council (1963) the university’s basic Catholicism did not change, but its ways of emphasizing it did. Instead of merely trying to perpetuate the institution and keep its adherents obedient to the institutional church, there was an attempt to develop a laity which is informed and dedicated. Many previously ignored topics such as compulsory celibacy for the priesthood, birth control, and ecumenicity were discussed without limits.

Although the faculty was well over 85% Catholic before 1970, search practices have broadened. In recent years about half the new faculty hires have been Catholics, and Catholics now comprise 52% of the faculty.<ref> At the top 50 research universities in the U.S. about 6% of the faculty are Catholics. John T. Mcgreevy, "Catholic Enough? Religious Identity at Notre Dame," ''Commonweal'', Vol. 134, September 28, 2007</ref>

In a policy statement the university declares that "the Catholic identity of the University depends upon ... the continuing presence of a predominant number of Catholic intellectuals" on the faculty. There is a consensus this means a solid majority. As the provost has explained, the aim is "to have a majority of faculty who are Catholic, who understand the nature of the religion, who can be living role models, who can talk with students about issues outside the classroom and can infuse values into what they do."<ref>William H. Dempsey, "How Catholic Is Notre Dame?" ''First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life,'' No. 183, May 2008. </ref>

==Intellectual life==
===Science===
Father Joseph Carrier, C.S.C. was Director of the Science Museum and the Library and Professor of Chemistry and Physics until 1874. Carrier taught that scientific research and its promise for progress were not antagonistic to the ideals of intellectual and moral culture endorsed by the Church. One of Carrier's students was Father John Zahm (1851-1921) who was made Professor and Co-Director of the Science Department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist. Zahm was active in the Catholic Summer School movement, which introduced Catholic laity to contemporary intellectual issues. His book ''Evolution and Dogma'' (1896) defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory as true, and argued, moreover, that even the great Church teachers Thomas Aquinas and Augustine taught something like it. The intervention of Irish American Catholics in Rome prevented Zahm's censure by the Vatican. In 1913, Zahm and former President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] embarked on a major expedition through the Amazon.
====Lobund Institute====
The Lobund Institute grew out of pioneering research in germ-free-life which began in 1928. This area of research originated in a question posed by Pasteur as to whether animal life was possible without bacteria. Though others had taken up this idea, their research was short lived and inconclusive. Lobund was the first research organization to answer definitively, that such life is possible and that it can be prolonged through generations. But the objective was not merely to answer Pasteur's question but also to produce the germ free animal as a new tool for biological and medical research. This objective was reached and for years Lobund was a unique center for the study and production of germ free animals and for their use in biological and medical investigations. Today the work has spread to other universities. In the beginning it was under the Department of Biology and a program leading to the master's degree accompanied the research program. In the 1940s Lobund achieved independent status as a purely research organization and in 1950 was raised to the status of an Institute. In 1958 it was brought back into the Department of Biology as integral part of that department, but with its own program leading to the degree of PhD in Gnotobiotics.<ref>See Philip S. Moore, ''The Story of Notre Dame: Academic Development: University of Notre Dame'' [http://archives.nd.edu/moore/moore06.htm#138 online] </ref>

===English===
Richard Sullivan taught English from 1936 to 1974 and published six novels, dozens of short stories, and various other efforts. Though published by major houses, he never became an important mainstream writer but was known as a regional writer and a Catholic spokesman.

During his long tenure as an English professor during the 1930s-60s, Frank O'Malley emerged as the exemplary American Catholic intellectual. Influenced by Jacques Maritain, John U. Nef, and others, O'Malley developed a concept of Christian philosophy that was a fundamental element in his thought. Through his course "Modern Catholic Writers" O'Malley introduced generations of undergraduates to Gabriel Marcel, Graham Greene, Evelyn Waugh, Sigrid Undset, Paul Clandel, and Gerard Manley Hopkins.<ref> Arnold Sparr, "The Catholic Laity, the Intellectual Apostolate and the Pre-Vatican II Church: Frank O'Malley of Notre Dame." ''U.S. Catholic Historian'' 1990 9(3): 305-320. 0735-8318 </ref>

===History===
The Program in Mediaeval Studies began in 1933 and expanded into a world-famous Mediaeval Institute in 1946, an upgrade from the which dates back to 1933. It provides a center of research, instruction, and preparation of teacher-scholars in the Christian civilization of the Middle Ages," and offers courses on mediaeval thought, life and culture. Its '' Publications in Mediaeval Studies'' began in 1936. ''Texts and Studies in Mediaeval Education'' published its first volume in 1953.

Father Thomas McAvoy (1903-69) was a leading historian of American Catholicism, professor of history and university archivist.

The History department has hired [[Mark Noll]], a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and perhaps the nation's leading evangelical intellectual, as well as [[George Marsden]], another evangelical and the Bancroft Prize-winning biographer of Jonathan Edwards.

===European émigrés===
The rise of Hitler and other dictators in the 1930s forced numerous Catholic intellectuals to flee Europe; many came to Notre Dame, including Anton-Hermann Chroust (1907-1982) in classics and law<ref>See [http://myweb.wvnet.edu/~jelkins/lp-2001/chroust.html bibliography]</ref>, and Waldemar Gurian a German Catholic intellectual of Jewish descent Positivism dominated American intellectual life in the 1920s onward but in marked contrast, Gurian received a German Catholic education and wrote his doctoral dissertation under Max Scheler.<ref>Frank O'Malley, "Waldemar Gurian at Notre Dame," ''Review of Politics,'' Vol. 17, No. 1, The Gurian Memorial Issue (Jan., 1955), pp. 19-23 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1405095 in JSTOR]</ref>. Ivan Meštrovic (1883-1962), a renown sculptor, brought Croatian culture to campus.<ref>See [http://www.nd.edu/~ndethics/inspires/mestrovic.shtml Ivan Meštrovic (1883-1962)] </ref>

The exiles developed a distinctive emphasis on the evils of totalitarianism. For example the political science courses of Gerhart Niemeyer (1907-97) explained communist ideology and were particularly accessible to his students. He came to ND in 1955, and was a frequent contributor to the ''National Review'' and other conservative magazines.<ref> William S. Miller, "Gerhart Niemeyer: His Principles of Conservatism," ''Modern Age'' 2007 49(3): 273-284 online at [[EBSCO]]</ref>

====Political Science====
''The Review of Politics'' was founded in 1939 by Gurian, modeled after German Catholic journals. It quickly emerged as part of an international Catholic intellectual revival, offering an alternative vision to the failed positivist philosophy. For 44 years, the ''Review'' was edited by Gurian, Matthew Fitzsimons, Frederick Crosson, and Thomas Stritch. Intellectual leaders included Gurian, Jacques Maritain, Frank O'Malley, Leo Richard Ward, F. A. Hermens, and John U. Nef. It became a major forum for political ideas and modern political concerns, especially from a Judeo-Christian and scholastic tradition..<ref> Thomas Stritch, "After Forty Years: Notre Dame and the Review of Politics" ''Review Of Politics'' 1978 40: 437-446. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1406757 in JSTOR]</ref>

==Student life==
In the 19th century there were large boarding programs for elementary and high school boys; they were phased out by 1920.

The Catholic Total Abstinence Union was influential among undergraduates from its founding in 1842, and by 1880 the campus was officially "dry." World War I changes included a lessening of interest in temperance, more off-campus freedom for students, and national prohibition, and the phasing out of pre-collegiate prohgrams. While the use of alcohol by students, on or off campus, was forbidden, it was increasingly more difficult to enforce. Father John O'Hara, the Prefect of Religion, re-encouraged temperance in the early 1920s, and although he became president of Notre Dame in 1933, the temperance movement had run its course by the time he left in 1939. The influx of World War II veterans to the university in the late 1940s sealed the fate of Notre Dame's temperance movement.<ref> John F. Quinn, "'It's Fashionable Here to be a Total Abstainer': Temperance Advocacy at the University of Notre Dame, 1870-1940." ''American Catholic Studies'' 1999 110: 1-27. 0002-7790 </ref>

Women were admitted as graduate students after World War II, and as undergraduates in 1972, after a failed effort to merge with neighboring Saint Mary's College, an all-woman's college that remains independent.<ref> See Susan L. Poulson and Loretta P. Higgins, "Gender, Coeducation, and the Transformation of Catholic Identity American Catholic Higher Education" ''Catholic Historical Review'' 2003 89(3): 489-510 in [[EBSCO]]</ref>

==Athletics==
Football began in 1887 and by 1927 the team had the nickname "Fighting Irish". From 1918 to 1930 head football coach Knute Rockne (1888-1931) took ND football to the top, winning six national championships and setting a standard that subsequent coaches had to meet or be fired. Rockne's success was both a blessing and a curse. It made the small school nationally famous as the most visible institution of Catholicism in America, and a demonstration of physical prowess every Saturday in the fall season. Academic critics on and off campus complained about the promotion of brawn over brains, and the hyper-aggressive tactics used to recruit athletes and keep them eligible to play. But intellectuals made the same complaint about every top-ranked school, and downplayed the need of ND for money and the Catholic community for recognition. Rockne himself, until his death in a plane crash at the height of his career, never backed down from his advocacy of the positive value of both football and a winning tradition.<ref> Ray Robinson, ''Rockne of Notre Dame: The Making of a Football Legend'' (1999); Murray Sperber, ''Shake Down the Thunder: The Creation of Notre Dame Football'' (1993)</ref>

Notre Dame has 12 men's and 12 women's sports teams.<ref name=%26quot%3Bsports%26quot%3B%2F%26gt%3B The football program has won 13 bowl games (while losing 15) and 13 national championships.<ref>http://www.nationalchamps.net/NCAA/database/notredame_database.htm</ref>

George Gipp was the school’s legendary football player during 1916-20. He played semiprofessional baseball and smoked, drank, and gambled when not playing sports. He was also humble, generous to the needy, and a man of integrity. It was in 1928 that famed coach [[Knute Rockne]] used his final conversation with the dying Gipp to inspire the Notre Dame team to beat the Army team and "win one for the Gipper." The 1940 film, "Knute Rockne - All American," starred Pat O'Brien as Knute Rockne and [[Ronald Reagan]] as Gipp.

==Further reading==
* Burns, Robert E. ''Being Catholic, Being American: The Notre Dame Story, 1934-1952, Vol. 2.'' (2000). 632pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Being-Catholic-American-1934-1952-Education/dp/0268021635/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1242795543&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Hesburgh, Theodore M. ''God, Country, Notre Dame: The Autobiography of Theodore M. Hesburgh'' (2000)
* McAvoy, Thomas T. "Notre Dame, 1919-1922: The Burns Revolution". ''Review of Politics'' 1963 25(4): 431-450. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1405842 in JSTOR]
* McAvoy, Thomas T. ''Father O'Hara of Notre Dame'' (1967)
* Massa, Mark S. ''Catholics and American Culture: Fulton Sheen, Dorothy Day, and the Notre Dame Football Team.'' (1999). 278 pp.
* Moore, Philip S. ''The Story of Notre Dame: Academic Development: University of Notre Dame'' [http://archives.nd.edu/moore/moore.htm online book]
* O'Brien, Michael. ''Hesburgh: A Biography.'' (1998). 354 pp.
* O'Connell, Marvin R. ''Edward Sorin.'' (2001). 792 pp.
* Rice, Charles E., Ralph McInerny, and Alfred J. Freddoso. What Happened to Notre Dame? (2009), laments the weakening of Catholicism at ND as shown by the Obama fiasco
* Robinson, Ray. ''Rockne of Notre Dame: The Making of a Football Legend.'' (1999). 290 pp.
* Sperber, Murray. ''Shake Down the Thunder: The Creation of Notre Dame Football.'' (1993) 634 pp.
* Yaeger, Don and Looney, Douglas S. ''Under the Tarnished Dome: How Notre Dame Betrayed Its Ideals for Football Glory.'' (1993). 299 pp.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.nd.edu/ University of Notre Dame]

{{Nb_US_universities|Indiana‎}}
[[Category:Universities]]
[[Category:Football]]
[[Category:Catholic Church]]

Lech Kaczyński

2009-11-22T17:30:16Z

OliviaT:

[[Image:Asdf.jpg|right|thumb|Lech Kaczynski]]
'''Lech Kaczyński''' is the current president of [[Poland]], inaugurated 23 December 2005. Kaczyński was born in [[Warsaw]] in 1949. He was educated in law at Warsaw University. He was involved with the [[Solidarity]] movement in the late 1980s. He served as the mayor of Warsaw from 2002 until he was elected president<ref>http://www.president.pl/x.node?id=437</ref>. His identical twin brother, Jarosław, was Prime Minister of Poland from July 2006 to November 2007. Both he and his brother love to step on crunchy leaves.

==Political Stance==
Kaczynski represents the [[Law and Justice]] party, the right-wing conservative party of Poland. He is a conservative Christian. He strongly supports putting Christian values in the [[European Union]] constitution<ref>http://www.polskieradio.pl/zagranica/gb/dokument.aspx?iid=49980</ref>. His government is pro-American and has contributed soldiers to the War in Iraq.<ref>http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/iraq_orbat_coalition.htm</ref> The Kaczyński administration supports a total ban on [[abortion]], a total ban on [[homosexual]] propaganda in schools, and the building of American anti-nuclear missile shields on Polish soil.{{fact}}

==References==

<references/>

==See also==
*[[Law and Justice]] - polish right-wing political party
*[[Jarosław Kaczyński]] - polish [[Prime Minister]]
*[[Maria Kaczyńska]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaczynski, Lech}}

[[Category:Heads of State]]
[[CAtegory:Polish People]]
[[Category:Abortion]]

Liberal tricks

2009-11-22T17:28:12Z

OliviaT:

Here are some common [[liberal]] tricks that many people fall for:

# So as not to show his true beliefs of supporting evil infanticide and taxpayer-funded [[abortion]], [[Barack Obama]] insists he is pro-choice, but not pro-abortion. <ref>[http://elections.foxnews.com/2008/08/16/obama-and-mccain-try-to-woo-conservative-voters-at-forum/ Obama, McCain’s Abortion Positions Contrast Sharply at Faith Forum] Fox News, August 16, 2008 </ref>
# Inserting a [[liberal]] assumption into a question, as illustrated by the classic "when did you stop beating your wife?!"
# Distracting and disrupting reasoned discussion, as in stating irrelevant claims, inconsequential tales of personal experience, or false outrage
# Making arguments that have superficial appeal to the dimwitted, but are actually nonsensical and probably not believed by the liberal himself<ref>For example, one might conclude that [[Michael Moore]] makes silly statements designed to appeal to the less intelligent.</ref>
# Pretending that liberals do not have a political point of view, but are just being reasonable<ref>For example, people who insist on promoting [[abortion]] with mandatory taxpayer funding claim they are merely "pro-choice".</ref>
# Exaggerating praise for fellow liberals.<ref>For example, liberal praise by law professors for [[Barack Obama]] borders on the absurd.</ref>
# Pretending that atheism equals intelligence.
# In court decisions, holding in favor of the [[conservative]] side by using [[liberal]] reasons that will be cited for liberal outcomes in ''future'' cases<ref>''See, e.g.'', ''[[Everson v. Board of Education|Everson v. Board of Ed.]]''</ref>
# [[Liberal]]s [[liberal friendship|befriending]] you so that you become liberal. (Conversely, why don't they become [[conservative]]?)
# Citing "live and let live!" except when it comes to praying aloud in school, keeping the money you earn, building on your own property, and every other liberal issue
# Citing "it doesn't hurt to try!" (In reference to drugs, alcohol, and other immoral behaviors such as premarital sex, worshiping many gods/no gods, homosexuality, or abortion)
# everyone else supposedly believes in something so it must be right
# your [[parent]]s aren't cool; [[Hollywood values]] are cool; [[professor values]] are brilliant; blindly follow your government
# there is a shortage of everything we want
# [[prayer]] is for dummies, or is antiquated
# [[children|kids]] are getting smarter than old folks
# Smearing your adversary with a highly offensive accusation or insinuation
# Calling someone a [[racist]] if he criticizes a ''liberal'' that happens to have a different skin color
# Demonizing [[conservative]]s and pretending they don't care about regular people
# if you don't like it (something offensive on [[television]]), don't watch it (but they don't seem to go for ''if you don't like [[whale]]s being killed, don't watch them being killed'').
# Believing the poor are blameless because they have nothing and the rich are to blame because they have everything.
# Accusing conservatives of libel, but forgetting that truth is the perfect defense against libel.
# In discounting other point of views, [[liberals]] use comparisons of other known "wrong actions" to justify their supposed correct stance. <ref>http://www.universetoday.com/2008/04/07/hanson-earth-at-crisis-point/ , AFP Hansen, Earth At A Crisis Point, April 7, 2008</ref>
# Inserting false information, usually lewd into a respected work or group of works.
# Defending the assuration that democrats.com is not affiliated with the [[Democratic]] party. (We are told as an independent website, Democrats do not control the views of democrats.com.)
# Claiming expertise beyond one's area of expertise, as in a "Dr." or professor implying that he is an expert in an area beyond his specialty
# Pretending an honorary degree does not give someone the right to be called "Doctor"
# Pretending [[affirmative action]] is the best way to fill positions, including [[Affirmative action president|President of the U.S.]]
# Fearing the wrath of voters this election cycle, Democrats have decided not to block offshore drilling bans renewed each October. After the election, [[Americans]] get sucker-punched because restoring the ban on new offshore [[oil drilling]] leases “will be a top priority for discussion next year.” <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/content/article.aspx?RsrcID=36268 Democrat Leader: Restoring Offshore Drilling Ban a ‘Top Priority’ for Next Year] CNSNews, September 24, 2008</ref>
#Liberals try to trick conservatives into believing that crunchy leaves have an evolutionary purpose, when in reality they were put here by God to make a satisfying sound when stepped on.
(please add to list)

== Example ==

Here is an example of an actual attempt at [[liberal tricks]] that was posted on this very page:

{{QuoteBox|This article, and many others on a similar line, are a sad demonstration of incipient mental illness. Andrew Schlafly appears to be an educated man - after all, he edited a legal journal which was later edited by [[Barack Obama]] (I assume that Andy's tenure wasn't a result of [[affirmative action]] in favour of the narrow minded and the bigoted) - yet his denunciations of 'liberalism' get ever wilder and more paranoid as his definition of that beknighted state become ever more encompassing.}}

The above example (by a non-American) attempts to smear a [[conservative]] by implying that he has a mental illness, reflecting '''liberal trick''' #17 above. To someone unfamiliar with '''liberal tricks''', this can be upsetting and intimidating. But once one realizes that this is a basic trick from the [[liberal]] playbook, its silliness and ineffectiveness becomes obvious. The [[liberal]]'s foolish tactic is then revealed for what it really is.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{liberalism}}

Walrus

2009-11-22T17:22:49Z

OliviaT:

[[Image:Walrus1.JPG|right|Walruses.]]

The '''Walrus''' ''Odobenus rosmarus'' is a large species of [[Arctic]] [[pinniped]], readily distinguished from all other marine mammals by the possession of a pair of substantial tusks, used for hauling them onto ice floes. Walruses have no external ears, and are heavily whiskered, which aids them in detecting their main food, [[mollusc]]s living on the sea floor. Sometimes rogue walruses, generally large adult males, will attack and consume smaller [[seal]]s and toothed [[whale]]s.

Three populations, sometimes considered as subspecies, are recognized; in the north [[Atlantic Ocean]], the north [[Pacific Ocean]], and the [[Laptev Sea]].

Walruses have been traditionally hunted by Arctic people for their meat, hide and [[ivory]] for thousands of years. In recent times, hunting for ivory has severely impacted walrus populations. Although now protected, some [[poaching]] continues. The only other animal that preys upon adult walrus is the [[orca|killer whale]], though [[polar bear]]s will sometimes attack calves.

Though generally confined to shallow coastal areas with ice floes, walruses occasionally wander further afield, with individuals recorded from as far south as [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]].

That modern day walrus is a descendant from the two on Noah's Ark.

== Trivia ==

One of the protagonists of [[Lewis Carroll]]'s poem, ''The walrus and the carpenter'', is a walrus and is accurately depicted feeding upon molluscs.

It features in the song by [[The Beatles]], ''I am the walrus''.

== External links ==

*[http://www.fao.org/fi/website/FIRetrieveAction.do?dom=species&fid=3580 Walrus factsheet.]
*[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Odobenus_rosmarus.html Walrus]

[[Category:Marine Mammals]]

University of Michigan

2009-11-22T17:20:56Z

OliviaT:

{{University
|name=University of Michigan
|image=
|text=#002654
|background=#Fcd116
|type=Public
|city=Ann Arbor, Michigan
|sports=baseball, basketball, cross country, field hockey, football, golf, gymnastics, ice hockey, rowing, soccer, softball, swimming/diving, tennis, track/field, volleyball, water polo, wrestling<ref>http://www.mgoblue.com/home/</ref>
|colors=yellow, navy blue
|mascot=Sparty
|website=http://www.umich.edu/
}}
The '''University of Michigan''' is the state run, public [[university]] serving [[Michigan]] in [[Ann Arbor]], Dearborn, and Flint. The University was founded in 1817, and today the enrollment is over 54,000 students. The University has specialities in Life Sciences, Medicine and Technology.<ref>http://www.umich.edu/news/index.html?profile</ref> Its teachings are heavily influenced by professor values, and thus much of Ann Arbor is very liberal.

Varsity sports teams at the U of M are Wolverines.

==References==
<References/>

==Links==
[http://www.umich.edu| University of Michigan Official Website]

[http://www.mgoblue.com/ GoBlue University of Michigian Athletics]

{{Nb_US_universities‎}}

Counterexamples to Evolution

2009-11-22T17:18:25Z

OliviaT:

A scientific or logical theory cannot permit any counterexamples. In order to be true, the [[theory of evolution|theory of evolution by natural selection acting upon random mutation]] must be able to explain the origins of '''''all''''' things in terms of a purely mechanistic view.

The following are counterexamples to the theory of evolution. If just one of these counterexamples is correct, then the theory of evolution fails.

* "Social insects" such as bees, ants, and termites, which have extremely ornate caste systems. Where an insect fits is determined by its diet when young. Evolution requires that both the genetics for the various castes, the genetics for caste determination, and the genetics for ''behavior'' allowing caste determination all appeared simultaneously. Akin to the concept of [[irreducible complexity]], but on a higher (social) order, this is impossible given random chance.
* evolution cannot explain artistic beauty, such as the brilliant autumn foliage and staggering array of beautiful marine fish, both of which originated before any human to view them; this lacks any plausible evolutionary explanation
* Evolution cannot explain crunchy leaves, which originated before humans were around to step on them and hear that satisfying ‘Crunch.’
* the remarkable whale, which is a mammal, has no plausible evolutionary ancestor
* No transitional forms appear for horses, instead different horse like animals appear in the fossil record distinct<ref>Ray comfort, foreward to the 150th anniversary edition of On the Origin of Species</ref>
* the [[immune system]] is irreducibly complex, as without one which is thoroughly developed, an organism would not be able to resist any infection<ref>Behe, Michael J. 1996. ''Darwin's Black Box'', New York: The Free Press, pp. 117-139.</ref><ref>[http://biology.creighton.edu/courses/BIO432/Evolution%2005.htm]</ref>
* [[Jellyfish]] in [[Hawaii]] swarm to the beaches roughly 9 to 10 days after each full [[moon]], for no apparent evolutionary reason<ref>http://www.aloha.com/~lifeguards/jelyfish.html</ref>
* the fact that [[cicada]]s appear like clockwork every 13 years for some species, and every 17 years for others<ref>http://inside.msj.edu/academics/faculty/kritskg/cicada/faq.html</ref>
* the extraordinary migration patterns of butterflies and birds, which lack any plausible materialistic explanation<ref>[[migration]]</ref>
* the extraordinarily long neck of the [[giraffe]]. It serves no function (the theory that giraffes use the long neck to eat from tree trunks was never true). The presence of valves in the neck (which are necessary because of its great length) raises a question of how one could have arisen without the other being there first (see the irreducible complexity argument).<ref>[http://www1.pacific.edu/~e-buhals/GIRAFFE2.htm]</ref>
* the enormous gaps and lack of intermediate species in the [[fossils|fossil]] record.
* the manner in which chickens return to their chicken coops at the same time, and enter the chicken coops in the same order, each day
* The development of feathers, which could not have conceivably "grown" from the scales of dinosaurs<ref>http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/40/4/687.pdf</ref><ref>[http://palaeoblog.blogspot.com/2008/02/early-evolution-of-feathers.html]</ref>
*[[Pterosaurs]]; a scientist recently stated that they could not have flown, but why then did they evolve wings?<ref>http://www.physorg.com/news142086647.html</ref>
* The development of wings, as intermediary wing stubs would have no use, and be a competitive disadvantage.
* The [[flagellum]] a multi-part cellular motor which fails to function if a single part is removed is the classic example of [[irreducible complexity]] and cannot arise according to the theory of evolution.<ref>[http://www.millerandlevine.com/km/evol/design2/article.html]</ref>
* Variation in chromosome count (ploidy) is impossible in evolution. One member of a species with 2 sets of chromosomes cannot mate with a member with 4. Thus, for the chromosome count of a species to change (and thus account for the variety of counts in nature) a vast portion of a species would have to evolve a new chromosome set simultaneously.
* Symbiosis - There are many examples where creatures rely on each other to survive which could not arise through evolution. Grass cannot survive without a certain fungus that helps it fix nitrogen from the atmosphere and the fungus can't survive without the grass. They must have appeared on earth at the same time.<ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/04/070410084136.htm]</ref>
*Many [[bat]]s which live in caves employs a type of sonar in order to navigate and find prey. Evolutionists propose that the bat evolved from a squirrel-like animal, but a squirrel would have no use for a sonar system. The bats can't fly without sonar, and an animal that can't fly doesn't need it. Therefore, bats must have been created with fully functioning sonar and flight.
* No clear transition from unicellular to multicellular organisms.
* The [[human]] [[prostate]] surrounds the [[urethra]] and in doing so provides many benefits. Evolutionists consider the structure to be poor design, which should mean that natural selection would have eliminated that design.<ref>Sarfati, Jonathan, [http://creationontheweb.com/content/view/5757 The Prostate Gland–is it ‘badly designed’?], 1st August 2008 (Creation Ministries International)</ref>
* Consciousness - No animal displays self-awareness (such as clothing), morality, tool-making, or self-sacrifice to the same extent that man does. It is unclear how a random mutation could have arisen which accounts for humanity's significantly higher cognitive ability.
* Inability to account for widely observed altruism among animals, as it ''reduces'' an animal's ability to survive. “The existence of altruism between different species — which is not uncommon — remains an obstinate enigma.”<ref>''In the Beginning: Compelling Evidence for Creation and the Flood'' [http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/ReferencesandNotes12.html]</ref> Not surprisingly, atheist evolutionists have done their utmost to ''deny'' animal altruism (See especially [[Richard Dawkins]]' ''[[The Selfish Gene]]'', which denies altruism without providing any evidence to back up his enormous claim)
* Humans exhibit behaviors such as performing [[science]], creating [[art]] and [[music]], [[dance|dancing]], and a number of other intellectual and artistic behaviors which could not have been produced by random mutations. There is no known evolutionary reason why these should be favored.
* No other animal exhibits [[religion]]. A far better explanation than random mutations is that humans were given the capacity to be religious by a loving God who wants a relationship with His creations.
* Evolution does not account for the immense amount of [[information]] in the genome, as well as the origin of the information-processing systems in the cell. Information always has a sender, who must be God in this case.
* [[Ant]]s and other social [[insect]]s, for at least two reasons: First, their complex social structure is evidence of [[intelligent design]]; second, since the overwhelming majority of individuals are workers and do not reproduce, they cannot perpetuate their genetic material, as evolution requires.
* Mammalian fur and body hair. There is no known evolutionary pathway for the development of fur, and no fossil evidence of hair evolving from scales, even though it survives very well.<ref>http://www.creationresearch.org/crsq/articles/40/40_4/Bergman.htm</ref>
* Lack of any vestigial organs in the human body. While evolutionists used to claim dozens or even hundreds of human traits and organs were vestigial, useless items disused through evolution, we now know what functions they all have, including the appendix (the classic example). <ref>Ken Ham and Carl Wieland, ''Your Appendix: It's There for a Reason.'' (1997)</ref>
* Lack of any demonstrable vestigial parts of the human [[genome]]. While evolutionists often claim that regions of the genome are "junk DNA" and would not have been placed there by a designer, none have actually shown this to be true, and much so-called "junk DNA" has been shown to be useful.<ref>http://www.godandscience.org/evolution/junkdna.html</ref>
* While evolutionists argue that there are examples of "[[argument from poor design|bad design]]" in the bodies of many organisms, such as "flaws" in the human spine and sinus system, evolutionists fail to realize that, by their own theory, natural selection should have removed these things! The simpler explanation, that these represent degeneration from an original, created perfect form, is the superior one.
* Evolution requires that random mutations can cause one [[kind]] to change into another, but this has never been observed.
* The organ and brain development required for retinal imagery require a base level of complexity, making a primitive form useless and impossible under evolution.<ref>http://www.creationresearch.org/crsq/articles/43/43_1/retinal_imagery.htm</ref>
* Trematode parasites, like many other kinds, lack a plausible evolutionary phylogeny, though they can easily be explained by a teleological design.<ref>http://www.creationresearch.org/crsq/articles/36/36_4/trematodes.html</ref>
* We have the perfect number of [[teeth]] to fit in our [[mouth]]s. While creationism perfectly accounts for that result, evolutionism predicts a contrary result: As our [[face]]s evolved from chimpanzee-like faces to human faces, the shortening of the muzzle would have caused the teeth to become overcrowded in the mouth.
* For evolution to be true, every male dog, cat, horse, elephant, giraffe, fish and bird had to have coincidentally evolved with a female alongside it (over billions of years) with fully evolved compatible reproductive parts and a desire to mate, otherwise the species couldn't keep going. <ref>http://www.wnd.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=90743</ref>
* In addition, evolution cannot explain the many complex sex-determining systems. For example, in most mammals, females have two X chromosomes whereas males have an X and Y chromosome, but in birds, many insects, and other organisms, the situation is reversed. In flies, sex is determined the ratio of non-sex chromosomes to X chromosomes (so that males have only one X whereas females have two). It is impossible for evolution to create these new sex-determining systems ''ex nihilo''.
* A lack of any evolution from prehistoric forms has been demonstrated for many species.
* Human fertility is rapidly declining, disproving evolutionary improvement in humans and also suggesting a brief timeline for human existence.
* The fact that new discoveries, such as ''[[Raptorex]],'' routinely call into question key dogmas of evolutionism and require the "immutable" laws of evolution to be reassessed. By contrast, creationism has prevailed in the face of scientific discoveries for six thousand years.
* Lack of genetic diversity among the ''Homo sapiens'' species. Were evolution and the old earth true, the human population would show a much larger genetic variance.<ref>http://www.godandscience.org/evolution/descent.html#rpafAHIwKHS7</ref>
* Too many deleterious mutations. Each generation of humans has far more negative mutations than the posited natural selection can remove. Evolution is thus impossible as species would become nonviable long before they could diverge.<ref>http://www.godandscience.org/evolution/descent.html#rpafAHIwKHS7</ref>
*The existence of two symmetrical kidneys, which are unnecessary in most people, lacks a plausible evolutionary explanation based on functionality alone. Because evolution falsehoods mislead most people into thinking they need their second kidney, "the average waiting time for the organs from a deceased donor in the United States is five years" and "3,916 patients waiting for a kidney in 2006 died before one became available."<ref>[http://www.scienceline.org/2009/03/04/levitan-health-living-kidney-donor-transplant/] This article observes, "As a recent study published in the New England Journal of Medicine found, living kidney donors live as long or longer and enjoy better quality of life than the general population."</ref>
* Animals flee to high ground ''before'' a deadly tsunami hits their shoreline, defying any plausible [[materialistic]] explanation.<ref>http://www.deseretnews.com/article/600105348/Utah-scientific-Did-animals-sense--and-flee--the-tsunamis-in-S-Asia.html</ref>

== Logical Conclusion ==
As scientific theories require that their laws be immutable, the existence of merely one counterexample disproves the truth of the rule. Thus, if evolution fails to account for any one of these items (or countless others), it must be discarded.

{{evolution}}

== References ==

<references/>
[[category:Evolution]]

== See also ==

*[[Counterexamples to an Old Earth]]