Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

National Cancer Institute on Abortion

2007-04-26T19:21:12Z

Red Baron: /* The Debated Risk of Abortion - The Independent Link */ links

The Summary Report from the U.S. [[National Cancer Institute]]'s workshop, "Early Reproductive Events and Breast Cancer," reached contradictory conclusions with respect to the link between abortion and breast cancer. It acknowledges one of the two breast cancer risks associated with abortion - the protective effect of a full term pregnancy - but then contradicts itself by stating that "Induced abortion is not associated with an increase in breast cancer risk."

The Summary Report acknowledges that increased childbearing, starting at an early age, and increased duration of breastfeeding reduce risk.<ref>Summary Report: Early Reproductive Events and Breast Cancer Workshop. U.S. National Cancer Institute. Available [http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/ere-workshop-report here].</ref> Childbearing helps protect women from breast cancer because it provides the only means for a woman to mature her cancer-vulnerable tissue into cancer-resistant tissue.

==The Recognized Risk of Abortion - Loss of the Protective Effect of Childbearing==

Breast tissue consists of lobules (milk glands and a duct) and supportive tissue. The childless woman's breasts overwhelmingly consist of primitive, immature, cancer-vulnerable lobules called Type 1 and 2 lobules. <ref>Lanfranchi A. The science, studies and sociology of the abortion-breast cancer link. Research Bulletin 2005;18:1-8. Available [http://www.abortionbreastcancer.com/June2005.pdf here]
</ref> Approximately 95% of all breast cancers originate in these lobules. View Type 1 and 3 lobules [http://www.abortionbreastcancer.com/dear_doctor/graphics/index.htm here].

The earlier a woman has her first full term pregnancy, the sooner she matures her Type 1 and 2 lobules into cancer-resistant Type 4 lobules, and the lower her lifetime breast cancer risk is. See graphs: [http://www.abortionbreastcancer.com/press_releases/051201graphs/index.htm] The more children she has, the more cancer-resistant tissue she acquires.

Consequently, there is no debate in the scientific community that the young woman who has an abortion has a greater breast cancer risk than the one who has a baby.

==The Debated Risk of Abortion - The Independent Link==

Scientists continue to debate only one breast cancer risk associated with abortion - the "independent link," which would mean that abortion leaves women with more cancer vulnerable lobules than they had before they became pregnant. No scientist has challenged or refuted the biological reasons for an independent link.

Starting early in a normal pregnancy (not most miscarriages), the woman is overexposed to the hormone [[estrogen]], a known [[carcinogen]]. Estrogen climbs 2,000% by the end of the first trimester. Estrogen causes her breasts to grow, and it stimulates her lobules to multiply. At the conclusion of the first trimester, she has developed an increased number of cancer-vulnerable Type 1 and 2 lobules.

During the last months of pregnancy, another process (differentiation) protects her from the adverse effects of estrogen. Under the influence of other hormones, her lobules are matured into Type 3 lobules and then cancer-resistant Type 4 lobules. At the end of a full term pregnancy, 85% of her lobules are Type 4 and 15% remain cancer-vulnerable. She's left with more cancer-resistant lobules than she had before she became pregnant. <ref>Lanfranchi A. The science, studies and sociology of the abortion-breast cancer link. Research Bulletin 2005;18:1-8. Available [http://www.abortionbreastcancer.com/June2005.pdf here].
</ref>

The unborn child produces the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). HCG and the hormone hPL (human placental lactogen) help mature the mother's breast lobules into cancer-resistant Type 4 lobules. HCG prompts the ovaries to make inhibin, a hormone that suppresses cancer.

==Miscarriages==

Most miscarriages don't raise breast cancer risk. Most miscarriages are first trimester miscarriages. These tend to be abnormal pregnancies, and the hormone level is insufficient to maintain pregnancy.

==Premature Birth==

Research shows that women who have premature deliveries before 32 weeks of pregnancy more than double their breast cancer risk. <ref>Melbye M, et al. Preterm delivery and risk of breast cancer. Bri J Cancer 1999;80:609-13.</ref><ref>Hsieh C-c, Wuu J, Lambe M, Trichopoulos D, et al Delivery of premature newborns and maternal breast-cancer risk. Lancet 1999;353-1239.</ref><ref>Vatten LJ, et al. Pregnancy related protection against breast cancer depends on length of gestation. Br J Cancer 2002;87:289-90.
</ref> A premature birth is biologically the same event as an abortion.

A report in July 2006 from the Institute of Medicine (an organization of the National Academies of Science) listed "prior first trimester abortion" as an "immutable medical risk factor" for premature birth. <ref>Richard E. Behrman, Adrienne Stith Butler, Editors. Preterm birth: Causes, Consequences and Prevention. Committee on Understanding Premature Birth and Assuring Healthy Outcomes. Institute of Medicine. Appendix B, Table 5, p. 519. Available [http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11622&page=519 here].
</ref> Premature birth increases the risk of cerebral palsy for children and neonatal deaths. Premature births in the U.S. climbed 40% - from 8.9% to 12.5% - between 1980 and 2004.<ref>National Center for Health Statistics. Advance report of final natality statistics, 1980. Monthly Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 31, No. 8, Supp. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS) 83-1120.</ref>

Two Other Breast Cancer Risks - Oral Contraceptives and Hormone Replacement Therapy - Support an Independent Link

The World Health Organization listed combined (estrogen plus progestin) oral contraceptives and combined hormone replacement therapy as "Group 1 carcinogens" in July 2005. <ref>Cogliano V, Grosse Y, Baan R, Secretan B, El Ghissassi F. Carcinogenicity of combined oestrogen-progestagen contraceptives and menopausal treatment. Lancet Oncology 2005;6:552-553.</ref><ref>Press Release No. 167, "IARC Monographs Programme Finds Combined Estrogen-Progestogen Contraceptives (the "pill") and Menopausal Therapy Are Carcinogenic to Humans," World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer, July 29, 2005. See [http://www.iarc.fr/ENG/Press_Releases/pr167a.html].</ref> These findings provide additional biological support for an abortion-breast cancer link because the biological basis for all three breast cancer risks is the same.

==Epidemiological Research==

Two reviews support an independent link between abortion and increased breast cancer risk. <ref>Brind J, Chinchilli, VM, Severs WB, Summy-Long J. Induced abortion as an independent risk factor for breast cancer: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health 1996;50:481-496.</ref><ref>Brind J. Induced abortion as an independent risk factor for breast cancer: A critical review of recent studies based on prospective data. J Am Phys Surg Vol. 10, No. 4 (Winter 2005) 105-110. Available [http://www.jpands.org/vol10no4/brind.pdf here].</ref> A review of 10 studies that are being widely used to deny a link between abortion and increased breast cancer risk was published in the Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons in 2005. It demonstrated that the ten studies "embody many serious weaknesses and flaws..." and they "do not invalidate the large body of previously published studies that establish induced abortion as a risk factor for breast cancer."<ref>Brind J. Induced abortion as an independent risk factor for breast cancer: A critical review of recent studies based on prospective data. J Am Phys Surg Vol. 10, No. 4 (Winter 2005) 105-110. Available [http://www.jpands.org/vol10no4/brind.pdf here].</ref>

Other investigators - Edward Furton, Ph.D., editor of the journal ''Ethics and Medics'', and R. L. Walley, Executive Director and Honourary Research Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at MaterCare International - argue that "shoddy research" is being conducted by scientists who strongly favor abortion. [Furton E. Editorial. The corruption of science by ideology. Ethics and Medics (Dec. 2004) Vol. 29, No. 11, p. 1-2. Available at: http://www.abortionbreastcancer.com/E+MDec2004-EFurtonarticle.PDF] [Personal e-mail message from R. L. Walley. FRCSC., FRCOG., MPH sent to Karen Malec, president of the Coalition on Abortion/Breast Cancer. Available at: http://www.abortionbreastcancer.com/press_releases/051205quote/index.htm]

==Eight Medical Groups Recognize the Independent Link==

Eight medical groups recognize the independent link between abortion and breast cancer. [http://www.abortionbreastcancer.com/medicalgroups/index.htm] Another group, the Association of American Physicians and Surgeons, has called on doctors to inform women about this "highly plausible" relationship.

==Legal Issues==

Andrew Schlafly, general counsel for that medical group, wrote an article in 2005 for its journal warning doctors that three women (two Americans, one Australian) successfully sued their abortion providers for neglecting to disclose the risks of breast cancer and emotional harm, although none of the women had developed the disease. [Schlafly A. Legal implications of a link between abortion and breast cancer. J Am Phys Surgeons 2005;10:11-14. Available at: http://www.jpands.org/vol10no1/aschlafly.pdf]

Schlafly has invited post-abortive women (with or without breast cancer) to send their legal questions to him at aschlafly@aol.com (with "abortion" in the subject line). [Schlafly A. "Had an abortion? Call an attorney," Celebrate Life, September/October 2005. Available at: http://www.abortionbreastcancer.com/Schlafly0510.pdf]

==Medical Elite Privately Say Abortion Causes Breast Cancer, but It's 'Too Political' to Discuss Publicly==

In a lawsuit filed against Planned Parenthood Federation of American in California Superior Court for falsely advertising the alleged safety of abortion, Angela Lanfranchi, M.D., a New Jersey breast surgeon, declared under oath that members of the nation's medical elite are aware that abortion causes breast cancer. However, they refuse to say so publicly because it is ‘too political.' She said to the court:

"In September 1999 I wrote a letter to the president and each of the board members of my medical society, the American Society of Breast Surgeons. My letter … said that doctors… need to get this information (about abortion and breast cancer) to the public, and asked that an expert be invited to address the Society on this issue. Some time later I called the president, Dr. Rachel Simmons, and she told me, apologetically, that she presented it to the board but they felt it was 'too political.'

"In March 2000 I attended the Miami Breast Cancer Conference…. I asked the conference director, Dan Osman, M.D. if he knew there was a link between abortion and breast cancer. I was stunned when he said that he did. I asked him why there couldn't be a presentation about it at the meeting. He said it was 'too political.'

"Over the past three or four years, I have spoken with many authorities and people in a position to be well informed. Some have been straightforward and said they know it is a risk factor but felt it was 'too political' to speak about. Others have been evasive…. Some have been openly hostile…. Some initially hostile doctors … debated it with me and have changed their minds. Some pro-choice doctors have come to agree it is true and do tell their patients about the risk. Some doctors who were initially skeptical have started obtaining a complete reproductive history on their patients and found as I did that … cases of breast cancer in young women are associated with an abortion history…." <ref>Agnes Bernardo et al. v. Planned Parenthood Federation of America, et al. Superior Court of the State of California, County of San Diego, 2001, Case No. GIC 772552.</ref>

== Concerned Women For America ==
The conservative group [[Concerned Women for America]] decried the National Cancer Institute's decision regarding the relationship between breast cancer and abortion and believe they ignored an important arguments for the breast cancer and abortion link and states that there are accusations that the National Cancer Institute engaged in misconduct on this issue. <ref>http://www.cwfa.org/articledisplay.asp?id=3661&department=CWA&categoryid=life#ref</ref>

== References ==

<references/>

[[Category:Abortion]]

Carcinogen

2007-04-26T19:17:26Z

Red Baron: added list of examples and external links, and other edits

A '''carcinogen''' is any substance capable of causing [[cancer]].<ref>[http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/carcinogen?view=uk Compact Oxford English Dictionary].</ref> Carcinogens do not always cause cancer. Risk factors include the length and intensity of exposure and the genetic makeup of the individual.<ref name="ACS">American Cancer Society: [http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/PED_1_3x_Known_and_Probable_Carcinogens.asp Known and Probable Carcinogens]</ref>

==Identification==
Laboratory studies are the primary source for identifying carcinogens. In these studies, it is assumed that if a large dose (usually higher than common human exposure)of a substance causes cancer in cell cultures or animals it will also cause cancer in humans.<ref name="ACS"/>

[[Epidemiology|Epidemiologic studies]] are another importance source of information about carcinogens. These focus on the interactions of human populations with the substances found in their environments. It is difficult to identify carcinogens through these studies because of their uncontrolled nature, but they aid scientists in making educated assessments of the cancer-causing ability of suspected carcinogens.<ref name="ACS"/>

==Classification==
Carcinogens are classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer and the National Toxicology Program.

===International Agency for Research on Cancer===
The [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] (IARC), of the [[World Health Organization]], produces the most widely used system<ref name="ACS"/> for classifying carcinogens in its ''Monographs'' (published since 1971<ref>http://monographs.iarc.fr/index.php</ref>). Substances are classified by IARC as to their carcinogenic hazard to humans: ''Established'', ''Probable'', ''Possible'', ''Unclassifiable'', and ''Not probable''.<ref>IARC: [http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php Classifications]</ref> The group qualifiers ''probable'' and ''possible'' have no [[quantitative]] significance but are used as descriptors of different levels of evidence of human carcinogenicity.<ref>Group [http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Preamble/currentb6evalrationale0706.php definitions].</ref>

===National Toxicology Program===
The [[National Toxicology Program]] (NTP), of the [[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]], classifies carcinogens in two categories: ''Known'', and ''Reasonably anticipated''.<ref name="NTP">National Toxicology Progam: [http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=03CA6383-9766-1F64-6637241FE0114FE9 Questions & Answers about the RoC].</ref> Since 1978, it has produced a list of carcinogenic material along with federal regulations limiting exposure.<ref name="NTP"/>

==Examples==
The following are common-place examples of carcinogens:
*[[Alcohol|Alcoholic]] beverages
*[[Asbestos]]
*Asphalt fumes
*[[Chloroform]]
*Diesel exhaust
*[[Estrogen]]
*Gasoline
*Nickel
*[[Solar radiation]]
*[[Tobacco]] products
*[[X-Radiation]]

==References==
<references/>

==External Links==
*National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (part of the CDC): [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npotocca.html Carcinogen List]
*Full text to the ''[http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Preamble/index.php Preamble to the IARC Monographs]''
*NTP: [http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/toc11.html 11th Report on Carcinogens]
*NTP: [http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/known.pdf List of Known Carcinogens]

Carcinogen

2007-04-26T18:48:50Z

Red Baron: /*References*/ i was missing the / for repeated refs

A '''carcinogen''' is any substance capable of causing [[cancer]].<ref>[http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/carcinogen?view=uk Compact Oxford English Dictionary].</ref> Carcinogens do not always cause cancer. Risk factors include the length and intensity of exposure and the genetic makeup of the individual.<ref name="ACS">American Cancer Society: [http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/PED_1_3x_Known_and_Probable_Carcinogens.asp Known and Probable Carcinogens]</ref>

==Identification==
Laboratory studies are the primary source for identifying carcinogens. In these studies, it is assumed that if a large dose (usually higher than common human exposure)of a substance causes cancer in cell cultures or animals it will also cause cancer in humans.<ref name="ACS"/>

[[Epidemiology|Epidemiologic studies]] are another importance source of information about carcinogens. These focus on the interactions of human populations with the substances found in their environments. It is difficult to identify carcinogens through these studies because of their uncontrolled nature, but they aid scientists in making educated assessments of the cancer-causing ability of suspected carcinogens.<ref name="ACS"/>

==Classification==
There are two main ways in which carcinogens are classified. The main classification is produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, the other by the National Toxicology Program.

===International Agency for Research on Cancer===
The [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] (IARC), which is part if the [[World Health Organization]], produces the most widely used system for classifying carcinogens in its ''Monographs'', published since 1971.<ref>http://monographs.iarc.fr/index.php</ref> Substances are classified by IARC as to their carcinogenic hazard to humans: ''Established'', ''Probable'', ''Possible'', ''Unclassifiable'', and ''Not probable''.<ref>IARC: [http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php Classifications]</ref> The group qualifiers ''probable'' and ''possible'' have no [[quantitative]] significance but are used as descriptors of different levels of evidence of human carcinogenicity.<ref>Group [http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Preamble/currentb6evalrationale0706.php definitions].</ref>

===National Toxicology Program===
The [[National Toxicology Program]], part of the [[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]], classifies carcinogens in two categories: ''Known'', and ''Reasonably anticipated''.<ref name="NTP">National Toxicology Progam: [http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=03CA6383-9766-1F64-6637241FE0114FE9 Questions & Answers about the RoC].</ref> Since 1978, it has produced a list of carcinogenic material along with federal regulations limiting exposure.<ref name="NTP"/>

==References==
<references/>

==External Links==
*Available downloads of the [http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=035E5806-F735-FE81-FF769DFE5509AF0A 11th ''Report on Carcinogens'']
*National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (part of the CDC): [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npotocca.html Carcinogen List]
*Full text to the ''[http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Preamble/index.php Preamble to the IARC Monographs]''

Carcinogen

2007-04-26T18:38:55Z

Red Baron:

A '''carcinogen''' is any substance capable of causing [[cancer]].<ref>[http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/carcinogen?view=uk Compact Oxford English Dictionary].</ref> Carcinogens do not always cause cancer. Risk factors include the length and intensity of exposure and the genetic makeup of the individual.<ref name="ACS">American Cancer Society: [http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/PED_1_3x_Known_and_Probable_Carcinogens.asp Known and Probable Carcinogens]</ref>

==Identification==
Laboratory studies are the primary source for identifying carcinogens. In these studies, it is assumed that if a large dose (usually higher than common human exposure)of a substance causes cancer in cell cultures or animals it will also cause cancer in humans.<ref name="ACS"/>

[[Epidemiology|Epidemiologic studies]] are another importance source of information about carcinogens. These focus on the interactions of human populations with the substances found in their environments. It is difficult to identify carcinogens through these studies because of their uncontrolled nature, but they aid scientists in making educated assessments of the cancer-causing ability of suspected carcinogens.<ref name="ACS"/>

==Classification==
There are two main ways in which carcinogens are classified. The main classification is produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, the other by the National Toxicology Program.

===International Agency for Research on Cancer===
The [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] (IARC), which is part if the [[World Health Organization]], produces the most widely used system for classifying carcinogens in its ''Monographs'', published since 1971.<ref>http://monographs.iarc.fr/index.php</ref> Substances are classified by IARC as to their carcinogenic hazard to humans: ''Established'', ''Probable'', ''Possible'', ''Unclassifiable'', and ''Not probable''.<ref>IARC: [http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php Classifications]</ref> The group qualifiers ''probable'' and ''possible'' have no [[quantitative]] significance but are used as descriptors of different levels of evidence of human carcinogenicity.<ref>Group [http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Preamble/currentb6evalrationale0706.php definitions].</ref>

===National Toxicology Program===
The [[National Toxicology Program]], part of the [[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]], classifies carcinogens in two categories: ''Known'', and ''Reasonably anticipated''.<ref name="NTP">National Toxicology Progam: [http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=03CA6383-9766-1F64-6637241FE0114FE9 Questions & Answers about the RoC].</ref> Since 1978, it has produced a list of carcinogenic material along with federal regulations limiting exposure.<ref name="NTP">

==References==
<references/>

==External Links==
*Available downloads of the [http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=035E5806-F735-FE81-FF769DFE5509AF0A 11th ''Report on Carcinogens'']
*National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (part of the CDC): [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npotocca.html Carcinogen List]
*Full text to the ''[http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Preamble/index.php Preamble to the IARC Monographs]''

Carcinogen

2007-04-26T18:38:35Z

Red Baron:

A '''carcinogen''' is any substance capable of causing [[cancer]].<ref>[http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/carcinogen?view=uk Compact Oxford English Dictionary].</ref> Carcinogens do not always cause cancer. Risk factors include the length and intensity of exposure and the genetic makeup of the individual.<ref name="ACS">American Cancer Society: [http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/PED_1_3x_Known_and_Probable_Carcinogens.asp Known and Probable Carcinogens]</ref>

==Identification==
Laboratory studies are the primary source for identifying carcinogens. In these studies, it is assumed that if a large dose (usually higher than common human exposure)of a substance causes cancer in cell cultures or animals it will also cause cancer in humans.<ref name="ACS"/>

[[Epidemiology|Epidemiologic studies]] are another importance source of information about carcinogens. These focus on the interactions of human populations with the substances found in their environments. It is difficult to identify carcinogens through these studies because of their uncontrolled nature, but they aid scientists in making educated assessments of the cancer-causing ability of suspected carcinogens.<ref name="ACS"/>

==Classification==
There are two main ways in which carcinogens are classified. The main classification is produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, the other by the National Toxicology Program.

===International Agency for Research on Cancer===
The [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] (IARC), which is part if the [[World Health Organization]], produces the most widely used system for classifying carcinogens in its ''Monographs'', published since 1971.<ref>http://monographs.iarc.fr/index.php</ref> Substances are classified by IARC as to their carcinogenic hazard to humans: ''Established'', ''Probable'', ''Possible'', ''Unclassifiable'', and ''Not probable''.<ref>IARC: [http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php Classifications]</ref> The group qualifiers ''probable'' and ''possible'' have no [[quantitative]] significance but are used as descriptors of different levels of evidence of human carcinogenicity.<ref>Group [http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Preamble/currentb6evalrationale0706.php definitions].</ref>

===National Toxicology Program===
The [[National Toxicology Program]], part of the [[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]], classifies carcinogens in two categories: ''Known'', and ''Reasonably anticipated''.<ref name="NTP">National Toxicology Progam: [http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=03CA6383-9766-1F64-6637241FE0114FE9 Questions & Answers about the RoC].</ref> Since 1978, it has produced a list of carcinogenic material along with federal regulations limiting exposure.<ref name="NTP">

Carcinogen

2007-04-26T18:38:05Z

Red Baron: /*Carcinogen page creation*/

A '''carcinogen''' is any substance capable of causing [[cancer]].<ref>[http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/carcinogen?view=uk Compact Oxford English Dictionary].</ref> Carcinogens do not always cause cancer. Risk factors include the length and intensity of exposure and the genetic makeup of the individual.<ref name="ACS">American Cancer Society: [http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/PED_1_3x_Known_and_Probable_Carcinogens.asp Known and Probable Carcinogens]</ref>

==Identification==
Laboratory studies are the primary source for identifying carcinogens. In these studies, it is assumed that if a large dose (usually higher than common human exposure)of a substance causes cancer in cell cultures or animals it will also cause cancer in humans.<ref name="ACS"/>

[[Epidemiology|Epidemiologic studies]] are another importance source of information about carcinogens. These focus on the interactions of human populations with the substances found in their environments. It is difficult to identify carcinogens through these studies because of their uncontrolled nature, but they aid scientists in making educated assessments of the cancer-causing ability of suspected carcinogens.<ref name="ACS"/>

==Classification==
There are two main ways in which carcinogens are classified. The main classification is produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, the other by the National Toxicology Program.

===International Agency for Research on Cancer===
The [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] (IARC), which is part if the [[World Health Organization]], produces the most widely used system for classifying carcinogens in its ''Monographs'', published since 1971.<ref>http://monographs.iarc.fr/index.php</ref> Substances are classified by IARC as to their carcinogenic hazard to humans: ''Established'', ''Probable'', ''Possible'', ''Unclassifiable'', and ''Not probable''.<ref>IARC: [http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php Classifications]</ref> The group qualifiers ''probable'' and ''possible'' have no [[quantitative]] significance but are used as descriptors of different levels of evidence of human carcinogenicity.<ref>Group [http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Preamble/currentb6evalrationale0706.php definitions].</ref>

===National Toxicology Program===
The [[National Toxicology Program]], part of the [[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]], classifies carcinogens in two categories: ''Known'', and ''Reasonably anticipated''.<ref name="NTP">National Toxicology Progam: [http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=03CA6383-9766-1F64-6637241FE0114FE9 Questions & Answers about the RoC].</ref> Since 1978, it has produced a list of carcinogenic material along with federal regulations limiting exposure.<ref name="NTP">

==References==
<references/>

==External Links==
*Available downloads of the [http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=035E5806-F735-FE81-FF769DFE5509AF0A 11th ''Report on Carcinogens'']
*National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (part of the CDC): [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npotocca.html Carcinogen List]
*Full text to the ''[http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Preamble/index.php Preamble to the IARC Monographs]''

User:Red Baron

2007-04-26T16:18:33Z

Red Baron: /*User page creation*/ thoughts about bias (skew)

I am intrigued by this site, having found it through another user of Wikipedia. I hope it becomes what it is meant to be. My first comparison between this and that was [[Abortion]] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion Abortion], and I cannot say that I am happy with either. The first is right-skewed, the second is left-skewed. Isn't the point to be center? Assuming this really is a "trustworthy" wiki encyclopedia, it should not be right-skewed either.