Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Plynlimon

2009-12-13T17:07:18Z

Pibbers: Removed misinformation pointing towards global climate change.

'''Plynlimon''' is a mountain in [[Ceredigion]], [[Wales]], and the source of the [[River Severn]] and the [[River Wye]]. It is 2,468 feet (752 meters)high.

[[category:geography]]

Bugle

2009-12-13T17:06:14Z

Pibbers: Told the truth.

[[Image:BuglerII.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A US Naval Militia bugler]]
A '''bugle''' is a simple [[brass]] [[instrument]], similar to a [[trumpet]] but with no valves. Because it is unvalved, the bugle can only play a limited range of notes and is thus not suitable for use in [[orchestra]]s, though it is common in brass bands and military bands.

Instruments similar to the bugle have been in existence since ancient times. The 'trumpets' used by [[Gideon]]'s army in the book of [[Judges]] were probably closer to bugles than modern trumpets.

Bugles are often used to play loud fanfares, announcing the arrival of an important guest. In former times, messengers often used bugles to herald their presence, which is presumably why 'bugle' is a common name for [[newspaper]]s (eg "The Daily Bugle").

It is a very patriotic instrument, therefore it is hated by Liberals.

[[Category:Brass Instruments]]

Charles Sanders Peirce

2009-12-13T17:04:44Z

Pibbers: Removed pro-intellectualist bias. The article is now easier to read.

'''Charles Sanders Peirce''' (1839 – 1914)<ref> pronounced "purse"</ref> was an American logician, mathematician, philosopher, scientist and [[polymath]]<ref> He wrote important essays on logic, pragmatism, metaphysics, mathematics, geodesy, religion, astronomy, and chemistry. He also wrote on psychology, early English and classical Greek pronunciation, psychical research, criminology, the history of science, ancient history, Egyptology, and Napoleon, prepared a thesaurus and an editor's manual, and did translations from Latin and German.</ref> [[William James]] and other pragmatists credited Peirce as [[Pragmatism]]'s founder.<ref> Pierce later called his ideas "pragmaticism", but the new term did not prove useful to philosophers and has been abandoned.</ref> From 1879 to 1884 he was a lecturer at the new graduate university, Johns Hopkins. There he taught logic to Christine Ladd-Franklin and to [[John Dewey]], who became a leader of the liberal wing of pragmatism. Peirce himself was quite conservative when it came to social and economic issues.<ref> See Short (2001)</ref>

==Career==
Peirce was home-schooled by his father, Benjamin Peirce, a Harvard professor and the nation's leading mathematician. Benjamin especially taught Charles how to solve increasingly complex math and logic problems. He graduated from Harvard College in 1859 with mediocre grades; he later earned degrees in chemistry and biology with distinction. He became a research scientist with the United States Coast Survey, 1861-1891, doing research on gravity. At the same time he taught and did research at Harvard in logic and astronomy.

He suffered from an early age from trigeminal or "facial" neuralgia, an extremely painful condition. Peirce described himself when a senior at college as being vain, snobbish, uncivil, reckless, ill-tempered, and lazy. Lazy he was not, but the other personality traits only worsened and prevented him from securing a permanent faculty appointment anywhere, a cause defeated by his opponents' reporting to potential academic employers the fact of his having lived with his future second wife Juliette while still married to his first. He inherited some money in 1887 and took his books and second wife Juliette to what he called "the wildest county of the Northern States", near Milford, Pennsylvania, an area which attracted him because it was a watering hole for captains of industry<ref>See "Discovering the American Aristotle" by Edward T. Oakes in ''First Things'', 1993, [http://www.firstthings.com/article.php3?id_article=5203 online edition].</ref>. There he built a house which he called Arisbe, where he hoped to have intellectual guests regularly from New York City, and which he and Juliette continued to expand even during the poverty from which they never finally escaped. He wrote many articles for periodicals, over 300 during his lifetime for ''The Nation'', and for dictionaries<ref>Peirce wrote or reviewed many entries in the ''Century Dictionary'' ([http://www.global-language.com/century/ online edition]) and Baldwin's ''Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology'' (online editions [http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Baldwin/Dictionary/ here] and [http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/concepts/browse?source=Baldwin here])</ref> and encyclopedias, which paid money in those days, but not enough to escape poverty.

==Logic==
In logic Peirce was the first American to take up [[George Boole]]'s program to find the mathematical laws of logic--a program that began modern logic. Peirce made numerous major contributions from 1866 to 1914. His technical papers of 1867 to 1885 established him as the greatest formal logician in the world, and the most influential in the period from Boole to Ernst Schroeder. Peirce's papers were extremely difficult, but Schroeder explicated them and they became well known in the field.

Peirce radically modified, extended, and transformed Boolean algebra, making it applicable to propositions, relations, probability, and arithmetic. Following De Morgan, Peirce laid the foundations of the logic of relations, the key technique for the logical analysis of mathematics. He invented the copula symbol of inclusion, the most important symbol in the logic of classes. Peirce invented two new logical algebras, two new systems of logical graphs, discovered the link between the logic of classes and the logic of propositions, was the first to give the fundamental principle for the logical development of mathematics, and made fundamental contributions to probability theory, induction, statistics, and the logic of scientific methodology. Peirce wrote an elaborate book on advanced logic but could not get it published.

==Further reading==
* Auspitz, Josiah Lee. "The Greatest Living American Philosopher." ''Commentary'' 1983 76(6): 51-64. 0010-2601 Calls Peirce a living philosopher because his ideas remain relevant [http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/the-greatest-living-american-philosopher-6781 online edition]
* Brent, Joseph. ''Charles Sanders Peirce: A Life'' (1998), 404pp; the standard biography [http://www.amazon.com/Charles-Sanders-Peirce-Joseph-Brent/dp/0253211611/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1239829331&sr=8-4 excerpt and text search]
* Burch, Robert W. "Charles Sanders Peirce" in ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (2006), advanced [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/peirce/ online]
* Haack, Susan. "Vulgar Rortyism" in ''The New Citerion'' (1997). Review of Louis Menand's ''Pragmatism: A Reader''. Opposed to Menand's and Rorty's views of Peirce. [http://www.newcriterion.com/articles.cfm/rortyism-haack-3261 Online edition].
* Houser, Nathan. "Charles S. Peirce", the Peirce Edition Project, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis [http://www.iupui.edu/~peirce/peirce/life/lifex.htm online edition].
* Peirce Edition Project editors, "Chronology" (of Peirce's life), Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, [http://www.iupui.edu/~peirce/peirce/chron.htm online edition].
* Short, Thomas. "The Conservative Pragmatism of Charles Peirce," ''Modern Age'' Volume 43, Number 4; Fall 2001 [http://www.mmisi.org/ma/43_04/short.pdf online edition pdf]. Non-pdf [http://www.firstprinciplesjournal.com/articles.aspx?article=847&theme=cotho&loc=b online edition] at ''First Principles''.
* Weiss, Paul. "Peirce, Charles Sanders" ''Dictionary of American Biography'' (1935), [http://www.cspeirce.com/menu/library/aboutcsp/weissbio.htm online edition].
===Specialized studies===
* Braude, Stephen E. "Peirce on the Paranormal". ''Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society'' 1998 34(1): 203-224. 0009-1774 Looks at P's ideas 1887-1906 regarding telepathy, spiritualism, psychokinesis, postmortem survival, and miracles. [http://userpages.umbc.edu/~braude/pdfs_pubd/braude--Peirce%20on%20the%20Paranormal.pdf Online edition].
* Delaney, Cornelius. ''Science, Knowledge, and Mind: A Study in the Philosophy of C. S. Peirce'' (1993)
* Fisch, Max H. ''Peirce, Semeiotic, and Pragmatism.'' ed. by Kenneth Laine Ketner and Christian J. W. Kloesel, Indiana U. Press, 1986. 464 pp.
* Hartman, Matthew. "Utopian Evolution: The Sentimental Critique of Social Darwinism in Bellamy and Peirce." ''Utopian Studies'' 1999 10(1): 26-41. 1045-991X Compares Peirce's essay "Evolutionary Love" (1893) with Edward Bellamy's utopian novel ''Looking Backward'' (1888), exploring the elevation of creative love over greed as agents of change. Both works were written in the utopian vein in response to the growing prominence of capitalist economic theory and [[Social Darwinism]] during the [[Gilded Age]]. [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7051/is_1_10/ai_n28758437/ Online edition]
* Hausman, Carl R. ''Charles S. Peirce's Evolutionary Philosophy'' (1993)
* Hoopes, James. ''Community Denied: The Wrong Turn of Pragmatic Liberalism'' (1998), argues for Peirce's view of pragmatism, which perceived an individual in terms of his relations with others, over James's and Dewey's "weak liberalism."
* Ketner, Kenneth Laine. ''His Glassy Essence: An Autobiography of Charles Sanders Peirce.'' Vanderbilt U. Pr., 1998. 420 pp.; this is a novel in which Ketner combines some actual documents with an imaginary reconstruction of P's life. [http://www.wyttynys.net/ Excerpt online]
* Leja, Michael. "Peirce, Visuality, and Art." ''Representations'' 2000 (72): 97-122. 0734-6018 Examines the visuality of his semiotics and the use of images and reflected meaning; based on drawings in Peirce's unpublished notes
* Locke, Gordon. "Peirce's Metaphysics: Evolution, Synechism, and the Mathematical Conception of the Continuum." ''Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society'' 2000 36(1): 133-147. Explores his use of the mathematical concept of the continuum, an image he used to express the tightly packed connectedness of related concepts. His metaphysics of evolution depends completely on a continuum completely lacking inherent divisions, one that is "nothing but pure potential for demarcation."
* Midtgarden, Torjus. "Peirce's Speculative Grammar from 1895-1896: Its Exegetical Background and Significance." ''Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society'' 2001 37(1): 81-96. Examines the changes in Peirce's epistemological thinking that were determined by his innovations in predicate logic during the 1880s, focused on "On the Algebra of Logic" (1885) and "Grand Logic" (1893).
* Moore, Edward C., ed. ''Charles S. Peirce and the Philosophy of Science: Papers from the Harvard Sesquicentennial Congress.'' U. of Alabama Press, 1993. 424 pp.

===Primary sources===
* Peirce, Charles Sanders. ''The Essential Peirce: Selected Philosophical Writings, Volume 1 (1867–1893)'' (1992) ed. Nathan Houser and Christian Kloesel, and ''Volume Two (1893-1913)'' (1998) ed. Peirce Edition Project [http://www.amazon.com/Essential-Peirce-Selected-Philosophical-1893-1913/dp/0253211905/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1239829331&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]; [http://www.iupui.edu/~peirce/ep/ep.htm online edition].
* Peirce, Charles Sanders. ''Peirce on Signs: Writings on Semiotics'' (1991) ed. James Hoopes, University of North Carolina Press [http://www.amazon.com/Peirce-Signs-Writings-Semiotic-Charles/dp/0807843423/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1239829331&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Peirce, Charles Sanders. ''Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce'' (vols 1-6 1931-35) ed. Charles Hartshorne and Paul Weiss and (vols. 7-8 1958) ed. Arthur W. Burks, Harvard & [http://www.nlx.com/collections/95 online subscription].
* Peirce, Charles Sanders. ''The New Elements of Mathematics by Charles S. Peirce'', ed. Carolyn Eisele (4 vol. in 5, 1976), Mouton and Humanities Press.
* Peirce, Charles Sanders. ''Contributions to 'The Nation''' ed. Kenneth Laine Ketner and James Edward Cook (4 vol 1975-1987) Texas Tech University and [http://www.nlx.com/collections/96 online subscription].
* Peirce, Charles Sanders. ''Historical Perspectives on Peirce's Logic of Science: A History of Science.'' ed. by Carolyn Eisele, 2 vol. New York: Mouton, 1985. 1130 pp.
* Peirce, Charles Sanders and Lady Welby, Victoria. ''Semiotic and Significs: The Correspondence between C. S. Peirce and Victoria Lady Welby'' (1977) ed. Charles S. Hardwick with James Cook, Indiana University Press. 2nd ed. 2001, Press of Arisbe Associates.
* Peirce, Charles Sanders. ''Writings of Charles S. Peirce: A Chronological Edition'' (vols. 1-6 & 8 of projected 30, 1981-present) eds. Peirce Edition Project [http://www.iupui.edu/~peirce/writings/crit.htm electronic version], Indiana University Press and (vols. 1-6) [http://www.nlx.com/collections/97 online subscription].
* Peirce, Charles Sanders. ''Reasoning and the Logic of Things, The Cambridge Conference Lectures of 1898'' (1992) ed. Kenneth Laine Ketner, intro. and commentary Hilary Putnam, Harvard.
* Peirce, Charles Sanders. ''Pragmatism as a Principle and Method of Right Thinking: The 1903 Harvard "Lectures on Pragmatism"'' (1997) ed. Patricia Ann Turisi, SUNY Press.

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:Philosophers]]
[[Category:Progressive Era]]
[[Category:Gilded Age]]
[[Category:People who were Educated at Home]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Peirce, Charles Sanders}}

Projection theory

2009-12-13T17:02:27Z

Pibbers: Removed pro-intellectualist rhetoric.

'''Projection theory''' is a theoretical concept put together by Atheists to explain how such a belief came to be embedded in human cultures across the world. The conclusion that is reached is that it is psychological tendency to create a god force with human like qualities that match the cultural norms of the society. [[Karl Marx]] used a derivative of it to chastise religion as the 'opiate of the masses' and [[Freud]] picked up the same theory, but added the idea of wish fulfillment as to the driving force.<ref>http://blogcritics.org/archives/2005/04/05/000148.php</ref>

Interestingly, [[Paul Vitz]], in his research into atheism, turns the tables when he finds that there is a correlation between atheism and absent or abusive fathers. He therefore concludes that far from there being a need to make up God, there is actually a need to create atheism as a way to put distance from a missing father influence.

==References==
<References/>

[[Category:Atheism]]
[[Category:Theology]]

Joshua (Biblical leader)

2009-12-13T16:59:21Z

Pibbers: Removed ambiguity regarding veracity of scripture.

[[Image:Tisjoshu.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Investiture of Joshua by Moses]] '''Joshua''' or '''Jehoshua''' ([[Hebrew]] '''יְהֹושֻׁ֔עַ''', God saves), also known as '''Hoshea''' ([[Hebrew]] '''הֹושֵׁ֥עַ''', saves) (ca. 2470-fl. 7 Adar 2553-2580 AM) (ca. 1534-fl. 13 March 1451-1424 BC)<ref name=Jones>Jones, Floyd N., ''The Chronology of the Old Testament'', Green Forest, AR: Master Books, 2004, pp. 88-94, 278</ref> was the second [[Judge (biblical)|Judge]] of [[Israel]], the first commander-in-chief of the army of Israel, and the immediate successor of [[Moses]] as Judge.

== Life and ancestry ==
Joshua was an [[Ephraim (tribe)|Ephraimite]], born in [[Egypt]], likely in 2470 AM, three years before [[Moses]] fled to [[Midian]]ite country after killing an Egyptian.<ref name=Blank>Blank, Wayne, "[http://www.keyway.ca/htm2002/joshua2.htm Joshua]," Daily Bible Study, n.d. Accessed December 15, 2008.</ref> His full name is "Joshua, son of Nun," and the Chronicler records eight generations between Joshua and his ancestor [[Ephraim]]. Joshua was probably born 179 years after Ephraim was born, thus requiring slightly more than 22 years per generation. The tribe of [[Judah (tribe)|Judah]] has definite instances of generations occurring 15 years apart, so this is quite reasonable.

== Career ==
=== Wilderness ===
Joshua attracted the notice of Moses shortly after the [[Exodus of Israel]]. When [[Amalek]]ite warriors attacked the Israelites from the rear at Rephidim, Moses chose Joshua to recruit an army and launch a counterattack. Moses stood on a high hill and held his rod high to invoke the blessing of [[God]] on the combat. Joshua won handily, because Moses had [[Aaron]] and [[Hur]] to hold his arms up. After that battle, God told Moses to tell Joshua to remember to destroy the Amalekites utterly at any opportunity, and furthermore told Moses to put that order in writing. ({{Bible ref|book=Exodus|chap=17|verses=8-16}})<ref name=Shyovitz>Shyovitz D, "[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/joshua.html Joshua]," ''Jewish Virtual Library'', 2008. Accessed December 14, 2008.</ref><ref name=Blank/>

Thereafter Joshua served as Moses' chief of staff. He accompanied Moses and the seventy elders to the top of [[Mount Sinai]] and then descended part of the way while Moses received the Tablets of Law containing the [[Ten Commandments]] and the plans for the [[Tabernacle]]. (Thus he was not involved in the [[Golden Calf]] incident.)<ref name=Shyovitz/><ref name=Blank/>

In the spring of the second full year after the Exodus, Moses sent twelve spies to travel about 600 miles (or 1000 km) to [[Canaan (land)|Canaan]]. Joshua was one of the twelve; the other was [[Caleb]], a Kenizzite immigrant attached to the tribe of [[Judah (tribe)|Judah]]. Joshua and Caleb delivered an enthusiastic report that emphasized the rich natural resources of the land, but the other ten spies emphasized and perhaps exaggerated the military strength of the present inhabitants. Joshua and Caleb insisted that the people of Israel could conquer the land, because they would have God's help. But the people would not listen, and so God ordered that the Israelites would not enter Canaan until every adult member of that generation was dead, except for Caleb and Joshua. To emphasize this point, God sent a plague that killed every spy except Caleb and Joshua. But the next day, the Israelites tried to enter Canaan anyway, and were soundly beaten. ({{Bible ref|book=Numbers|chap=13-14}})<ref name=Blank/><ref name=Konig>Konig G, "[http://www.aboutbibleprophecy.com/p36.htm Joshua]," AboutBibleProphecy.com, 2001. Accessed December 15, 2008.</ref>

=== Canaan ===
When Moses was about to die, he nominated Joshua as his successor. ({{Bible ref|book=Deuteronomy|chap=31|verses=23}}) After Moses was dead, God addressed Joshua directly to confirm him as the Israelites' new leader and remind him to maintain his courage. ({{Bible ref|book=Joshua|chap=1|verses=1-9}})<ref name=Sparknotes>"[http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/oldtestament/section6.rhtml Joshua]," SparkNotes, n.d. Accessed December 15, 2008.</ref>

The Israelites observed thirty days of mourning for Moses, and then Joshua ordered the people to prepare to cross the [[Jordan River]] after three days. On 10 Abib 2553 AM (15 April 1451 BC), the Israelites crossed the Jordan. Thus began the [[War of the Conquest of Canaan]], which lasted for seven years.<ref name=Shyovitz/><ref name=Blank/><ref name=Sparknotes/><ref name=Konig/>

(The [[Midrash]] states that Joshua married [[Rahab]], the priestess of [[Asherah]] in [[Jericho]] who harbored Joshua's two spies. But the [[Old Testament]] does not name any wife for Joshua,<ref name=Shyovitz/> and the [[New Testament]] clearly states that [[Salmon]] of [[Judah (tribe)|Judah]], and not Joshua, married Rahab; see {{Bible ref|book=Matthew|chap=1|verses=5}}.)

When the war was over, Joshua apportioned the land among the [[Twelve Tribes of Israel]], including much land that remained to be conquered.<ref name=Shyovitz/><ref name=Blank/><ref name=Konig/> At one point he had to send [[Phinehas]], [[Aaron]]'s grandson, at the head of a delegation to the Reubenites, Gadites and Manassites to investigate reports of an altar that they had erected on their side of the Jordan. ({{Bible ref|book=Joshua|chap=22}})

[[Flavius Josephus]] estimates that Joshua lived twenty years after the end of the war.<ref name=Josephus>Josephus, ''Antiquities'', 5.1.19,23. Cited in Jones, ''op. cit.'', p. 90.</ref> During this time Joshua administered justice to the people, as Moses had before him and as [[Othniel]] and other [[Judge (biblical)|Judges]] would after him. Toward the end of his life (2580 AM/1424 BC), Joshua delivered his farewell address. In this address he famously said, {{Bible quote|If it is disagreeable in your sight to serve the Lord, choose for yourselves today whom you will serve: whether the gods which your fathers served which were beyond the River [Jordan], or the gods of the [[Amor]]ites in whose land you are living; but as for me and my house, we will serve the Lord.|book=Joshua|chap=24|verses=15|version=NASB}}

This quote, and especially the last sentence, can often be seen on [[Christian]] memorabilia and merchandise.

The people boasted that they would indeed serve the Lord. Joshua predicted that they would find themselves unable to serve Him faithfully. ({{Bible ref|book=Joshua|chap=24|verses=16-28}}) Thousands of years later, [[Saint Paul]] would remind [[Christian]]s that they, too, cannot possibly serve God without missing the mark, i.e. [[sin]]ning, to one extent or another.<ref name=Konig/>

== Death ==
Joshua died on or about 2580 AM (1424 BC), after living for 110 years.<ref name=Blank/> He was buried in Timnath-serah, in Ephraimite country.

== Commentaries ==
The name ''Joshua'' is similar to ''Yeshua'', the traditional [[Hebrew]] name for [[Jesus Christ]]. Some commentators have thus suggested that Joshua is a [[typology|type]] of Christ, and have pointed to the parallel between Joshua's crossing of the Jordan and Jesus' baptism ''in'' the Jordan.<ref name=Shyovitz/> In addition, they point to the army of Israel marching seven days instead of six around the walls of Jericho, and to John the Baptist citing a memorial that Joshua had erected at the crossing site.<ref name=Missler>Missler C, "[http://www.khouse.org/articles/2001/319/ The Conquering Hero - Joshua]," ''Koinonia House Online'', 1996. Accessed December 15, 2008.</ref> Other commentaries point out that Joshua underwent a lifetime of training before he took his leadership position, and see this as a reminder to all persons eager to serve not to be impatient and attempt a mission for which they are not trained.<ref name=Sullivan>Sullivan D, "[http://www.evangelbaptist.org/highschool/lessons/joshua.htm Biblical Lives to Live By: Joshua]," Evangel Baptist Church, n.d. Accessed December 15, 2008.</ref>

== Archaeological Evidence==
Most authorities accept the idea that Joshua lived and fought his battles during the Late [[Bronze Age]]. This period is classicaly thought to last from 1400 BC to 1200 BC. Recent archaeological findings at [[Jericho]] have served to provide better support for the Biblical narrative.

== Joshua in fiction ==
=== In motion pictures ===
Joshua appears in the famous [[Cecil B. DeMille]] [[motion picture]] depicting the Exodus and the life and career of Moses. But this portrait is badly flawed, in that Cecil B. DeMille had Joshua portrayed as an adult before Moses' exile.

Specifically, Joshua intervenes by shoving an Egyptian foreman to one side to force the Egyptians to stop moving a heavy stone that is about to crush an old Hebrew woman ([[Jochebed]], natural mother of [[Moses]]). When the Egyptians arrest him, a young woman rushes to the command pavilion to beg mercy from Moses, who is supervising the massive building project that Joshua is part of. Moses frees Jochebed from the stone and orders Joshua released. He then orders Joshua to lead a contingent of slaves to raid an Egyptian temple granary to provide a grain ration for the slaves.

Later, Joshua tries to rescue this same young woman from violation by the Egyptian "master builder," and is captured. As the master builder proceeds to whip him, Moses, now dressed as a Hebrew brick-pit treader, intervenes again and kills the master builder with his bare hands. He then cuts Joshua free and flees. However, Joshua is arrested once again and sentenced to work in a copper mine. Eventually he escapes and heads into the Sinai desert to look for Moses, who, as he has been told, was himself arrested and sentenced to exile for life.

If Josephus' estimate is accurate, then Joshua could have been no older than three years old at the time that Moses had to flee Egypt, and thus none of the above events could have taken place as depicted. This flaw is probably the result of the tremendous compression of the time of Moses' exile in Midianite country, one of the many instances of dramatic license that DeMille and other dramatic producers have frequently taken with Biblical narratives.

=== On television ===
Joshua appeared in a segment in the [[Irwin Allen]] action-adventure series ''[[The Time Tunnel]]'', in which he confronted two strange men claiming to be from the future as he prepared to cross the Jordan and attack Jericho.

=== In novels ===
Ellen Gunderson Traylor wrote an original novel, ''Joshua: God's Warrior'', which actually was a sequel to her earlier novel about Moses. Her portrayal of Joshua is generally faithful to the Biblical narrative.

=== In epic poetry ===
Joshua appears in [[Dante's Paradiso]]. He is shown in the heaven of [[Mars]], along with other members of the Church Militant.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.otgateway.com/joshua.htm Joshua]." ''Old Testament Gateway'', Tabor College, Victoria, Australia. Contains multiple links to various essays about Joshua and his times and to various English and Hebrew manuscripts of the Book of Joshua.
* Henry, Matthew. "[http://eword.gospelcom.net/comments/joshua/mhc/joshua1.htm Joshua]." ''Concise Commentary on the Bible,'' n.d. Accessed December 15, 2008.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Israel]]
* [[War of the Conquest of Canaan]]

{{nb Judges}}
[[Category:Biblical Persons]]
[[Category:Biblical Military Commanders]]
[[Category:Jewish People]]

Partner

2009-12-13T16:57:33Z

Pibbers: Reinforced Christian values.

A '''partner''' is a person who is involved with one or more others in a common interest. In [[business]] partners may refer to members of [[profession]]al practice or those who run and finance a [[company]]. A ''silent partner'' or a ''sleeping partner'' refers to someone who has made an [[investment]] in the business and shares the [[profit]]s but takes no part in the day-to-day management.

Partner is sometimes used as a synonym for a [[husband]] or a [[wife]] but nowadays also includes couples who cohabit out of wedlock or in a [[same-sex marriage]]. Over 80% of Americans believe that this kind of "marriage" is "a product of Satan, and those who partake of it must be put to death".

In sports and games a partner is one of a pair who play together as a team; e.g. [[tennis]], [[bowling]], or [[bridge]].

When two people dance together, such as in ballroom dancing or ballet then they are also known as dance-partners.

[[Category:Dictionary]]
[[Category:Sports]]
[[Category:Business]]

Council on American-Islamic Relations

2009-12-13T16:54:20Z

Pibbers: Removed pro-Islamic bias

The '''Council on American-Islamic Relations''' (CAIR) is an organization based in [[Washington D.C.]] whose stated aim is to portray "a positive image of Islam" through public relations and the media.

There is controversy over whether this is their real aim, and over whether they are a [[terrorist]] group.

CAIR is a [[pressure group]] which is "eager to pull down the nation's [[homeland-security]] procedures" [http://www.washingtontimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070727/EDITORIAL/107270002]

CAIR leadership supports [[Hezbollah]] and [[Hamas]].<ref>http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16384987/site/newsweek/</ref>

Co-founder Omar Ahmad reportedly said: "Islam isn't in America to be equal to any other faith, but to become dominant. The Koran ... should be the highest authority in America, and Islam the only accepted religion on earth."<ref>http://www.danielpipes.org/394.pdf</ref> Ahmad has said he was misquoted, but the reporter who heard him has not backed down.

Spokesman Ibrahim Hooper told the ''[[Star Tribune]]'' "I wouldn't want to create the impression that I wouldn't like the government of the United States to be Islamic sometime in the future, but I'm not going to do ... it through education."<ref>http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=6473</ref>

== References ==
<references/>
==External Links==
*[http://www.cair.com/ CAIR's official website]
*[http://www.washingtontimes.com/national/20070611-034232-5919r.htm CAIR membership plummets] The Washington Times says CAIR membership has declined more than 90 percent since the 2001 terrorist attacks.
*[http://www.anti-cair-net.org/ Anti-CAIR - Defending America from The Council on American-Islamic Relations]
*[http://www.danielpipes.org/biblio_cair.php Getting to Know the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR)], Daniel Pipes

[[category:Political Organizations]]

Molly Maguires

2009-12-13T16:52:38Z

Pibbers: Removed pro-labor/liberal bias.

The '''Molly Maguires''' were an [[Irish]] network of mine workers in [[Pennsylvania]] around 1870 who fought against the ravages of perceived abuses in certain company's practices.

The Molly Maguires included murderers and was a lawless gang that needed to be broken up. To the Liberals, who supported their action without second thought, the Molly Maguires were all that the Irish [[immigrant]]s, who had fled the [[Irish Potato Famine]] in Ireland, had to survive.

The powerful railroad and mining corporates infiltrated the Molly Maguires and brought irrefutable allegations that caused many to be executed.

[[Category:Political Organizations]]
[[category:labor]]
[[category:Ireland]]