Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Egyptian mythology

2008-12-11T16:03:00Z

PeytonJ: /* Deities */

'''Egyptian mythology''' includes all the religious beliefs practiced by ancient Egyptians. These beliefs greatly influenced the development of their culture, but was never a unified theological system. The Egyptian faith was based on a collection of ancient myths, nature worship, and a number of deities. <ref>http://www.emayzine.com/lectures/egyptian.htm</ref>

==Deities==
'''Anubis''' was the god of [[embalming]] and was often represented by a [[jackal]] or other [[dog]], his brother is [[Horus]].

'''Hemen''' is a [[falcon]] god.

'''Horus''' is a sun [[god]] who is often represented by the falcon, he said to have resurrected his dead father [[Osiris]].

'''Imhotep''' was originally an historic figure but was later deified by the Egyptians into the [[god]] of [[medicine]]. In his mortal history he was credited with the design of the step [[pyramid]].

'''Isis''' is a goddess who is supposed to be the wife of [[Osiris]] and the mother of [[Horus]].

'''Osiris''' is a god who was said to have been killed by his brother the god [[Set (god)|Set]], only to be resurrected by his son [[Horus]].

'''[[Ra]]''' is the supreme manifestation of the [[Egyptian]] sun god of Heliopolis and one of the most important members of the Ancient Egyptian pantheon. The Egyptians believed that each day the sun was re-born. In the morning after a bath and breakfast he took a journey across the sky in his heavenly boat and would spend an hour of each day inspecting each of his 12 provinces. When the sun went down in the evening [[Ra]] was believed to enter the underworld until the next morning. All night long Ra had to fight his enemy [[Apep]] the terrible cosmic serpent who lived in the underworld. Ra is usually depicted as a falcon wearing a sun disc on his head. The rulers of Ancient Egypt called themselves Pharaohs - literally "Sons of Ra" - as a means of establishing their divinity.

'''Set''' is the brother of [[Osiris]] and uncle of [[Horus]], he is said to have killed Osiris, who was later resurrected by Horus, Set was then killed by Horus.

'''Thoth''' was an [[Egyptian]] [[god]] represented with the head of an [[ibis]], who was supposed to make sure neither good nor bad had too much power over the other.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Mythology]]
[[Category:Egypt]]
[[Category:Ancient Egypt]]

The Shipwrecked Sailor

2008-12-11T15:55:01Z

PeytonJ: Story summary. Just an interesting text i had to read once.

''The Shipwrecked Sailor'' is a recovered ancient Egyptian text written in [[Middle Kingdom]] hieratic. It is the story of a sailor in the service of the king and his short adventure on a lush island before returning home. On the island he meets a benevolent snake-god who assures his survival. By the end of the tale he is rescued by his countrymen and goes back to report his story to the Pharaoh.

Talk:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

2008-12-08T20:16:15Z

PeytonJ: /* Removing Section on Splinter Groups */

{{Wikiproject Religion}}
==The Mountain Meadows Massacre==
Should something about that be included in the controversy?
http://www.mtn-meadows-assoc.com/
That's a reference, but if that's not what you guys want, you can find myriads more by just putting "Mountain Meadows Massacre" into Google. [[User:ObiBinks|ObiBinks]] 19:44, 28 October 2007 (EDT)

==Arthur Conan Doyle and Zane Grey==
I said they "depicted the Mormons as 'bad guys'" but really that's putting it mildly. On checking these books again, "rabid anti-Mormonism" would probably be more like it. But I am reluctant to quote the passages that would support that view, as they are so virulent that I think even quoting them would be inappropriate. I think they're so "way out" as to be funny, but I expect a Mormon might not see it that way. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 13:43, 11 March 2007 (EDT)

:Cut from article:
::The Mormons, like other small denominations, have been the target of discrimination. Mormons are depicted as "bad guys" in Arthur Conan Doyle's 1890 novel, ''A Study in Scarlet,'' and Zane Grey's 1912 ''Riders of the Purple Sage.''

:Novels don't prove discrimination. This cheapens the claim.

:Anyway, I read ''Riders'' last year, and the Mormons in it were depicted as mostly a lowdown, lying, thieving gossiping, backbiting kind lot of people as well as a decent, hardworking, lawabiding, friendly lot. I seem to recall a saintly lady, who befriended the downtrodden and helpless, as being a Mormon. Correct me if I'm wrong. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] 13:53, 5 April 2007 (EDT)

::Oops, on the other hand I forgot about the bishop's conspiracy and cruelty.
::*The Mormons are represented as a sinister, powerful force of evil, and in this respect, the comparison with earlier myth - 'conventional captivity plot' - is again noticeable. Their sadistic cruelty, for example - as depicted in the foiled attempt at whipping Venters. Or another passage which mentions the gratuitous blinding of Lassiter's horse. [http://roddocs.org/zanegrey.html]

::My question is whether ZG was using the novel to tar all Mormons with one brush, or more to illustrate what can happen when ANY faction turns fanatic. I must learn more about this. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] 14:03, 5 April 2007 (EDT)
They are depicted really barbarously in ''A Study in Scarlet,'' as rapists, liars, and murderers.... about as negative depection as you could have.... [[User:Pandeism|Pandeism]] 21:14, 28 January 2008 (EST)

== "the Mormon church said very adamantly that Mormons were NOT Christians. " ==

Re the statement:
:though in the 1970s the Mormon church said very adamantly that Mormons were NOT Christians.
I '''really''' want to see a source citation for this before putting it in the article. What, exactly, did the church say in their own words? And was it, in fact, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as opposed to one of the small splinter groups? [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 21:57, 18 March 2007 (EDT)

My suspicion is that they did not say "Mormons are not Christians" or anything close to it. They probably said something that some other group ''interpreted'' to mean "Mormons are not Christians." [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 22:07, 18 March 2007 (EDT)

---

Well, you may be right. I can't find the exact reference, but it is my understanding that the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints made it clear that they did not want to be affiliated with Christianity during the 70s, when Christianity was not very popular, but now that Christianity has become popular again, LDS Evangelists or Outreachers or whatever you call the people who stop you on the street to talk about Mormonism often say very early in their talk that "Mormons are Christians, too", when in the 70s they would not, and would make it a point to say that Mormonism was not Christianity. So, perhaps saying that they said "Mormons were not Christians" was a gross oversimplification, and for that I apologize, but the sentiment is similar. [[User:ChristianHero|ChristianHero]] 22:51, 1 April 2007 (EDT)

---

I think the reason people use the quote "Mormons aren't Christians" is because "Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints aren't Christians" is too hard to say with a straight face.

Seriously, though, what the church said was that Mormons aren't PROTESTANTS. They consider protestants to be reformers, and that Joseph Smith was a RESTORER. They like Protestants, and consider Martin Luther and other reformers to have been inspired by God, but consider their church was a restoration of the same church that Christ set up on the earth, not a protest against the catholic church or simply an attempt to set up a church they felt was closer to what Christ wanted.

But saying you aren't a protestant isn't the same thing as saying you aren't Christian.[[User:JustMe|JustMe]] 12:26, 19 June 2007 (EDT)

==Question about scripture:==
Is the KJV of the Bible really the one used for scripture? Didn't Joseph Smith do some minor re-translating of certain passages of a Bible, and that version is used? (I may be mistaken that it's authoritative as scripture, though.) If it is the preferred translation of the Scripture, then that can't really be called the KJV, right? (Also, out of curiosity, what translation of the Bible do LDS for whom English is not their native language use? I hope that they don't try to translate the KJV into another language.) [[User:Kolbe|Kolbe]] 18:53, 3 April 2007 (EDT)
: Yes, the Church uses the KJV of the Bible. There is a version published by the Church which includes ''footnotes'' to JST (Joseph Smith Translation) verses and ''footnotes'' for references to other LDS scriptures like the Book of Mormon, Doctrine and Convenants and Pearl of Great Price but the main text is the unchanged KJV.
: I don't know about other languages - something for me to reasearch. [[User:Crocoite|Crocoite]][[User Talk:Crocoite|talk]] 19:15, 3 April 2007 (EDT)
::Here's a statement from someone in the church "The goal of the typical Bible society, usually a collaboration of numerous different Christian denominations, has been to take a translated Bible to every people—a work which deserves our praise and gratitude. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints does not make translations of the Bible itself at this point, but chooses carefully a translation available in a particular language for use among its members who speak that language." [http://www.lds.org/portal/site/LDSOrg/menuitem.b12f9d18fae655bb69095bd3e44916a0/?vgnextoid=2354fccf2b7db010VgnVCM1000004d82620aRCRD&locale=0&sourceId=7717aeca0ea6b010VgnVCM1000004d82620a____&hideNav=1 Lenet H. Read, “How the Bible Came to Be: Part 8, The Power of the Word,” Ensign, Sep 1982, 64] [[User:Crocoite|Crocoite]][[User Talk:Crocoite|talk]] 19:57, 3 April 2007 (EDT)
:::Thanks. I didn't realize that the Joseph Smith just added footnotes. I thought he had actually re-translated or re-written certain passages. [[User:Kolbe|Kolbe]] 00:10, 4 April 2007 (EDT)
::::Let me clarify this issue. Joseph Smith did indeed re-translate certain verses. Those re-translated verses do NOT appear in the KJV text. They appear as footnotes in the version published by the Church. [[User:Crocoite|Crocoite]][[User Talk:Crocoite|talk]] 11:39, 4 April 2007 (EDT)
== The Mormon problem. ==

Joseph Smith, Jr., like L. Ron Hubbard, or Helena Blavatsky or Ellen White or Mary Baker Eddy, or Mohammed, were frauds, mountebanks. Mitt Romney is a religious fraud; he is a polytheist who believes in gods from outer space, in other words, a religious whacko.
:I've never seen anything in Mormon literature about "gods from outer space". And Mormons certainly are not polytheists, and neither are Muslims. --[[User:Hojimachong|'''Hojimachong''']][[User_Talk:Hojimachong|talk]] 03:10, 4 April 2007 (EDT)
::They believe the persons in the Trinity are three separate beings, right? Are they not all gods? (And if not, do they not believe that Jesus is divine?) At least, this is my understanding of LDS teaching. Am I mistaken? (I don't think the original commenter was calling Muslims polytheists. He was calling Muhammad a fraud.) [[User:Kolbe|Kolbe]] 03:58, 4 April 2007 (EDT)
:::''They believe the persons in the Trinity are three separate beings, right?'' Yes, we believe that Heavenly Father (God the Father) and Jesus Christ (The Son of God) have glorified, perfected bodies of flesh and bones; the Holy Ghost is also part of the Godhead but is a personage of Spirit in the form of a man.
:::''Are they not all gods?'' Yes. [[User:Crocoite|Crocoite]][[User Talk:Crocoite|talk]] 11:54, 4 April 2007 (EDT)
::::Yes they are not all gods, or yes they are all gods? That's a bit of a confusing answer (to a poorly-phrased question, I guess). [[User:Kolbe|Kolbe]] 12:30, 4 April 2007 (EDT)
:::::Yes, they are all gods. "The Church's first article of faith states, "We believe in God, the Eternal Father, and in His Son, Jesus Christ, and in the Holy Ghost." These three beings make up the Godhead. They preside over this world and all other creations of our Father in Heaven." [LDS.org Gospel Topics:Godhead] [[User:Crocoite|Crocoite]][[User Talk:Crocoite|talk]] 14:38, 4 April 2007 (EDT)
::::::If there are three gods, and they are each separate beings, how is that not polytheism? (Or, at least, it's not "certainly" not polytheism, since it does appear to be polytheistic, lacking some equivocation about how they're not really all god, or not really three distinct persons.) [[User:Kolbe|Kolbe]] 15:02, 4 April 2007 (EDT)
::::::::I was always just taught that the Trinity were three forms of the same being.--[[User:Elamdri|Elamdri]] 15:13, 4 April 2007 (EDT)
::::::::"They are distinct beings, but They are one in purpose and effort. They are united as one in bringing to pass the grand, divine plan for the salvation and exaltation of the children of God." [LDS.org ''In These Three I Believe'' by President Gordon B. Hinckley] [[User:Crocoite|Crocoite]][[User Talk:Crocoite|talk]] 15:22, 4 April 2007 (EDT)
:::::::::What about the Mormon doctrine of "eternal progression"? That Jesus is the firstborn son of an exalted "man" who became the "god" of this world because of his good works on another planet somewhere out in the universe. He "earned" godhood, and was then appointed by a counsel of other "gods" in the heavens to his high position as the "god" of planet Earth. The Mormon's god of this world was a man, like all men, who became a god. This is what the celestial marriage and the temple vows are all about. LDS men, by doing their temple work, are striving for exaltation by which they, too, shall one day become gods. Their wives will be the mother goddesses of "their" world and with their husband will produce the population of their world... See also http://www.carm.org/lds/ldsprogression.htm That isn't really "Christianity", is it? [[Image:User Fox.png]] [[User:Fox|Fox]] ([[User talk:Fox|talk]]|[[Special:Contributions/Fox|contribs]]) 16:45, 12 June 2007 (EDT)
::::::::::''What about the Mormon doctrine of "eternal progression"?'' You are presenting an incredibly simplistic viewpoint on the Subject. You are also going into detail about things God has only touched lightly upon. There is some 'fact' to what you speak of. But the details about it are not going to happen as you presented them. No one "earn's" their 'godhood'. After all we can do we still fall short of the necessary "perfection" to return to God's presence. Christ's atonement "makes up the difference", to coin a phrase. We are "saved" by the grace and power of Christ's atonement. There is a different phraseology used by the LDS faith and otheres as to what it means to be "saved". As far as what God has in mind for all of his children, please read Romans 8: 16-17.
::::::::::The LDS faith is not "polytheisitc". We worship God the Eternal Father. We direct our prayers to him in His Son's name, Jesus Christ. That is "monotheism" defined. God, Jesus, and the Holy Ghost being separate beings and members of the "Godhood" does not mean they are the "God's" that should be worshiped. Jesus laid the foundation when he organized his followers. He instructed them to pray to the Father in his name. All that we do should be done in the name of Jesus, directed to the glorification of our Father in Heaven.

(reset indent)
According to ''Mormon Doctrine'' "there is an infinite number of holy personages, drawn from worlds without number, who have passed on to exaltation and are thus Gods." Joseph Smith: " "God himself, the Father of us all was once a man like us." (''History of the Church''). On salvation through Christ: "Believe in God, believe in Jesus, and believe in Joseph [Smith] his prophet, and Brigham his successor, and you shall be saved. No man or woman in this dispensation will ever enter into the Celestial Kingdom of God without the consent of Joseph Smith" (Brigham Young). Your comments are deliberate obfuscation. Also, the recent edits to the article, such as the extermination order, fail to mention the reason why it was issued, that Smith had raised a militia in Missouri that was attacking non-mormon settlers. [[Image:User Fox.png]] [[User:Fox|Fox]] ([[User talk:Fox|talk]]|[[Special:Contributions/Fox|contribs]]) 16:43, 29 June 2007 (EDT)
==Origins of the church==

Cut from intro;

:, who claimed to have received a revelation of the Father -God-and his son, Jesus Christ 1820. Years later, he also claims to have recieved further instruction from the Angel Moroni

I see no need for jabs like this. Anyway, he started the church after a long and fruitless search for the "true" religion. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] 13:46, 5 April 2007 (EDT)

::It's not a "jab". Smith claimed he saw God and Jesus in 1820, and claims that three years later, he was visited by the angel Moroni who told him about the golden plates.--[[User:Epicurius|Epicurius]] 13:56, 5 April 2007 (EDT)
::Thanks for the cut Ed. I totally agree. [[User:Crocoite|Crocoite]][[User Talk:Crocoite]] 14:47, 5 April 2007 (EDT)

When I read this stuff, I thank god I'm an atheist.

==Presentation of Mormons' relationship to Christianity==
It seems to me a little tendentious to lead off with the opinions of the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod. Courtesy seems to me to requires call for a short summary of the Mormons' position on this first. Then we can proceed to the views of the (relatively liberal) Methodists and the (relatively conservative) Lutheran Church Missouri Synod and the Southern Baptists.

(And I have to wonder whether, in this matter, the Lutheran Church, Missouri Synod truly speaks for "the vast majority of Christian denominations in the United States," but if they said it I guess we can quote it). [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 19:08, 24 May 2007 (EDT)

==Word of Wisdom==
The main article was changed to "Church members follow a law of health known as the Word of Wisdom that promotes healthy eating as well as avoiding tobacco, alcohol, coffee, tea, caffeine in general, and illegal drugs."
Hoji reverted my edit [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints&diff=prev&oldid=175993 added caffeine without removing coffee and tea, as all three are correct]. All three are NOT correct. I have been a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for over 30 years and I know that the Word of Wisdom does NOT include caffeine. Some Church members observe the practice of avoiding caffeine, but it is not Church doctrine. See this reference for the Church's official position.[http://www.mormon.org/mormonorg/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=7a45055b23710110VgnVCM1000003a94610aRCRD&locale=0&sourceId=1f476db0580a1110VgnVCM100000176f620a____ Obey the Word of Wisdom]. [[User:Crocoite|Crocoite]] [[User_talk:Crocoite|Talk]] [[Conservapedia:Requests for adminship#Support|Support my RfA]]) 16:42, 27 May 2007 (EDT)
:From my interactions with a Mormons (I live in an area with a large number of Mormons), I have always been told that caffeine is to be avoided, and drinks like Mountain Dew, Coke, Pepsi, etc. are out of the question. I am not a professional on the issue, though, and this was probably a community-specific regulation. You know more than I do about this, Crocoite, and I'll trust your judgement from now on. --[[User:Hojimachong|'''Ĥøĵĭmåçħôńğ''']][[User_Talk:Hojimachong|talk]] 17:22, 27 May 2007 (EDT)
::Thanks for the correction Hoji. I'm not a General Authority of the Church, but we can use the discussion page to clarify issues for the main article. [[User:Crocoite|Crocoite]] [[User_talk:Crocoite|Talk]] [[Conservapedia:Requests for adminship#Support|Support my RfA]]) 22:54, 27 May 2007 (EDT)
:::It has been suggested by Leaders of the LDS Church that caffeine should be avoided. Like people of all religions, different Mormons have interpreted those statements in different ways. Officially, (letter of the law kind of thing), Caffeine is not forbidden, and is technically not part of the Word of Wisdom. However, as it is a suggestion by LDS Church leaders, many (could I say most?) Mormons do not drink caffeine. [[User:Tirrian|Tirrian]] 18:50, 19 July 2007 (EDT)

== redo ==

After reading this article, I would say a rewrite is in order. [[User_talk:Geo.plrd|Geo.]][[User_talk:Geo.plrd|Complain!]] 16:34, 29 June 2007 (EDT)
:this article says nothing about the schism. [[User_talk:Geo.plrd|Geo.]][[User_talk:Geo.plrd|Complain!]] 16:37, 29 June 2007 (EDT)
:Agreed, a rewrite is in order. Rather than edit warring on the article, can we please draft up sections here on talk? [[Image:User Fox.png]] [[User:Fox|Fox]] ([[User talk:Fox|talk]]|[[Special:Contributions/Fox|contribs]]) 16:43, 29 June 2007 (EDT)
::Yeah! Someone finally says something intelligent. [[User_talk:Geo.plrd|Geo.]][[User_talk:Geo.plrd|Complain!]] 19:17, 1 July 2007 (EDT)

==Page Improvement; Article Neutrality; Information Sources; Offensive Content==

I am a lifelong member of the LDS church. I just found out about this website and was curious to see what the entry for my church looked like. Although I don't have time to do a complete rewrite, I do heartily agree that some serious work is needed, and I have spent a few minutes correcting some typos and trying to add some accurate information.

Although I understand that the creators of ''conservapedia'' apparently have some issue with ''Wikipedia'', one aspect of that website I hope they (and its contributors) respect is ''Neutral Point of View''. The accurate and unbiased description of a religion's beliefs should be allowed without disrespect and meanness. I may disagree with the beliefs of other religions, but I do not believe that gives me the right to mock or ridicule those beliefs simply because they are different than my own.

I caution the usage of and reference to "non-Mormon" websites as primary sources for explanations of LDS beliefs. Although they can be useful for comparisons of understanding and response, sole reliance on such sources can lead to the perpetuation of myths, increased misunderstanding, and outright prejudice. Often, the outside point-of-view can result in a description of beliefs so altered that even members of the church would not recognize it as their own. I have corrected several occurrences in this article, including the erroneous assertions that Mormons "do not believe in the diety of Christ" (?!) and that Mormons "believe in salvation through works". Where a group openly proclaims its beliefs, the honest scholar will allow the group to do so and may ''respond'' to them but will never ''misrepresent'' them.

The scriptural references I included are in no way an attempt to "prove" LDS beliefs, but rather are simply to indicate to the reader one of the sources of those beliefs, understanding that it is perfectly reasonable that one may have alternate beliefs or interpretations of the same.

Finally, although I understand the original author's intent to point the reader to both supporting and opposing views, I found the "Mormon" and "Anti-Mormon" subheadings under the External Links section to be quite offensive. If consistency is a desirable characteristic of ''conservapedia'', this would necessitate adding an "Anti-Semitic" section to the Judaism article, which I (and I hope many others) would also find offensive. If a contributor would like to write an article about those who criticize the LDS church, or the criticism itself, then please take the time to do so, and provide a link to that page, and allow this page to be about the church itself.[[User:Doady|Doady]] 17:50, 15 August 2007 (EDT)

:Doady, I am a convert to the church and I don't like the tone of this article either. Your comments are like music to my ears. Keep in mind though, at Conservapedia, we don't try to take a NPOV. There will be articles from a Conservative POV. And [[Wikipedia]] doesn't really have a NPOV - they just advertise that. WP articles have a [[liberal bias]] that we don't allow here [[Examples of Bias in Wikipedia]].

:Unfortunately this article has been edited by anti-Mormons and it is difficult to accurately portray the church. I encourage you to continue your improvements to this article and others here. --[[User:Crocoite|Crocoite]] 18:25, 15 August 2007 (EDT)

== Wikipedia smears the religious again ==

I am here because of wikipedia's prejudicial treatment of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints and its members. Case in point is its article on Fawn Brodie, a woman who was the niece of one of the Church's presidents and yet still managed to apostatize and become one of the most embittered and destructive "anti-mormons" of all time. Simply put, wikipedia's article on her refers almost exclusively to another apostate in the citation of its sources, and has plenty of improvable comments that are derogatory toward Latter Day Saints. I have attempted several times to correct language in the article that I felt was unnecessarily negative or misleading. Every time I made a correction, even if it was nothing more than to clear up an obvious grammatical error, every single time the page was reverted back to its previous condition by the next day at the latest.

If wikipedia is going to present itself as an encyclopedia to which anyone can contribute, they ought not to shut down attempts by people like me to purge articles of bigotry and lies. I went so far as to make posts on the discussion page for the article, explaining my changes. One of the moderators claimed to sympathize and agreed that some of the wording was prejudicial sounding, but told me that my corrections were not good enough to stand as they were. I’m talking about correcting comments that did not have citations and therefore should have been afforded no more consideration than my corrections of them.

I have also stumbled upon two separate articles in wikipedia that contained nude photographs, and many more containing obscenities. It would not be hard to photoshop those photographs to the point that you could tell the person was nude but not have to see their privates. While it may not be possible to police the entire internet for pornography, surely a wikipedia page with its own moderator(s) could be bothered to keep their own page free of filth.

Consequently, I have independently come to the conclusion that wikipedia is not a quality encyclopedia, and that if you seek to remove anti-Christian bigotry from it, or have traditional American sensibilities, your voice doesn’t count.

Then I heard about conservapedia. I decided to check it out and find out if a Latter Day Saint could expect a fair shake here. I am glad to say that most of what I am seeing here about the Church and its members is fair and correct. In fact, my only complaint is that the articles are too short. That’s understandable given the relatively short time conservapedia’s been around. And at any rate it’s a far better option than moderator protected bigotry under the banner of a encyclopedia that you can edit.

This brings me to my last point. Since conservapedia is succeeding where wikipedia is cravenly failing, I decided to join. I intend to add my knowledge to it, particularly but not only in the areas of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. I have one request: please be patient with me if my edits aren’t up to the standard. I am just starting out here and while I do not intend to break any posting rules, I can’t guarantee that in my rookie state I won’t overlook something. Thank you for your consideration.--[[User:ChetGustavson|ChetGustavson]] 16:38, 15 September 2007 (EDT)

== Racism ==

Right up until 1978 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints didn't allow black men in to the priesthood and it didn't allow black men and women to take part in the most important temple services. Even now the Church refuses to repudiate its racist past and has even been accused of trying to cover it up. Surely this is worth mentioning in the controversy section? {{unsigned|RM}}

== African Americans... ==

Claim is fully sourced. Please do not remove w/out discussion or a source for counter-claims. [[User:Aboganza|Aboganza]] 20:53, 25 February 2008 (EST)

:Those sources do NOT support your claim. There are no references to specific verses in the Book of Mormon that substantiate your claim. In addition there is this quote:
<blockquote>In the twentieth century, various Church leaders continued to offer possible reasons why a race of people was prohibited from holding the priesthood. One explanation, carried over from the previous century, stated that blacks were descendants of Cain, the first murderer, and therefore were denied the priesthood because of lineage. Another theory held that blacks were less valiant in the premortal existence and therefore had certain spiritual restrictions placed upon them during mortality (132). Priesthood denial was perceived to be one of these spiritual restrictions. But by mid-century, President David O. McKay stated, "There is not now, and there never has been, a doctrine in this Church that the negroes are under a divine curse. . . . It is a practice, not a doctrine, and the practice will some day be changed". </blockquote>
:Your edits are not fully sourced and have been reverted. --[[User:Crocoite|Crocoite]] 21:12, 25 February 2008 (EST)

:(written before edit conflict)
:Actually, it's not. There's nothing I can see in either source to say that the Book of Mormon was the basis for the ban on blacks being priests. But now that there are sources, I can alter it rather than simply delete it. You are welcome to alter it back if you can provide evidence of the Book of Mormon part of the claim (and a reference to just ''where'' in the Book of Mormon this is said would seem to be appropriate also). [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 21:16, 25 February 2008 (EST)

I don't get it. Weren't blacks excluded from the Mormon priesthood in early times? If it wasn't a [[doctrine]] per se, then it was a policy anyway: whether official or unofficial.

The point is that the practice has ended because, as their leadership claims, God told [[revelation|revealed to them]] that the practice was wrong. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 07:40, 22 June 2008 (EDT)

==Material added by Ultimahero==
Ultimahero is an anti-Mormon who is adding a mixture of false, and true unsourced material to this article. Unless I see some sources for these edits, they will be deleted. --[[User:DeanS|DeanStalk]] 09:01, 21 June 2008 (EDT)

Which ones are false? I can source them all. [[User:Ultimahero|Ultimahero]] 14:52, 21 June 2008 (EDT)

# Both Jesus and Lucifer offered a plan for salvation. (Mormon Doctrine, page 193; Journal of Discourses, vol. 6, page 8.)
# Many Gods. (Mormon Doctrine, page 163; Book of Abraham 4:3)
# The Father has a body of flesh and bones. (Doctrine and Covenants 130:22; Articles of Faith, by James Talmage, page 38.)
# Mother Goddess. (Articles of Faith, by James Talmage, page 143; Mormon Doctrine, page 516.)
# God and Mary had relations to produce Jesus’ physical body. (Journal of Discourses, Vol. 8, page 115; Mormon Doctrine, by Bruce McConkie, page 547; Doctrines of Salvation, Joseph Fielding Smith, 1954, 1:18; First Presidency and Council of the Twelve, 1916, God the Father, compiled by Gordon Allred, page 150.)
# The Bible is corrupted. (8th Article of Faith of the Mormon Church; 1 Nephi 13:28.)
# All other Christian denominations are apostate. (Joseph Smith, History of the Church, Vol. 1, pages 5-6; Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, Compiled by Joseph Fielding Smith, page 270; Brigham Young, Journal of Discourses, Vol. 2, page 171, 1855; Journal of Discourses, Vol. 6, page 167, 1858.)
# God resides near a star called Kolob. (Pearl of Great Price, pages 34-35; Mormon Doctrine, page 428.)
# God used to be a man on another planet. (Mormon Doctrine, page 321; Joseph Smith, Times and Seasons, Vol. 5, page 613-614; Orson Pratt, Journal of Discourses, Vol. 2, page 345; Brigham Young, Journal of Discourses, Vol. 7, page 333.)
# God became a God. (Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, page 345)
# Joseph Smith must approve of one for salvation. (Mormon Doctrine, page 670; Brigham Young, Journal of Discourses 7:289)
# Levels of Heaven. (Mormon Doctrine, page 348)
# Prophets are needed. (Articles of Faith, by James Talmage, page 444-445.)

(I obtained all of the above sources from http://www.mrm.org/, and http://www.carm.org/index.html.)

I also removed a link to Mormon in the second paragraph, because the word “Mormon was referring to the Mormon people, and the link was to the Mormon Prophet. So the link made no sense.

The only thing I can’t source at this moment is about the fact that blacks were cursed for their neutrality. But give me some time and I’ll try to find it again. [[User:Ultimahero|Ultimahero]] 15:32, 21 June 2008 (EDT)

:Start with these:

:*Positions of Various Christian Groups -> "They beleive that they must have Joseph Smith Jr.'s approval to get into heaven."
:*Positions of Various Christian Groups -> "They believe that God the Father had relations with Mary to produce Jesus' physical body."
:*African Americans and the Priesthood -> "Mormons used to believe that black skin was the result of a divine curse. According to Mormon Theology, those spirit children which did not side with Satan or God in the pre-existence, but instead decided to remain neutral, were cursed with black skin."

:These are obvious false statements to me.
:*First, you are using anti-Mormon sources.
:*Second, Mormon Doctrine and Journal of Discourses are not valid references. You need to read this reference. [http://www.religioustolerance.org/ldsdoct.htm Differentiating between valid LDS doctrine & opinions of its past leaders]
<blockquote>"A common anti-Mormon attack technique used by many conservative Protestants is to take a single past statement by a Mormon leader and treat it as a formal LDS doctrine that is binding on all LDS members today. In reality, there are many beliefs expressed by early LDS leaders that have been abandoned and are no longer recognized by the present-day church. Some, in fact, have never accepted as valid."</blockquote>
:I'm also going to involve another administrator here, because I'm upset with your anti-Mormon edits. --[[User:DeanS|DeanStalk]] 15:54, 21 June 2008 (EDT)

“They must have Joseph Smith’s approval to get into Heaven.” On October 9, 1859, Brigham Young said, "From the day that the Priesthood was taken from the earth to the winding-up scene of all things, every man and woman must have the certificate of Joseph Smith, junior, as a passport to their entrance into the mansion where God and Christ are -- I with you and you with me. I cannot go there without his consent" (Journal of Discourses 7:289).

Young clearly taught that you must have the consent of Joseph Smith to get into Heaven. Now, whether or not the Mormon church still accepts this is a different issue, and if you can show me documentation where they have denied or denounced this teaching, then great. I’ll gladly concede it and withdraw that point. But the fact is that Brigham Young was one of the most influential leaders of the LDS, and I have provided documentation as to his teaching on it. It’s up to you to give documentation to the counter.

“They believe that God the Father had relations with Mary to produce Jesus’ physical body.” I’m aware that this is a debated issue within the Mormon church. But I gave sources on it being taught by: Brigham Young, Bruce McConkie, Joseph Fielding Smith, as well as the First Presidency and Council of the Twelve. Again, whether the LDS church still holds to this is debatable. But it was officially taught by influential leaders in good standing with the church. So, again, provide me documentation that the church today denounces these things and I’ll be more than happy to remove them.

I already stated that I don’t have the documentation for the “blacks were neutral and were cursed with black skin.” I’ll try to find, but if you wish to remove it, then that’s fair enough for now. Although, just to note, I didn’t add the quote “Mormons used to believe that black skin was the result of a divine curse.” This was already there, I added the sentence following it.

Now, as far as “Anti-Mormon Sources”, that’s not true. Granted, those websites may not agree with Mormon theology, but they are simply quoting Mormon writers and prophets. The sources in question are the Mormon men who wrote these things. The websites merely provide the documentation. So, unless your own prophets and writing are “Anti-Mormon”, then they’re not Anti-Mormon sources.

They are valid references. They are things that were taught by the leaders and prophets in the Mormon church. Mormons believe that prophets are still around today and whatever they reveal is the word of God, just as legitimate as the official theology. Again, if the quotes in question have been denounced by modern prophets then that’s fine. Give mw documentation and I’ll gladly remove them.

I’m not making “Anti-Mormon” edits. I’m simply quoting Mormon leaders. But, fine. If you wish to involve another administrator, then by all means, please do. [[User:Ultimahero|Ultimahero]] 16:27, 21 June 2008 (EDT)

:*(interrupting) You said, ''I’m not making “Anti-Mormon” edits. I’m simply quoting Mormon leaders.'' Neither is true. You are making '''primarily''' anti-Mormon edits. And you are not "simply quoting" but using old position statements as if they were still in force. The burden of proof is on you (not Dean) to show that any nasty-sounding information is true. Dean need not document a denunciation: on the contrary, you need to document an avowal. Failure to do so will result in reverted edits. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 07:53, 22 June 2008 (EDT)
:: I agree with you that it's inaccurate for him to describe his edits as "non anti-Mormon". They are, but there's nothing wrong with that ''as long as they are true''. I don't agree that the burden of proof is on Ultimahero to show that they are still in force. If Ultimahero has claimed that they were once the case, then the onus is on him to show that they were. If someone else claims that they no longer are, then the onus is on that person to show that they no longer are. To put it another way, if, hypothetically, President Bush says that Iran is evil ''and has never recanted that'', then what evidence can be produced to show that he still believes that? If he's never recanted it, then that is actually a ''lack of evidence'' that he has recanted it, and nobody can cite a ''lack'' of evidence. Rather, if someone thing's that he's recanted it, then the onus is on ''that'' person to show that he has. Otherwise, it is reasonable to assume that it's still the case. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 11:08, 22 June 2008 (EDT)

While it is proper to bring up differences of opinion, as much as possible any discussion should be done with the utmost of respect realizing that this is a sensitive area and that good people can have differing points of view. Perhaps it would be appropriate to put together a small section touching upon various beliefs held by the Mormon Chuch during its journey, but also acknowledging that the same beliefs are not held today (where that is true) and keeping the focus on the beliefs of the Mormon Church as they currently stand. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 04:17, 22 June 2008 (EDT)

:Yes, and this will be a lot of work, but to be a '''trustworthy''' source of information on the LDS church, we'll have to do just that. In addition, if there are '''modern''' controversies about what the historical beliefs and practices were, then we might do well to adopt the NPOV policy of another (larger) online encyclopedia.

:This will require supporters and opponents '''both''' to tone down their combative rhetoric; I'm not saying that either side has been more hostile than the other; both sides need to be sympathetic to the other for the process to work. Both sides need to be open to allowing the opposing side to make its case or present its views.

:I've had a lot of contact with Mormon missionaries throughout my life and have always found them sincere and forthright in explaining their beliefs. Whether I agree with those beliefs or not, I feel it's important for me to '''learn''' what those beliefs are; even more valuable to '''understand''' why they hold those beliefs and how those beliefs affect their lives. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 07:47, 22 June 2008 (EDT)

No, my edits are not “Anti-Mormon”. I’m quoting Mormon prophets and presenting what they taught. I’m simply quoting men like Joseph Smith, Brigham Young, John Taylor, Joseph Fielding Smith (All Presidents of the Mormon Church) as well as many other Mormons in good standing with the LDS church. I’m not adding anything to there quotes, nor attempting to establish new doctrine based on them. I’m not insulting Mormons or calling them names. I’m just quoting them. So unless those men (Smith, Young, etc.) are anti-Mormon, then my edits cannot be anti-Mormon, because it’s coming from their mouths. If someone were to come to me and say, “Well, Jesus taught ‘X’,” I would not call that anti-Christian. That’s just reiterating what the beliefs are.

And I have given ample documentation as to these teachings. I didn’t just make baseless claims, I backed them up. Now if these teaching were denounced, then please provide my the documentation and show me. I’m not aware of any retraction by the LDS church on these issues. But I’m certainly eager to learn. If there is something there, show me. We do know that the Mormons have changed positions over the years. They once taught polygamy, now they don’t. So maybe they have changed here as well. But you have to understand that it is now up to you to provide documentation to the counter. I adequately demonstrated how these doctrines exist, so must show if there has been some change on these positions.

I have no doubt in my mind that Mormon's sincerely believe what they do. I have no doubt that there are numerous Mormons who are genuinly good, in a human sense of the word. And I in no way am trying to be confrontational or argumentitive. I am merely trying to adding things in that Mormons have beleived historically, and to factually contribute. [[User:Ultimahero|Ultimahero]] 15:47, 23 June 2008 (EDT)

I readded my material about the differeces in beleives. If there is documentation that these positions are no longer held, I'll be more than happy to withdraw them. Otherewisw, it seems unfair to leave them out when I can show that they have been taught. [[User:Ultimahero|Ultimahero]] 23:59, 23 June 2008 (EDT)

:I'm not sure I necessarily agree with the way you have presented information. For instance the additional information on what Mormons believe, if I understand it correctly, comes from beliefnet, a site that is not Mormon. There may be further explanation of the Mormon religion that is not included. And while I can understand that you weren't pleased that your original work was simply removed, you should also be respectful of the fact that Dean is an elder in the Mormon Church, and as such, is intimately knowledgable of current Mormon teachings and beliefs. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 12:22, 24 June 2008 (EDT)

"Beliefnet"? I don't know what that is, and certainly didn't use it for my material. Now, I quoted Mormon leaders on their positions.(Joseph Smith, Brigham Young, etc.) So these men would certainly know what Mormoln doctrine is. Now, as I've said, there may indeed be furtehr explanation that is left out. But it is now up to the objector to provide the evidence that these things aren't taught. It makes no sense to leave my material out based on the fact that it's "possible" that counter-material exists somewhere. If it's there, show me, and I'll be gladly agree that it gets taken out. But you must show me first. And I do respect that DeanS has been in the church a long time. But that doesn't mean that he knows more than anyone else about it. There are many people who don't know what they beleive. (I'm not saying that this necessarily applies to Dean, just that it's generally true.) So if he or you or anoyone can document these things not being taught, then fine. Otherwise you have no leg to stand on. [[User:Ultimahero|Ultimahero]] 14:35, 24 June 2008 (EDT)

:References shouldn't just be on the talk page. I want to see you incorporate the reference information that you have here, including any quotes, into reference forms on the article. I see belief.net predated you. Not having followed this article, I was unaware of that. Since there were no references on the main page and that was the last source quoted, I assumed that was your source. As far as Dean not knowing what his church teaches, please. I don't know whether or not you are religious yourself, but I am a regular church attender and it would be very difficult for me not to know what my church teaches when I hear sermons week in and week out. If Dean says that is a misrepresentation of Mormon belief, then what he says the Mormon Church believes will be included into the article as well. And don't tell me that he doesn't know any better. If he has been an active member for many years and never heard these things, then it's not something they actively believe or else he would have heard it. I would imagine the truth will fall somewhere in the middle. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 17:50, 24 June 2008 (EDT)

::L.T., many "anti-cult" advocates will claim that a church they hate lets most members believe one thing while having stronger teachings for the more deeply initiated. You don't get to hear about the stronger more "authentic" teachings until you get into some sort of inner circle. They seem to think this is common knowledge and that the burden of proof is on the church to demonstrate that they don't "keep two sets of books" theologically. This is nonsense and won't be tolerated here.

::I'll say this one last time, and those who refuse to accept it can just go join another project: we trust Dean to tell us what his church teaches. The burden of proof is on non-Conservapedians (such as our recent visitor U.H.) to prove that obscure or outdated teachings are current and valid. One more word out of line and he's gone - I have no more time for this nonsense. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 18:57, 24 June 2008 (EDT)

:::I'm not sure he's making that insinutation Ed, but certainly in either case as an elder Dean would be "in the know". I am also aware that sometimes churches, especially in their early history, can go through change. We shouldn't ignore Mormon history, but we also shouldn't force that to be current Mormon view when the present might be quite different. And of course, any discussion that takes place here should be held with respect for those who follow this belief whether or not the people stating their views are Mormons or not. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 19:26, 24 June 2008 (EDT)

I specifically said that I wasn’t necessarily implying that Dean didn’t know what he was talking about. It’s just that in general a lot of religious folks don’t know what they believe. (If you keep up with things and study as you’re supposed to, then you probably will be well learned. But most people don’t read their Bibles like they should, which leads to ignorant church members, and this is what I was getting at.) Also, an individual church might teach many things that go against the mainstream denomination. So it just depends. Ultimately, I’m not saying that Dean knows everything or nothing. I don’t know what his knowledge level is. I’m not commenting on that. Again, Dean, or anyone saying this isn’t Mormon belief, needs to give adequate source material to support that claim. Someone whose been in the Mormon church before could say that Mormonism teaches that God is a purple unicorn, and we would not accept this based solely on the fact that the said individual attends an LDS church. (I know that’s a ridiculous example, I’m just trying to demonstrate the point by exaggerating to an extreme.) I don’t doubt for one second that Dean is an intelligent, honest man. But he stills needs to source the info, like the rest of us do.

I don’t “hate” the Mormons or their church, Ed Poor. I do indeed think that Mormonism is a false religious system, yes. But I don’t hate them. Most Mormons that I’ve met are genuinely nice folks. It’s just their theology that I have a problem with. Next, I’m not a “recent” visitor. I’ve been here contributing for many months now. Now I have shown that Mormons have taught this in the past. I’ve well documented it. Is it still taught? I don’t know of any current Mormons leadership which has disavowed the teaching or said that they now don’t follow it. (Which they have done in the past on other issues, so I’m assuming that they’ll be consistent.) Finally, I didn’t know that I was “out of line”. I’m just providing material that is factual, as far as I know. If anyone can show me to the contrary, I will support it being taken out. I’m not sure what you want. I’m not trying to be rude or call names, and I’m being as factual as I can. So I don’t know what else can reasonably be expected of me.

Learn Together, I certainly hope that I have not given the impression of disrespect towards Mormons. I’m not at all trying to disrespect them, and hope I haven’t come across that way. I simply am presenting things that are historically true. If they aren’t currently taught, then I would think that certainly some church council or Mormon President would be available somewhere that has denounced them. I just haven’t seen any of that, so I can’t assume that they have. [[User:Ultimahero|Ultimahero]] 23:42, 24 June 2008 (EDT)

:You show disrespect toward Mormons when you assume that old teachings are current. You have proof that LDS '''used to''' teach or practice certain things. You offer no proof that they still do. You merely argue that the existence of old stuff should be taken as evidence of its currency. That is not a trustworthy argument.

:On the contrary, if the old stuff is current, it should be '''very easy''' to show that it is. Your refusal to make any effort to do so, combined with your repeated argument of having no need to do so, disqualifies you as a writer on this topic.

:You are hereby banned from this article and this discussion page. You may bring up issues related to LDS on any other talk page where it has already been addressed. I value you as a writer, but not on this issue, until you agree to adhere to my concept of [[burden of proof]]. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 08:57, 25 June 2008 (EDT)

::He has provided "proof." the question is whether things have changed. It is logical to assume that they have not, unless there is proof of a change. How is he supposed to prove that it ''hasn't'' changed. If there is nothing to say that it has, then he will not have anything to find, and you will continue to say that he has no proof. The burden of proof here lies with those who are trying to prove that it ''has'' changed. --[[User:CPAdmin1|Tim]] (CPAdmin1)[[User talk:CPAdmin1|talk]] [[User:CPAdmin1/Polls|Vote in my NEW polls]] 09:16, 25 June 2008 (EDT)

:::Ok, I think it's pretty evident that you can't ask someone for evidence that something hasn't changed as a criteria to accept their initial evidence. That was a bit silly. I don't think we should just sweep away the information provided, but I do think we should use our own resources to help us construct the article in a way that is true to both the history and the current philosophy of the beliefs of the Mormon Church. I believe we want the article to read in a respectful fashion and where there are differences between traditional Christianity and Mormon beliefs, these differences should be presented in a non-judgmental way. Hopefully we can all agree on this. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 20:49, 25 June 2008 (EDT)

:::: That is a wonderful sentiment Learn Together. Striving for an article that addresses religious topics in a respectful fashion where the differences between Christian and whatever that other religion are is treated in a non-judgmental way would go a long ways to increasing the reputability of Conservapedia. Is there any chance that [[atheism]] and [[agnosticism]] could be unlocked? --[[User:Rutm|Rutm]] 14:30, 26 June 2008 (EDT)

==Editorial standards==

My position (as a site administrator) is that a member in good standing of a major religion should be trusted as to what its current teachings are. If there is a dispute between church critics and church members about "what is currently taught", then I say we have to go with what Dean (aka Crocoite) has said - whatever it is; I'm not going into detail right now, but I will if need be.

I have no doubt that early Mormon doctrine and practices involve a significant number of things that most modern Christians would repudiate. [[Polygamy]] is the most obvious one; race discrimination against blacks is also important. If Dean says LDS no longer accept these, that's good enough for me. Same for any other point '''unless''' clear proof is shown that contradicts what Dean has reported.

I intend to truncate the article severely, removing any disputed information. The burden of proof is "ultimately" on church detractors (pun intended). We simply cannot assume that a position taken several decades ago is still maintained.

Scientific theories change. It was not much longer ago than the early days of LDS that biologists and doctors believed all sorts of crazy things about infection. The [[germ theory of disease]] is less than a century and a half old. There is [[plate tectonics]] to explain [[continental drift]], and all sorts of new ideas in physics.

Although some churches keep their theology static, others do indeed change. I trust contributor Dean to report these changes faithfully. We are all about trust here, and if anyone is going to contradict a sysop speaking about his own church, he'd better bring solid proof. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 15:32, 24 June 2008 (EDT)

:You may trust a member of the church, but I don't think that as an '''encyclopedia''', we should just take someone’s word. I'm not saying that Dean is untrustworthy, but rather that we need documentation to whatever is put in. To remove material without sourcing it would be a "poor" (see, I can be clever, too) way to do things.

:The fact is I have given sufficient documentation on the what is taught. Unless someone can give documentation to the counter, then the facts should remain. Polygamy is a great example. You said that the LDS church once taught it, and now doesn't. That's true. And it can be well documented that they stopped this practice and disavowed the teaching. So why can’t someone give sources on all these other facts, if they are no longer taught? The burden of proof is on the person saying that something has changed. It's not on me to show it's remained the same. Ho do you prove that things haven't changed? If they haven't changed, then by definition there would be no new info to cite. But if it has changed, then there should be things to point to and source.

:I don't distrust Dean. But you don't simply trust an encyclopedia just because it says something. You expect it to back it's claims up with documentation and sources. If it doesn't, then it's worthless. [[User:Ultimahero|Ultimahero]] 16:08, 24 June 2008 (EDT)

:"''... a member in good standing of a major religion should be trusted as to what its current teachings are.''": I believe that this is assuming too much. I couldn't tell you all the details of my denomination's official stances on things, and I'm quite sure that my minister would have different views that the denomination on some points, so I wouldn't expect to learn all those positions from his preaching.
:"''We simply cannot assume that a position taken several decades ago is still maintained.''": Neither can we assume that it's changed. In fact, if it was said last week, we can't assume that it's still maintained ''this week''! But in both cases, the onus is on the person claiming that it's change to show that.
: [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 10:09, 25 June 2008 (EDT)

== Non-encyclopedic Material Here ==

It's inappropriate to present claims that a particular church is or is not "Christian", and the entire [[provocateur]]-like section here is going to be deleted. There are obvious reasons for this, but I'll give just one reason: it leads to bigotry against a group of people.

This is a fair warning to provide some time for discussion before the deletion occurs. Thanks and Godspeed.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 20:12, 26 June 2008 (EDT)

:As far as my knowledge goes, the page never claims that Mormon are or are not Christians. I could be wrong, but I don’t see that anywhere. There is a section on what positions various Christian denominations hold. Also, there's a section claiming, "Mormon beliefs that are different from traditional Christianity”, and it goes on to list the differences. But all of these things are factual and can be sourced. I understand that it doesn’t make everyone feel good, but are we not allowed to talk about things that are true just because they might upset someone? [[User:Ultimahero|Ultimahero]] 23:33, 26 June 2008 (EDT)

: Why is it inappropriate to present claims that a particular church is or is not Christian? Surely ''if'' it is not Christian, it is correct and proper to say so? And how is it okay to say this of an ''individual'' (such as Barack Obama) but not of a church?
: Further, why does it necessarily lead to bigotry? It's possible to respectfully disagree with Islam, Hinduism, atheism, etc., without being bigots, so why not with Mormonism?
: On many of the pages that I tend to frequent, to do with the creation/evolution issue, editors put in pro-evolutionary/anti-creationary material, and as long as it's factual and civil, I let it stand and point out the problems, rather than censor it by removing it. Why can't this article be handled in the same way?
: [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 23:40, 26 June 2008 (EDT)

:Andy, I would like to ask you to reconsider. If there is some way in which the information needs to be rewritten in order to be respectful to the Mormon Church then I say we do that. I also do not believe we should take a position on what is right or wrong, but simply present factual differences. But since above all else we endeavor to show truth, then I don't believe simply removing the knowledge of differences is the way we should go. Thank you [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 00:01, 27 June 2008 (EDT)

::I disagree, I believe that we need to take a stand for what is right. As for the issue of whether or not the Mormon church is Christian, read Galatians 1:8-9. I cannot agree with calling a church "Christian" if they add to the Gospel. As for the material, If it is factual, it should stay. I don't think that it is disrespectful to Mormons. The info is '''MUCH''' more accurate and encyclopedic than a large portion of the Barck Obama article. --[[User:CPAdmin1|Tim]] (CPAdmin1)[[User talk:CPAdmin1|talk]] [[User:CPAdmin1/Polls|Vote in my NEW polls]] 10:29, 27 June 2008 (EDT)

I've read the above comments, but there's no getting around the fact that describing an entire church as "non-Christian" is inappropriate for this type of site. Such claims lead to contradictions, falsehoods, bias, and invite ulterior motives (like people who have axes to grind against a particular church). At a minimum, Christianity is a personal choice and it is inappropriate to attempt to label a large group of people as "non-Christian" unless they describe themselves that way or it is undisputed.

That said, the sincerity of a particular politician's claim (like Obama's claim) about his own beliefs should be questioned, particularly when the evidence is abundant that his claim is self-serving and contradicted by other evidence.

So the bottom line is don't rant and rave here about how you don't think someone else's church is Christian. I'm sure we could find other people wanting to rant and rave against your church in the same way, and we're not going down that slippery and destructive slope.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 13:39, 27 June 2008 (EDT)

Again, though, I don't know of anywhere that the article makes the implicit claim that "Mormons aren't Christians". It just shows differences between the LDS church and Christianity. All are sourced facts. What's wrong with fact? [[User:Ultimahero|Ultimahero]] 13:44, 27 June 2008 (EDT)

: Claims by outsiders about a church's doctrine are inherently unreliable. The statements in the entry are not from the Mormon Church itself and were probably developed or promoted by someone who dislikes that church for some emotional or perhaps even closeminded reason. We're not going to allow such an inherently unreliable approach to be taken here. Find a Mormon Church leader to tell us what its doctrine is, if that's what you want. But you haven't done that, and I doubt you will.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 14:04, 27 June 2008 (EDT)

I don't mean to be offensive when I say this, but you didn't read the previous discussions on this talk page, did you? I never cited a bunch of non-Mormons as to what the LDS church believes. I quoted Joseph Smith, Brigham Young, John Taylor, Joseph Fielding Smith, (all Mormon Presidents) as well as other Mormons in good standing with their church. I've given documentation about what these men believe from their own mouths. They are the ones making the claims about their doctrines and theology. So, unless Mormon leaders are an unreliable source for Mormon doctrine, then I think that they should suffice. [[User:Ultimahero|Ultimahero]] 14:16, 27 June 2008 (EDT)

: This issue has become muddled. It appears that the following has occurred:
:# Ultimahero created a debate page "Debate: Are Mormons Christians?", and argued for the affirmative. An hour later Ultimahero was blocked for "violat[ing the] 90/10 rule against talk, talk, talk" and the debate was deleted on the grounds that it was "posted by account that has been blocked, no other debaters". The debate was recreated by other editors (which, if nothing else, showed that others ''did'' want to debate it) and several times, and deleted again each time for various reasons (including that it was "non-encyclopedic", which is odd given that ''all'' Conservapedia debates are "non-encyclopedic" by virtue of them being debates, which encyclopedias don't have).
:# Ultimahero then started editing this article, ''but made no claim that Mormonism was not Christian''.
:# Skipping various other discussions, Andy then claims that "It's inappropriate to present claims that a particular church is or is not "Christian", ''despite this not being what Ultimahero had done in this article''.
:# While Ultimahero addresses the point that the article doesn't claim that Mormonism is not Christian, three administrators disagree that it's wrong ''in principle'' to claim that a given body is not Christian. That's not to say that it's ''not'' Christian. In order to decide that, one needs to determine what "Christian" means. It's clear that Mormonism is not an Islamic cult, nor a Hindu cult, and arguably it is a ''Christian'' cult. So really, whether it is Christian or not is not the issue. The issue is whether that question can even be ''discussed''.
: So we have two distinct issues being mixed up here. Now, on to specific responses to Andy's comments:
:"''it is inappropriate to attempt to label a large group of people as "non-Christian" unless they describe themselves that way or it is undisputed''": I don't think anybody is suggesting labelling the individuals in the religion as non-Christian, but (potentially) labelling ''the religion itself'' as non-Christian. Are you happy to label the Jehovah's Witnesses, Christian Science, and the Ku Klux Klan as "Christian"?
:"''...a ... politician's claim ... about his own beliefs should be questioned, particularly when the evidence is abundant that his claim is self-serving and contradicted by other evidence.''": ''If'' the evidence about a religion is abundant and self-serving and contradicted by other evidence, why should the same not apply to an organisation?
:"''...don't rant and rave here...''": Excuse me? Are you accusing three of your administrators of "ranting and raving"? (I'm not counting Ultimahero, because he wasn't arguing that point.) Rather, we are making reasoned arguments, and getting an insult in return.
:"''I'm sure we could find other people wanting to rant and rave against your church in the same way, and we're not going down that slippery and destructive slope.''": As I've already pointed out, people already do criticise my beliefs (including "ranting and raving"), and I respond with reasoned arguments, not censorship. Why is this particular belief protected?
:[[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 10:12, 28 June 2008 (EDT)

Just as a side note, the page on [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] says this:

"They use the Bible as their holy book, including the New Testament, but draw conclusions that do not match mainstream Christian thought, including denying the Trinity and denying the divinity of Christ".

So, why is it okay to make the claim that the [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] are considerably different than mainstream Christianity (which is substantiated by showing their denial of the Trinity and the deity of Christ), but it's not okay to make the same claim about the LDS church, even though they would deny both the Trinity and the deity of Christ as well? (Mormons would say that they affirm those beliefs, but they define both differently and actually hold views that are indeed against mainstream, historical, orthodox Christianity.) [[User:Ultimahero|Ultimahero]] 13:43, 28 June 2008 (EDT)

:[[User:Ultimahero|Ultimahero]] has done nothing to deserve being blocked. He is not in violation of the 90/10 rule, and has violated no other rule. He should be unblocked. As for his position, there is nothing wrong with it, and I agree with him. If you are going to block him for it, (even though we do '''''not''''' block ideologically) you may as well block me too. --[[User:CPAdmin1|Tim]] (CPAdmin1)[[User talk:CPAdmin1|talk]] [[User:CPAdmin1/Polls|Vote in my NEW polls]] 15:16, 28 June 2008 (EDT)

If that is not encyclopedic, then much of the Barack Obama article is worse. Should I go clean it up? --[[User:CPAdmin1|Tim]] (CPAdmin1)[[User talk:CPAdmin1|talk]] [[User:CPAdmin1/Polls|Vote in my NEW polls]] 10:21, 1 July 2008 (EDT)

: No, Obama is attempting to President and acquire power over all Americans. What he says, what he believes, and if and how he lies to advance his goals are relevant and should not be deleted.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 10:30, 1 July 2008 (EDT)

:: So factual information about the mormon church is irrelevant because it might be offensive to some people, but extremely questionable material is Ok in the Obama article because he is running for president? That doesn't make sense. If Mormons are just Christians like everyone else, then why do they try to convert us? --[[User:CPAdmin1|Tim]] (CPAdmin1)[[User talk:CPAdmin1|talk]] [[User:CPAdmin1/Polls|Vote in my NEW polls]] 10:55, 1 July 2008 (EDT)
::: Yes, Tim, we should clean up the Barack Obama article. After all, he's only trying to be the President of ''America'' and have power over ''living Americans'' for ''four to eight years'', whereas the Mormon church is trying to be the presiding ''world'' religion and have power over ''all living and dead humans'' for ''all of history''. (That may be a rather loose description, but no looser than the claim about Obama.) [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 11:35, 1 July 2008 (EDT)

Stating what the differences are between two groups is not "bashing" them. There is such a hypocrisy here. Like it has been mentioned before, we can leave everything in on the Barack Obama page, even though there's a lot of questionable material there, but this page, which is factual and has been sourced, can't remain because it's "bashing"? Well anytime you make a comment that isn't flattering it could be called "bashing". (Even if the statement’s true.) This is simply taking facts out because someone doesn’t like them. That’s all this amounts to. [[User:Ultimahero|Ultimahero]] 14:31, 1 July 2008 (EDT)

==Comparison with the mainstream==

Churches like JW and LDS are on the outskirts of traditional American Christianity. Certainly a large proportion of American Christians consider them '''non-Christian''' due to theological differences over the [[Trinity]] and so forth. It is against site policy to directly label them "non-Christian", though, so let us as writers working under a common leader agree how to collaborate.

I suggest we continue to categorize Mormons in the [[:Category:Christian Denominations]] while courteously informing our readers of any documented disputes over whether LDS is Christian or not. The point is not to hide the dispute, but to refrain from "pointing a provocative finger". --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 15:26, 28 June 2008 (EDT)

:If the information that shows the differences between the Mormon faith and traditional Christianity is to be removed, then how will our readers know that there is a difference at all? Say there's a difference but not be allowed to say what it is? [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 22:23, 28 June 2008 (EDT)

::How much doctrinal difference is allowed from [[traditional Christianity]] before a denomination is considered a [[sect]], a [[heresy]], or *shudder* a [[cult]]? And who decides? --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 22:33, 28 June 2008 (EDT)

:::Let me start by saying are you aware you changed the subject? I was not asking for any classification of what is a cult and who decides, only the right to be allowed to bring up differences from traditional Christianity without judgement. That being said, generally the doctrine of the trinity is considered to be a core doctrine. Christ as fully God and fully man dying for the sins of the world and through His sacrifice all can be saved. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 01:21, 29 June 2008 (EDT)

Whilst Conservapedia might not want to take a position by labelling them as "non-Christian", how is labelling them "Christian" any more acceptable? That's still taking a position, and one that many Conservapedia supporters find objectionable.

"Cult" has a pretty-clear definition, so to suggest that it is hard to determine if a group is a cult is incorrect. I see that our article on that needs some work, though.

[[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 04:23, 29 June 2008 (EDT)

:I don't believe we should take a stand either way. Conservapedia is a resource for all conservatives, and Mormons as a group are very conservative. The difficulty, of course, is that many other conservatives do not have the same view as Mormons do in regard to their relationship with Christianity. I believe we should allow the differences to speak for themselves, but do not apply labels declaring one way or the other what category the Mormon faith should fall into. I don't see that as being our place. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 01:01, 30 June 2008 (EDT)

Not only that, but the Bible itself makes it very clear that there are certain things one must believe in order to be a Christian. (The deity of Christ, His physical resurrection, salvation by grace through faith, etc.) Cultic groups and non-Christian churches will deny these teachings. [[User:Ultimahero|Ultimahero]] 17:32, 29 June 2008 (EDT)

==The Controversial Material==

Look, I understand that this stuff creates a lot of controversy. But, the fact is I can source all of these things from Mormon leaders themselves. No, if can find me a source to the counter, then that's fine. But if you can't, then you have no leg to stand on. Simply removing it because it hurts somebody’s feelings is a poor excuse to make those edits. Prove the point, or let it go. [[User:Ultimahero|Ultimahero]] 15:07, 1 July 2008 (EDT)

:I understand your frustration, but we don't edit war here. While I would like to see your information reinstated and looked at in more detail by those who have more intimate knowledge of the Mormon faith, you must also understand that it's not vandalism to remove it and it wasn't wise to put that in the title line. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 16:11, 1 July 2008 (EDT)

:::Oh, but it was vandalism. Lets be honest here. If I went to another page, lets say the [[Atheism]] page or something on [[Liberals]], and I went to a section that was completely factual, fully sourced and perfectly relevant, and I just removed it without any good basis. What would that be called? Vandalism! So of course it was vandalism if it’s done here. Oh, but I forgot, we don’t look at it that way. Vandalism is not based on '''what''' is done, rather '''who''' does it. If someone else removes perfectly factual, relevant, and sourced material, it’s vandalism. But if an admin does it, then it’s “constructive editing”. [[User:Ultimahero|Ultimahero]] 15:19, 4 July 2008 (EDT)

:: Once again, a wonderful sentiment. Could you please unlock the atheism page? Apparently, finding quotes of various historic figures and attributing them to the entirety of a group is not appropriate. Likewise, contributions from someone who is familiar with the subject matter rather than someone who has an axe to grind (so to speak) would go a long ways to moving articles from being hatchet jobs (pun intended) to something isn't completely one sided. Above, there was the comment of "Claims by outsiders about a church's doctrine are inherently unreliable," - that is assuming, of course, that atheism is a religion. I understand that Conservapeida wishes to be a source of knowledge, but when articles are so one obviously one sided it leaves people looking for information other sites that may not be in agreement with Conservapedia. --[[User:Rutm|Rutm]] 16:27, 1 July 2008 (EDT)

:::Unless the sysop who protected the article is no longer available, only that sysop can unlock it. You'll have to bring it up with him. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 03:08, 2 July 2008 (EDT)

Ultimahero, it is obvious to me that you have an ax to grind against the Mormon Church. Why aren't you ranting and raving about how the Democratic Party once supported slavery for blacks? No, you've singled out the Mormon Church without explanation or justification. It's not doing you any good and it's not fair to treat one entity in such a blatantly one-sided manner. Give it a rest and ask yourself why you don't complain in a similar manner about the Democratic Party and countless other institutions. Godspeed.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 17:42, 1 July 2008 (EDT)
: He wasn't ranting and raving. Again I point out that if it's not fair to "treat one entity in such a blatantly one-sided manner", why are so many entities, such as Barack Obama, treated in such a blatantly one-sided manner? [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 09:28, 2 July 2008 (EDT)

Andy, no offense, but when you say things like that you show your utter ignorance on the subject. I have an “ax to grind against the Mormon church”? I’ve “singled out the Mormon church without explanation or justification”? Really? That’s come as news to me. Makes me wonder why I spent all that time debating Atheists, homosexuals, people who doubt the Bible, Liberals, etc. I‘ve also been debating about the Roman Catholic Church while working on this page. (Just check my edit history.) Seems to me that my interest is debating anyone who isn’t Christian. So please don’t make claims that demonstrate that you have no idea what you’re talking about. [[User:Ultimahero|Ultimahero]] 15:19, 4 July 2008 (EDT)

==The removed link==

I'm sure that someone will ask why I removed the link about "Why Protestants agree with Mormons", so I'll quickly explain. The link in question did a very poor job of relating the two theologies, and quite frankly, misrepresented and misunderstood Christian doctrines of the Trinity and the Incarnation of Christ. It's one thing for Mormons to try to show the parallels between themselves and Christians, but we shouldn't misrepresent one another. I do not agree with LDS teachings, but I certainly would not wish to present incorrect info about them. So I simply do not wish for the Christian side to be misunderstood with that link in question. [[User:JimmyP|JimmyP]] 23:59, 22 August 2008 (EDT)

:You say the link "misrepresented and misunderstood Christian doctrines of the Trinity and the Incarnation of Christ" but you don't say how it does that. Please explain. --[[User:DeanS|DeanStalk]] 12:41, 23 August 2008 (EDT)

: Please use the talk page and wait for the reply before removing an important information. --[[User:Joaquín Martínez]], [[User talk:Joaquín Martínez|talk]] 08:21, 23 August 2008 (EDT)

What? No one has objected. I would be more than happy to talk with anyone about it, but no one has said anything. What's wrong with making a change then letting discussion take place if it is necessary? There may be no need for discussion on this, so I see no reason to sit back and wait. [[User:JimmyP|JimmyP]] 12:25, 23 August 2008 (EDT)

What does that link have to do with anything? It links to a site about credit card debt. [[User:Ultimahero|Ultimahero]] 15:12, 18 October 2008 (EDT)

First off, I think that it needs to be pointed out that there is nothing wrong with putting up an article that attempts to defend the LDS doctrines. However, it should seek to try and properly explain Protestant beliefs. This article makes several mistakes and misrepresents Protestant theology in many ways. (I ’m not saying that it was in a dishonest way; perhaps it was a mere misunderstanding on the authors part. Nevertheless, there are points that are claimed to be Protestant thought that simply aren’t.

Probably the biggest problem comes under the section “God has a physical body”. Contained within are several misconceptions about the trinity. It states that the Trinity is “three beings of one substance”. This is a glaring error. Trinitarians do not believe that God is three beings. We believe that God is one in being and that within that one being there are three persons. One being, three persons. The distinction is the difference between being and person. A being is what makes something what it is, whereas a person is what makes someone who they are. Everything has being. God is one in being. There is one substance or essence that is the being of God. But that essence is shared by three persons, the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. Essentially there is one “what” and three “who’s”. So for the author to say that we believe in a God with “three beings” is incorrect.

Following this in the same section is the idea that because Jesus took on physical flesh, that the Father must also have physical flesh as well. The problem is that the Trinity doesn’t work that way. The Father, Son, and Spirit all share one spiritual being. But that doesn’t mean that if one does something then the other two are required to do it as well. Just because the Son took on human flesh doesn’t mean that the Father had to. Trinitarians do not believe that because we see the distinction in the personhood of the Father and the Son. (Note that I said the distinction in personhood, not being.) Following the logic that the author presents, then if the Son were crucified on the cross, then that would mean that the Father was as well. But such is not a Trinitarian idea in the slightest.

In the section “God is a Man”, the Trinity is once again misunderstood and misrepresented. The author claims that because Jesus was born on earth with a physical body then the Trinity would necessitate that the Father be born with one as well. Again I would point out that Trinitarians do not believe that just because the Son does something then the Father would have to do it as well. But secondly, and more importantly, LDS teachings are that the Father was originally a man and that He was exalted to godhood. He was a man who became God. But Protestants believe that God has always been God for all of eternity. The Father never was a man and never will become a man. (In the Protestant view, at least.) And when the Bible uses the term “Father” of the Father God it is referring to either Him in His creator role or to His role as our adoptive Father. (Per Romans 8:15).

Now certainly Protestants and LDS would disagree on a great many of things. But if we wish to have a meaningful dialogue, then we must do our best to represent each other accurately. It is perfectly fine to link to a defense of LDS teachings, but preferably not one that so utterly misrepresents the historical beliefs of Protestants. The Trinity was the major issue at hand here, although to be honest there were many other glaring errors on the authors part. But, to cut to the chase, because Protestant theology has been misrepresented in this way I humbly suggest that the link be removed. Thank you. [[User:Ultimahero|Ultimahero]] 07:01, 27 November 2008 (EST)

:Ultima, thank you for your refreshing, sincere, and comprehensive analysis. You have clearly brought out the contrast between what Mormons and Trinitarians believe. Dean and I will incorporate these ideas into the article. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 07:09, 27 November 2008 (EST)

:*Or you can go ahead and do it, since I'm dawdling so. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 12:40, 28 November 2008 (EST)

Thank you. I will removed the link then. [[User:Ultimahero|Ultimahero]] 13:54, 28 November 2008 (EST)

:No, I didn't say you should remove the link. Didn't you notice that I moved it apart from the other links and labeled it controversial? Put it back, and do what I said. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 09:12, 29 November 2008 (EST)

::Ed I'm not sure what you want here either. He's pointed out that the link misrepresents the view of the Trinity in traditional Christianity. Are you telling him that he should write a section that discusses the differences between traditional Christianity and the Mormon faith on the concept of the Trinity? Thanks [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 13:07, 29 November 2008 (EST)

:::Yes, L.T. Sorry if I wasn't clear. Black dots on a white screen are a severely limited communications format.

:::I want the article to compare and contrast LDS theology with traditional Christian theology, particularly on the [[Trinity]]. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 13:51, 29 November 2008 (EST)

So I originally suggested that the link be removed entirely. I wrote out the explanation above and then explicitly asked that we take down that link. When Ed Poor came along and seemed to approve, I figured he was approving of my suggestion for removal so that's why I took it out. Simply a miscommunication.

Now, I think that there is a bit of a misunderstanding as to what I was saying. There is nothing wrong with the LDS church attempting to defend their beliefs. That's perfectly fine. There are several other links on this page that do just that, and I have no problems with those. What I do have a problem with is the link in question. Not because it is trying to defend Mormonism, but rather because it is misrepresenting Protestantism while doing so. The assertions made about the Trinity are simply misleading and often very basic errors. (I should point out that there are multiple other mistakes as well, such as the views presented on the trustworthiness of Scripture, the historicity of the Reformation, Jesus and Satan being brothers, etc. But the Trinity was the most obvious and therefore the easiest to utilize in discussion.) I was never arguing that we should incorporate a distinction between Trinitarian and LDS theology (although that's a very good idea). I was simply saying that the link should be removed altogether because it is quite honestly a bad link. Anyone who goes there looking for solid information will not benefit in the slightest.

Consider the implications here for both sides on this particular discussion. For the Protestant, he will see the information that is being presented there and be as dumbfounded as I was. All it will do is cause him to question both the knowledge and the integrity of the author, and because she has purported herself as a representative of the LDS faith, the Mormon church will be viewed with the same degree of doubt. For the Mormon, he will see it and gain a flawed understanding of the Trinity as well as many other Protestant doctrines. Now that’s fine if he is merely going to go to church on Sundays and not worrying about his faith anywhere else. But if he chooses to honor his faith as he believe that he is commanded to do by the spreading the message of his church, then he will be forced to at some point engage with Protestants who know what true Trinitarian belief is. This view of the Trinity can’t stand up against even a basic understanding of Protestants views of Scripture, history, and the like. If this is what young LDS missionaries are taking to the mission fields, then there will be very few Protestants who are converted by this level of misunderstanding.

Therefore, I believe that both sides can see the harm in leaving such an article up as if it were a knowledgeable representation of the facts. In the spirit of respect for one another, I would ask that the link be removed altogether. But, because I do not wish to be accused of any impropriety, I will not do it myself and will leave it for another. [[User:Ultimahero|Ultimahero]] 12:53, 30 November 2008 (EST)

:This makes good sense. While we respect the positions of different religious beliefs, it is certainly not our policy to put links that given incorrect information about another religious view. We need to maintain accuracy. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 13:29, 30 November 2008 (EST)
::I removed the link and added an appropriate edit comment. --[[User:DeanS|DeanStalk]] 15:35, 30 November 2008 (EST)

==Controversy as Christians?==

There is a section devoted to whether or not Mormons are Christians. However, this issue is not actually adressed in the section. Where is the controversy? Don't they have the words "Church of Jesus Christ" in their name? Oh, wait. That is their name. Where's the controversy?

:That the reference to the controversy has been removed does not mean that it does not exist. And I take it you are not being serious with the name, as if names are voted upon by the greater community for inclusion. If you truly believe a name defines an entity, then you may wish to move to a different Democratic nation -- such as North Korea. While it is not the place of this site to say who is right, that there is a controversy is not a matter of debate. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 13:20, 31 October 2008 (EDT)

::Should we make a chart, showing which major churches have branded other churches as being "non-Christian"? --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 18:06, 6 December 2008 (EST)

==History Section==

I started a history section, although it's all about Utah, as the bit about the Church before Utah is in the introduction. I'd like to turn it into a larger history section, hopefully going from the founding up to present day. I'm happy to write about the period from 1847-1890, I'm working off a paper I wrote in college about the "Mormon War" of 1857. My knowledge of the history of the church basically stops with the leaders finally coming out of hiding from federal marshals and issuing the "Manifesto," as this ended the federal government's fight with the Church.

So, I have two requests:

1.) Could someone help out with the history after 1890?

2.) I'm planning on moving the historical bit down from the introduction and into a history section. Could someone suggest an alternate introduction? Or would it be ok to say the same information twice?

I'm also going to source all the facts I put in the section, but it's 12:10 and time for bed now. [[User:ArnoldFriend|ArnoldFriend]] 00:10, 18 November 2008 (EST)

== Removing Section on Splinter Groups ==

Hey, I'm just curious why the section mentioning the splinter sects was removed. I realize they're not the official church, and hotly denounced by the official church (I was raised Mormon). Wouldn't it be a valuable source to people to be aware of these splinter groups and their relation to the main church in the main article? There are many misconceptions about the LDS church which that could help clarify. Many people think the splinter groups are directly part of the mainstream LDS church. [[User:PeytonJ|PeytonJ]] 14:08, 8 December 2008 (EST)

:Links to splinter groups sounds like a good idea. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 14:46, 8 December 2008 (EST)

:An unauthorized group is exactly that. It deserves no credibility, and has no connection with, the main group. An entry on an unauthorized group, but there is no reason to connect it with a group that disavows it. Make sense?--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 15:04, 8 December 2008 (EST)
::What you say makes sense, but I disagree. Explaining the lack of connection is important to make the existence of splinter groups known so that they are -not- confused with the real thing. As is it leaves the interpretation very open to error. [[User:PeytonJ|PeytonJ]] 15:16, 8 December 2008 (EST)

I agree. --[[User:BenjaminS|Ben]] [[User Talk:BenjaminS|Talk]] 15:08, 8 December 2008 (EST)

Jerusalem

2008-12-08T19:45:17Z

PeytonJ: A beginning to some much needed edits.

[[Image:Jerusalem Ugglan 1.jpg|right|thumb|290px]]
'''Jerusalem'''([[Hebrew]]:'''יְרוּשָׁלַיִם''' ([[Arabic]]:'''أورشليم القدس''') is the official capital of the country of [[Israel]], although it is not recognised as such diplomatically outside of Israel. It is considered holy by [[Jews]] being their ancient capital and home of their most holy site, the temple mound, [[Christians]] for its association with [[Christ]] and the Crucifixion, and [[Muslims]] as the location of the [[Dome of the Rock]]. Jerusalem was unified under Israeli control after the [[Six-Day War]] of 1967; it had between Israeli independence in 1948 and 1967 been divided between Israeli west Jerusalem and east Jerusalem, part of the Jordanian-controlled [[West Bank]].

==See Also==

[[Israel Tourism]]

==External Links==
http://scriptures.lds.org/en/biblephotos/8 Photographs of Scriptural Sites: Jerusalem, scriptures.lds.org

[[Category:Israeli Cities and Towns]]
[[Category:Biblical Places]]

Istanbul

2008-12-08T19:36:59Z

PeytonJ: I question whether leaving it in the category of Asian cities is appropriate.

'''Istanbul''' is located in [[Turkey (Nation)|Turkey]] and was formerly known as Constantinople.

Constantinople was the magnificent city that served as the capital of the eastern half of the [[Roman Empire]], later the Byzantine Empire. Formerly the city of [[Byzantium]], [[Constantine]] renamed it Constantinople (a derived form of "Constantinopolis") in A.D. 330. It was designed to be the Rome of the East, and served that purpose for roughly 1000 years after the fall of Rome itself. It was conquered by the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II in 1453. It served as the capital of the [[Ottoman Empire]] until the Empire was destroyed by the [[World War I|First World War]].

[[Category:Turkey]]
[[Category:Asian Cities and Towns]]

Talk:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

2008-12-08T19:08:48Z

PeytonJ: /* History Section */

Talk:Trail of Tears

2008-12-03T22:32:55Z

PeytonJ: /* Genocide */

==Genocide==

The Trail of Tears should be considered genocide based on the references in Conservapedia's own [[Genocide|article]] on the subject. The conditions of the Trail of Tears clearly meets the conditions of items 2 and three in Article 2 of the Geneva Convention, as cited in the article. --[[User:DinsdaleP|DinsdaleP]] 12:43, 3 December 2008 (EST)

:I support this only on the condition that you help us identify the mega-cases of genocide by regimes that have nothing to do with America, such as the [[Soviet]]s and [[Red China]]. Do not call excessive attention to (relatively) small violations of [[human rights]]. This would violate our [[undue weight]] provision, if we had one. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 13:00, 3 December 2008 (EST)

There was the [[Holocaust]]. There were the [[Stalin]]ist labour camps. There were the killling fields in Cambodia. [[User:RubyG|RubyG]] 13:04, 3 December 2008 (EST)

:Don't forget all the people murdered by [[Mao]], estimated at 20 million (current Chinese gov't admission) to 60 million (source needed). --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 13:08, 3 December 2008 (EST)

::I'm not out to be un-American by making the point above. The death of thousands is not a "(relatively) small violations of human rights", it's a tragedy we need to learn from regardless of who committed it. If I made a factual error in my statement then please correct me, because that's what Talk pages are for.

::Are you stating that in order for Conservapedia to acknowledge an act of wrongdoing that occurred in the history of the U.S.A. an equal or greater number of similar wrongdoings elsewhere must be acknowledged first? The CP article on [[genocide]] lists some of those examples, to which i could add the Rwandan genocide of 1994. The deaths of millions in China during the "Great Leap Froward" was wrong to the point of being evil, but I'd have to say it's not genocide, however. Those deaths (mostly from starvation) were the result of criminal mismanagement of resources, suppression of bad news from the leadership, and a blind adherence to communist party authority by Chinese leaders the watched their fellow countrymen die. I don't think it could properly be called genocide, though, because these were not caused with the intent of one group to eliminate another. I could be wrong, though. --[[User:DinsdaleP|DinsdaleP]] 13:16, 3 December 2008 (EST)

:::The U.S. Government certainly engaged in a campaign of genocide against the American aboriginals, and the Trail of Tears was a part of that. Denying it or diminishing it by comparing it to more "successful" genocide campaigns denigrates the people whose lives were lost. -[[User:DrSandstone|DrSandstone]] 13:26, 3 December 2008 (EST)
::::Given that the population of Native Americans prior to European "discovery" was in the 50-100 millions, and that within 100 years it was down to less than 1 million, I'd hardly say the genocide was "unsuccessful". If you look at all Indian nations as "one people", at least in a numbers way, then it is surly one of the largest genocides in history. Does genocide have to be small, specific acts done over a limited period of time, or can it include generations who all share a mindset that "X People are savages and best killed off".--[[User:JeanJacques|JeanJacques]] 15:28, 3 December 2008 (EST)
:::::Infectious disease is the reason that the numbers are ''so'' staggering. Policies like Indian Removal in the 1830s were undoubtedly acts of genocide. You could probably add the killing off of the American bison insofar as this was done to deliberately deprive Plains tribes of their means of subsistence. (The overhunting was done for profit, but the government condoned it as a means of destroying the Indians.) But referring to broad demographic trends as genocide is probably a misuse of the term, since no one was deliberately pursuing the extinction of an ethnic group for 400 solid years. [[User:Fishal|Fishal]] 15:57, 3 December 2008 (EST)
::::::I agree, early European contact with North American aborigines had a hugely detrimental impact on the aborigines, but it wasn't until sometime later that actual government policy promoted the eradication of these people. I don't consider accidental spread of disease genocide, even if the people spreading the disease didn't consider those getting infected as fully human. But there was a definite period in the history of the U.S. where extermination was, though maybe controversially so, enforced by law and policy. -[[User:DrSandstone|DrSandstone]] 16:20, 3 December 2008 (EST)
::::::Oh and yes, my use the term "successful" earlier was sarcasm. -[[User:DrSandstone|DrSandstone]] 16:26, 3 December 2008 (EST)
::::::: I think we should take this into consideration. Whether we like the UN or not, I think this is actually a decent list from the post WWII definitions.
::::::::::(a) Killing members of the group;
::::::::::(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
::::::::::(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
::::::::::(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
::::::::::(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
::::::: I-personally- think it probably meets the definition as a genocidal act. [[User:PeytonJ|PeytonJ]] 17:16, 3 December 2008 (EST)

::::::::The UN position has been brought up before and generally been discarded as far too watered down. The Palestinians claim genocide from the Israelis under the same definition. Does this equate to what occurred in World War II? If the Israelis wanted to wipe out the Palestinians, they have the force to do so and could show the difference between the adopted definition and real genocide. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 17:23, 3 December 2008 (EST)
:::::::::I think there's a significant difference between israel's right to protect its sovereignty and US policy dictating nativerelocation and discrimination just because they're natives. [[User:PeytonJ|PeytonJ]] 17:32, 3 December 2008 (EST)

We generally take genocide to be the forced killing of a religious or ethnic group soley because of their religious or ethnic makeup. This would include either direct killing or conditions that are meant to lead to extermination. The Trail of Tears was a horrible event, but there is no evidence that extermination was sought. We also consider scope. The atrocities that we usually tie-in to genocide have a tendency to be far reaching more than isolated instances. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 17:17, 3 December 2008 (EST)

Talk:Trail of Tears

2008-12-03T22:21:45Z

PeytonJ: oops thought it had failed to post originally

==Genocide==

The Trail of Tears should be considered genocide based on the references in Conservapedia's own [[Genocide|article]] on the subject. The conditions of the Trail of Tears clearly meets the conditions of items 2 and three in Article 2 of the Geneva Convention, as cited in the article. --[[User:DinsdaleP|DinsdaleP]] 12:43, 3 December 2008 (EST)

:I support this only on the condition that you help us identify the mega-cases of genocide by regimes that have nothing to do with America, such as the [[Soviet]]s and [[Red China]]. Do not call excessive attention to (relatively) small violations of [[human rights]]. This would violate our [[undue weight]] provision, if we had one. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 13:00, 3 December 2008 (EST)

There was the [[Holocaust]]. There were the [[Stalin]]ist labour camps. There were the killling fields in Cambodia. [[User:RubyG|RubyG]] 13:04, 3 December 2008 (EST)

:Don't forget all the people murdered by [[Mao]], estimated at 20 million (current Chinese gov't admission) to 60 million (source needed). --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 13:08, 3 December 2008 (EST)

::I'm not out to be un-American by making the point above. The death of thousands is not a "(relatively) small violations of human rights", it's a tragedy we need to learn from regardless of who committed it. If I made a factual error in my statement then please correct me, because that's what Talk pages are for.

::Are you stating that in order for Conservapedia to acknowledge an act of wrongdoing that occurred in the history of the U.S.A. an equal or greater number of similar wrongdoings elsewhere must be acknowledged first? The CP article on [[genocide]] lists some of those examples, to which i could add the Rwandan genocide of 1994. The deaths of millions in China during the "Great Leap Froward" was wrong to the point of being evil, but I'd have to say it's not genocide, however. Those deaths (mostly from starvation) were the result of criminal mismanagement of resources, suppression of bad news from the leadership, and a blind adherence to communist party authority by Chinese leaders the watched their fellow countrymen die. I don't think it could properly be called genocide, though, because these were not caused with the intent of one group to eliminate another. I could be wrong, though. --[[User:DinsdaleP|DinsdaleP]] 13:16, 3 December 2008 (EST)

:::The U.S. Government certainly engaged in a campaign of genocide against the American aboriginals, and the Trail of Tears was a part of that. Denying it or diminishing it by comparing it to more "successful" genocide campaigns denigrates the people whose lives were lost. -[[User:DrSandstone|DrSandstone]] 13:26, 3 December 2008 (EST)
::::Given that the population of Native Americans prior to European "discovery" was in the 50-100 millions, and that within 100 years it was down to less than 1 million, I'd hardly say the genocide was "unsuccessful". If you look at all Indian nations as "one people", at least in a numbers way, then it is surly one of the largest genocides in history. Does genocide have to be small, specific acts done over a limited period of time, or can it include generations who all share a mindset that "X People are savages and best killed off".--[[User:JeanJacques|JeanJacques]] 15:28, 3 December 2008 (EST)
:::::Infectious disease is the reason that the numbers are ''so'' staggering. Policies like Indian Removal in the 1830s were undoubtedly acts of genocide. You could probably add the killing off of the American bison insofar as this was done to deliberately deprive Plains tribes of their means of subsistence. (The overhunting was done for profit, but the government condoned it as a means of destroying the Indians.) But referring to broad demographic trends as genocide is probably a misuse of the term, since no one was deliberately pursuing the extinction of an ethnic group for 400 solid years. [[User:Fishal|Fishal]] 15:57, 3 December 2008 (EST)
::::::I agree, early European contact with North American aborigines had a hugely detrimental impact on the aborigines, but it wasn't until sometime later that actual government policy promoted the eradication of these people. I don't consider accidental spread of disease genocide, even if the people spreading the disease didn't consider those getting infected as fully human. But there was a definite period in the history of the U.S. where extermination was, though maybe controversially so, enforced by law and policy. -[[User:DrSandstone|DrSandstone]] 16:20, 3 December 2008 (EST)
::::::Oh and yes, my use the term "successful" earlier was sarcasm. -[[User:DrSandstone|DrSandstone]] 16:26, 3 December 2008 (EST)
::::::: I think we should take this into consideration. Whether we like the UN or not, I think this is actually a decent list from the post WWII definitions.
::::::::::(a) Killing members of the group;
::::::::::(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
::::::::::(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
::::::::::(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
::::::::::(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
::::::: I-personally- think it probably meets the definition as a genocidal act. [[User:PeytonJ|PeytonJ]] 17:16, 3 December 2008 (EST)

We generally take genocide to be the forced killing of a religious or ethnic group soley because of their religious or ethnic makeup. This would include either direct killing or conditions that are meant to lead to extermination. The Trail of Tears was a horrible event, but there is no evidence that extermination was sought. We also consider scope. The atrocities that we usually tie-in to genocide have a tendency to be far reaching more than isolated instances. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 17:17, 3 December 2008 (EST)

Talk:Trail of Tears

2008-12-03T22:21:11Z

PeytonJ: signing

==Genocide==

The Trail of Tears should be considered genocide based on the references in Conservapedia's own [[Genocide|article]] on the subject. The conditions of the Trail of Tears clearly meets the conditions of items 2 and three in Article 2 of the Geneva Convention, as cited in the article. --[[User:DinsdaleP|DinsdaleP]] 12:43, 3 December 2008 (EST)

:I support this only on the condition that you help us identify the mega-cases of genocide by regimes that have nothing to do with America, such as the [[Soviet]]s and [[Red China]]. Do not call excessive attention to (relatively) small violations of [[human rights]]. This would violate our [[undue weight]] provision, if we had one. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 13:00, 3 December 2008 (EST)

There was the [[Holocaust]]. There were the [[Stalin]]ist labour camps. There were the killling fields in Cambodia. [[User:RubyG|RubyG]] 13:04, 3 December 2008 (EST)

:Don't forget all the people murdered by [[Mao]], estimated at 20 million (current Chinese gov't admission) to 60 million (source needed). --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 13:08, 3 December 2008 (EST)

::I'm not out to be un-American by making the point above. The death of thousands is not a "(relatively) small violations of human rights", it's a tragedy we need to learn from regardless of who committed it. If I made a factual error in my statement then please correct me, because that's what Talk pages are for.

::Are you stating that in order for Conservapedia to acknowledge an act of wrongdoing that occurred in the history of the U.S.A. an equal or greater number of similar wrongdoings elsewhere must be acknowledged first? The CP article on [[genocide]] lists some of those examples, to which i could add the Rwandan genocide of 1994. The deaths of millions in China during the "Great Leap Froward" was wrong to the point of being evil, but I'd have to say it's not genocide, however. Those deaths (mostly from starvation) were the result of criminal mismanagement of resources, suppression of bad news from the leadership, and a blind adherence to communist party authority by Chinese leaders the watched their fellow countrymen die. I don't think it could properly be called genocide, though, because these were not caused with the intent of one group to eliminate another. I could be wrong, though. --[[User:DinsdaleP|DinsdaleP]] 13:16, 3 December 2008 (EST)

:::The U.S. Government certainly engaged in a campaign of genocide against the American aboriginals, and the Trail of Tears was a part of that. Denying it or diminishing it by comparing it to more "successful" genocide campaigns denigrates the people whose lives were lost. -[[User:DrSandstone|DrSandstone]] 13:26, 3 December 2008 (EST)
::::Given that the population of Native Americans prior to European "discovery" was in the 50-100 millions, and that within 100 years it was down to less than 1 million, I'd hardly say the genocide was "unsuccessful". If you look at all Indian nations as "one people", at least in a numbers way, then it is surly one of the largest genocides in history. Does genocide have to be small, specific acts done over a limited period of time, or can it include generations who all share a mindset that "X People are savages and best killed off".--[[User:JeanJacques|JeanJacques]] 15:28, 3 December 2008 (EST)
:::::Infectious disease is the reason that the numbers are ''so'' staggering. Policies like Indian Removal in the 1830s were undoubtedly acts of genocide. You could probably add the killing off of the American bison insofar as this was done to deliberately deprive Plains tribes of their means of subsistence. (The overhunting was done for profit, but the government condoned it as a means of destroying the Indians.) But referring to broad demographic trends as genocide is probably a misuse of the term, since no one was deliberately pursuing the extinction of an ethnic group for 400 solid years. [[User:Fishal|Fishal]] 15:57, 3 December 2008 (EST)
::::::I agree, early European contact with North American aborigines had a hugely detrimental impact on the aborigines, but it wasn't until sometime later that actual government policy promoted the eradication of these people. I don't consider accidental spread of disease genocide, even if the people spreading the disease didn't consider those getting infected as fully human. But there was a definite period in the history of the U.S. where extermination was, though maybe controversially so, enforced by law and policy. -[[User:DrSandstone|DrSandstone]] 16:20, 3 December 2008 (EST)
::::::Oh and yes, my use the term "successful" earlier was sarcasm. -[[User:DrSandstone|DrSandstone]] 16:26, 3 December 2008 (EST)
::::::: I think we should take this into consideration. Whether we like the UN or not, I think this is actually a decent list from the post WWII definitions.
::::::::::(a) Killing members of the group;
::::::::::(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
::::::::::(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
::::::::::(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
::::::::::(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
::::::: I-personally- think it probably meets the definition as a genocidal act. [[User:PeytonJ|PeytonJ]] 17:16, 3 December 2008 (EST)

We generally take genocide to be the forced killing of a religious or ethnic group soley because of their religious or ethnic makeup. This would include either direct killing or conditions that are meant to lead to extermination. The Trail of Tears was a horrible event, but there is no evidence that extermination was sought. We also consider scope. The atrocities that we usually tie-in to genocide have a tendency to be far reaching more than isolated instances. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 17:17, 3 December 2008 (EST)
:whether we like the UN or not, i think they have good guidelines on this particular issue [http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/p_genoci.htm here][[User:PeytonJ|PeytonJ]] 17:21, 3 December 2008 (EST)

Talk:Trail of Tears

2008-12-03T22:20:46Z

PeytonJ: /* Genocide */

==Genocide==

The Trail of Tears should be considered genocide based on the references in Conservapedia's own [[Genocide|article]] on the subject. The conditions of the Trail of Tears clearly meets the conditions of items 2 and three in Article 2 of the Geneva Convention, as cited in the article. --[[User:DinsdaleP|DinsdaleP]] 12:43, 3 December 2008 (EST)

:I support this only on the condition that you help us identify the mega-cases of genocide by regimes that have nothing to do with America, such as the [[Soviet]]s and [[Red China]]. Do not call excessive attention to (relatively) small violations of [[human rights]]. This would violate our [[undue weight]] provision, if we had one. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 13:00, 3 December 2008 (EST)

There was the [[Holocaust]]. There were the [[Stalin]]ist labour camps. There were the killling fields in Cambodia. [[User:RubyG|RubyG]] 13:04, 3 December 2008 (EST)

:Don't forget all the people murdered by [[Mao]], estimated at 20 million (current Chinese gov't admission) to 60 million (source needed). --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 13:08, 3 December 2008 (EST)

::I'm not out to be un-American by making the point above. The death of thousands is not a "(relatively) small violations of human rights", it's a tragedy we need to learn from regardless of who committed it. If I made a factual error in my statement then please correct me, because that's what Talk pages are for.

::Are you stating that in order for Conservapedia to acknowledge an act of wrongdoing that occurred in the history of the U.S.A. an equal or greater number of similar wrongdoings elsewhere must be acknowledged first? The CP article on [[genocide]] lists some of those examples, to which i could add the Rwandan genocide of 1994. The deaths of millions in China during the "Great Leap Froward" was wrong to the point of being evil, but I'd have to say it's not genocide, however. Those deaths (mostly from starvation) were the result of criminal mismanagement of resources, suppression of bad news from the leadership, and a blind adherence to communist party authority by Chinese leaders the watched their fellow countrymen die. I don't think it could properly be called genocide, though, because these were not caused with the intent of one group to eliminate another. I could be wrong, though. --[[User:DinsdaleP|DinsdaleP]] 13:16, 3 December 2008 (EST)

:::The U.S. Government certainly engaged in a campaign of genocide against the American aboriginals, and the Trail of Tears was a part of that. Denying it or diminishing it by comparing it to more "successful" genocide campaigns denigrates the people whose lives were lost. -[[User:DrSandstone|DrSandstone]] 13:26, 3 December 2008 (EST)
::::Given that the population of Native Americans prior to European "discovery" was in the 50-100 millions, and that within 100 years it was down to less than 1 million, I'd hardly say the genocide was "unsuccessful". If you look at all Indian nations as "one people", at least in a numbers way, then it is surly one of the largest genocides in history. Does genocide have to be small, specific acts done over a limited period of time, or can it include generations who all share a mindset that "X People are savages and best killed off".--[[User:JeanJacques|JeanJacques]] 15:28, 3 December 2008 (EST)
:::::Infectious disease is the reason that the numbers are ''so'' staggering. Policies like Indian Removal in the 1830s were undoubtedly acts of genocide. You could probably add the killing off of the American bison insofar as this was done to deliberately deprive Plains tribes of their means of subsistence. (The overhunting was done for profit, but the government condoned it as a means of destroying the Indians.) But referring to broad demographic trends as genocide is probably a misuse of the term, since no one was deliberately pursuing the extinction of an ethnic group for 400 solid years. [[User:Fishal|Fishal]] 15:57, 3 December 2008 (EST)
::::::I agree, early European contact with North American aborigines had a hugely detrimental impact on the aborigines, but it wasn't until sometime later that actual government policy promoted the eradication of these people. I don't consider accidental spread of disease genocide, even if the people spreading the disease didn't consider those getting infected as fully human. But there was a definite period in the history of the U.S. where extermination was, though maybe controversially so, enforced by law and policy. -[[User:DrSandstone|DrSandstone]] 16:20, 3 December 2008 (EST)
::::::Oh and yes, my use the term "successful" earlier was sarcasm. -[[User:DrSandstone|DrSandstone]] 16:26, 3 December 2008 (EST)
::::::: I think we should take this into consideration. Whether we like the UN or not, I think this is actually a decent list from the post WWII definitions.
::::::::::(a) Killing members of the group;
::::::::::(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
::::::::::(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
::::::::::(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
::::::::::(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
::::::: I-personally- think it probably meets the definition as a genocidal act. [[User:PeytonJ|PeytonJ]] 17:16, 3 December 2008 (EST)

We generally take genocide to be the forced killing of a religious or ethnic group soley because of their religious or ethnic makeup. This would include either direct killing or conditions that are meant to lead to extermination. The Trail of Tears was a horrible event, but there is no evidence that extermination was sought. We also consider scope. The atrocities that we usually tie-in to genocide have a tendency to be far reaching more than isolated instances. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 17:17, 3 December 2008 (EST)
:whether we like the UN or not, i think they have good guidelines on this particular issue [http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/p_genoci.htm here]

Talk:Trail of Tears

2008-12-03T22:16:23Z

PeytonJ: /* Genocide */

Colosseum

2008-12-03T22:01:08Z

PeytonJ: Cool tidbit.

[[Image:Colosseum.jpg|thumb|The Colosseum]]The '''Colosseum''', known in Antiquity as the '''Flavian Amphitheater''' is an amphitheater in the center of [[Rome]] that is capable of seating 50,000 people. It was built by the ruler [[Vespasian]] on the remains of the "Golden House" that the previous emperor, [[Nero]], was attempting to build.

The collosseum was spared final destruction in the 18th century when it was declared a sacred site by the Roman catholic church due to the martyrdoms that took place there.

[[Category:Tourist Attractions]]
[[category:Ancient World Wonders]]

Assassin

2008-12-03T20:30:22Z

PeytonJ: just some quickies for completeness.

An '''assassin''' is a murderer, usually a murderer who kills a prominent victim for political motives. The term is usually considered to be derived from the [[Arabic]] ''hashshashin'', a member of an extreme [[Islamic]] sect active in northern [[Iran]] in the [[medieval]] period, although various other interpretations have derived the word from practices believed to have been performed by the sect, as well as being adapted from the name of the sect's founder.

[[Category:Crime]]

Sphinx

2008-12-03T19:56:01Z

PeytonJ: wanted to add more

The Sphinx is an ancient [[egypt|egyptian]] monument believed to have been built around the same time as the [[Pyrmamid|pyramids]], and located in front of the great pyramid itself. The Sphinx is a statue that consists of a figure of a Lion's body surmounted with a human head.

The current state of the sphinx is showing its age. Thousands of years have made the statue weather worn, and the nose is now mostly broken off. The climate of the region, however, has kept the statue in remarkable shape despite its antiquity.

== Other uses ==

The greek play of Oedipus Rex features the sphinx as a creature who tests the titular character with a riddle. The riddle of the sphinx has since become a common trope in various forms.

Sphinx

2008-12-03T19:52:07Z

PeytonJ:

Sphinx

2008-12-03T19:51:26Z

PeytonJ: New page: The Sphinx is an ancient egyptian monument believed to have been built around the same time as the Pyramids. The Sphinx is a statue that consists of a figure of a Li...

The Sphinx is an ancient [[egypt|egyptian]] monument believed to have been built around the same time as the [[Pyrmamid|Pyramids]]. The Sphinx is a statue that consists of a figure of a Lion's body surmounted with a human head.

== Other uses ==

The greek play of Oedipus Rex features the sphinx as a creature who tests the titular character with a riddle. The riddle of the sphinx has since become a common trope in various forms.

Alexandria

2008-12-03T19:45:36Z

PeytonJ:

[[Image:Alexandria map.jpg|right|280px|Ancient map of Alexandria]]
'''Alexandria''' was the center of the Hellenistic intellectual world. The city was built by the [[Greek]] architect [[Dinocrates]] (332-331 BC) at the orders of [[Alexander the Great]]. Egypt was ruled from Alexandria by Ptolemy's descendants until the death of [[Cleopatra VII]] in 30 BC.

[[Ptolemy I Soter]] witnessed the birth of Alexandria and wanted her to be the cultural and intellectual capital of the world. Under the reign of Soter, the golden age of Alexandria, the new capital of Egypt, started. It was the site of the [[Pharos]] Lighthouse, one of the [[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]], as well as the [[Great Library]].

The Pharos lighthouse was built on the island of Pharos off the coast. The Library at Alexandria, founded under the reign of Ptolemy II, was conceived largely as an attempt to bring together in Alexandria the whole of the earlier Greek science, art, and literature. At one point the Library is believed to have held close to fifty thousand books. The eventual fate of the Library is unknown.

Today Alexandria is the second largest city and the main port of [[Egypt]]. <ref> [http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/Alexandria/index.html Alexandria, the shining pearl of the Mediterranean] </ref>

==See also==
*[[Alexander the Great]]
*[[Cleopatra]]

== External links ==
*[http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/Alexandria/history/ptolemaic.html The Ptolemaic City]
*[http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/Alexandria/history/modern.html The Modern City]

== References ==

<references/>

[[Category:Ancient Greece]]
[[Category:Egypt]]

Pharaoh

2008-12-03T19:36:59Z

PeytonJ: /* Egyptian use of the name */

[[Image:AmenhotepII.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Pharoah Amenhotep II]]
'''Pharaoh''' (Egyptian: ''per aa'', "great house", i.e. the royal palace), generic name or title used in referring to the kings of [[Ancient Egypt]]; its use as a synonym began during the 18th Dynasty (1539-1293 B.C.), although it was never in formal use as an actual royal title.

==Egyptian use of the name==
The term "pharaoh" occurs in its earliest form from the text inscriptions within the [[pyramid]]s onward. At first it is used with distinct reference to its [[etymology]] and not clearly as an independent title. Pharaoh, "great house," was applied as a metaphor to mean the government. But in an [[absolute monarchy]] as Egypt the king was the government, and the title of pharaoh was, by a figure of speech, put for the king. Its use in Egypt clearly as a title denoting the ruler (similar to Caesar, Kaiser, and Czar) belongs to a few dynasties probably beginning with the 18th, and certainly ending not later than the 21st during the time of Pharaoh [[Sheshonq I]] (possibly the [[Shishak]] of [[1 Kings]] 14:25). The title is certainly used in the time of [[Rameses II]], in the "Tale of Two Brothers" (Records of the Past, 1st series, II, 137; Recueil de Travaux, XXI, 13, l. 1).

In official documents, the full title of the Egyptian king consisted of five names, each preceded by one of the following titles: Horus; Two Ladies; Golden Horus; King of Upper and Lower Egypt and Lord of the Double Land; and Son of Re and Lord of the Diadems. The last name was given him at birth, the others at coronation. The egyptian king also held the title "(s)he of the sedge and the bee" which were symbols for the upper and lower kingdoms respectively.

==Regalia==
In statues, reliefs, and paintings the pharoah is usually depicted as bearing the ''crook'' and ''flail'', ancient Egyptian symbols of royal power, both stylized depictions of the herder's staff and whip respectively. Upon his head are one of five crowns: the white crown of Upper Egypt (''hedjet''), a tall conical crown used since the first king, Narmer; the red crown of Lower Egypr (''deshret''); the ''double crown'' (''pschent'') consisting of a combination of the two, and used since the unification of the two lands; the blue, or war crown (''khepresh''), used beginning in depictions from the 18th Dynasty, and especially associated with [[Ramesses II]]; and the simpler Nemes crown, a cloth headress often with gold striping. All crowns bore either the ''uraeus'' Wadjet (symbol of Upper Egypt), and the vulture Nekhbet (Lower Egypt), or both. <ref>http://www.egyptologyonline.com/pharaoh's_crowns.htm</ref>

==Significance of Use in the Bible==
Biblical writers had used this word with historical accuracy for the various periods to which it refers, not only for the time of Necoh and Hophra, but for the time of Rameses II, and use the style of the time of Rameses II for the time of [[Abraham]] and [[Joseph]], concerning which we have not certain knowledge of its use in Egypt. Despite its use throughout the [[Bible]] in refering to the king of Egypt, there are only three instances in the Bible in which a pharaoh was referred to by name: the previously-mentioned Shishak, Necoh, and Hophra. It is suspected that writers of the 7th or 5th century BC would not have been able to make such historical use of this name, while, to a writer at the time of the [[The Exodus|Exodus]], it would have been perfectly natural to use Pharaoh for the king without any further name; and historical writers in the time of the prophets in Palestine would likewise have used Pharaoh-necoh and Pharaoh Hophra. This evidence is not absolutely conclusive for an early authorship of the [[Pentateuch]] and historical books, but is very difficult to set aside for a late authorship (compare [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 12:14-20; 41:14; [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] 1:11; 3:11; [[1 Kings]] 3:1; 14:25; [[2 Kings]] 23:29; [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]] 44:30; also 1 Kings 11:19; 2 Kings 18:21; [[1 Chronicles]] 4:18).

----
{| border="1" align="center" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="1000" style="margin-left:5px"
|align="center" colspan="3"|
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown no-repeat scroll top left;"|Chronological list of the Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Protodynastic Period (prior to 3050 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="500" | Details
! width="150" | Dates
|-
| "Scorpion I"
| Evidence found in the Thinis tombs (U-j) of the royal cemetery of Abydos by Prof. John Darnell of Yale University indicating a 5,000 year-old date for this king.
| Awaiting identity
|-
| "Scorpion II"
| Only evidence of his existence is a ceremonial macehead discovered at Hierakonpolis, Egypt in 1897, and currently on display at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, England. Named by archaeologists for the figure of a scorpion in front of the king's image; his actual Egyptian name is unknown.
| Awaiting identity
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|First Dynasty (3050-2890 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="500" | Details
! width="150" | Dates
|-
| Menes (=Narmer?)
| Semi-legendary founder/unifier of Egypt
| Awaiting identity
|-
| Hor-Aha
| unifier of Upper and Lower Egypt?
| c. 3050 BC
|-
| Djer
| —
| 41 years
|-
| Merneith
| Regent for Den
| —
|-
| Djet
| —
| 23 years
|-
| Den
| —
| 14 to 20.1 years
|-
| Anedjib
| —
| 10 years
|-
| Semerkhet
| —
| 9 years
|-
| Qa'a
| —
| 2916 BC?–2890 BC
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Second Dynasty (2890-2686 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Hotepsekhemwy
| —
| 2890 BC–?
|-
| Raneb
| —
| 39 years
|-
| Nynetjer
| —
| 40 years
|-
| Wneg
| —
| 8 years
|-
| Senedj
| —
| 20 years
|-
| Seth-Peribsen
| —
| 17 years
|-
| Sekhemib-Perenmaat
| —
| —
|-
| Khasekhemwy
| ?–2686 BC
| 17 to 18 years
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown no-repeat scroll top left;"|Old Kingdom
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Third Dynasty (2686-2613 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Sanakhte
| —
| 2686-2668
|-
| [[Djoser]]
| Commissioned the first pyramid, the [[Step Pyramid]]
| 2668–2649
|-
| Sekhemkhet
| —
| 2649–2643
|-
| Khaba
| —
| 2643–2637
|-
| Huni
| —
| 2637–2613
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Fourth Dynasty (2613-2498 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
|[[Sneferu]] || Builder of the [[Bent Pyramid]], the [[Red Pyramid]] (the first true pyramid), and the so-called [[False Pyramid]] at Maidum. || |2613–2589
|-
|[[Khufu]] || Built the [[Great Pyramid]] on the Giza Plateau; also known by the Greek name ''Cheops''. || 2589–2566
|-
|Djedefra || — || 2566–2558
|-
|[[Khafra]] || Built the second great pyramid at Giza; also known by the Greek name ''Chephren''. || 2558–2532
|-
|''Bikheris'' || Inserted here, following [[Manetho]] || —
|-
|[[Menkaura]] || Built the smallest pyramid at Giza; also known by the Greek name ''Mycerinus'' || 2532–2503
|-
|Shepseskaf || – || 2503–2498
|-
|''Thampthis'' || Inserted here, following Manetho || —
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Fifth Dynasty (2498-2345 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Userkaf
| —
| 2498–2491
|-
| Sahure
| —
| 2487–2477
|-
| Neferirkare Kakai
| —
| 2477–2467
|-
| Shepseskare Isi
| —
| 2467–2460
|-
| Neferefre
| —
| 2460–2453
|-
| Nyuserre Ini
| —
| 2453–2422
|-
| Menkauhor Kaiu
| —
| 2422–2414
|-
| Djedkare Isesi
| —
| 2414–2375
|-
| [[Unas]]
| —
| 2375–2345
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Sixth Dynasty (2345-2181 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Teti
| —
| 2345–2333
|-
| Userkare
| —
| 2333–2332
|-
| Pepi I Meryre
| —
| 2332–2283
|-
| Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
| —
| 2283–2278
|-
| Pepi II Neferkare
| Possibly reigned until 2224 which would explain the following 4 pharaohs.
| 2278–2184
|-
| Neferka
| Only mentioned in the redford. Co-reigned with Pepi II?
| 2200–2199
|-
| Nefer
| Reign of 2 years, 1 month and a day ([[Turin Canon]])
| 2197–2193
|-
| Aba
| Reign of 4 years, 2 months (Does not follow Turin Canon).
| 2293–2176
|-
| Unknown King
| –
| –
|-
| Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
| Kingship uncertain.
| 2184
|-
| Nitiqret
| Female ruler?
| 2184–2181
|-
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown no-repeat scroll top left;"|First Intermediate Period
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Seventh and Eighth Dynasties (2181-2160 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Neferkara I ||– || –
|-
| Netjerkare ||– ||–
|-
| Menkare ||— ||—
|-
| Neferkare II ||— ||—
|-
| Neferkare Nebi ||— ||—
|-
| Djedkare Shemai ||— ||—
|-
| Neferkare Khendu ||— ||—
|-
| ''Merenhor''||— ||—
|-
| Neferkamin Seneferka ||— ||—
|-
| Nikare ||— ||—
|-
| Neferkare Tereru ||— ||—
|-
| Neferkahor ||— ||—
|-
| Neferkare Pepiseneb ||— ||—
|-
| Neferkamin Anu ||— ||—
|-
| Qakare Ibi ||— ||—
|-
| Neferkaure II ||— ||—
|-
| Neferkauhor Khuwihap ||— ||—
|-
| Neferirkare ||— ||—
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Ninth Dynasty (2160-2130 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Meryibre Khety (Achthoes I)
| -
| 2160– ?
|-
| Meribre Khety II
| -
| ?
|-
| Neferkare III
| -
| ?
|-
| Nebkaure (Acthoes II)
| -
| ?
|-
| Setut
| -
| ?
|-
| Wakhare Khety I
| -
| ?
|-
| Merykare
| -
| ?
|-
| Wankhare Khety II
| -
| ?
|-
| Menethoupe I
| -
| ?
|-
| Wankhare Khety III
| -
| ?
|-
| Khety II
| -
| ?
|-
| Khety II's daughter
| -
| ?
|-
| Merikare's daughter
| -
| ? –2130
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Tenth Dynasty (2130-2040 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Meryhathor
| —
| 2130– ?
|-
| Neferkare IV
| —
| ?
|-
| Wankare (Acthoes III)
| —
| ?
|-
| Merykare
| —
| ?
|-
| —
| —
| ? –2040
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Eleventh Dynasty (2034-1991 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Intef I
| —
| 2134–2117
|-
| Intef II
| —
| 2117–2069
|-
| Intef III
| —
| 2069–2060
|-
| Nebhetepre Mentuhotep I
| Succeeded in controlling all of Egypt by 2040; considered beginning of Middle Kingdom.
| 2060–2010
|-
| Sankhkare Mentuhotep II
| —
| 2010–1998
|-
| Nebtawyre Mentuhotep III
| —
| 1997–1991
|-
| Mentuhotep IV
| Co-reignal?
|7 years
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown no-repeat scroll top left;"|Middle Kingdom
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twelfth Dynasty (1991-1802 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Amenemhat I
| —
| 1991–1962
|-
| Senusret I (Sesostris I)
| —
| 1971–1926
|-
| Amenemhat II
| —
| 1929–1895
|-
| Senusret II (Sesostris II)
| —
| 1897–1878
|-
| Senusret III (Sesostris III)
| Most powerful Middle Kingdom pharaoh.
| 1878–1860
|-
| Amenemhat III
| —
| 1860–1815
|-
| Amenemhat IV
| Co-regency of at least 1 year with Amenemhat III (based on a [[Konosso]] inscription).
| 1815–1807
|-
| Sobekneferu
| Female ruler.
| 1807–1803
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown no-repeat scroll top left;"|Second Intermediate Period
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Thirteenth Dynasty (1802-1649 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep (or Wegaf)
| Founder of the 13th Dynasty.
| 1803–1799
|-
| Amenemhat Senebef (Sekhemkare)
| Reigned 3 years
| 1798—1795
|-
| Amenemhat
| —
| 1795–1792
|-
| Sehetepre
| —
| ? –1790
|-
| Iufni
| —
| ?
|-
| Seankhibre
| —
| ?
|-
| Semenkare
| —
| ?
|-
| Sehetepre
| —
| ?
|-
| Sewadjkare
| —
| ?
|-
| Nedjemibre
| Reigned 7 months
| ?
|-
| Sobekhotep I
| —
| ?
|-
| Renseneb
| 4 months
| c. 1775
|-
| Awybre Hor I(?)
| —
| c. 1775(?)
|-
| [[Sedjefakare]]
| Became well-known through the writings on many documents and stele.
| c. 5 to 7 yrs.
|-
| Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep
| —
| c. 1767
|-
| Khendjer
| Reigned 4 yrs, 3 months, possibly longer.
| c. 1765
|-
| Imyremeshaw
| —
| ?
|-
| Antef V
| —
| ?
|-
| Sobekhotep III
| Reigned 4 years, 2 months
| c. 1755
|-
| Neferhotep I
| Reigned 11 years
| 1751–1740
|-
| Sobekhotep IV
| Reigned 10-11 years
| 1740–1730
|-
| Sobekhotep V
| —
| c. 1730
|-
| Wahibre Ibiau
| Reigned 10 years, 8 months
| c. 1725–1714
|-
| Merneferre Ai
| Reigned 23 years, 8 months
| c. 1714–1691
|-
| Merhetepre Ini
| Reigned 2 years, 2 months
| ?
|-
| Seankhenre Sewadtjew
| —
| ?
|-
| Mersekhemre Ined
| —
| ?
|-
| Sewadjkare Hori
| —
| ?
|-
| [[Dudimose I]]
| Position uncertain in conventional chronology; David Rohl claims him as [[Date of the Exodus|pharaoh of the Exodus]] in his chronology; [[Josephus]] gives his name as "Tutimaos" (''Antiquities of the Jews'')
| c. 1654
|-
| Dudimose II
| Position uncertain
| ?
|-
| Senebmiu
| Position uncertain
| ?
|-
| Mentuhotep V
| Position uncertain
| ?
|-
| Senaayeb
| Position uncertain
| ?
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Fourteenth Dynasty (ruled from the eastern Delta at Avaris, c. 1705-1690 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Nehesy
| -
| c. 1705
|-
| Khakherewre
| -
| ?
|-
| Nebefawre
| -
| c. 1704
|-
| Sehebre
| -
| ?
|-
| Merdjefare
| -
| c. 1699
|-
| Sewadjkare
| -
| ?
|-
| Nebdjefare
| -
| c. 1694
|-
| Webenre
| -
| ?
|-
| unknown
| -
| ?
|-
| Djefare
| -
| ?
|-
| Webenre
| -
| c. 1690
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Fifteenth Dynasty (origins in the Hyksos people, ruled c. 1674-1535 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Sheshi
| Reigned 1 or 3 years
| 1674- ?
|-
| Yakubher
| -
| ?
|-
| Khyan
| -
| 30-40 Years
|-
| Apepi I
| -
| Reigned 40 + years
|-
|-
| Khamudy
| -
| ? -1535
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Sixteenth Dynasty (ruled from the north Sinai Penninsula, c. 1663-1555 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| -
|width=400 | name of the first king is lost due to fragmentary nature of the [[Turin King List]].
| -
|-
|Djehuty (Sekhemresementawy) || – || Reigned 3 years
|-
|Sobekhotep VIII (Sekhemresewosertawy) || – || Reigned 16 years
|-
|Neferhotep III (Sekhemresankhtawy) || – || Reigned 1 year
|-
|Mentuhotepi (Sankhenra) || – || Reigned 1 year
|-
|Nebiryraw I (Sewadjenra) || – || Reigned 26 years
|-
|Nebiryraw II || – || Reigned 3 months (?)
|-
|Semenra || – || Reigned 1 year (?)
|-
|Bebiankh (Sewoserenra) || – || Reigned 12 years
|-
|Sekhemreshedwaset || – || Reigned 3 months (?)
|-
| -
|width=400 | the names of the following five to twelve kings are lost due to fragmentary nature of the Turin King List
| -
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Seventeenth Dynasty (ruled from Upper Egypt, c. 1650-1550 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Rahotep Sekhemrewahkhaw
| -
| 1650- ?
|-
| Intef V the Elder
| -
| Reigned 3 years
|-
| Antef VI Sekhemrewepmaat
| -
| ?
|-
| Antef VII Nubkheperre
| -
|-
| Intef VIII Sekhemreherhermaat
| -
| -
|-
| Sobekemsaf II Sekhemrewadjkhaw
| -
| -
|-
| Thuty
| -
| Reigned 1 year
|-
| Mentuhotep VI
| -
| Reigned 1 year
|-
| Nebiryerawet I
| -
| Reigned 6 years
|-
| Nebiryerawet II
| -
| ?
|-
| Semenmedjatre
| -
| ?
|-
| Seuserenre
| -
| Reigned 12 years
|-
| Shedwast
| -
| ?
|-
| Intef VII
| -
| Reigned 3 + years
|-
| Tao I the Elder (Senakhtenre)
| -
| c. 1558
|-
| Tao II the Brave (Seqenenre)
| -
| c. 1558-1554
|-
| Kamose
| -
| 1554-1549
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown no-repeat scroll top left;"|New Kingdom
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Eighteenth Dynasty (1550-1295 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| [[Ahmose I]]
| Founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty.
| 1550-1525
|-
| [[Amenhotep I]]
| -
| 1525-1504
|-
| [[Thutmose I]]
| -
| 1504-1492
|-
| [[Thutmose II]]
| -
| 1492-1479
|-
| [[Thutmose III]]
| Co-reigned with Hatshepsut; expanded Egyptian Empire into the [[Levant]]. Claimed as the [[Date of the Exodus|pharaoh of the oppression]] according to the early date theory.
| 1479-1425
|-
| [[Hatshepsut]]
| Only female to have claimed the title of pharaoh in her lifetime. Claimed by some Biblical scholars to have been the princess who drew [[Moses]] from the water (Exodus 2:5-10)
|1473-1458
|-
| [[Amenhotep II]]
| Claimed as pharaoh of the Exodus according to the early date theory.
| 1425-1400
|-
| [[Thutmose IV]]
| -
| 1400-1388
|-
| [[Amenhotep III]]
| -
| 1388-1352
|-
| [[Amenhotep IV]] ([[Akhenaten]])
| Founder of the brief [[Amarna Period]], a monotheistic religion based upon the sun disk (Aten).
| 1352-1334
|-
| [[Smenkhkare]]
| Possible coregent with [[Akhenaten]].
| 1334-1333
|-
| Neferneferuaten
| -
| 1335-1333
|-
| Tutankhaten/[[Tutankhamun]]
| Son or grandson of Akhenaten; left fabulous treasure to be found by archaeologist Howard Carter in 1922.
| 1333-1324
|-
| Kheperkheprure Ay
| -
| 1324-1320
|-
| [[Horemheb]]
| Former General and advisor to [[Tutankhamun]]. Obliterated images of the Amarna Period, and set the conditions for the Nineteenth Dynasty.
| 1320-1292
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Ninteenth Dynasty (1295-1186 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| [[Ramesses I]]
| -
| 1292-1290
|-
| [[Seti I]]
| Conqueror of Libyans and other nations/Grand work projects. Claimed as the [[Date of the Exodus|pharaoh of the oppression]] according to the late date theory.
| 1290-1279
|-
| [[Ramesses II]]
| The [[Date of the Exodus|pharaoh of the Exodus]], according to the late date theory. Claimed as the biblical pharoah [[Shishak]] by David Rohl. Fought the [[Hittites]] at the [[Battle of Kadesh]] in 1275 BC.
| 1279-1213
|-
| [[Merneptah]]
| His stele contains the first known reference to the [[Israelites]]. Considered by some to be the [[Date of the Exodus|pharaoh of the Exodus]]
| 1213-1203
|-
| Amenemses
| -
| 1202–1199 (?)
|-
| Seti II
| -
| 1203-1197
|-
| Merneptah Siptah
| -
| 1197 (?)-1191
|-
| Tausret
| Female ruler.
| 1191-1190
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twentieth Dynasty (1185-1070 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Setnakhte
| -
| 1186-1183
|-
| Ramesses III
| Fought an invasion of the [[Sea Peoples]]
| 1183-1152
|-
| Ramesses IV
| -
| 1152-1146
|-
| Ramesses V
| -
| 1146-1142
|-
| Ramesses VI
| -
| 1142-1134
|-
| Ramesses VII
| -
| 1134-1126
|-
| Ramesses VIII
| -
| 1126-1124
|-
| Ramesses IX
| -
| 1124-1106
|-
| Ramesses X
| -
| 1106-1102
|-
| Ramesses XI
| -
| 1102-1069
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown no-repeat scroll top left;"|Third Intermediate Period
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-First Dynasty (ruled from Tanis; claimed all of Egypt but rule was weak. 1069-945 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Nesbanebdjed I (or Smendes I)
| -
| 1069-1043
|-
| Amenemnisu
| -
| 1043-1039
|-
| Psusennes I
| -
| 1039-991
|-
| Amenemope
| -
| 993-984
|-
| Osorkon the Elder (or Osochor)
| - Osochor
| 984-978
|-
| Siamun
| -
| 978-959
|-
| Psusennes II
| -
| 959-945
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Second Dynasty (Libyans, ruling 945-720 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Shoshenq I
| Claimed to be the Biblical [[Shishak]]
| 945-924
|-
| Osorkon I
| -
| 924-889
|-
| Shoshenq II
| -
| 890-890/889
|-
| Takelot I
| -
| 889-874
|-
| Harsiese
| -
| 875-862
|-
| Osorkon II
| -
| 874-834
|-
| Shoshenq III
| -
| 834-795
|-
| Shoshenq IV
| -
| 795-782
|-
| Pami
| -
| 782-776
|-
| Shoshenq V
| -
| 776-740
|-
| Osorkon IV
| -
| 740-720
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Third Dynasty (Libyans, ruling from Leontopolis, 836-720 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Takelot II
| Founder of the 23rd Dynasty
| 837-813
|-
| Pedubast
| Seized Thebes during a rebellion against Takelot II
| 826-801
|-
| Iuput I
| -
| 812-811
|-
| Shoshenq VI
| Successor to Pedubast
| 801-795
|-
| Osorkon III
| Son of Takelot II; proclaimed king after recovering Thebes
| 795-767
|-
| Takelot III
| -
| 773-765
|-
| Rudamun
| -
| 765-762
|-
| Iuput II
| -
| 762-728
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Fourth Dynasty (Rival dynasty, ruling from the Delta, 732-720 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Tefnakhte
| -
| 732-725
|-
| Bakenrenef (Bocchoris)
| -
| 725-720
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown no-repeat scroll top left;"|Late Period
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Fifth Dynasty (Nubians, ruling 732-656 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Name
! width="400" | Comments
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Piye
| King of [[Nubia]] for 20 years prior to conquering Egypt, where he ruled for four additional years
| 752-721
|-
| Shabaka
| -
| 721-707
|-
| Shebitku
| -
| 707-690
|-
| Taharqa
| -
| 690-664
|-
| Tantamani
| -
| 664-653
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Sixth Dynasty (Native Egyptians (Saites), ruling 672-525 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Necho I
| -
| 672-664
|-
| Psamtik I
| -
| 664-610
|-
| Necho II
| Fought against Babylon and King Josiah of Judah, who was killed in battle at Megiddo (2 Kings 23:29, 2 Chronicles 35:20-24)
| 610-595
|-
| Psamtik II
| -
| 595-589
|-
| Wahibre
| -
| 589-570
|-
| Ahmose II
| -
| 570-526
|-
| Psammetichus III
| -
| 526-525 BC
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Seventh Dynasty (Persians who conquered Egypt and absorbed it into their empire, ruling 525-404 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Cambyses II
| -
| 525-521
|-
| Smerdis
| -
| 522-521
|-
| Darius I the Great
| -
| 521-486 BC
|-
| Xerxes I the Great
| -
| 486-465 BC
|-
| Artabanus the Hyrcanian
| -
| 465-464 BC
|-
| Artaxerxes I
| -
| 464-424
|-
| Xerxes II
| claimant to the throne
| 424-423 BC
|-
| Sogdianus
| claimant to the throne
| 424-423 BC
|-
| Darius II
| -
| 424-404 BC
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Eighth Dynasty (Six-year rule by a single pharaoh, 525-404 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
|-
| Amyrtaeus
| Descendant of Twenty-Sixth Dynasty Saite pharaohs; led a successful revolt against the Persians
| 404-398 BC
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Ninth Dynasty (398-380 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Name
! width="400" | Comments
! width="120" | Dates
|-
|-
| [[Nefaarud I]]
| Also known as Nepherites
| [[398 BC|398]] – [[393 BC]]
|-
| Psammuthes
| -
| 393 BC
|-
| Hakor (Achoris)
| -
| 393-380
|-
| Nefaarud II
| -
| 380 BC
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Thirtieth Dynasty (Last native Egyptian rule, 380-343 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates

|-
| Nectanebo I (Nekhtnebef)
| -
| 380-362 BC
|-
| Teos
| -
| 362-360 BC
|-
| Nectanebo II
| -
| 360-343 BC
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Thirty-First Dynasty (Restored Persian rule, 380-343 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Artaxerxes III
| Re-conquered Egypt for the Persian Empire
| 343-338
|-
| Artaxerxes IV Arses
| Ruled from Lower Egypt only
| 338-336 BC
|-
| Khababash
| Leader of a Nubian revolt in Upper Egypt
| 338-335 BC
|-
| Darius III Codomannus
| Queled revolt in Upper Egypt and returned it Persian control, 335 BC
| 336-332 BC
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Argead Dynasty (Conquest by Macedonian Greeks; 332-309 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | King
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Alexander III of Macedon ([[Alexander the Great]])
| Conquered the Persian Empire; ushured in the Hellenistic Age
| 332-323 BC
|-
| Philip III Arrhidaeus
| Feeble-minded half-brother of Alexander III
| 323-317 BC
|-
| Alexander IV
| Son of Alexander III and Roxana
| 317-309 BC
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Ptolemaic Dynasty (Second Greek dynasty, 305-30 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Ptolemy I Soter
| One of Alexander III's generals; Abdicated in 285 BC
| 305-285 BC
|-
| Berenice I
| Wife of Ptolemy I
| ?-285 BC
|-
| Ptolemy II Philadelphos
| -
| 288-246 BC
|-
| Arsinoe I
| Wife of Ptolemy II
| 284-274 BC
|-
| Arsinoe II
| Wife of Ptolemy II
| 277-270 BC
|-
| Ptolemy III Euergetes I
| -
| 246-222 BC
|-
| Berenice II
| Wife of Ptolemy III
| 244-222
|-
| Ptolemy IV Philopator
| -
| 222-204 BC
|-
| Arsinoe III
| Wife of Ptolemy IV
| 220-204 BC
|-
| Ptolemy V Epiphanes
| -
| 204-180
|-
| Cleopatra I
| Wife of Ptolemy V, co-regent with Ptolemy VI during his minority
| 193-176 BC
|-
| Ptolemy VI Philometor
| -
| 180-164 BC
|-
| Cleopatra II
| Wife of Ptolemy VI
| 173-164
|-
| Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II
| Proclaimed king by Alexandrians in 170 BC; ruled jointly with Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II (169 to 164)
| 171-163
|-
| Ptolemy VI Philometor
| Second rule; restored Egypt from Ptolemy VIII in 163 BC
| 163-145
|-
| Cleopatra II
| Married Ptolemy VIII; led revolt against her husband in 131 BC; became sole ruler of Egypt.
| 163-127 BC
|-
| Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
| Ruled under regency of his mother Cleopatra II
| 144-144
|-
| Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II
| Second rule
| 145-131
|-
| Cleopatra III
| Second wife of Ptolemy VIII
| 142-131 BC
|-
| Ptolemy Memphitis
| Proclaimed king by Cleopatra II; killed by Ptolemy VIII
| 131
|-
| Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II
| Second rule
| 127-116
|-
| Cleopatra III
| Second rule; restored with Ptolemy VIII; later co-regent with Ptolemy IX and X.
| 127-107 BC
|-
| Cleopatra II
| Reconciled with Ptolemy VIII; co-ruled with Cleopatra III and Ptolemy until 116.
| 124-116
|-
| Ptolemy IX Soter II
| Died 80 BC
| 116-110
|-
| Cleopatra IV
| Shortly married to Ptolemy IX, removed by Cleopatra III
| 116-115 BC
|-
| Ptolemy X Alexander I
| Died 88 BC
| 110-109 BC
|-
| Ptolemy IX Soter II
| Second rule
| 109-107 BC
|-
| Ptolemy X Alexander I
| Second rule
| 107-88 BC
|-
| Ptolemy IX Soter II
| Second rule
| 88-81 BC
|-
| Berenice III
| Forced to marry Ptolemy XI; murdered 19 days later on his orders
| 81-80
|-
| Ptolemy XI Alexander II
| Set on throne by Sulla; ruled for 80 days before being hung by citizens for killing Berenice III
| 80 BC
|-
| Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos (Auletes)
| Son of Ptolemy IX; died 51 BC
| 80-58 BC
|-
| Cleopatra V Tryphaena
| Wife of Ptolemy XII, mother of Berenice IV
| ?-57 BC
|-
| Cleopatra VI
| Daughter of Ptolemy XII
| ?-58 BC
|-
| Berenice IV
| Daughter of Ptolemy XII
| 58-55 BC
|-
| Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
| Second rule; reigned briefly with daughter Cleopatra VII before his death
| 55-51
|-
| [[Cleopatra]] VII
| The Cleopatra of legend; last ruler of Egypt before Roman conquest
| 51-30
|-
| Ptolemy XIII
| Brother of Cleopatra VII
| 51-47 BC
|-
| Arsinoe IV
| Opposed Cleopatra VII
| 48-47
|-
| Ptolemy XIV
| Younger brother of Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIII
| 47-44 BC
|-
| Ptolemy XV Caesarion
| Young son of Cleopatra VII by [[Julius Caesar]]; killed on orders of Octavian (future Roman emperor [[Augustus]])
| 44-30
|}

==See also==
*[[Ahmose I]]
*Tutankamen "[[King Tut]]"
*[[Ramses II]]
*[[Unas]]

==References==
<References/>

[[category:Egypt]]

Pharaoh

2008-12-03T19:36:33Z

PeytonJ: /* Egyptian use of the name */ a bit of linguistics

[[Image:AmenhotepII.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Pharoah Amenhotep II]]
'''Pharaoh''' (Egyptian: ''per aa'', "great house", i.e. the royal palace), generic name or title used in referring to the kings of [[Ancient Egypt]]; its use as a synonym began during the 18th Dynasty (1539-1293 B.C.), although it was never in formal use as an actual royal title.

==Egyptian use of the name==
The term "pharaoh" occurs in its earliest form from the text inscriptions within the [[pyramid]]s onward. At first it is used with distinct reference to its [[etymology]] and not clearly as an independent title. Pharaoh, "great house," was applied as a metaphor to mean the government. But in an [[absolute monarchy]] as Egypt the king was the government, and the title of pharaoh was, by a figure of speech, put for the king. Its use in Egypt clearly as a title denoting the ruler (similar to Caesar, Kaiser, and Czar) belongs to a few dynasties probably beginning with the 18th, and certainly ending not later than the 21st during the time of Pharaoh [[Sheshonq I]] (possibly the [[Shishak]] of [[1 Kings]] 14:25). The title is certainly used in the time of [[Rameses II]], in the "Tale of Two Brothers" (Records of the Past, 1st series, II, 137; Recueil de Travaux, XXI, 13, l. 1).

In official documents, the full title of the Egyptian king consisted of five names, each preceded by one of the following titles: Horus; Two Ladies; Golden Horus; King of Upper and Lower Egypt and Lord of the Double Land; and Son of Re and Lord of the Diadems. The last name was given him at birth, the others at coronation. The egyptian king also held the title "he of the sedge and the bee" which were symbols for the upper and lower kingdoms respectively.

==Regalia==
In statues, reliefs, and paintings the pharoah is usually depicted as bearing the ''crook'' and ''flail'', ancient Egyptian symbols of royal power, both stylized depictions of the herder's staff and whip respectively. Upon his head are one of five crowns: the white crown of Upper Egypt (''hedjet''), a tall conical crown used since the first king, Narmer; the red crown of Lower Egypr (''deshret''); the ''double crown'' (''pschent'') consisting of a combination of the two, and used since the unification of the two lands; the blue, or war crown (''khepresh''), used beginning in depictions from the 18th Dynasty, and especially associated with [[Ramesses II]]; and the simpler Nemes crown, a cloth headress often with gold striping. All crowns bore either the ''uraeus'' Wadjet (symbol of Upper Egypt), and the vulture Nekhbet (Lower Egypt), or both. <ref>http://www.egyptologyonline.com/pharaoh's_crowns.htm</ref>

==Significance of Use in the Bible==
Biblical writers had used this word with historical accuracy for the various periods to which it refers, not only for the time of Necoh and Hophra, but for the time of Rameses II, and use the style of the time of Rameses II for the time of [[Abraham]] and [[Joseph]], concerning which we have not certain knowledge of its use in Egypt. Despite its use throughout the [[Bible]] in refering to the king of Egypt, there are only three instances in the Bible in which a pharaoh was referred to by name: the previously-mentioned Shishak, Necoh, and Hophra. It is suspected that writers of the 7th or 5th century BC would not have been able to make such historical use of this name, while, to a writer at the time of the [[The Exodus|Exodus]], it would have been perfectly natural to use Pharaoh for the king without any further name; and historical writers in the time of the prophets in Palestine would likewise have used Pharaoh-necoh and Pharaoh Hophra. This evidence is not absolutely conclusive for an early authorship of the [[Pentateuch]] and historical books, but is very difficult to set aside for a late authorship (compare [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 12:14-20; 41:14; [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] 1:11; 3:11; [[1 Kings]] 3:1; 14:25; [[2 Kings]] 23:29; [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]] 44:30; also 1 Kings 11:19; 2 Kings 18:21; [[1 Chronicles]] 4:18).

----
{| border="1" align="center" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="1000" style="margin-left:5px"
|align="center" colspan="3"|
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown no-repeat scroll top left;"|Chronological list of the Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Protodynastic Period (prior to 3050 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="500" | Details
! width="150" | Dates
|-
| "Scorpion I"
| Evidence found in the Thinis tombs (U-j) of the royal cemetery of Abydos by Prof. John Darnell of Yale University indicating a 5,000 year-old date for this king.
| Awaiting identity
|-
| "Scorpion II"
| Only evidence of his existence is a ceremonial macehead discovered at Hierakonpolis, Egypt in 1897, and currently on display at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, England. Named by archaeologists for the figure of a scorpion in front of the king's image; his actual Egyptian name is unknown.
| Awaiting identity
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|First Dynasty (3050-2890 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="500" | Details
! width="150" | Dates
|-
| Menes (=Narmer?)
| Semi-legendary founder/unifier of Egypt
| Awaiting identity
|-
| Hor-Aha
| unifier of Upper and Lower Egypt?
| c. 3050 BC
|-
| Djer
| —
| 41 years
|-
| Merneith
| Regent for Den
| —
|-
| Djet
| —
| 23 years
|-
| Den
| —
| 14 to 20.1 years
|-
| Anedjib
| —
| 10 years
|-
| Semerkhet
| —
| 9 years
|-
| Qa'a
| —
| 2916 BC?–2890 BC
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Second Dynasty (2890-2686 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Hotepsekhemwy
| —
| 2890 BC–?
|-
| Raneb
| —
| 39 years
|-
| Nynetjer
| —
| 40 years
|-
| Wneg
| —
| 8 years
|-
| Senedj
| —
| 20 years
|-
| Seth-Peribsen
| —
| 17 years
|-
| Sekhemib-Perenmaat
| —
| —
|-
| Khasekhemwy
| ?–2686 BC
| 17 to 18 years
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown no-repeat scroll top left;"|Old Kingdom
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Third Dynasty (2686-2613 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Sanakhte
| —
| 2686-2668
|-
| [[Djoser]]
| Commissioned the first pyramid, the [[Step Pyramid]]
| 2668–2649
|-
| Sekhemkhet
| —
| 2649–2643
|-
| Khaba
| —
| 2643–2637
|-
| Huni
| —
| 2637–2613
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Fourth Dynasty (2613-2498 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
|[[Sneferu]] || Builder of the [[Bent Pyramid]], the [[Red Pyramid]] (the first true pyramid), and the so-called [[False Pyramid]] at Maidum. || |2613–2589
|-
|[[Khufu]] || Built the [[Great Pyramid]] on the Giza Plateau; also known by the Greek name ''Cheops''. || 2589–2566
|-
|Djedefra || — || 2566–2558
|-
|[[Khafra]] || Built the second great pyramid at Giza; also known by the Greek name ''Chephren''. || 2558–2532
|-
|''Bikheris'' || Inserted here, following [[Manetho]] || —
|-
|[[Menkaura]] || Built the smallest pyramid at Giza; also known by the Greek name ''Mycerinus'' || 2532–2503
|-
|Shepseskaf || – || 2503–2498
|-
|''Thampthis'' || Inserted here, following Manetho || —
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Fifth Dynasty (2498-2345 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Userkaf
| —
| 2498–2491
|-
| Sahure
| —
| 2487–2477
|-
| Neferirkare Kakai
| —
| 2477–2467
|-
| Shepseskare Isi
| —
| 2467–2460
|-
| Neferefre
| —
| 2460–2453
|-
| Nyuserre Ini
| —
| 2453–2422
|-
| Menkauhor Kaiu
| —
| 2422–2414
|-
| Djedkare Isesi
| —
| 2414–2375
|-
| [[Unas]]
| —
| 2375–2345
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Sixth Dynasty (2345-2181 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Teti
| —
| 2345–2333
|-
| Userkare
| —
| 2333–2332
|-
| Pepi I Meryre
| —
| 2332–2283
|-
| Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
| —
| 2283–2278
|-
| Pepi II Neferkare
| Possibly reigned until 2224 which would explain the following 4 pharaohs.
| 2278–2184
|-
| Neferka
| Only mentioned in the redford. Co-reigned with Pepi II?
| 2200–2199
|-
| Nefer
| Reign of 2 years, 1 month and a day ([[Turin Canon]])
| 2197–2193
|-
| Aba
| Reign of 4 years, 2 months (Does not follow Turin Canon).
| 2293–2176
|-
| Unknown King
| –
| –
|-
| Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
| Kingship uncertain.
| 2184
|-
| Nitiqret
| Female ruler?
| 2184–2181
|-
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown no-repeat scroll top left;"|First Intermediate Period
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Seventh and Eighth Dynasties (2181-2160 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Neferkara I ||– || –
|-
| Netjerkare ||– ||–
|-
| Menkare ||— ||—
|-
| Neferkare II ||— ||—
|-
| Neferkare Nebi ||— ||—
|-
| Djedkare Shemai ||— ||—
|-
| Neferkare Khendu ||— ||—
|-
| ''Merenhor''||— ||—
|-
| Neferkamin Seneferka ||— ||—
|-
| Nikare ||— ||—
|-
| Neferkare Tereru ||— ||—
|-
| Neferkahor ||— ||—
|-
| Neferkare Pepiseneb ||— ||—
|-
| Neferkamin Anu ||— ||—
|-
| Qakare Ibi ||— ||—
|-
| Neferkaure II ||— ||—
|-
| Neferkauhor Khuwihap ||— ||—
|-
| Neferirkare ||— ||—
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Ninth Dynasty (2160-2130 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Meryibre Khety (Achthoes I)
| -
| 2160– ?
|-
| Meribre Khety II
| -
| ?
|-
| Neferkare III
| -
| ?
|-
| Nebkaure (Acthoes II)
| -
| ?
|-
| Setut
| -
| ?
|-
| Wakhare Khety I
| -
| ?
|-
| Merykare
| -
| ?
|-
| Wankhare Khety II
| -
| ?
|-
| Menethoupe I
| -
| ?
|-
| Wankhare Khety III
| -
| ?
|-
| Khety II
| -
| ?
|-
| Khety II's daughter
| -
| ?
|-
| Merikare's daughter
| -
| ? –2130
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Tenth Dynasty (2130-2040 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Meryhathor
| —
| 2130– ?
|-
| Neferkare IV
| —
| ?
|-
| Wankare (Acthoes III)
| —
| ?
|-
| Merykare
| —
| ?
|-
| —
| —
| ? –2040
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Eleventh Dynasty (2034-1991 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Intef I
| —
| 2134–2117
|-
| Intef II
| —
| 2117–2069
|-
| Intef III
| —
| 2069–2060
|-
| Nebhetepre Mentuhotep I
| Succeeded in controlling all of Egypt by 2040; considered beginning of Middle Kingdom.
| 2060–2010
|-
| Sankhkare Mentuhotep II
| —
| 2010–1998
|-
| Nebtawyre Mentuhotep III
| —
| 1997–1991
|-
| Mentuhotep IV
| Co-reignal?
|7 years
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown no-repeat scroll top left;"|Middle Kingdom
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twelfth Dynasty (1991-1802 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Amenemhat I
| —
| 1991–1962
|-
| Senusret I (Sesostris I)
| —
| 1971–1926
|-
| Amenemhat II
| —
| 1929–1895
|-
| Senusret II (Sesostris II)
| —
| 1897–1878
|-
| Senusret III (Sesostris III)
| Most powerful Middle Kingdom pharaoh.
| 1878–1860
|-
| Amenemhat III
| —
| 1860–1815
|-
| Amenemhat IV
| Co-regency of at least 1 year with Amenemhat III (based on a [[Konosso]] inscription).
| 1815–1807
|-
| Sobekneferu
| Female ruler.
| 1807–1803
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown no-repeat scroll top left;"|Second Intermediate Period
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Thirteenth Dynasty (1802-1649 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep (or Wegaf)
| Founder of the 13th Dynasty.
| 1803–1799
|-
| Amenemhat Senebef (Sekhemkare)
| Reigned 3 years
| 1798—1795
|-
| Amenemhat
| —
| 1795–1792
|-
| Sehetepre
| —
| ? –1790
|-
| Iufni
| —
| ?
|-
| Seankhibre
| —
| ?
|-
| Semenkare
| —
| ?
|-
| Sehetepre
| —
| ?
|-
| Sewadjkare
| —
| ?
|-
| Nedjemibre
| Reigned 7 months
| ?
|-
| Sobekhotep I
| —
| ?
|-
| Renseneb
| 4 months
| c. 1775
|-
| Awybre Hor I(?)
| —
| c. 1775(?)
|-
| [[Sedjefakare]]
| Became well-known through the writings on many documents and stele.
| c. 5 to 7 yrs.
|-
| Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep
| —
| c. 1767
|-
| Khendjer
| Reigned 4 yrs, 3 months, possibly longer.
| c. 1765
|-
| Imyremeshaw
| —
| ?
|-
| Antef V
| —
| ?
|-
| Sobekhotep III
| Reigned 4 years, 2 months
| c. 1755
|-
| Neferhotep I
| Reigned 11 years
| 1751–1740
|-
| Sobekhotep IV
| Reigned 10-11 years
| 1740–1730
|-
| Sobekhotep V
| —
| c. 1730
|-
| Wahibre Ibiau
| Reigned 10 years, 8 months
| c. 1725–1714
|-
| Merneferre Ai
| Reigned 23 years, 8 months
| c. 1714–1691
|-
| Merhetepre Ini
| Reigned 2 years, 2 months
| ?
|-
| Seankhenre Sewadtjew
| —
| ?
|-
| Mersekhemre Ined
| —
| ?
|-
| Sewadjkare Hori
| —
| ?
|-
| [[Dudimose I]]
| Position uncertain in conventional chronology; David Rohl claims him as [[Date of the Exodus|pharaoh of the Exodus]] in his chronology; [[Josephus]] gives his name as "Tutimaos" (''Antiquities of the Jews'')
| c. 1654
|-
| Dudimose II
| Position uncertain
| ?
|-
| Senebmiu
| Position uncertain
| ?
|-
| Mentuhotep V
| Position uncertain
| ?
|-
| Senaayeb
| Position uncertain
| ?
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Fourteenth Dynasty (ruled from the eastern Delta at Avaris, c. 1705-1690 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Nehesy
| -
| c. 1705
|-
| Khakherewre
| -
| ?
|-
| Nebefawre
| -
| c. 1704
|-
| Sehebre
| -
| ?
|-
| Merdjefare
| -
| c. 1699
|-
| Sewadjkare
| -
| ?
|-
| Nebdjefare
| -
| c. 1694
|-
| Webenre
| -
| ?
|-
| unknown
| -
| ?
|-
| Djefare
| -
| ?
|-
| Webenre
| -
| c. 1690
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Fifteenth Dynasty (origins in the Hyksos people, ruled c. 1674-1535 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Sheshi
| Reigned 1 or 3 years
| 1674- ?
|-
| Yakubher
| -
| ?
|-
| Khyan
| -
| 30-40 Years
|-
| Apepi I
| -
| Reigned 40 + years
|-
|-
| Khamudy
| -
| ? -1535
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Sixteenth Dynasty (ruled from the north Sinai Penninsula, c. 1663-1555 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| -
|width=400 | name of the first king is lost due to fragmentary nature of the [[Turin King List]].
| -
|-
|Djehuty (Sekhemresementawy) || – || Reigned 3 years
|-
|Sobekhotep VIII (Sekhemresewosertawy) || – || Reigned 16 years
|-
|Neferhotep III (Sekhemresankhtawy) || – || Reigned 1 year
|-
|Mentuhotepi (Sankhenra) || – || Reigned 1 year
|-
|Nebiryraw I (Sewadjenra) || – || Reigned 26 years
|-
|Nebiryraw II || – || Reigned 3 months (?)
|-
|Semenra || – || Reigned 1 year (?)
|-
|Bebiankh (Sewoserenra) || – || Reigned 12 years
|-
|Sekhemreshedwaset || – || Reigned 3 months (?)
|-
| -
|width=400 | the names of the following five to twelve kings are lost due to fragmentary nature of the Turin King List
| -
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Seventeenth Dynasty (ruled from Upper Egypt, c. 1650-1550 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Rahotep Sekhemrewahkhaw
| -
| 1650- ?
|-
| Intef V the Elder
| -
| Reigned 3 years
|-
| Antef VI Sekhemrewepmaat
| -
| ?
|-
| Antef VII Nubkheperre
| -
|-
| Intef VIII Sekhemreherhermaat
| -
| -
|-
| Sobekemsaf II Sekhemrewadjkhaw
| -
| -
|-
| Thuty
| -
| Reigned 1 year
|-
| Mentuhotep VI
| -
| Reigned 1 year
|-
| Nebiryerawet I
| -
| Reigned 6 years
|-
| Nebiryerawet II
| -
| ?
|-
| Semenmedjatre
| -
| ?
|-
| Seuserenre
| -
| Reigned 12 years
|-
| Shedwast
| -
| ?
|-
| Intef VII
| -
| Reigned 3 + years
|-
| Tao I the Elder (Senakhtenre)
| -
| c. 1558
|-
| Tao II the Brave (Seqenenre)
| -
| c. 1558-1554
|-
| Kamose
| -
| 1554-1549
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown no-repeat scroll top left;"|New Kingdom
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Eighteenth Dynasty (1550-1295 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| [[Ahmose I]]
| Founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty.
| 1550-1525
|-
| [[Amenhotep I]]
| -
| 1525-1504
|-
| [[Thutmose I]]
| -
| 1504-1492
|-
| [[Thutmose II]]
| -
| 1492-1479
|-
| [[Thutmose III]]
| Co-reigned with Hatshepsut; expanded Egyptian Empire into the [[Levant]]. Claimed as the [[Date of the Exodus|pharaoh of the oppression]] according to the early date theory.
| 1479-1425
|-
| [[Hatshepsut]]
| Only female to have claimed the title of pharaoh in her lifetime. Claimed by some Biblical scholars to have been the princess who drew [[Moses]] from the water (Exodus 2:5-10)
|1473-1458
|-
| [[Amenhotep II]]
| Claimed as pharaoh of the Exodus according to the early date theory.
| 1425-1400
|-
| [[Thutmose IV]]
| -
| 1400-1388
|-
| [[Amenhotep III]]
| -
| 1388-1352
|-
| [[Amenhotep IV]] ([[Akhenaten]])
| Founder of the brief [[Amarna Period]], a monotheistic religion based upon the sun disk (Aten).
| 1352-1334
|-
| [[Smenkhkare]]
| Possible coregent with [[Akhenaten]].
| 1334-1333
|-
| Neferneferuaten
| -
| 1335-1333
|-
| Tutankhaten/[[Tutankhamun]]
| Son or grandson of Akhenaten; left fabulous treasure to be found by archaeologist Howard Carter in 1922.
| 1333-1324
|-
| Kheperkheprure Ay
| -
| 1324-1320
|-
| [[Horemheb]]
| Former General and advisor to [[Tutankhamun]]. Obliterated images of the Amarna Period, and set the conditions for the Nineteenth Dynasty.
| 1320-1292
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Ninteenth Dynasty (1295-1186 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| [[Ramesses I]]
| -
| 1292-1290
|-
| [[Seti I]]
| Conqueror of Libyans and other nations/Grand work projects. Claimed as the [[Date of the Exodus|pharaoh of the oppression]] according to the late date theory.
| 1290-1279
|-
| [[Ramesses II]]
| The [[Date of the Exodus|pharaoh of the Exodus]], according to the late date theory. Claimed as the biblical pharoah [[Shishak]] by David Rohl. Fought the [[Hittites]] at the [[Battle of Kadesh]] in 1275 BC.
| 1279-1213
|-
| [[Merneptah]]
| His stele contains the first known reference to the [[Israelites]]. Considered by some to be the [[Date of the Exodus|pharaoh of the Exodus]]
| 1213-1203
|-
| Amenemses
| -
| 1202–1199 (?)
|-
| Seti II
| -
| 1203-1197
|-
| Merneptah Siptah
| -
| 1197 (?)-1191
|-
| Tausret
| Female ruler.
| 1191-1190
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twentieth Dynasty (1185-1070 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Setnakhte
| -
| 1186-1183
|-
| Ramesses III
| Fought an invasion of the [[Sea Peoples]]
| 1183-1152
|-
| Ramesses IV
| -
| 1152-1146
|-
| Ramesses V
| -
| 1146-1142
|-
| Ramesses VI
| -
| 1142-1134
|-
| Ramesses VII
| -
| 1134-1126
|-
| Ramesses VIII
| -
| 1126-1124
|-
| Ramesses IX
| -
| 1124-1106
|-
| Ramesses X
| -
| 1106-1102
|-
| Ramesses XI
| -
| 1102-1069
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown no-repeat scroll top left;"|Third Intermediate Period
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-First Dynasty (ruled from Tanis; claimed all of Egypt but rule was weak. 1069-945 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Nesbanebdjed I (or Smendes I)
| -
| 1069-1043
|-
| Amenemnisu
| -
| 1043-1039
|-
| Psusennes I
| -
| 1039-991
|-
| Amenemope
| -
| 993-984
|-
| Osorkon the Elder (or Osochor)
| - Osochor
| 984-978
|-
| Siamun
| -
| 978-959
|-
| Psusennes II
| -
| 959-945
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Second Dynasty (Libyans, ruling 945-720 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Shoshenq I
| Claimed to be the Biblical [[Shishak]]
| 945-924
|-
| Osorkon I
| -
| 924-889
|-
| Shoshenq II
| -
| 890-890/889
|-
| Takelot I
| -
| 889-874
|-
| Harsiese
| -
| 875-862
|-
| Osorkon II
| -
| 874-834
|-
| Shoshenq III
| -
| 834-795
|-
| Shoshenq IV
| -
| 795-782
|-
| Pami
| -
| 782-776
|-
| Shoshenq V
| -
| 776-740
|-
| Osorkon IV
| -
| 740-720
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Third Dynasty (Libyans, ruling from Leontopolis, 836-720 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Takelot II
| Founder of the 23rd Dynasty
| 837-813
|-
| Pedubast
| Seized Thebes during a rebellion against Takelot II
| 826-801
|-
| Iuput I
| -
| 812-811
|-
| Shoshenq VI
| Successor to Pedubast
| 801-795
|-
| Osorkon III
| Son of Takelot II; proclaimed king after recovering Thebes
| 795-767
|-
| Takelot III
| -
| 773-765
|-
| Rudamun
| -
| 765-762
|-
| Iuput II
| -
| 762-728
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Fourth Dynasty (Rival dynasty, ruling from the Delta, 732-720 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Tefnakhte
| -
| 732-725
|-
| Bakenrenef (Bocchoris)
| -
| 725-720
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown no-repeat scroll top left;"|Late Period
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Fifth Dynasty (Nubians, ruling 732-656 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Name
! width="400" | Comments
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Piye
| King of [[Nubia]] for 20 years prior to conquering Egypt, where he ruled for four additional years
| 752-721
|-
| Shabaka
| -
| 721-707
|-
| Shebitku
| -
| 707-690
|-
| Taharqa
| -
| 690-664
|-
| Tantamani
| -
| 664-653
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Sixth Dynasty (Native Egyptians (Saites), ruling 672-525 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Necho I
| -
| 672-664
|-
| Psamtik I
| -
| 664-610
|-
| Necho II
| Fought against Babylon and King Josiah of Judah, who was killed in battle at Megiddo (2 Kings 23:29, 2 Chronicles 35:20-24)
| 610-595
|-
| Psamtik II
| -
| 595-589
|-
| Wahibre
| -
| 589-570
|-
| Ahmose II
| -
| 570-526
|-
| Psammetichus III
| -
| 526-525 BC
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Seventh Dynasty (Persians who conquered Egypt and absorbed it into their empire, ruling 525-404 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Cambyses II
| -
| 525-521
|-
| Smerdis
| -
| 522-521
|-
| Darius I the Great
| -
| 521-486 BC
|-
| Xerxes I the Great
| -
| 486-465 BC
|-
| Artabanus the Hyrcanian
| -
| 465-464 BC
|-
| Artaxerxes I
| -
| 464-424
|-
| Xerxes II
| claimant to the throne
| 424-423 BC
|-
| Sogdianus
| claimant to the throne
| 424-423 BC
|-
| Darius II
| -
| 424-404 BC
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Eighth Dynasty (Six-year rule by a single pharaoh, 525-404 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
|-
| Amyrtaeus
| Descendant of Twenty-Sixth Dynasty Saite pharaohs; led a successful revolt against the Persians
| 404-398 BC
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Ninth Dynasty (398-380 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Name
! width="400" | Comments
! width="120" | Dates
|-
|-
| [[Nefaarud I]]
| Also known as Nepherites
| [[398 BC|398]] – [[393 BC]]
|-
| Psammuthes
| -
| 393 BC
|-
| Hakor (Achoris)
| -
| 393-380
|-
| Nefaarud II
| -
| 380 BC
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Thirtieth Dynasty (Last native Egyptian rule, 380-343 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates

|-
| Nectanebo I (Nekhtnebef)
| -
| 380-362 BC
|-
| Teos
| -
| 362-360 BC
|-
| Nectanebo II
| -
| 360-343 BC
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Thirty-First Dynasty (Restored Persian rule, 380-343 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Artaxerxes III
| Re-conquered Egypt for the Persian Empire
| 343-338
|-
| Artaxerxes IV Arses
| Ruled from Lower Egypt only
| 338-336 BC
|-
| Khababash
| Leader of a Nubian revolt in Upper Egypt
| 338-335 BC
|-
| Darius III Codomannus
| Queled revolt in Upper Egypt and returned it Persian control, 335 BC
| 336-332 BC
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Argead Dynasty (Conquest by Macedonian Greeks; 332-309 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | King
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Alexander III of Macedon ([[Alexander the Great]])
| Conquered the Persian Empire; ushured in the Hellenistic Age
| 332-323 BC
|-
| Philip III Arrhidaeus
| Feeble-minded half-brother of Alexander III
| 323-317 BC
|-
| Alexander IV
| Son of Alexander III and Roxana
| 317-309 BC
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Ptolemaic Dynasty (Second Greek dynasty, 305-30 B.C.)
|-
! width="200" | Pharaoh
! width="400" | Details
! width="120" | Dates
|-
| Ptolemy I Soter
| One of Alexander III's generals; Abdicated in 285 BC
| 305-285 BC
|-
| Berenice I
| Wife of Ptolemy I
| ?-285 BC
|-
| Ptolemy II Philadelphos
| -
| 288-246 BC
|-
| Arsinoe I
| Wife of Ptolemy II
| 284-274 BC
|-
| Arsinoe II
| Wife of Ptolemy II
| 277-270 BC
|-
| Ptolemy III Euergetes I
| -
| 246-222 BC
|-
| Berenice II
| Wife of Ptolemy III
| 244-222
|-
| Ptolemy IV Philopator
| -
| 222-204 BC
|-
| Arsinoe III
| Wife of Ptolemy IV
| 220-204 BC
|-
| Ptolemy V Epiphanes
| -
| 204-180
|-
| Cleopatra I
| Wife of Ptolemy V, co-regent with Ptolemy VI during his minority
| 193-176 BC
|-
| Ptolemy VI Philometor
| -
| 180-164 BC
|-
| Cleopatra II
| Wife of Ptolemy VI
| 173-164
|-
| Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II
| Proclaimed king by Alexandrians in 170 BC; ruled jointly with Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II (169 to 164)
| 171-163
|-
| Ptolemy VI Philometor
| Second rule; restored Egypt from Ptolemy VIII in 163 BC
| 163-145
|-
| Cleopatra II
| Married Ptolemy VIII; led revolt against her husband in 131 BC; became sole ruler of Egypt.
| 163-127 BC
|-
| Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
| Ruled under regency of his mother Cleopatra II
| 144-144
|-
| Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II
| Second rule
| 145-131
|-
| Cleopatra III
| Second wife of Ptolemy VIII
| 142-131 BC
|-
| Ptolemy Memphitis
| Proclaimed king by Cleopatra II; killed by Ptolemy VIII
| 131
|-
| Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II
| Second rule
| 127-116
|-
| Cleopatra III
| Second rule; restored with Ptolemy VIII; later co-regent with Ptolemy IX and X.
| 127-107 BC
|-
| Cleopatra II
| Reconciled with Ptolemy VIII; co-ruled with Cleopatra III and Ptolemy until 116.
| 124-116
|-
| Ptolemy IX Soter II
| Died 80 BC
| 116-110
|-
| Cleopatra IV
| Shortly married to Ptolemy IX, removed by Cleopatra III
| 116-115 BC
|-
| Ptolemy X Alexander I
| Died 88 BC
| 110-109 BC
|-
| Ptolemy IX Soter II
| Second rule
| 109-107 BC
|-
| Ptolemy X Alexander I
| Second rule
| 107-88 BC
|-
| Ptolemy IX Soter II
| Second rule
| 88-81 BC
|-
| Berenice III
| Forced to marry Ptolemy XI; murdered 19 days later on his orders
| 81-80
|-
| Ptolemy XI Alexander II
| Set on throne by Sulla; ruled for 80 days before being hung by citizens for killing Berenice III
| 80 BC
|-
| Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos (Auletes)
| Son of Ptolemy IX; died 51 BC
| 80-58 BC
|-
| Cleopatra V Tryphaena
| Wife of Ptolemy XII, mother of Berenice IV
| ?-57 BC
|-
| Cleopatra VI
| Daughter of Ptolemy XII
| ?-58 BC
|-
| Berenice IV
| Daughter of Ptolemy XII
| 58-55 BC
|-
| Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
| Second rule; reigned briefly with daughter Cleopatra VII before his death
| 55-51
|-
| [[Cleopatra]] VII
| The Cleopatra of legend; last ruler of Egypt before Roman conquest
| 51-30
|-
| Ptolemy XIII
| Brother of Cleopatra VII
| 51-47 BC
|-
| Arsinoe IV
| Opposed Cleopatra VII
| 48-47
|-
| Ptolemy XIV
| Younger brother of Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIII
| 47-44 BC
|-
| Ptolemy XV Caesarion
| Young son of Cleopatra VII by [[Julius Caesar]]; killed on orders of Octavian (future Roman emperor [[Augustus]])
| 44-30
|}

==See also==
*[[Ahmose I]]
*Tutankamen "[[King Tut]]"
*[[Ramses II]]
*[[Unas]]

==References==
<References/>

[[category:Egypt]]

San Francisco

2008-12-03T19:28:56Z

PeytonJ: /* History */

'''San Francisco''' is a city in [[California]] and is generally considered one of the most beautiful cities in the world. <ref>http://www.globosapiens.net/travel-information/San+Francisco-638.html</ref> It is well known for its excellent public transit systems, including Muni subway and streetcars, BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit) trains to suburbs, and the famous San Francisco cable cars. <ref>http://www.reserve-hotel.com/HBOImages/destinations/usa/sanfran/transportation.asp</ref> The city has survived two extremely damaging earthquakes, one in 1906 and another one about 75 miles away in 1989.<ref>http://www.sfmuseum.org/1906/89.html</ref><ref>http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/1906/18april/index.php</ref> Fear of another earthquake is the reason that no freeway through the city exists. Indeed, it is impossible to access the Golden Gate Bridge without driving on city streets.

The downtown area of the city is laid out on two grids, with a 45 degree offset between them. Market Street separates the two grids. Many tourists come to visit the Civic Center, Embarcadero, and Union Square areas, all of which are north of Market. Famous San Francisco landmarks include the [[Golden Gate Bridge]], [[Fisherman's Wharf]], and [[Alcatraz Island]].

San Francisco, with a large homosexual population, is also considered to be one of the most liberal cities in America. Its mayor, [[Gavin Newsom]] ordered the city clerk to issue marriage licenses [[same-sex marriage | to same-sex couples]] despite the practice being explicitly illegal under California law. The marriages were nullified by the courts shortly thereafter, as the mayor and clerk were violating California state law.<ref>http://www.lifesite.net/ldn/2007/feb/07020106.html</ref> San Francisco is also a "city of refuge", which means they have passed an ordinance that it is against the law to report illegal immigrants to the United States authorities as they are required to legally do. In other words anyone upholding the federal law will get in trouble with the city. This has led to a culture of under aged drug dealers continuing their trade with impunity.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,374803,00.html</ref>

San Francisco is part of the [[San Francisco Bay]] Area, which includes [[Oakland]], [[San Jose]], Berkeley, and other smaller towns like Cupertino, Palo Alto, Mountain View, San Mateo, Saratoga, and Menlo Park. The city is home to several large companies, including Gap, Abercrombie & Fitch, and Cnet. San Francisco has been overtaken in population and economic significance by [[San Jose]] and the rest of [[Silicon Valley]].

==History==
San Francisco was founded as a mission by Franciscan monks in 1776. A census conducted at the time showed a total of 814 people living in and around the mission.<ref>The Annals of San Francisco Part I Chapter 3</ref> The San Francisco Bay, as well as its central location, and position on the California mission trail played heavily into the growth of the city during the California Gold Rush.

== Bill O'Reilly and San Francisco Values ==
[[Image:Wicked.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The book ''When the Wicked Seize a City'' by Dr. [[Chuck McIlhenny]] recounts he and his church were terrorized by [[homosexuality|homosexual]] activists in San Francisco.]]
There is much antipathy between the liberal San Franciscans and [[Bill O'Reilly]], who has made many comments about [[San Francisco values]]. For example, the [[San Francisco Chronicle]] devoted two-thirds of its front page to a picture of Bill O'Reilly and had a extremely large story about him when he stated that San Francisco should secede from the [[United States]] and form its own country.<ref>http://www.chronwatch-america.com/blogs/363/Bill-OReillys-comments-upset-the-liberal-San-Francisco-crowd.html</ref>

Mr. O'Reilly has stated the following regarding San Francisco values:
{{cquote|But back to San Francisco values, as listed in my book, [[Culture Warrior]]. Here they are. Cradle-to-grave entitlements for the poor, with a punishing tax rate to pay for them. Legalized drugs. Unfettered [[abortion]] rights. No parental notification for minors having abortions, and rehab, not punishment, for many dangerous criminals.

No restrictions on the Southern border. San Francisco welcomes all illegal aliens. An anti-[[Christianity|Christian]] attitude. Remember last March? The supervisors condemned a rally by a [[Conservative Christianity|conservative Christian]] youth group – kids. The supervisors called it anti-gay and anti-choice. But the city apparently is comfortable with militant gays dressing up as nuns in a public parade and mocking said nuns. No proclamation condemning that.

This is just a few of the "values" San Franciscans embrace in their [[Secular progressive movement|secular progressive]] paradise.<ref>http://www.onthemedia.org/transcripts/2006/11/10/01</ref>}}

A notable incident involving the issue of San Francisco values was the [[Hamilton Square Baptist Church riot]] and the persecution of [[Chuck McIlhenny|Dr. Chuck McIlhenny]].

=== Homosexual Public Indecency Tolerated in San Francisco ===
[[Image:HamSquare.jpg|thumbnail|150px|left|[[Hamilton Square Baptist Church Riot|Hamilton Square Baptist Church]]]]
''For more on this topic see:'' [[Homosexual Public Indecency Tolerated in San Francisco]]

In San Francisco there have been notable cases of [[homosexual]] public indecency that has been tolerated. [[Christianity Today]] states the following regarding Pastor David Innes regarding the [[Hamilton Square Baptist Church Riot|Hamilton Square Baptist Church riot]]:
{{cquote|Innes says he blames not police, but those in political control of the city, particularly the board of supervisors. "You really can't compare San Francisco with any other city," says Innes. "Homosexual advocates infiltrate and dominate the political structures here. Police are in straitjackets. They can't do their job. They've been instructed not to arrest homosexuals."<ref>Christianity Today, Nov 8, 1993 v37 p57</ref>}}

Pastor Innes then cites a Stember 30, 1993 letter published in the [[San Francisco Chronicle]] from a veteran police officer who was "highly embarrassed" when people asked him he was not making any arrests in regards to totally naked males engaging in lewd behavior at the San Francisco Folsom Street Fair. The officer stated that "At least a dozen times I had to painstakingly explain that we were to take a position of 'high tolerance' and not to create an incident." <ref>Christianity Today, Nov 8, 1993 v37 page 57</ref>

In 1990 and 1991 extreme public lewdness was exhibited at the [[San Francisco Gay and Lesbian Parades|Gay and Lesbian Parades in San Francisco]] and when police authorities were asked why there were no arrests they offered various excuses such as the primary responsibility was to "reflect community standards and maintain crowd control."<ref>http://www.leaderu.com/marco/special/spc12.html</ref>

==Sports==

San Francisco is home to two major professional sports teams: the [[San Francisco Giants]] [[baseball]] team and the [[San Francisco 49ers]] [[football]] team.

== See also ==
* [[Emperor Norton]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:California Cities and Towns]]
[[Category:San Francisco]]

San Francisco

2008-12-03T19:19:31Z

PeytonJ: Used to live just near SF. Muni's not all capitalized (not an acronym). Gave what the BART acronym was.

'''San Francisco''' is a city in [[California]] and is generally considered one of the most beautiful cities in the world. <ref>http://www.globosapiens.net/travel-information/San+Francisco-638.html</ref> It is well known for its excellent public transit systems, including Muni subway and streetcars, BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit) trains to suburbs, and the famous San Francisco cable cars. <ref>http://www.reserve-hotel.com/HBOImages/destinations/usa/sanfran/transportation.asp</ref> The city has survived two extremely damaging earthquakes, one in 1906 and another one about 75 miles away in 1989.<ref>http://www.sfmuseum.org/1906/89.html</ref><ref>http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/1906/18april/index.php</ref> Fear of another earthquake is the reason that no freeway through the city exists. Indeed, it is impossible to access the Golden Gate Bridge without driving on city streets.

The downtown area of the city is laid out on two grids, with a 45 degree offset between them. Market Street separates the two grids. Many tourists come to visit the Civic Center, Embarcadero, and Union Square areas, all of which are north of Market. Famous San Francisco landmarks include the [[Golden Gate Bridge]], [[Fisherman's Wharf]], and [[Alcatraz Island]].

San Francisco, with a large homosexual population, is also considered to be one of the most liberal cities in America. Its mayor, [[Gavin Newsom]] ordered the city clerk to issue marriage licenses [[same-sex marriage | to same-sex couples]] despite the practice being explicitly illegal under California law. The marriages were nullified by the courts shortly thereafter, as the mayor and clerk were violating California state law.<ref>http://www.lifesite.net/ldn/2007/feb/07020106.html</ref> San Francisco is also a "city of refugee", which means they have passed an ordinance that it is against the law to report illegal immigrants to the United States authorities as they are required to legally do. In other words anyone upholding the federal law will get in trouble with the city. This has led to a culture of under aged drug dealers continuing their trade with impunity.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,374803,00.html</ref>

San Francisco is part of the [[San Francisco Bay]] Area, which includes [[Oakland]], [[San Jose]], Berkeley, and other smaller towns like Cupertino, Palo Alto, Mountain View, San Mateo, Saratoga, and Menlo Park. The city is home to several large companies, including Gap, Abercrombie & Fitch, and Cnet. San Francisco has been overtaken in population and economic significance by [[San Jose]] and the rest of [[Silicon Valley]].

==History==
San Francisco was founded as a mission by Franciscan monks in 1776, a census conducted at the time showed a total of 814 people living in and around the mission.<ref>The Annals of San Francisco Part I Chapter 3</ref>

== Bill O'Reilly and San Francisco Values ==
[[Image:Wicked.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The book ''When the Wicked Seize a City'' by Dr. [[Chuck McIlhenny]] recounts he and his church were terrorized by [[homosexuality|homosexual]] activists in San Francisco.]]
There is much antipathy between the liberal San Franciscans and [[Bill O'Reilly]] who has made many comments about [[San Francisco values]]. For example, the [[San Francisco Chronicle]] devoted two-thirds of its front page to a picture of Bill O'Reilly and had a extremely large story about him when he stated that San Francisco should secede from the [[United States]] and form its own country.<ref>http://www.chronwatch-america.com/blogs/363/Bill-OReillys-comments-upset-the-liberal-San-Francisco-crowd.html</ref>

Mr. O'Reilly has stated the following regarding San Francisco values:
{{cquote|But back to San Francisco values, as listed in my book, [[Culture Warrior]]. Here they are. Cradle-to-grave entitlements for the poor, with a punishing tax rate to pay for them. Legalized drugs. Unfettered [[abortion]] rights. No parental notification for minors having abortions, and rehab, not punishment, for many dangerous criminals.

No restrictions on the Southern border. San Francisco welcomes all illegal aliens. An anti-[[Christianity|Christian]] attitude. Remember last March? The supervisors condemned a rally by a [[Conservative Christianity|conservative Christian]] youth group – kids. The supervisors called it anti-gay and anti-choice. But the city apparently is comfortable with militant gays dressing up as nuns in a public parade and mocking said nuns. No proclamation condemning that.

This is just a few of the "values" San Franciscans embrace in their [[Secular progressive movement|secular progressive]] paradise.<ref>http://www.onthemedia.org/transcripts/2006/11/10/01</ref>}}

A notable incident involving the issue of San Francisco values was the [[Hamilton Square Baptist Church riot]] and the persecution of Dr. [[Chuck McIlhenny]].

=== Homosexual Public Indecency Tolerated in San Francisco ===
[[Image:HamSquare.jpg|thumbnail|150px|left|[[Hamilton Square Baptist Church Riot|Hamilton Square Baptist Church]]]]
''For more on this topic see:'' [[Homosexual Public Indecency Tolerated in San Francisco]]

In San Francisco there has been notable cases of [[homosexual]] public indecency that has been tolerated. [[Christianity Today]] states the following regarding Pastor David Innes regarding the [[Hamilton Square Baptist Church Riot|Hamilton Square Baptist Church riot]]:
{{cquote|Innes says he blames not police, but those in political control of the city, particularly the board of supervisors. "You really can't compare San Francisco with any other city," says Innes. "Homosexual advocates infiltrate and dominate the political structures here. Police are in straitjackets. They can't do their job. They've been instructed not to arrest homosexuals."<ref>Christianity Today, Nov 8, 1993 v37 p57</ref>}}

Pastor Innes then cites a Stember 30, 1993 letter published in the [[San Francisco Chronicle]] from a veteran police officer who was "highly embarrassed" when people asked him he was not making any arrests in regards to totally naked males engaging in lewd behavior at the San Francisco Folsom Street Fair. The officer stated that "At least a dozen times I had to painstakingly explain that we were to take a position of 'high tolerance' and not to create an incident." <ref>Christianity Today, Nov 8, 1993 v37 page 57</ref>

In 1990 and 1991 extreme public lewdness was exhibited at the [[San Francisco Gay and Lesbian Parades|Gay and Lesbian Parades in San Francisco]] and when police authorities were asked why there were no arrests they offered various excuses such as the primary responsibility was to "reflect community standards and maintain crowd control."<ref>http://www.leaderu.com/marco/special/spc12.html</ref>

==Sports==

San Francisco is home to two major professional sports teams: the [[San Francisco Giants]] [[baseball]] team and the [[San Francisco 49ers]] [[football]] team.

== See also ==
* [[Emperor Norton]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:California Cities and Towns]]
[[Category:San Francisco]]

User:PeytonJ

2008-12-03T19:09:28Z

PeytonJ: New page: Hello! My name's Joe Peyton. I just started here, and look forward to getting started. I'm not sure exactly where is best to start but I look forward to contributing! I look forward to wor...

Hello! My name's Joe Peyton. I just started here, and look forward to getting started. I'm not sure exactly where is best to start but I look forward to contributing! I look forward to working with everyone.

I'm interested in history, linguistics, archaeology, religion, and some in politics. If anyone has any suggestions, feel free to post on my talk page.

God Bless!