Connotation

2008-08-27T16:46:29Z

Plogger: 'anti-abortion' isn't an unfavorable connotation.

'''Connotation''' is the imagery and emotion that a word or phrase brings to mind - as opposed to the raw ''[[denotation]]''. It is easy to sway people towards something or someone (or away from it) by using word connotations.

{|border=1 cellpadding=3
! Favorable !!Neutral !! Unfavorable
|-
| mother || woman ||
|-
| child || fetus ||
|-
| pro-life || || anti-choice
|-
| pro-choice || || pro-abortion
|}

[[Category:Languages]]

Martin Heidegger

2008-08-27T16:25:19Z

Plogger: added info

'''Martin Heidegger''' (1889 - 1976) is acknowledged as one of the most important [[philosopher]]s of the twentieth century. He wrote on a variety of subjects such as [[postmodernism]], [[psychology]], [[hermeneutics]], [[political theory]], [[existentialism]], [[theology]] and [[phenomenology]]. He was also a member of the [[Nazi Party]], something he later referred to as his 'political error'.

His major work was ''Being and Time'' (1927) which was fundamental in the development of existentialism - and many other strands of twentieth century thought - although Heidegger himself denied he was an existentialist.

Heidegger believed that a person's sense of self was dependent on a sense of time and his impending death.

==Source==

The New American Desk Encyclopedia, Penguin Group, 1989

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heideggar, Martin}}

[[Category:German Philosophers]]

Karl Marx

2008-08-27T16:21:30Z

Plogger: added cat

{{Template:Sociology}}
[[Image:KarlMarx.jpg|right|frame|Karl Marx]]
'''Karl Marx''' (1818-1883) was born in Prussia, educated in [[Germany]], and a writer in [[London]]. Marx was an [[economics|economist]] who sought to set [[socialism]] and [[communism]] on scientific bases.

Marx saw "primitive" socialist thought as a fundamentally moral movement with no base in practical science. Marx's solution was to create an analysis of society on his principle of dialectical materialism.

The system [[Dialectic]] which was employed by Marx was developed by German philosopher [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]]. Though concepts of dialectics had existed in philosophical theory since [[Plato]], Hegel systematized the idea more thoroughly than any previous thinker. For Hegel, reality is a reflection of the unfolding of Absolute Spirit, roughly meaning knowledge. Thus Hegel saw the contradictions of Enlightenment philosophy (such as between subject and object, mind and nature, etc) as phases in the development of Absolute spirit. These contradictions would be resolved dialectically through the progress of Absolute Spirit.

Marx argued that Hegel's dialectic was upside down. Instead of being based in human knowledge, the dialectical contradictions were based in human social reality. For Marx, the contradiction between subject and object in philosophy was a reflection of the actual contradiction between workers and employers under capitalism. The difference between the ideal spirit and reality translates into Marx's view that man had become [[alienation|alienated]] from his true nature. Man had been created different from animals: he is creative, this is essential to his nature. However, in modern days, man is just automatically producing: he works to earn his wage, but has no tie to the product of his labor at all. This is the alienation from his true nature.

The necessity for material sustenance gives rise to an imperfect [[means of production]], which changes as the internal contradictions of [[thesis and antithesis]] work themselves out. A key feature of Marx's theory was his contention that [[competition]] for resources splits society into mutually antagonistic classes ("The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of [[class struggle]]s.") whilst the operation of the dialectic serves to continually reduce the numbers of classes until, in the [[Industrial Age]], society was almost wholly split between "[[bourgeoisie]]" and "[[proletariat]]".

[[Capitalism]], according to Marx, is just one system in a long series of [[economic systems]] in the world. He held that a so-called "[[capitalist society]]" had strong internal contradictions. In the development of capitalism, [[capital]] would be increasingly concentrated in the hands of a few people. <ref>See his "Law of the Centralization of Capital".</ref> The difference in income between the poorest and richest would always increase. Through economic crises, the poor laborers could be inflamed to believe that the system would always be disadvantageous to them.

''Das Kapital'' (''Capital'') seeks to explain that the "bourgeoisie" make [[profit]]s by [[exploitation]] of the "proletariat." The exploitation arises when the value of the goods produced by workers is much more than the wages paid, thus creating "[[surplus value]]" over and above the value of the wages advanced. Marx sought to agitate class envy by alleging that the competition amongst the bourgeoisie forced them to exploit their workers as much as possible. If an individual bourgeois refused to continue the "exploitation" he would soon be forced into [[bankruptcy]] or be taken over by someone who would. The result is persistent low wages among the proletariat who, eventually, would rebel and replace the existing capitalist system with a [[socialist]]/communist system.

It's important to note, however, that Marx never argued in any sustained fashion that socialism was inevitable: he knew there are too many factors in history to make a prediction possible. He did not have a clear idea about what the next stage after capitalism would be. The increasing concentration, he thought, would facilitate a [[communist]] system. In that system, however, man also would have to eliminate his "alienation." One possibility, which Marx imagined, was complete mechanization of production, so that any man could do any job<ref>Marx, K. Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy, [[Berlin]]</ref>.
In the ''Communist Manifesto'', Marx went into greater detail about how this [[revolution]] would unfold. As well as proposing an economic system, Marx also advocated [[education]] for all including women and the lower classes who at the time were without any education.

==Critique of Marxists==
[[Mikhail Bakunin]] observed how rather than discussion of issues, the tried and tested method of [[leftism]] and [[Marxism]] was spread through the art of [[character assassination]], <ref>Guy A. Aldred, ''Bakunin'', Strickland Press, [[Glasgow]], (1940). </ref> close associates of Marx were adept in the art of
{{Cquote|cowardly, odious and perfidious insinuations. They seldom make open accusation, but they insinuate, saying they "have heard - it is said - it may not be true, but', and then they hurl the most abominable calumnies in your face.}}

===Views on Religion===
Marx' view on [[religion]] is mostly based on [[Ludwig Feuerbach's]] ideas<ref>Feuerbach, L. ''The Essence of Christianity'', New York, 1957</ref>. Marx is considered very controversial in religious circles for his statement, "Religion...is the opiate of the masses." This was written in his 1843 work "A Contribution to the [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1843/critique-hpr/intro.htm Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right]" and expresses Marx's belief that religion offers a false palliative to assuage the suffering of "the oppressed", which in his view essentially blames [[faith]] in [[God]] as the hindrance to carrying out the Marxist program.

Karl Marx is often labeled an [[anti-Semite]] or a "self-hating [[Jew]]" for statements such as, "Money is the [[jealous god]] of [[Israel]], in face of which no other god may exist", "The god of the Jews has become secularized and has become the [[god of the world]]. The [[bill of exchange]] is the real god of the Jew. His god is only an illusory bill of exchange", and "What is the worldly religion of the Jew? Huckstering. What is his worldly [[God]]? Money."

It should be noted, however, that Marx's metaphorical use of Judaism and money was standard for Jews of his time. Moses Hess, for example, self-consciously Jewish and proto-Zionist, used language almost exactly similar to Marx's in his "On the Money System." The equation of Judaism with money was standard for Marx's period, even by Jews.<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/archive/draper/1977/kmtr1/app1.htm]</ref>

== See also ==

*[[Baldomero Ortoneda]]
*[[Max Weber]]

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marx, Karl}}

[[Category:Political People]]
[[Category:Communists]]
[[Category:Sociologists]]
[[Category:Atheists]]
[[Category:Philosophers]]

Norman Finkelstein

2008-08-27T16:19:35Z

Plogger: rewritten in part

[[Image:64385464 f72bf10cee m.jpg|right|thumb]]
'''Norman G. Finkelstein''' (born December 8, 1953) is the [[liberal]] author of ''The Holocaust Industry'', a book which takes some jewish institutions to task for seeking to profit from the [[Holocaust]]. While not denying that the Holocaust took place, Finkelstein's views have led some to accuse him of anti-semitism and Holocaust denial. He has also argued against many of [[Israel]]'s policies.

He was an assistant professor of political science at [[DePaul University]] until they denied him tenure in 2007, due to "unprofessional personal attacks [which] divert the conversation away from consideration of ideas, and polarize and simplify conversations that deserve layered and subtle consideration." <ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/06/10/america/NA-GEN-US-Professor-Tenure.php U.S. university denies tenure to professor who questioned Holocaust compensation]</ref>

He was placed on (paid) academic year for the final year of his university contract.

==References==
<references/>

==See Also==
:[http://www.normanfinkelstein.com/ Norman G. Finkelstein's personal site]
:[http://condor.depaul.edu/~psc/vitae/Finkel_CV_07Feb.pdf his C.V.]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Finkelstein, Norman}}

[[Category:Political Scientists]]
[[Category:Liberal Activists]]

Theodor Adorno

2008-08-27T16:09:18Z

Plogger: added info

[[Image:Adorno.jpg|right]]
'''Theodor Adorno''' (Francfort del Main, 1903 – Visp, Switzerland, 1969) German philosopher. He belonged to the 'Frankfurt School' of critical theorists.

Adorno was one of the most important philosophers and social critics in [[Germany]] after [[World War II]].

::: ''Wrong life cannot be lived rightly.''

== See also ==

*[[Paul Massing]]
*[[Karl August Wittfogel]]
*[[Franz Leopold Neumann]]

== External links ==

*[http://www.theory.org.uk/ctr-ador.htm Theodor Adorno]
*[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/adorno/ Theodor W. Adorno] Stanford University.

[[Category:Philosophers]]

Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Connotation

Martin Heidegger

Karl Marx

Norman Finkelstein

Theodor Adorno