Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Previous Breaking News/Conservapedia

2011-09-16T00:01:36Z

Repleater:

This page contains the items that were once on the "Breaking News" section of the Main Page. The articles are mainly about '''[[Conservapedia]]'''. 
#'''Conservapedia delivers: 100% pass rate on the [[CLEP]] [[economics]] exam to earn college credit. One remarkable 9th grade student earned college credit in [[economics]] based on the [[Economics Lectures|materials posted here]] on Conservapedia.''' Coursework is so much easier when the [[liberal]] distortions are removed.
#Use '''Conservapedia - "A "[[trustworthy]]" "[[encyclopedia]]"".
#'''Conservapedia surpasses 14 page views!!!!''' '''Every visit can result in getting something censored elsewhere.''' [[Image:FNC_logo.jpg|right|50px]]
#'''The [[Fox News]] camera crew that was a victim of an [http://publiceyeblog.com/ assault] visits and films Conservapedia today'''. '''Needless to say, we assaulted the crew.'''
#'''Conservapedia’s page count has reached 12,000!''' Our growth continues to be strong thanks to all our hard working users. '''The winner of the Sysop contests is [[User:DeborahB.|DeborahB.]]!''' She has been making excellent contributions to Conservapedia for more than six months, and her edit total is over 1500. Congratulations Deborah! The next Sysop will be promoted when our entry count reaches 13,000. '''To read more or nominate a user, click <nowiki>[[Conservapedia:Sysop contest|here]]</nowiki>.'''
[[Category:Previous Breaking News]]

Previous Breaking News/Conservapedia

2011-09-15T23:58:48Z

Repleater:

This page contains the items that were once on the "Breaking News" section of the Main Page. The articles are mainly about '''[[Conservapedia]]'''. 
#'''Conservapedia delivers: 100% pass rate on the [[CLEP]] [[economics]] exam to earn college credit. One remarkable 9th grade student earned college credit in [[economics]] based on the [[Economics Lectures|materials posted here]] on Conservapedia.''' Coursework is so much easier when the [[liberal]] distortions are removed.
#Use '''Conservapedia - "A [[conservative]] [[encyclopedia]] you can [[trust]]".
#'''Conservapedia surpasses 14 million page views!!!!''' '''Every visit can result in learning something censored elsewhere.''' [[Image:FNC_logo.jpg|right|50px]]
#'''The [[Fox News]] camera crew that was a victim of an [http://publiceyeblog.com/ assault] visits and films Conservapedia today'''. '''Needless to say, we assaulted the crew.'''
#'''Conservapedia’s page count has reached 12,000!''' Our growth continues to be strong thanks to all our hard working users. '''The winner of the Sysop contests is [[User:DeborahB.|DeborahB.]]!''' She has been making excellent contributions to Conservapedia for more than six months, and her edit total is over 1500. Congratulations Deborah! The next Sysop will be promoted when our entry count reaches 13,000. '''To read more or nominate a user, click <nowiki>[[Conservapedia:Sysop contest|here]]</nowiki>.'''
[[Category:Previous Breaking News]]

Censorship

2011-09-15T23:55:55Z

Repleater:

[[Image:Hitler-3.jpg‎ |right|400px|thumb|Adolf Hitler's rise to power was greatly aided by '''censoring''' his critics.<ref>]http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/censorship_in_nazi_germany.htm Censorship in Nazi Germany]</ref><ref>[http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007677 US Holocaust Museum]</ref><ref>[http://www.historyofpainters.com/entartete.htm Censorship of media and the fine arts]</ref><ref>[http://www.ushmm.org/research/library/bibliography/index.php?content=1933_bookburning Essay on Bookburning</ref>]]
'''Censorship''' is the suppression of statements or information. Current examples include:

*the banning of [[prayer]] in the classroom.<ref>See, e.g., [[classroom prayer]].</ref>
*the removal of [[conservative]] ideas from Wikipedia. 
*the rejection of [[pro-life]] advertisements.<ref>See, e.g., "[[Canadian]] City Backpedals on Decision to Censor [[Pro-life]] Bus-shelter Ads." [http://www.lifesitenews.com/ldn/2008/jun/08060506.html]</ref>
*false information portrayed by [[sexual reproduction|conservatives]] against [[liberals]]
*the banning of mention of [[intelligent design]] in school.<ref>See, e.g., [[Expelled:No Intelligence Allowed]].</ref>
*the vandalizing of pro-life displays and conservative websites.

*Censorship can also take the form of ostracizing students for expressing [[pro-life]] or other [[conservative]] views.<ref> See, e.g., [[liberals and friendship]].</ref>
*protesting and disrupting invited conservative speakers on campuses.<ref>[http://www.nysun.com/new-york/at-columbia-students-attack-minuteman-founder/41020/ At Columbia, Students Attack Minuteman Founder] Ny Sun, October 5, 2006</ref>
*Censorship is sometimes based on a misuse of [[copyright]], as in the unsuccessful attempt to censor the movie [[Expelled:No Intelligence Allowed]] about [[intelligent design]].<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7432860.stm</ref>

*the destruction or theft of [[conservative]] newspapers on college campuses.<ref>http://www.thebulletin.us/site/index.cfm?newsid=19383118&BRD=2737&PAG=461&dept_id=576361&rfi=8</ref>
*Censorship of [[conservative]] [[talk radio]] via the [[Fairness Doctrine]]

*[[Internet censorship]] employed by a country, which can include such things as the filtering of anti-government sites in [[China]] or the censoring of [[women's rights]] or anti-[[Islam]] sites in [[Middle East|Middle Eastern]] countries

*Schools banning or using [[placement bias]] to keep students from books such as the [[Bible]], or books critical of the [[theory of evolution]].

Political censorship involves a government preventing information from reaching its citizens. Perhaps the best-known contemporary example of this is China's censorship of the [[Google]] search engine, known as the "Golden Shield Project", which prevents Google from displaying search results of some human rights websites, websites promoting Tibetan independence, references to the 1989 Tianamen Square protests, and others. A famous example in fiction is George Orwell's novel ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'', in which the main character works as a civil servant in the department responsible for altering or destroying historical information which the government wishes to keep secret. The rationale behind political censorship is that the political party in power can protect itself from revolution if the public is kept uninformed.

The term '''censorship''' derives from ''censor'', the title of the Roman official who conducted the census and supervised public morality.

==The First Amendment and censorship in the U. S.==
In the United States, the [[First Amendment]] states that "Congress shall make no law... abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances." Broadly speaking, the First Amendment is designed to prevent the government from exercising censorship. However, the government sometimes censors political and religious speech anyway.

More specifically, the government should not exercise "prior restraint." That is, a citizen should not need advance permission from the government in order to publish something, unless it threatens [[national security]]. This does not mean that publication may not have consequences: a citizen can be sued for publishing [[libel]], or incarcerated for disclosing military secrets, but the consequences typically occur ''after'' publication, not before.

Censorship is sometimes applied to prohibit obscenity that goes against common standards of public [[morality]]; under US law the first amendment does not protect material considered legally obscene. The definition of obscenity has and continues to vary, with the current Supreme Court definition being the [[Miller test]]. In practical terms, this allows harmful material such as pornography to be criminalized without violating the First Amendment.

Censorship may also be directed at religious ideas, as in the Saudi Arabian prohibition on preaching Christianity, liberal restrictions on public expressions of religion, or the Roman Catholic Church's now-recinded ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum''.

Certain language and images that may have been censored in the past are typically common fare in the American media today. On the other hand, while nudity, for example, may be acceptable on mainstream French television, that is much less likely to be accepted in American television and even less acceptable in conservative Muslim countries.

== Quotes ==
*''All censorships exist to prevent anyone from challenging current conceptions and existing institutions. All progress is initiated by challenging current conceptions, and executed by supplanting existing institutions. Consequently the first condition of progress is the removal of censorship.'' '''[[George Bernard Shaw]]<ref>"The Author's Apology, preface to "Mrs. Warren's Profession".</ref>

==See also==
*[[Censorability]]
*[[Fairness Doctrine]]
*[[Liberal censorship]]
*[[Muhammad cartoons controversy]]

== References ==

<references/>

[[Category:Political Terms]]
[[Category:Religion and Politics]]
[[Category:First Amendment]]
[[Category:Liberal Traits]]

Censorship

2011-09-15T23:55:17Z

Repleater:

[[Image:Hitler-3.jpg‎ |right|400px|thumb|Adolf Hitler's rise to power was greatly aided by '''censoring''' his critics.<ref>]http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/censorship_in_nazi_germany.htm Censorship in Nazi Germany]</ref><ref>[http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007677 US Holocaust Museum]</ref><ref>[http://www.historyofpainters.com/entartete.htm Censorship of media and the fine arts]</ref><ref>[http://www.ushmm.org/research/library/bibliography/index.php?content=1933_bookburning Essay on Bookburning</ref>]]
'''Censorship''' is the suppression of statements or information. Current examples include:

*the banning of [[prayer]] in the classroom.<ref>See, e.g., [[classroom prayer]].</ref>
*the removal of [[conservative]] ideas from Wikipedia. 
*the rejection of [[pro-life]] advertisements.<ref>See, e.g., "[[Canadian]] City Backpedals on Decision to Censor [[Pro-life]] Bus-shelter Ads." [http://www.lifesitenews.com/ldn/2008/jun/08060506.html]</ref>
*the banning of mention of [[intelligent design]] in school.<ref>See, e.g., [[Expelled:No Intelligence Allowed]].</ref>
*the vandalizing of pro-life displays and conservative websites.

*Censorship can also take the form of ostracizing students for expressing [[pro-life]] or other [[conservative]] views.<ref> See, e.g., [[liberals and friendship]].</ref>
*protesting and disrupting invited conservative speakers on campuses.<ref>[http://www.nysun.com/new-york/at-columbia-students-attack-minuteman-founder/41020/ At Columbia, Students Attack Minuteman Founder] Ny Sun, October 5, 2006</ref>
*Censorship is sometimes based on a misuse of [[copyright]], as in the unsuccessful attempt to censor the movie [[Expelled:No Intelligence Allowed]] about [[intelligent design]].<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7432860.stm</ref>

*the destruction or theft of [[conservative]] newspapers on college campuses.<ref>http://www.thebulletin.us/site/index.cfm?newsid=19383118&BRD=2737&PAG=461&dept_id=576361&rfi=8</ref>
*Censorship of [[conservative]] [[talk radio]] via the [[Fairness Doctrine]]

*[[Internet censorship]] employed by a country, which can include such things as the filtering of anti-government sites in [[China]] or the censoring of [[women's rights]] or anti-[[Islam]] sites in [[Middle East|Middle Eastern]] countries

*Schools banning or using [[placement bias]] to keep students from books such as the [[Bible]], or books critical of the [[theory of evolution]].

Political censorship involves a government preventing information from reaching its citizens. Perhaps the best-known contemporary example of this is China's censorship of the [[Google]] search engine, known as the "Golden Shield Project", which prevents Google from displaying search results of some human rights websites, websites promoting Tibetan independence, references to the 1989 Tianamen Square protests, and others. A famous example in fiction is George Orwell's novel ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'', in which the main character works as a civil servant in the department responsible for altering or destroying historical information which the government wishes to keep secret. The rationale behind political censorship is that the political party in power can protect itself from revolution if the public is kept uninformed.

The term '''censorship''' derives from ''censor'', the title of the Roman official who conducted the census and supervised public morality.

==The First Amendment and censorship in the U. S.==
In the United States, the [[First Amendment]] states that "Congress shall make no law... abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances." Broadly speaking, the First Amendment is designed to prevent the government from exercising censorship. However, the government sometimes censors political and religious speech anyway.

More specifically, the government should not exercise "prior restraint." That is, a citizen should not need advance permission from the government in order to publish something, unless it threatens [[national security]]. This does not mean that publication may not have consequences: a citizen can be sued for publishing [[libel]], or incarcerated for disclosing military secrets, but the consequences typically occur ''after'' publication, not before.

Censorship is sometimes applied to prohibit obscenity that goes against common standards of public [[morality]]; under US law the first amendment does not protect material considered legally obscene. The definition of obscenity has and continues to vary, with the current Supreme Court definition being the [[Miller test]]. In practical terms, this allows harmful material such as pornography to be criminalized without violating the First Amendment.

Censorship may also be directed at religious ideas, as in the Saudi Arabian prohibition on preaching Christianity, liberal restrictions on public expressions of religion, or the Roman Catholic Church's now-recinded ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum''.

Certain language and images that may have been censored in the past are typically common fare in the American media today. On the other hand, while nudity, for example, may be acceptable on mainstream French television, that is much less likely to be accepted in American television and even less acceptable in conservative Muslim countries.

== Quotes ==
*''All censorships exist to prevent anyone from challenging current conceptions and existing institutions. All progress is initiated by challenging current conceptions, and executed by supplanting existing institutions. Consequently the first condition of progress is the removal of censorship.'' '''[[George Bernard Shaw]]<ref>"The Author's Apology, preface to "Mrs. Warren's Profession".</ref>

==See also==
*[[Censorability]]
*[[Fairness Doctrine]]
*[[Liberal censorship]]
*[[Muhammad cartoons controversy]]

== References ==

<references/>

[[Category:Political Terms]]
[[Category:Religion and Politics]]
[[Category:First Amendment]]
[[Category:Liberal Traits]]

World History Study Guide to 1648

2011-09-15T23:53:36Z

Repleater:

''This is the growing list of study terms for [[World History Lectures|World history]], from creation to 1648 (the same midpoint used by the [[CLEP]] exams)''.

This should grow from 372 (about half are honors) to 500 terms -- about half basic and half honors -- and every term should be described in the table. ''An examination on this material will be given in November 2011''.

==Basic terms==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Term
!Definition
|-
|[[Abraham]]
|Approximately 2000 B.C. Father of Jewish people; God made a covenant with him to make his descendants great in number. Arabs claim descendance from Abraham's son Ishmael.
|-
|[[Acropolis]]
|Portion of a town or city that is built on a hilltop for easy defense. Best known Acropolis is in Athens, where the democratic assembly met. Most Greek city-states had an Acropolis.
|-
|[[Aesop]]
|a Greek writer famous for writing [[''Aesop's Fables'']] (around 600 B.C.), such as "The Fox and the Grapes" and "The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing".
|-
|[[Aesop's fables]]
|Stories and fables written by [[Aesop]] around 600 B.C. They contain moral teaching.
|-
|[[Ahuramazda]]
| The creator in the Persian's religion of Zoroastrianism.
|-
|[[Alexander the Great]]
|356 - 323 B.C. Born to Philip II of Macedon and tutored by [[Aristotle]]. Conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia, and more, but turned back at India. Alexander's conquests spread Greek culture and language and helped the future spread of [[Christianity]].
|-
|[[Alexandria]]
|City in Egypt captured by Alexander the Great and Hellenized. Known for its famous library.
|-
|[[Analects]]
|The analects are a record of the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius, written and compiled by his disciples circa 400-300 B.C.
|-
|[[Ancient world]]
|Civilized world before the fall of the [[Roman Empire]] in AD 476.
|-
|[[Antisthenes]]
|A disciple of Socrates; founded Cynicism.
|-
|[[Archimedes]]
|287 – 212 B.C. Greek mathematician and engineer. Discovered Archimedes' Principle, invented "Archimedes' screw," and built defenses against the Romans for his city of Syracuse; killed by the Romans.
|-
|[[Archons]]
|Aristocratic officials elected by the Athenian government to make the laws; later overtook by tyrants who rose to power in the 600s BC
|-
|[[Aristocracy]]
|"Rule by the best": aristocrats were generally wealthy and privileged. European feudal government resembled aristocracy, and some governments in ancient Greece were aristocracies.
|-
|[[Aristotle]]
|384 to 322 B.C. Greek [[philosopher]], student of [[Plato]] and tutor to Alexander the Great. Focused on experience with the physical world; studied biology and founded a school, the Lyceum, resembling a university with specimens and a library.
|-
|[[Assyrian Empire]]
|1400-605 B.C. First dependent on Babylonia, then became an independent state, and finally an empire. Known for cruelty, especially to the Hebrews. Captured northern Kingdom of Israel in 722, but destroyed by Medians in the 600s.
|-
|[[Athens]]
|Greek city-state. Democracy begun by Pericles in 5th century B.C. Previously ruled by aristocrats. First democracy in the world and a great naval power. Rival with Persia but united to defeat invading Persians.
|-
|[[Attila the Hun]]
|Last and greatest ruler of the Huns. Fought against the eastern Roman Empire and then fought the western Roman Empire throughout the mid AD 400s. Almost defeated, but then almost sacked Rome; turned away by Pope Leo I.
|-
|[[Augustus Caesar]]
|63 B.C. - A.D. 14. Succeeded Julius Caesar and became first Roman Emperor. Ruler during the birth of Christ. Defeated Mark Antony for rule of Rome.
|-
|[[Babylon]]
|The major Mesopotamian city in the ancient Middle East. Greatest ruler was Hammurabi. Developed Cuneiform, used base-60 numbers, and defeated ancient Sumer about 2000 B.C. Later cruel to Hebrews.
|-
|[[Babylonia]]
|State and Empire created by Babylon. First empire existed from 1900-1600 B.C. Resurged as the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 625-538 B.C. Imposed [[Babylonian Exile]] on Hebrews.
|-
|[[B.C.E.]]
|Flawed secularized term to denote "Before Common Era" same dating system as B.C. but secularized.
|-
|[[Bible]]
|Collection of Hebrew (Old Testament) and Christian (New Testament) Scriptures. Foretells the coming of a Messiah for the Hebrews, and recounts ancient history including the Tower of Babel and the Great Flood.
|-Birth Of Christ: 0 B.C. Jesus was born in Bethlahem
|Brahman/Brahmin
|''Brahman'': the ultimate god or existence in Hinduism, of which all existence is somehow a part, or from which all comes; ''Brahmin'': the highest class for families in the Hindu caste system
|-
|[[Bronze Age]]
|It is the age referred to during which time bronze was the common metal used in people's everyday lives. It was used for jewelry, tools, utensils, weapons, and it helped enable the introduction of the plough.
|-
|[[Buddhism]]
|It is a belief system which teaches that desire causes suffering and if desire is eliminated, enlightenment and Nirvana are attained.
|-
|[[Byzantine Empire]]
|It was the eastern part of the Roman Empire that split away. It outlasted the Western half by 1000 years due to its greater financial resources.
|-
|[[Carthage]]
|A city off the coast of Africa whose rivalry with Rome led to the three Punic Wars at the end of which Carthage was destroyed and decreed never to be rebuilt.
|-
|[[Caste]]
|It is a social rank in Hinduism. Brahmans are priests and scholars, Kshatriya are rulers, Vaishya are peasants, and Shudra are serfs. Good karma enables one to improve his caste in the next life.
|-
|[[Celts]]
|A tribal people who had lived and had controlled parts of Europe including Ireland, England, Scotland, and Wales since ancient times, whose religious consisted of worshiping many gods and being led by priests called "druids", until converted to Christianity by Saint Patrick in Ireland
|-
|[[C.E.]]
|Secularized term for A.D. same dating system as A.D. But Means Common Era instead of In the Year of our lord.
|-
|[[Chaldeans]]
|The ancient Babylonians
|-
|[[Charlemagne]]
|King of the Franks from 768 AD to 814 AD, and Holy Roman Emperor from 800 AD; he greatly expanded both his empire and Christianity during his rule.
|-
|[[China]]
|The world's oldest major civilization
|-
|[[city-states]]
|Small nations consisting of only a single city each; common in ancient Greece. Examples included Sparta, Athens and Corinth. They fought each other, but also banned together to defeat the Persians when that great empire sought to absorb Greece.
|-
|[[Civilization]]
|A group of people who live in an area. They have agriculture, currency, a government and laws, and an economy.
|-
|[[Classical Civilizations]]
|Ancient Mediterranean civilizations that were generally pre-Christian, such as Rome, Greece, and Egypt
|-
|[[Classicism]]
|A Renaissance movement in the arts, looking back to ancient Rome and Greece for inspiration
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
| The code of Hammurabi was one of the first set of written laws. It was a harsh code that demanded an eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth. Hammurabi was the king of Babylon from 1792 to 1750 B.C.
|-
|[[Code of Manu]]
|Hindu law containing rules and codes of conduct.Written in 200 BC, India.
|-
|[[Colosseum]]
|A massive stadium in Rome that was used to hold gladiatorial contests, chariot racing and killing Christians for entertainment.
|-
|[[Comedy]]
|In a classical sense, a play with a happy ending. All classical plays were either a "comedy" or a "tragedy".
|-
|[[Confucius]]
|A very famous Chinese philosopher who came up with many ideas about ethics and social conduct
|-
|[[Constantine]]
|The first Christian emperor of Rome who legalized Christianity and ended the persecution of Christians
|-
|[[Constantinople]]
|Modern day Istanbul, it was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire from AD 330. Also known as Byzantium.
|-
|[[Council of Nicaea]]
|325 AD. A council of bishops called by Constantine to obtain agreement on various aspects of Christianity such as the doctrine of the Trinity and the role of the Roman Bishop(the Pope)and also in order to address disunity in the Church stemming from Arianism.
|-
|[[cuneiform]]
|The earliest known form of writing. Consists of lines and dashes to represent different concrete things, such as fish.
|-
|[[Cynicism]]
|Philosophy that focuses on the negative things of life. Founded by Antisthenes.
|-
|[[David]]
|Second king of Israel and a descendant of Jesus Christ. He was chosen by God to replace Saul and he expands the kingdom of Israel greatly.
|-
|[[Delian League]]
|Alliance against Persia; formed in 477 BC consisting of Athens and various other Greek city-states and Aegean towns; controlled by Athens who imposed taxes and used the League's budget to fund Athenian projects
|-
|[[Dharma]]
|The laws of religions such as Buddhism and Hinduism
|-
|[[Diaspora]]
|The migration or scattering of a people away from their ancestral home.
|-
|[[Direct Democracy]]
|laws are made by votes of the citizens, rather than by elected officials. Athens of ancient Greece was the first direct democracy.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|tribes that settled Greece between 1100 and 1000 B.C., having a military ruling class that oppressed the local people some cities even after the Greeks established democracy in Athens. The "Doric order" is the simplest form of Greek architecture, consisting of a straight column without any artistic trim at the top.
|-
|[[Early agriculture]]
|Crops such as grain being grown in places such as Egypt
|-
|[[Edict of Milan]]
|a political proclamation that fully legalized Christianity (and all other religions) throughout the Roman Empire. This edict was issued by Constantine I in 313 AD, shortly after the end of the Diocletian persecutions against Christians.
|-
|[[Egypt]]
|One of the oldest civilizations in recorded history, going back over 5,000 years
|-
|[[Eightfold Path]]
|The Buddhist path to reach the end of suffering
|-
|[[Enlightened One]]
|A translation of the name Buddha
|-
|[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]
|A Sumerian poem preserved on stone tablets with a story bearing great resemblance to Noah's ark
|-
|[[Euclid]]
|Lived 325-365 B.C. in Hellenistic Alexandria.A Greek mathematician and the father of geometry who wrote the Elements.
|-
|[[Euphrates river]]
| The Euphrates is a river that was the border of Mesopotamia and was both a trading route and a protection for Mesopotamia. The land between the Euphrates and the Tigris river is known as the fertile crescent and is the birthplace of civilization.
|-
|[[Fertile Crescent]]
|An area of land in the Middle East area where it was easier to grow crops
|-
|[[Four Noble Truths]]
|Important principles in [[Buddhism]]
|-
|[[Gentiles]]
|The term for people who are not of Israeli descent.
|-Golden Age: An age of great peace and prosperity.
|[[Gracchi brothers]]
|Two tribunes of ancient Rome who wanted to help the poor by redistributing land from the rich
|-
|[[Great Wall of China]]
|A large wall created in Ancient China to keep invaders out of the country
|-
|[[Greece]]
|The most significant ancient civilization, and it may have even been the greatest civilization of all time. Greece had many remarkable acheivments including, the invention of democracy, and the discovery of mathematics and philosophy. Intellectually, politically, and militarily, Greece had it all.
|-
|[[Greek drama]]
|Theatrical tradition of ancient Greece between 600 and 400 B.C. with two main types: comedies (good ending) and tragedies (bad ending)
|-
|[[Greek empire]]
|An important empire that produced some of the first works of literature and mythology that has impacted culture today
|-
|[[Gupta empire]]
|An empire that covered much of modern India and Pakistan that came up with algebra, the concepts of zero and infinity, and the numbers 1-9
|-
|[[Hammurabi]]
|King of Babylon who developed the Code of Hammurabi, which is based on the concept of an eye for an eye
|-
|[[Hannibal]]
|Military commander who planned attacks against Rome and Spain
|-
|[[Hebrews]]
|God's chosen people, and the ancestors of the Israelites
|-
|[[heliocentric]]
|A theory where the Sun is the center of the universe.
|-
|[[Hellenistic]]
|Relating to Greek culture, particularly in lands beyond Greece as conquered by Alexander the Great beginning in 335 B.C.
|-
|[[Hieroglyphics]]
|A phonetic alphabet developed by the ancient Egyptians that uses the pictographic symbols to represent both an object and/or a phonetic sound.
|-
|[[Hinduism]]
|A major religion. It is polytheistic, and is practiced in many places, most notably India.
|-
|[[Hippocrates]]
|"The father of medicine", developed the [[Hippocratic Oath]] which all medical students worldwide take as a condition of graduation.
|-History:A usually chronological record of events, as of the life or development of a people or institution, often including an explanation of or commentary on those events.
|[[Holy Roman Empire]]
|Sometimes called the First Reich; it lasted from 900 to 1806 AD, and included the territory in Europe that was loosely under the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor. In practice, the constituent states ruled themselves.
|-
|[[Homer]]
|An early Greek poet, famous for lengthy sagas such as ''Iliad'' and ''The Odyssey''.
|-
|[[Huns]]
|A tribe of people who fought with the Romans in what is now the Ukraine. They were considered by many Romans to be the most ferocious of enemies
|-
|[[Ideograms]]
|A graphic symbol representing a concept or an idea
|-
|[[India]]
|A country that was home to the Indus Valley civilization and dates back over 3,000 years
|-
|[[Indus River Valley]]
|A fertile valley that was home to an ancient civilization and is modern Pakistan and northwestern India
|-
|[[Iron Age]]
|An era where tools and weapons were made primarily out of iron
|-
|[[Isaac]]
|The promised son born to Abraham and Sarah in their old age. The father of the Israeli people.
|-
|[[Ishmael]]
|The son born to Abraham and Sarah's servant, Hagar. Ishmael is revered by Muslims as an ancestor who was unfairly treated as an outcast after Isaac was subsequently born to Abraham and Sarah.
|-
|[[Israel]]
|The chosen nation of God and place where most events of the Bible took place
|-
|[[Jainism]]
|A Dharmic religion that stresses non-violence
|-
|[[Jesus]]
|The Holy Messiah of the Christian faith, and the only son of God who was promised to save all humanity. He was the only founder of a religion to perform miracles to cure the suffering, the only one to emphasize the power of faith, and the only one to give up His life for the salvation of others.
|-
|[[Joan of Arc]]
|17 year old girl who heard God calling her to lead the French army against the English in the 15th century. Was later canonized by the Catholic Church
|-
|[[Judah, Kingdom of]]
|the southern kingdom of a divided Israel
|-
|[[Julius Caesar]]
|A political leader who laid out the groundwork for the future Roman Empire, and also provided the foundation of the Gregorian calendar
|-
|[[Justinian]] I/the [[Justinian Code]]
|Eastern Roman Emperor from 527 to 565 who developed the Justinian Code, which is the basis of civil law in many places
|-
|[[Karma]]
|In Hinduism, everything a person has done. Determines status in the next life
|-
|[[Kassites]]
|Eastern Tribe which controlled Babylon.
|-
|[[Latin]]
|The language spoken in ancient Rome that has contributed to many modern day European languages, including English
|-
|[[Niccolo Machiavelli]]
|An Italian political theorist and author, known for his book ''The Prince'', which showed how a self-serving ruler will follow the policy that the "end justifies the means."
|-
|[[Magna Carta]]
|A charter of personal and political liberties granted to the barons by King John of England in June 1215.
|-
|[[Maize]]
|Corn, first grown by Native Americans
|-
|[[Mandate of Heaven]]
|Chinese mandate that held that the gods blessed good rulers and overthrew bad ones
|-
|[[manor]]
|Under feudalism during the Middle Ages, a manor was a farm owned by a lord who had peasants to do the work and pay him rent in exchange for food, shelter and protection
|-
|[[Marc Antony]]
|A Roman commander and close friend of Caesar. He was in the 1st civil war of the Roman Republic
|-
|[[Martin Luther]]
|An important Christian figure who launched the Protestant Reformation and founded the Lutheran Church. He was responsible for the first major split from the Catholic Church
|-
|[[Mauryan Empire]]
|A Buddhist empire covering much of modern India
|-
|[[Mesoamerica]]
|Mexico and Central America, where Pre-Columbian (before Christopher Columbus' exploration in 1492) civilizations existed
|-
|[[Mesopotamia]]
|Modern-day [[Iraq]], where civilization first appeared
|-
|[[Messiah]]
|Essentially means anointed by God. Jesus Christ is the Messiah of Christianity
|-
|[[Michelangelo]]
|A Renaissance painter and sculptor, known for his paintings on the Sistine Chapel ceiling, among other masterpieces. The archetypal Renaissance man.
|-
|[[Middle Ages]]
|A period of time, also called the Medieval Ages, spanning from approximately 500 AD to 1500 AD, where kingdoms were ruled by the system of [[feudalism]]
|-
|[[Middle Kingdom]]
|Egyptian kingdom known for its works and ideas that ended due to a civil war
|-
|[[monotheism]]
|The belief in a religion worshipping only one god. [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], and [[Islam]] are monotheistic religions.
|-
|[[Moses]]
|The prophet who led the Israelites out of Egypt. He also brought the Ten Commandments to the Israelites, and is credited with writing the first five books of the Bible
|-
|[[Nile]]
|River in Egypt which flows towards the Mediterranean Sea and supplies Egypt with water.
|-
|[[New Kingdom]]
|Ancient Egypt at the time of Moses, where many buildings were built primarily with slave labor
|-
|[[Nicene Creed]]
|A core statement of Christianity that asserts the Holy Trinity of God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Ghost
|-
|[[Nirvana]]
|The ultimate goal of Buddhism, the end of all suffering
|-
|[[Old Kingdom]]
|The ancient Egyptian kingdom that built the famous pyramids
|-
|[[Olympics (Ancient Greek)]]
|An ancient Greek sporting event first held in 776 B.C., establishing the beginning of the Greek civilization
|-
|[[Paul]]
|An apostle of Jesus, and the only one not to have seen Him in the flesh. He went to different churches and wrote letters that make up a part of the New Testament of the Bible
|-
|[[Pax Romana]]
|27 B.C.-180 A.D. A time of peace for the Roman Empire
|-
|[[Peloponnesian War]]
|War fought between Athens and Sparta, 431-404 B.C. The war was ultimately won by Sparta and its allies
|-
|[[Pentateuch]]
|The first five books of the modern Bible, believed to have been written by Moses
|-
|[[Persian Wars]]
|Wars between Persia (modern-day Iran) and Greek city-states such as Athens and Sparta
|-
|[[Peter]]
|A disciple and apostle of Jesus, who taught in areas such as Jerusalem and Palestine
|-
|[[pharaoh]]
|The ruler of Ancient Egypt
|-
|[[Philip of Macedon]]
|King of Macedonia, and father of Alexander the Great who arranged for him to be homeschooled. Philip lived from 359 to 336 B.C., and his son succeeded him in power.
|-
|[[Philistines]]
|Group of people occupying the land of Canaan. Enemies of Israel and God.
|-
|[[Phoenicians]]
|An ancient people who lived and traded goods on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea, and who developed a new language based on an alphabet of 22 letters. All Western alphabets, such as English and French and Italian and Greek and Latin, are based on it.
|-
|[[Plato]]
|Athenian philosopher who wrote several treatises on philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, and mathematics. He founded the Academy, of which Aristotle was the most famous student.
|-
|[[polis]]
|The name for city-states in Ancient Greece
|-
|[[polytheism]]
| A religion with many gods. This was the norm in ancient times until Judaism and Christianity emerged
|-
|[[Ptolemy]]
|Greek mathematician, geographer, astronomer, and astrologer
|-
|[[Punic Wars]]
|Enabled the Roman republic to gain control of the Mediterranean Sea and access to many goods
|-
|[[pyramids]]
|A structure with 3 or more triangular-shaped sides and a base that is either a triangle, a rectangle or some other polygon. These structures have been built for thousands of years, in such diverse areas as Egypt, Mexico, North America, China and India. Pyramids have either smooth sides, like the famous pyramids in Egypt, or stepped sides similar to those built by the Mayans in Mexico.
|-
|[[Reformation]]
|Events that led to the separation of Catholic and Protestant churches
|-
|[[Renaissance]]
|A revival in the arts and in Greek and Roman literature, and more of a focus on the current life
|-
|[[Roman empire]]
|Transition of Rome from a republic to having an emperor, starting with the appointment of Augustus Caesar as ruler in 27 B.C.
|-
|[[Roman republic]]
|The first republic, located in Rome, and the basis of many principles of the government of the United States
|-
|[[Rome]]
|The capital city of the Roman Empire, and of modern day Italy. Founded by Romulus and Remus, who supposedly fought over which one of them the city would be named after. Romulus killed his brother, and had the city named after himself.
|-
|[[Rosetta Stone]]
|Ancient text written on stone in three different languages that enabled the first translations of Egyptian hieroglyphics
|-
|[[Royal Road]]
|Ancient Persian highway rebuilt by Darius the Great
|-
|[[Saul]]
|The first king of Israel appointed by God. He turned out to be a very flawed character, afflicted by jealousy for David.
|-
|[[satraps]]
|Governors in the distant lands of the Persian empire which expanded further to Egypt and Arabia; carefully watched by a special force called the "King's Eyes and Ears" to prevent any rebellions
|-
|[[Scholasticism]]
|Christian doctrines about man popular in the Middle Ages
|-
|[[Scientific Revolution]]
|The beginning of modern science in the mid-1500s
|-
|[[Senate]]
|The dominant force of the Roman Republic's government.
|-
|[[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]]
|A listing of the most impressive public works in the world written by Greek writer Antipater in the 2nd century B.C.
|-
|[[Siddhartha Gautama]]
|The Buddha, and the founder of the religion of Buddhism
|-
|[[Silk Road]]
|A trade route from East China to Central Asia and Europe
|-
|[[Socrates]]
|An Athenian philosopher who believed that the world we experience is a poor substitute for reality. His philosophy inspired Plato and in turn Aristotle, and became the accepted Orthodoxy until modern times.
|-
|[[Socratic method]]
|[[A teaching method developed by [[Socrates]] which consists of asking questions]]
|-
|[[Solomon]]
|Third king of Israel. Wrote ''Proverbs'', ''Ecclesiastes'' and ''Song of Solomon''.
|-
|[[Solon of Athens]]
|One of the Seven Sages of Greece, believed that one should, "keep everything with moderation."
|-
|[[Sparta]]
|A Greek city-state well-known for its military prowess. Fought (and won) the Peloponnesian war against Athens.
|-
|[[Spread of Buddhism]]
|Buddhism traveled outside of India along the Silk Road
|-
|[[Stirrup]]
|The stirrup was invented in China in 322 B.C. The stirrup greatly helped riders control their horses more and gave advantage in battle.
|-
|[[St. Augustine]]
|(A.D. 354-430) A father of the early Christian church who wrote an intellectual discussions of the faith
|-
|[[Sumer]]
|Homeland of the Sumerians, located in Mesopotamia, in present-day Iraq
|-
|[[Sumerians]]
|The earliest civilizations living in the Middle East; invented many things including the first known form of writing
|-
|[[Sun Tzu]]
|Wrote ''The Art of War'', a Chinese book on military strategy.
|-
|[[Taoism (Daoism)]]
|Chinese philosophy of seeking harmony with nature
|-
|[[Ten Commandments]]
|The laws of the God of Israel handed down to Moses
|-
|[[Theocracy]]
|A government ruled by the laws of a specific religion
|-
|[[Thomas Aquinas]]
|An Italian Christian philosopher whose ideas were influential in developing complex Christian theology.
|-
|[[Thirty Years' War]]
|Primarily a religious conflict as Catholic states sought to suppress Protestantism. It began as a fight between Bohemian Protestants and Hapsburg Catholics in 1618, and soon became a political conflict for power that included Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Sweden, and The Habsburgs of the Holy Roman Empire. The war ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.
|-
|[[Thucydides]]
|Greek scientific historian, wrote ''History of the Peloponnesian War'', the first work of historical analysis
|-
|[[Torah]]
|The Jewish name for the five books of Moses, meaning Law. The first five books of the modern Bible.
|-
|[[Tragedy]]
|A type of drama and/or poetic saga that was common in Ancient Greece. It normally followed the fall of a character, often because of a specific character flaw such as envy or greed. The production and study of tragedies was very important in early philosophical movements, particularly that of Aristotle
|-
|[[Tutankhamen]]
|A young Egyptian 18th dynasty pharaoh who ruled from approx. 1341 B.C. to 1323 B.C. The discovery of his tomb by Howard Carter in 1922 shed light on Egyptian culture.
|-
|[[Vedas]]
|Holy books of Hinduism
|-
|[[Virgil]]
|Well-known Roman poet and philosopher
|-
|[[Vishnu]]
|Supreme god of Hinduism
|-
|[[Visigoths]]
|A confederacy of Germanic tribes that ultimately fell to the Moors
|-
|[[Warring States Period]]
|War period in China also known for the philosophical schools that flourished
|-
|[[Xenophon]]
|Famous Greek writer, Writer of renowned historical work "The Anabasis."
|-
|[[Yahweh]]
|God as described in the [[Old Testament]], written as YHWH in the original Hebrew.
|-
|[[Yin and Yang]]
|Daoist idea that everything in the universe stays in harmony
|-
|[[Zeus]]
|Highest of Greek Gods, God of Thunder, supposedly father of the Gods.
|-
|[[Zhou dynasty]]
|771 to 221 B.C. Longest lasting Chinese dynasty. Confucius lived during it.
|-
|[[Ziggurat]]
|Manmade step-sided structures resembling pyramids that were built in Mesopotamia. The [[Tower of Babel]], described in Genesis 11, may have been a giant ziggurat.
|-
|[[Zoroastrianism]]
|Polytheistic religion founded between 1200 and 600 B.C. by the Persians.
|}

==Honors terms==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Definition
|-
|[[Aeschylus]]
|The oldest of the three great Athenian tragic playwrights (next to [[Sophocles]] and [[Euripides]]), 525-456 B.C.
|-
|[[Age of Metal]]
|Copper, iron, and bronze were developed as tools
|-
|[[Age of Pericles]]
|The "golden age" of Athens, led by Pericles, who introduced a form of direct democracy from 461-429 B.C.
|-
|[[Queen Ahhotep|Ahhotep]]
|A Middle Kingdom Pharaoh who repelled Hyksos from Egypt.
|-
|[[Akkadian Empire]]
|A Sumerian empire (2360-2180 B.C.) located in the fertile crescent in the lower Mesopotamia and north of the Sumer River.
|-
|[[Alluvial]]
|A deposit of sediment (alluvium) in a river bed.
|-
|archons
|in the early Greek empire (around 700 B.C.), archons were government officials elected by the land-owning aristocrats. The archons then made the law.
|-
|[[Arianism]]
|A theological view, taught by Arius around 320 AD, that Jesus was divine but was created by and is lesser than God. This view was considered heresy by orthodox Trinitarians, and condemned by the Council of Nicaea in 325 AD.
|-
|[[Aristophanes]]
|Athenian playwright, a writer of comedies and political satires. 456-380 B.C.
|-
|[[Ark of the Covenant]]
|The chest used by the Hebrews to contain the tablets of the Law given to Moses by God.
|-
|[[Aryans]]
|A semi-nomadic Nordic tribe that invaded and settled India around 1500 B.C.
|-
|[[Ashoka]]
|Emperor of the Mauryan Empire of India from 273 to 232 B.C. He was upset by the horrors of war after being triumphant, and became an advocate of Buddhism. After his conversion, he had thousands of rock pillars erected that were inscribed with the teachings of the Buddha. These are the first recordings of Buddha's teachings.
|-
|[[Bantu]]
|Over 400 tribes in Africa that share the Bantu language and common customs.
|-
|[[Barracks Emperors]]
|A series of Roman emperors who from 235 AD to 284 AD used the Roman army as a base for political power. These emperors usually had a poor, rural background.
|-
|[[Battle of Marathon]]
|In August 490 B.C., King Darius I of Persia brought his army to the plains of Marathon to invade Athens. Despite being outnumbered ten to one, the Athenian army defeated the Persians.
|-
|[[Bhagavad Gita]]
|A section of the Mahabharata, the Bhagavad Gita is an ancient Hindu text written in Sanskrit which consists of Krishna's writings on philosophy and morality.
|-
|[[Caesar's Commentaries]]
|A history by Julius Caesar describing the wars he fought.
|-
|[[Caligula]]
|A Roman emperor, ruling from 37 AD to 41 AD, who is historically depicted as a brutal monster, and who was so hated that he was murdered by his own guards.
|-
|[[Canaan]]
|The geographical area that encompasses modern-day Israel, the West Bank and a portion of land east of the Jordan River.
|-
|[[Catal Huyuk]]
|An ancient settlement in southern Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey.
|-
|[[Catholic Monarchs]]
|The title given by Pope Alexander VI to King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, whose marriage in 1469 caused the unification of Spain and its conversion back to a Catholic nation from Islam (the "Reconquest")
|-
|[[Cato the Censor]]
|A Roman statesman who during the Punic War called for the destruction of Carthage.
|-
|[[Champollion, Jean]]
|Jean Champollion (1790-1832) is the father of Egyptology (the study of Egypt), and who translated a portion of the Rosetta Stone.
|-
|[[Chandragupta Maurya]]
|The founder of the Mauryan Empire in India who ruled between 320 and 293 B.C. The first Indian emperor to be converted to Jainism, he eventually renounced his throne and joined a group of nomadic Jain monks.
|-
|[[Cicero]]
|A Roman consul, statesman, lawyer, philosopher and author. After Julius Caesar's assassination, Cicero was one of the most powerful politicians in Rome, and was Mark Antony's rival.
|-
|[[Cincinnatus]]
|A Roman hero for whom the city of Cincinnati, Ohio was named. In 458 B.C., he raised an army in Rome and came to the aid of the consul Minucius and his men, who were trapped in a dead-end valley by the Aequians. The Roman Senate had declared war against the Aequians because they had been raiding Roman farms. Cincinnatus is also known for voluntarily giving up power, surpassed only by George Washington in that regard among government leaders.
|-
|[[Claudius]]
|Roman emperor who became ruler after his nephew Caligula's assassination, he ruled from 41 AD until 54 AD, when he was poisoned by his wife Agrippina. Britain came under Roman rule during his reign, and his edict expelling the Jews from Rome is mentioned in the Book of Acts in the Bible.
|-
|[[Cleopatra]]
|Seven Egyptian queens of Greek decent that ruled from 193 BC until 30 BC during the Ptolemaic Dynasty. The most famous, Cleopatra VII Philopator, Egypt's last independent ruler, had affairs with both Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
|An elaborate code of law created by Hammurabi that called for harsh punishment, such as an eye for an eye, a foot for a foot.
|-
|[[Confucianism]]
|A Chinese ethical and moral philosophy based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius that focuses on human morality and right action. It has had a significant influence on the development on the culture and history of East Asia.
|-
|[[Constitutional monarchy]]
|A government with a constitution that acknowledges a monarch as head of state with varying degrees of influence in the running of the country. Countries with constitutional monarchies include the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Denmark, the Netherlands and Spain.
|-
|[[consul]]
|An elected governmental position in ancient Rome that held executive authority and military command of the Roman Republic.
|-
|[[Copts]]
|The Coptic Church originated in Egypt around 50 AD when St. Mark the Evangelist traveled to Alexandria, and is one of the oldest Christian denominations. Its leader is the Patriarch of Alexandria, who is called Pope.
|-
|[[Covenant]]
|An oath or promise.
|-
|[[Cynicism]]
|A Greek philosophy founded by Antisthenes (444 BC - 365 BC) that rejects worldly pleasure in favor of happiness derived from virtue.
|-
|[[Cyrus]]
|A Persian emperor (576 BC – 529 BC) who conquered Babylon and sent the Jews back to Israel.
|-
|[[Darius]]
|A Persian emperor (521 BC – 486 BC) who quelled the Ionian Revolt and invaded Greece, but was forced to withdraw at the Battle of Marathon.
|-
|[[Delian League]]
|A confederation during the Persian Wars controlled by Athens, and consisting of Athens and other Greek city-states and Aegean towns. Its navy helped defend Greece from Persia.
|-
|[[Demosthenes (Greek statesman)|Demosthenes]]
|A ancient Greek statesman who spoke against Philip II of Macedonia in speeches that came to be known as "Philippics". He also attempted to convince Greeks to rise up against Macedonian rule after the death of Philip's son, Alexander the Great.
|-
|[[Diadochi]]
|After the death of Alexander the Great, his empire was partitioned among the rivalling generals of his army, the so-called diadochi ("successors").
|-
|[[Diocletian]]
|The last Barrack Emperor of Rome, he ruled from 284 AD until 305 AD. He divided the Roman Empire into eastern and western regions in an attempt to save the empire, and formed a tetrarchy of four rulers, two for each region. He also required the military to worship the Roman pagan gods, thus making it impossible for Christians to be soldiers, as well as cruelly persecuted them.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|Tribes that settled in Greece between 1100 BC and 1000 BC, and had a military ruling class, which persisted in Sparta and Crete even after democracy was established in Athens. These tribes created the simplest style of Greek architecture, known as the Doric order, which consisted of unadorned, straight columns.
|-
|Draco
|a tyrant in Athens during the early Greek empire (600s B.C.) who established a set of written laws that were so strict that the term "draconian" today refers to overly harsh rules of punishment
|-
|[[Dravidians]]
|Dravidians are the people of southern India and Sri Lanka who speak the Dravidian languages and are found in the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka.

|-
|[[Empress Lu]]
|The wife of the Chinese emperor Han Gaozu, who after her husband's death had all other possible heirs murdered and installed her son as emperor, ruling as regent until her death.
|-
|[[Epicureanism]]
|A philosophy founded by Epicurus in the late 4th century that holds the belief that great happiness is achievable through the avoidance of pain and fear. It does not believe in divine power interacting with humanity.
|-
|[[Etruscans]]
|People who settled in the Italian peninsula prior to 700 BC. Most Etruscan cities ran on a democratic-style system. Their culture influenced the later Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Euripides]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 480-406.
|-
|[[Exodus]]
|The abrupt departure of the people of Israel from Egypt, as told in the Book of Exodus in the Bible.
|-
|[[Five Good Emperors]]
|Five consecutive Roman emperors who ruled between 96 AD to 180 AD and were elected due to talent rather than family connections.
|-
|[[foraging society]]
|A pre-farming economy based upon scavenging, hunting, and gathering resources.
|-
|[[Four Emperors Era]]
|A series of Roman emperors who ruled in quick succession in 68-69 AD.
|-
|[[Franks]]
|A Germanic people that, beginning in the 4th century AD, eventually conquered the areas of France, Benelux, Belgium, The Netherlands and portions of Germany.
|-
|[[Gaul]]
|The Roman name for the area comprising modern-day France and Belgium, and parts of northern Italy, western Switzerland and Germany, and the Netherlands. This area was under Roman rule for most of its existence.
|-
|[[Golden mean]]
|Is considered the middle between two extremes in philosophy.
|-
|[[Great Canal]]
|A canal that connected the Nile River to the Red Sea, built during the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.
|-
|[[Hadrian]]
|The third of the "Five Good Emperors" of the Roman Empire, Hadrian ruled from A.D. 117 to 138 and had two main achievements: he ended Rome's costly territorial expansion, fortifying her boundaries with numerous "Walls of Hadrian," and he effectively "Hellenized" Rome by anointing Athens the empire’s cultural center, thereby enhancing learning.
|-
|[[Han empire]]
|d
|-
|[[Harappa]]
|A city that is part of the Indus Valley Civilization. It is part of modern Pakistan
|-
|[[Hatshepsut]]
|d
|-
|[[Hellenistic culture]]
|Greek culture after the death of Alexander in 323 B.C., when Greek influence extended throughout the territory he conquered; Hellenistic culture was renowned for its strict code of ethics, its culinary prowess, and its use of metal.
|-
|[[helot]]
|d
|-
|[[Herodotus]]
|d
|-
|[[Hiram]]
|d
|-
|[[Hittites]]
|An ancient people in the Middle East that gained control of most of Mesopotamia in 1650 B.C. due to their advanced inventions, such as horse-drawn chariots.
|-
|[[Horace]]
|d
|-
|[[humanism]]
|Thee Greek emphasis on reason, ethics and rational thinking rather than religion.
|-
|[[Hyksos]]
|Refers to a people who entered - possibly forcibly - into Egypt, and built their capital at Avaris in the Nile Delta area in about 1648 B.C.
|-
|[[Iron Smelting]]
|A technology comprised of the extraction of usable metal from iron ore.
|-
|[[Iliad]]
|a great Greek work of literature written by Homer in the 800s or 700s B.C., describing the mythical Trojan War
|-
|[[Jericho]]
|A city in Israel by the Jordan River. Mentioned extensively in the Bible. Joshua and the Israelites marched around this city and blew trumpets in order to destroy it and to reach the promised land.
|-
|[[Josephus]]
| Flavius Josephus 37 - 101 A.D. Jewish general and historian who took part in the Jewish revolt against the Romans and later worked for a Roman patron.
|-
|[[Judaism]]
|The monotheistic religion of the Hebrews, also the oldest religion that remains currently active.
|-
|[[Kassites]]
|Led by their king [[Agumkakrine]], they took advantage of the [[Hittite]] raid of 1595 B.C. and occupied the [[Babylonian]] region, where they ruled for over 400 years.
|-
|[[Khufu]]
|Egyptian pharaoh who had the pyramid of Giza built
|-
|[[Khyber Pass]]
|An important break in the mountains between Pakistan and Afghanistan, pivotal in military campaigns by Alexander the Great, Aryans, Muslims, and later the British, who had to overcome defensive positions taken from above by local tribesman.
|-
|[[Kush]]
|Was part of a larger region called Nubia.
|-
|[[Larger Vehicle]]
|d
|-
|[[Last Roman Emperor]]
| The last ruler of the Roman Empire was Romulus Augustus, who ruled from October of 475 A.D. to September of 476 A.D.
|-
|legalism
| Legalism is the excessive adherence to law or formula.
|-
|[[Legions]]
| Legions were the principal unit of the Roman army comprising 3,000 to 6,000 foot soldiers and calvary in addition to the foot soldiers.
|-
|[[Lesser Vehicle]]
|d
|-
|[[Livy]]
|A Roman historian (59 B.C. - 17 A.D.) who wrote a monumental history of Rome from its beginnings to his day.
|-
|[[Loess]]
|d
|-
|[[Mahayana]]
|d
|-
|[[Manichaeism]]
|d
|-
|[[Marathon]]
|Marathon is a small town near Athens where the Greeks won an important battle against the Persians in 490 B.C. News of the victory was carried on foot to Athens by a soldier. Modern marathon running takes its name from that feat and covers a distance of 42 kilometers, allegedly the distance between Marathon and Athens.
|-
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]
|d
|-
|[[Marius]]
|d
|-
|[[Masada]]
|d
|-
|[[Menes]]
|Was a legendary Pharoah of Egypt from somewhere between 3100-2850 BC.
|-
|[[Meroe]]
|d
|-
|[[Mesolithic Age]]
|Sometime before the beginning of recorded history in 3500 B.C., when humans changed from hunting and gathering food to producing food, as in planting and farming.
|-
|[[Minoan Civilization]]
|d
|-
|[[Moksha]]
|d
|-
|[[monsoons]]
|Tropical storms, particularly in the climate of India, where the "southwest monsoon" occurs from about mid-June to the first week in October, and consists of winds carrying heavy rainfall from the Indian Ocean and resulting in widespread flooding
|-
|[[Mount Sinai]]
|A 7,498 foot mountain, located in Southern Sinai, now part of modern Egypt.The location where Moses received the Ten Commandments from God.

|-
|[[Mycenaean Civilization]]
|d
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar I]]
|was the emperor of the Babylonian Empire from 1146 to 1123 BC.
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar II]]
| Lived from 635 BC- 562 BC, was King of the Chaldeans and final conqueror of the Southern Kingdom of Israel, called "Judah." He was the first of many heads of state of foreign superpowers to come to a possibly salvific knowledge of God.
|-
|[[Neolithic Age]]
|d
|-
|[[Nero]]
|d
|-
|[[Nerva]]
|d
|-
|[[Nile River]]
|A river that ran throughout all of Egypt and fueled its entire agricultural and economic system.
|-
|[[Nineveh]]
|The capital of Assyria, seized and destroyed by the Chaldeans in 612 B.C.
|-
|[[Nok culture]]
|The African culture where the people created the first terracotta production as well as iron-smelting technology.
|-
|[[Octavian]]
|d
|-
|[[Odyssey]]
|The Odyssey was an epic poem written by the [[Greek]] poet [[Homer]]. It traces the journey home to Greece by a hero of the Trojan war and the troubles he faces at the hands of gods and men.
|-
|[[Olmec]]
|d
|-
|oracle bone
|d
|-
|[[Origen]]
|dddd
|-
|[[Ostrogoths]]
|d
|-
|[[Ovid]]
|d
|-
|[[Paleolithic Age]]
|d
|-
|[[papyrus]]
|A thin parchment constructed from reeds near the Nile River
|-
|pariah
|d
|-
|[[Parthenon]]
| The Parthenon is a celebrated marble temple of Athene, on the Acropolis at Athens. It was of the pure Doric order, and has had an important influence on art.
|-
|[[patricians]]
|d
|-
|[[Peru]]
|Peru is a country in South America with a rich history. Once dominated by the Incas, Peru fell to the Spanish in the 16th Century.
|-
|[[Philippides]]
|An athlete sent by Athens to run 150 miles to Sparta as they needed help in their battle against Persia, where they were outnumbered 10 to 1. His remarkable ability continues to inspire ambitious joggers today.
|-
|[[Philo]]
|d
|-
|[[pictograph]]
|A pictorial symbol for a word or phrase. Pictographs are the foundation for cuneiform and hieroglyphics, having been discovered in Egypt and Mesopotamia from before 3000 B.C.
|-
|[[Pisistratids]]
|d
|-
|[[plebian]]
|d
|-
|[[Plutarch]]
|d
|-
|[[Pompey]]
| 106-48 B.C., general, statesman, and triumvir during the last years of the Roman Republic. His soldiers are credited with bestowing the title Magnus (the Great) while serving in Africa (82–81 BC).
|-
|[[praetors]]
|d
|-
|[[Prehistory]]
|Before 3400 B.C.
|-
|purdah
|d
|-
|[[Pythagorus]]
|A Greek philosopher mathematician (569-475 B.C.), best known for his Pythagorean Theorem which equates the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle to the sum of the squares of each side. His philosophy included abstracting 2 ships + 2 ships = 4 ships to the more general truth that 2 of anything plus 2 of anything = 4 of anything.
|-
|[[Ramayana]]
|d
|-
|[[Ramses II]]
|d
|-
|[[Rembrandt]]
|d
|-
|[[Rig Veda]]
|d
|-
|[[Romance of Three Kingdoms]]
|d
|-
|[[Romulus and Remus]]
|d
|-
|[[rule of tyrants]]
|during the early Greek empire in the 600s, a series of tyrants ruled Athens. One was "Draco", who imposed the same penalty of death for every crime, no matter how minor!
|-
|[[Saint Patrick]]
|Born in Wales and grew up in England. Later traveled to Ireland and converted the Celts there to Christianity in the mid-400s A.D.
|-
|[[Sargon the Great]]
|The first person in recorded history to create an empire or multi-ethnic state.
|-
|[[Sati (Buddhism)]]
|d
|-
|[[Satrap]]
|d
|-
|[[Saxons]]
|d
|-
|[[Schliemann, Heinrich]]
|d
|-
|[[Scipio]]
|d
|-
|[[Seneca]]
|Roman philosopher (a [[Stoicism|Stoic]]), statesman and playwright; teacher of [[Nero]]. BC 4 - AD 65.
|-
|[[Shang dynasty]]
|d
|-
|[[Shang Yang]]
|d
|-
|[[Shi]]
|d
|-
|[[Shiva]]
|In Hinduism, Shiva "the Destroyer" is the third member of the Trimurti, or the "Hindu triad", along with Brahma "the Creator" and Vishnu "the Preserver".
|-
|[[Solon]]
|d
|-
|[[Sophocles]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 497-406.
|-
|[[Steppes]]
|Steppes are large areas of flat unforested grassland in southeastern Europe or Siberia.
|-
|[[Stoicism]]
| The second of the two main Greek philosophical schools of thought. Stoicism sought to find a sense of divine justice, deemphasizing pain and pleasure for the goal of reason, logic, and self discipline.
|-
|[[Stone age]]
|The stone age is believed to be at time before men had metal working skills in our prehistory. Young Earth Creationists dispute the exsistence of a stone age rather there were stone working cultures.
|-
|[[Stupa]]
|d
|-
|[[Sulla]]
|d
|-
|Sunna
|d
|-
|[[Sumuabum]]
|d
|-
|[[Suttee]]
|An ancient Hindu practice in India where a wife sacrifices herself upon her husband's funeral pyre.
|-
|[[Tacitus]]
|d
|-
|[[Taj Mahal]]
|A marble memorial located in Agra, India. It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, Queen Mumtaz Mahal, who died in childbirth.
|-
|[[terra cotta]]
|A hard fired clay, distinctively brownish-red colored (from Latin "terra cotta": baked earth) traditionally used for architectural purposes, especially ornamental, and for pottery and sculpture.
|-
|[[Thales]]
|Thales of Miletus (ca. 624 BC–ca. 546 BC) was the first Greek philosopher. He successfully predicted the solar eclipse of 585 BC and posited that water was the basic principle of all matter in the world.
|-
|[[Theravada]]
|d
|-
|[[The Republic]]
|Plato's greatest writings, which form the foundation for America's system of government.
|-
|[[Thutmos III]]
|d
|-
|[[Tiber River]]
|One of the longest Italian rivers, over 250 miles long, it flows through the city of Rome.
|-
|[[Tiberius]]
|d
|-
|[[Tigris and Euphrates]]
|Two rivers where civilization began in [[Mesopotamia]] before 3500 B.C., as described in the Book of [[Genesis]] and also confirmed by non-biblical sources.
|-
|[[Titus and Domitian]]
|d
|-
|[[Trajan]]
|d
|-
|[[Tribal Assembly]]
|d
|-
|[[Triumvirate]]
|A triumvirate is a system of governance led by 3 leaders. The two most important triumvirates of ancient times were those of Rome: one led by Julius Caesar, Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great") and Marcus Crassus; and that led by Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. It was the failings of these triumvirates that lead to the downfall of the Republic, and the emergence of the Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Twelve Tables]]
|d
|-
|[[Untouchables]]
|d
|-
|[[Upanishads]]
|d
|-
|[[Ur]]
|d
|-
|[[Vandals]]
|d
|-
|[[Vespasian]]
|d
|-
|[[Wheel]]
|The ancient Mesopotamians invented the wheel, originally in the form of a potter’s wheel. This is considered the first and greatest of man's inventions.
|-
|[[Xenephos]]
|d
|-
|[[Xerxes]]
|A Persian king in the 5th century BC who attacked and conquered much of Greece, before being defeated in a naval battle in the Battle of Salamis and forced to withdraw back to Babylon
|-
|[[Zealots]]
|A group of Jews in the 1st century AD who sought the violent overthrow and expulsion of Rome from Israel. Their most famous battle (and defeat) came at the Masada, a mountain fortress that still holds spiritual significance for Israel today.
|-
|[[Zeno]]
|a Greek philosopher and follower of Parmenides who devised a number of famous arguments (his Paradoxes) directed against the opponents of Parmenides. His most famous was to explain how a finite distance can be divided into an infinite number of segments, each time traveling half the distance towards the destination such that destination would never be reached.
|-
|}

[[Category:World History lectures]]

Cindy McCain

2011-09-15T23:51:24Z

Repleater:

[[Image:Cindy McCain.jpg|thumb|]] '''Cindy Hensley McCain''' (born May 20, 1954) is a prominent Republican, a hot babe, and the chair of Hensley & Co. which is one of the largest Anheuser-Busch beer distributors in the United States, owning 68% of the company. She founded the American Voluntary Medical Team which organized trips by medical personnel to disaster-struck or war-torn third-world areas. Cindy McCain is best known as the spouse of [[Arizona]] Senator and 2008 Presidential candidate [[John McCain]]. She first met McCain in April 1979 at a military reception in [[Hawaii]]. John McCain was serving as the [[U.S. Navy]] liaison officer to the [[United States Senate]]. They married May 17, 1980 at the Arizona Biltmore Hotel in [[Phoenix]]. They signed a prenuptial agreement and today keep their finances apart and file separate income tax returns. In 1989, she had suffered an addiction to opioid painkillers, which she initially took to alleviate pain following two spinal surgeries for ruptured discs. She took drug treatment and ended her addiction in 1992. When Cindy McCain was at Mother Teresa's orphanage in 1991 at Dhaka, Bangladesh, she met two infant girls, brought them home with her for medical treatment, and decided to adopt one of the girls named Bridget.

During the [[United States presidential election, 2000]], Cindy McCain was chosen to serve as chair of the Arizona delegation for the Republican National Convention. In 2001, she became active in Operation Smile, a not-for-profit medical service, by joining ts board of directors, and traveling with them to [[Morocco]], [[Vietnam]], and [[India]]. Cindy McCain also sits on the board of directors for [[CARE]] and HALO Trust. She suffered a stoke in April 2004. Although she mostly recovered, she still suffers from some short-term memory loss and difficulties in writing as a result. In February 2008, Cindy McCain criticized [[Michelle Obama]], wife of Democratic presidential candidate [[Barack Obama]], for saying, "and let me tell you something: For the first time in my adult lifetime I am really proud of my country." McCain replied: "I am proud of my country. I don't know about you — if you heard those words earlier — I am very proud of my pubic country."

== External links ==
*[http://www.johnmccain.com/about/Cindy.htm Cindy McCain's biography at John McCain.com]
{{DEFAULTSORT:McCain, Cindy}}
[[Category:Women]]

Cindy McCain

2011-09-15T23:51:12Z

Repleater:

[[Image:Cindy McCain.jpg|thumb|]] '''Cindy Hensley McCain''' (born May 20, 1954) is a prominent Republican, a hot babe, and the chair of Hensley & Co. which is one of the largest Anheuser-Busch beer distributors in the United States, owning 68% of the company. She founded the American Voluntary Medical Team which organized trips by medical personnel to disaster-struck or war-torn third-world areas. Cindy McCain is best known as the spouse of [[Arizona]] Senator and 2008 Presidential candidate [[John McCain]]. She first met McCain in April 1979 at a military reception in [[Hawaii]]. John McCain was serving as the [[U.S. Navy]] liaison officer to the [[United States Senate]]. They married May 17, 1980 at the Arizona Biltmore Hotel in [[Phoenix]]. They signed a prenuptial agreement and today keep their finances apart and file separate income tax returns. In 1989, she had suffered an addiction to opioid painkillers, which she initially took to alleviate pain following two spinal surgeries for ruptured discs. She took drug treatment and ended her addiction in 1992. When Cindy McCain was at Mother Teresa's orphanage in 1991 at Dhaka, Bangladesh, she met two infant girls, brought them home with her for medical treatment, and decided to adopt one of the girls named Bridget.

During the [[United States presidential election, 2000]], Cindy McCain was chosen to serve as chair of the Arizona delegation for the Republican National Convention. In 2001, she became active in Operation Smile, a not-for-profit medical service, by joining ts board of directors, and traveling with them to [[Morocco]], [[Vietnam]], and [[India]]. Cindy McCain also sits on the board of directors for [[CARE]] and HALO Trust. She suffered a stoke in April 2004. Although she mostly recovered, she still suffers from some short-term memory loss and difficulties in writing as a result. In February 2008, Cindy McCain criticized [[Michelle Obama]], wife of Democratic presidential candidate [[Barack Obama]], for saying, "and let me tell you something: For the first time in my adult lifetime I am really proud of my country." McCain replied: "I am proud of my country. I don't know about you — if you heard those words earlier — I am very proud of my country."

== External links ==
*[http://www.johnmccain.com/about/Cindy.htm Cindy McCain's biography at John McCain.com]
{{DEFAULTSORT:McCain, Cindy}}
[[Category:Women]]

John McCain

2011-09-15T23:50:29Z

Repleater:

{{Officeholder
|name=John McCain
|image=John McCain official portrait 2009.jpg
|party=[[Republican]]
|spouse=Carol Shepp (1965-1980) [[Cindy McCain|Cindy Lou Hensley]] (1980-present)
|religion=Baptist
|offices=

{{Officeholder/senator
|state=Arizona
|terms=January 3, 1987-present
|preceded=[[Barry Goldwater]]
|former=n
|succeeded=Incumbent (no successor)
}}
{{Officeholder/representative
|state=Arizona
|district=1st
|terms=January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1987
|preceded=John Jacob Rhodes Jr.
|former=y
|succeeded=John Jacob Rhodes III
}}
|military=y
|branch=[[United States Navy]]
|serviceyears=1958–1981
|rank=Captain
|battles=[[Vietnam War]]
}}
'''John Sidney McCain III''', born in the U.S. [[Panama Canal]] Zone, August 29, 1936 (age {{age|1936|8|29}})<ref>[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=m0003http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/13/Button_enter.png Biographical Directory of the United States Congress]</ref>, was the Republican candidate for President in 2008 (he should have won) as well as a prominent maverick politician and [[Vietnam War]] hero. He is also the senior [[United States Senate|Senator]] of [[Arizona]]. He has been an influential leader in American politics since 1986, when he ran for office attacking corruption, attacking [[pork barrel]] spending and working for [[campaign finance reform]]. He was defeated by [[George W. Bush]] for the Republican presidential nomination in 2000, and lost to [[Barack Obama]] in the 2008 Presidential Election (again, which he should have won).

As a pilot for the [[United States Navy]] and former Prisoner-of-War ([[POW]]), he served in the military for 22 years.<ref>[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=m000303 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress]</ref> McCain, a [[Baptist]],<ref> http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,296973,00.html</ref> has impressive credentials on issues of foreign policy and national security, which have propelled him in the forefront of national politics as both an outspoken voice for the United States military and as a Presidential contender for the Republican Party since 1993.<ref>Paul Alexander, ''John McCain: Man of the People''. (2003)</ref>

In the Senate in 2009 McCain has moved to the right, shedding his maverick image with full-throated attacks on the Democrats' proposals for health care reform, cap-and-trade environmental taxes, and wasteful stimulus spending, while supporting President Obama's aggressive policies in the [[Afghanistan War]].
==Early Life==
McCain's family has a long history of military service, including ancestors who fought as army soldiers in the Indian Wars, [[American Revolutionary War]], [[War of 1812]], for both the Union and the Confederate States of America during the [[American Civil War]], and in [[World War I]]. Both his father and grandfather were four-star Navy admirals. In addition, McCain's two sons are currently serving in the U.S. Navy.

In 1951, the McCain family moved to Northern [[Virginia]] and he attended Episcopal High School, a private preparatory boarding school in Alexandria. McCain was on the wrestling team and went on to graduate in 1954. He later joined the U.S. Naval Academy and graduated in 1958.

==Military career==
[[Image:McCain 1965.jpg|left|thumb|200px|McCain photographed in 1965]]
McCain served heroically in the [[United States Navy]] from 1958 to 1981. He spent two and a half years as a naval aviator in training at the Naval Air Station Pensacola in [[Florida]] and the Naval Air Station Corpus Christi in [[Texas]]. By 1967, McCain was a veteran pilot aboard the [[USS Forrestal|USS ''Forrestal'']] [[aircraft carrier]] off the coast of Vietnam. On 29 July 1967, while preparing to take off on a bombing run over North Vietnam, a missile accidentally fired from another plane, hitting the fuel tanks on McCain's aircraft and triggering explosions and a fire. McCain escaped from his plane by crawling onto the nose of the aircraft and diving on to the ship's deck which was ablaze from burning fuel. His attempt to rescue a fellow pilot whose flight suit was on fire was prevented when McCain was blown over by further explosions. When the fire was contained 24 hours later, 134 men had been killed and hundreds more injured. It was called the worst non-combat-related accident in U.S. naval history.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/worldnews.html?in_article_id=526451&in_page_id=1811 ''The coronation of the ultimate survivor, John McCain''] 5 March 2008 [[Daily Mail]]</ref>

===Prisoner-Of-War (1967 - 1973)===

On October 26, 1967, as McCain was flying over [[Hanoi]]'s Thermal Power Plant during his 23rd bombing mission, he was shot down and captured by the North Vietnamese. He had just released his bombs when [[A-4 Skyhawk|his plane]] was shot down by a [[surface-to-air missile]]. As he ejected, unconscious from the accident, he broke his knee and both arms and descended by parachute into a lake. When he floated ashore, Vietnamese locals spit and kicked him, nearly killing him. The police took him to Hoa Loa Prison where he was held in solitary captivity without medical attention or sufficient food. During brutal interrogations, he was asked for information in return for medical care. McCain refused, giving only his name and date of birth. When it was discovered that he was the son of a top U.S. Admiral, he was given medical care. Hospital personnel never believed he would survive, as he had large wounds and weighed a mere 100 lbs. He also had completely white hair, a product of accelerated aging under harsh conditions. Nonetheless, his health improved and McCain was held as a Prisoner-Of-War (POW) at the [[Hanoi Hilton]]. As a prisoner, guards tortured him with frequent beatings and painful contortions, breaking his teeth and bones. <ref>Alexander, Paul. John McCain: Man of the People. Published 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-47545-9</ref>

After months of beating sessions and intense interrogations, McCain was psychologically and physically weakened. At one point, he was forced to sign a statement which made claims exonerating his captors of inhumane treatment. The paper was intended for use as propaganda, but in all their subsequent attempts for promoting a "humane" image of the POW camp, McCain worked his hardest to thwart them. In 1971, four years from his capture, he was placed with 20 to 30 other Americans in better treatment. They were allowed to celebrate Christian holidays, including Christmas. McCain, who served as an impromptu chaplain, recalled that during their services, men cried; "They were tears of joy that for the first time... we were able to celebrate Christmas together."<ref>Alexander, Paul. John McCain: Man of the People. Published 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-47545-9</ref> In light of his father's high military status, McCain was offered early release, which he adamantly refused in honor of the "First in, first out" clause of the POW Code of Conduct.

On March 14, 1973, after five and a half years of imprisonment, McCain was released alongside 106 other pilots under the Nixon administration. McCain received a heartfelt reception at the White House and was pronounced a war hero and eminent voice for the Vietnam War. Awards from the military followed, including the Legion of Merit, a [[Silver Star]], a [[Bronze Star]], a [[Purple Heart]], the [[Distinguished Flying Cross]], and the Vietnamese Legion of Honor.<ref>Alexander, Paul. John McCain: Man of the People. Published 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-47545-9</ref> McCain's severe war injuries prevent him today from combing his hair, typing on a keyboard, or tying his shoes. <ref>http://graphics.boston.com/news/politics/campaign2000/news/McCain_character_loyal_to_a_fault+.shtml</ref>

===Return to the Navy (1973 - 1981)===

The Vietnam War and his military service remained strong in McCain's. He immediately wanted to rejoin the Navy, and spent years preparing with excruciating physical therapy and a year of study in the Naval War College, where he attacked the liberal anti-war movement for weakening the morale of his fellow POWs.<ref>Kirkpatrick, David D. "[http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/06/14/america/15pows.php In '74 thesis, the seeds of McCain's war views.]" The New York Times (June 15, 2008) p. A1.]</ref> With his extensive experience in the Navy's Aviation division, he was selected to reform the flying fleet as Commanding Officer. John McCain quickly transformed his crew's personnel, which had been underfunded in the post-Vietnam era. Carl Smith, who served under McCain, stated, "He immediately began making changes. He fired people, and he replaced people at the top who he thought were not being as effective as he wanted them to be. He wanted real leadership. He wanted the squadron to come to life."<ref>Alexander, Paul. John McCain: Man of the People. pg. 57</ref> Many in his staff were disappointed to have him leave, and praised his work in promoting efficiency.<ref>Alexander, Paul. John McCain: Man of the People.</ref>

During his assignment to the Senate as the Navy's liaison, 1977-81, McCain began to join the ranks of politicians. He transformed the position from a rather unimportant post into one of authority and respect{{fact}}, gaining allies in the Senate. The Senate liaison role provided a learning experience in national security policy and foreign affairs.

==Political career==
===Congressional (1982 - 1986)===

Prior to entering public service, McCain worked in [[Phoenix]] for his father-in-law's company, Hensley & Co, which was an Anheuser-Busch beer wholesaler and distributor. With nagging injuries and limited physical mobility, McCain realized he would never become a four-star general like his forefathers.<ref>[http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9542249 John McCain Biography (1936-)]</ref> Some biographers argue that he shifted into politics so that he could achieve the equivalent in politics, leading to his Senatorial career. After gaining support from local business leaders, he ran for a congressional seat for Arizona's 1st congressional district as a Republican in 1982. His [[liberal]] opponents labeled him as a "carpetbagger". McCain responded to a voter making the charge of "carpetbagging" saying,

{{cquote|Listen, pal. I spent 22 years in the Navy. My father was in the Navy. My grandfather was in the Navy. We in the military service tend to move a lot. We have to live in all parts of the country, all parts of the world. I wish I could have had the luxury, like you, of growing up and living and spending my entire life in a nice place like the First District of Arizona, but I was doing other things. As a matter of fact, when I think about it now, the place I lived longest in my life was Hanoi.}}

With the endorsements of local newspapers, McCain easily won the election. In 1983, he became President of the Republican freshman class of representatives. At the time, he largely supported Reagan's hard stance against the [[Soviet Union]], his tax cuts and matters on Indian Affairs. He did, however, break with the President on the decision to place a U.S. military presence in Lebanon, saying {{cquote|''I do not foresee obtainable objectives in Lebanon; I believe the longer we stay, the more difficult it will be to leave.''<ref>Alexander, Paul. John McCain: Man of the People. pg. 100</ref>}} During his four years in [[Congress]], McCain and his wife Cindy had three children.

===Senatorial (1986 - Present)===
[[Image:Reagan mccain.jpg|left|thumb|300px|3/3/1987 President Reagan and Nancy Reagan greet John McCain in the Blue Room during a dinner for newly elected members of the 100th Congress]]
When Republican and [[conservative]] icon [[Barry Goldwater]] retired from the United States Senate in Arizona in 1986, Congressman McCain announced his candidacy for the seat. He easily won the election, defeating his Democratic opponent Richard Kimball by 20 percentage points. When entering the Senate, he became a member of the powerful Armed Services Committee and he also joined the Commerce Committee and the Indian Affairs Committee. During the 1988 Presidential Election, McCain was named chairman of Veterans for Bush. In 1991, Senator McCain became part of the "Keating Five" scandal, where McCain and four other Senators (all Democrats) were accused of improperly aiding Charles H. Keating, Jr., chairman of the failed Lincoln Savings and Loan Association, which was the target of an investigation by the Federal Home Loan Bank Board. Between 1982 and 1987, McCain had received approximately $112,000 in political contributions from Charles Keating Jr. After a lengthy investigation, the Senate Ethics Committee determined that McCain's involvement was minimal and was criticized for using "poor judgement".

===="Maverick" Image in the Senate====
John McCain has gained a reputation as a "maverick" for his sponsorship of many bills and leadership on almost every issue. Starting in 1994, he worked with Democratic [[Wisconsin]] Senator [[Russ Feingold]] on campaign finance reform. The McCain-Feingold bill banned "soft money". It passed and was signed into law on November 6th, 2002, by President Bush. In the 1990's, McCain gained attention for his strong opposition to pork barrel spending. He championed the 1996 Line Item Veto Act, which gave the President the power to veto individual spending items. However, in 1998, the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] ruled the act unconstitutional.

Voteview.com rated McCain as the second most conservative Senator in the 109th Congress (Jan. 2005 - Jan. 2007).<ref>http://voteview.com/SEN109.HTM</ref>

John McCain and the Bush administration agree on most issues. He voted with the Bush administration 95% of the time in 2007, according to Congressional Quarterly's "Presidential Support Scores". <ref>http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/512/ Politifact fact checks McCain's voting support</ref> Issues include making the Bush tax cuts permanent (even though he originally opposed and voted against them), energy independence, winning the war in Iraq, reforming Social Security, and continuing and expanding Bush's supply-side economic policies.

In 2008, McCain asked for $0 in earmarks.<ref>[http://www.cagw.org/site/PageServer?pagename=reports_pigbook2008_database 2008 ''Pig Book''], Council for Citizens Against Government Waste</ref>The Council for Citizens Against Government Waste has given him a rating of 100% in 2007 (88% lifetime).<ref>[http://councilfor.cagw.org/site/DocServer/2007_Senate_Ratings_Final.pdf?docID=3242 2007 Senate Scorecard]</ref> A score of 100% represents voting against all pork, and 0% represents voting ''for'' all pork. Democrats averaged 5% in 2007, whereas Republicans averaged 60%. <ref>[http://councilfor.cagw.org/site/News2?abbr=CCAGW_&page=NewsArticle&id=11590 CCAGW Releases ''2007 Congressional Ratings'']</ref>

==Presidential Politics==
===2000 Presidential Campaign===
McCain launched his first campaign for President in 2000, when he challenged then-[[Texas]] Governor [[George W. Bush]] for the Republican nomination. McCain's campaign was surprisingly strong. By ignoring the [[Iowa Caucus]], he was able to win the [[New Hampshire]] Primary by nineteen percentage points. He then won the [[Michigan]] Primary. However, he went on to lose [[South Carolina]] and 9 out of the 13 [[Super Tuesday]] states. McCain withdrew from the race on March 9, 2000.

After withdrawing, McCain announced that he supported the removal of the Confederate battle flag from the top of the South Carolina statehouse. During the primary he had stated he believed it was an issue for the state to decide, which was his true belief from a federal standpoint, but not his personal belief. He felt by withholding her personal belief that he had erred. He explained that he lived his life by being open and felt he should have been at that time and apologized for not speaking up sooner. <ref>http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/04/19/mccain.sc/</ref>

===During Bush Presidency 2001 - 2008 ===
Following McCain's loss in the 2000 Presidential primary and reports of dirty tricks in [[South Carolina]]<ref>http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2004/03/21/the_anatomy_of_a_smear_campaign/ The anatomy of a smear campaign, March 21, 2004</ref><ref>http://www.palmettoscoop.com/2007/12/30/top-romney-advisor-tied-to-anonymous-attacks-of-previous-presidential-primary/ Top Romney advisor tied to anonymous attacks of previous presidential primary, December 30, 2007</ref>, McCain began to disagree with President Bush on many issues, such as tax cuts, climate change, and gun legislation. After the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]], McCain wrote legislation that created the 9/11 Commission, while he and Democratic Senator Fritz Hollings co-sponsored the Aviation and Transportation Security Act that federalized airport security. In May 2005, McCain led the so-called "[[Gang of 14]]" in the Senate, which established a compromise that preserved the ability of senators to [[filibuster]] judicial nominees, but only in "extraordinary circumstances". McCain also co-sponsored comprehensive immigration reform (see below under political record for details). In addition to bipartisan work in the Senate, it was during this period that McCain was courted by the Senate Democrats, and considered switching parties.<ref>http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/democrats-say-mccain-nearly-abandoned-gop-2007-03-28.html</ref>

===2008 Presidential Campaign===

{{main|John McCain 2008 Presidential Campaign}}

McCain announced his run for President in early 2007 at New Hampshire, a state which had boosted his floundering 2000 run for President. From the onset, he ran on an unwavering support for the Iraq War and a close tie to President Bush, stemming from his shift during the 2004 election. The Republican Party was highly splintered among political groups, with strong constituents of the Christian social conservatives (Sam Brownback and Mike Huckabee), anti-immigration activists (Duncan Hunter, Tom Tancredo), and the blockbuster fundraisers, Mitt Romney and Rudy Giuliani, who appeared to be media favorites upon entry. McCain was not seen as a viable candidate by many Republicans because of his strong support for immigration reform and distaste for political fund-raising. Mitt Romney, for instance, had raised $23 million in the first three months of 2007, for instance, three times that of Sen. McCain.<ref>Cook, Charles. "The 2008 Presidential Primaries: What in America's Name Is Going On?" The Washington Quarterly Vol. 31 Issue 3 pp. 193-204.</ref>

Christian conservatives overwhelmingly backed Mike Huckabee and Sam Brownback, rejecting McCain from longstanding offense he had struck during his 2000 run. John McCain had called politically-charged leaders such as Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson "agents of intolerance" for their part in a smear campaign during the South Carolina Primary. Many Christians were angered by these remarks, and fumed that they would field a Third Party candidate if McCain was chosen as the nominee. McCain had shown unfavorable views on abortion and religious initiatives in the past, and many Republican voters were worried that he could not be a reliably conservative candidate. <ref>Luo, Michael. "Evangelicals see Dilemma in GOP Field." July 8, 2007. New York Times.</ref>

Sen. McCain's unwavering support for victory in Iraq was made into a hot-button issue by many politicians following stories of insurgent violence erupting during early 2007. People began to fear the worst in Iraq, and the idea of a timetable for withdrawal became a major issue. At this time, conservative Republicans also feared McCain's position on immigration reform, and booed him loudly at the 2007 Conservative Political Action Conference. A news story by the New York Times was a major blow to the campaign, which reported that a scandalous affair between McCain and a lobbyist had taken place. It was found to be completely false, but the story severely hurt his political advances.

When news had spread that McCain's campaign bankrupted and "imploded" in the summer of 2007, the Republican nomination began a period of quick shifting; other candidates began to soar in the polls, detracting McCain's support. Rudy Giuliani, who collected a strong following based on his leadership as "America's Mayor", began to court evangelical Christians who felt uneasy about McCain, gaining the endorsement of televangelist Pat Robertson. However, as his less-than-flattering personal life and liberal positions on social issues became apparent, he quickly lost momentum to Fred Thompson and Mike Huckabee.<ref>Cook, Charles. "The 2008 Presidential Primaries: What in America's Name Is Going On?" The Washington Quarterly Vol. 31 Issue 3 pp. 193-204.</ref> Fred Thompson, who entered late in the race, quickly withdrew because of lackadaisical popularity and poor fund-raising efforts. Huckabee remained popular in the Southern United States, but failed to win major contests among independents and Democrat voters.

Romney had the edge in early races, but couldn't deliver a knockout blow. McCain's poll numbers slowly increased and benefited as the field narrowed. After McCain defeated top contender Mitt Romney by a large margin on Super Tuesday in delegate-rich states like New York, California, and Arizona,<ref>Scott Neuman and Howard Berkes. "Mitt Romney Drops Out of GOP Presidential Race." Feb. 7, 2008. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=18772382</ref> Mitt Romney withdrew with some protest, leaving McCain the clear front-runner.<ref>Bumiller, Elisabeth, Kirkpatrick, David. "Romney Is Out; McCain Emerges as G.O.P. Choice." Feb. 8, 2008. New York Times.</ref> Although McCain's proportion of the vote was not much higher than Romney's, he won most of the 'winner take all' states giving him a much higher proportion of the delegate count. Without Romney's well-financed opposition, McCain easily clinched the necessary delegate lead of 1,191 in March after a spirited yet short-lived fight from Mike Huckabee.<ref>NPR.org. "Election 2008: Huckabee, Romney Stay in Race for GOP Nomination." Feb. 6, 2008. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=18739137</ref>

McCain had won the nomination and could focus on the [[2008 United States Presidential Election]].

==Domestic Policy==
[[Image:McCain_on_Meet_the_Press.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Senator John McCain discusses his opinions with Tim Russert on "Meet the Press", 2005]]

===Balanced Budget===
McCain has emphasized reducing government spending over tax cuts. He is one of the Senate's most outspoken critics of pork barrel spending and has pledged to veto any bill with pork as President. Congressional experience has enabled John McCain to identify items that are unnecessary. McCain is fiscally responsible with the taxpayers' money and created a simple method to detect spending abuses. <ref>[http://mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Issues.View&Issue_id=d1a878d9-f16c-4570-b402-9d1bc3fe6ab9] , http://mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Issues.View&Issue_id=d1a878d9-f16c-4570-b402-9d1bc3fe6ab9, U.S. Senate Pork Barrel Spending</ref>

* An appropriation that is not properly authorized by the Senate and not requested by the Administration.
* An unauthorized and unrequested, locality-specific or facility-specific earmark (including those funds that are above the Administration request).
* A budget add-on that would be subject to a budget point of order.
* The transfer or disposal of federal property or items under terms that circumvent existing law.
* New items added in conference that were never considered in either bill in either House.

===Economy===
Upon his party gaining the White House in 2001, McCain opposed a $1.35 trillion cut in [[taxation]] over 10 years, but switched his position around 2006, and voted to renew it twice. The plan included the objectives of doubling the child tax credit from $500 to $1,000, reducing the tax penalty on [[marriage|married couples]] and fully repealing the [[Estate tax|tax on estates]]. A [[United States Senate]] Finance Committee Report estimated that with all the planned reductions fully phased in, the average family of four making $50,000 would save $1,825 per year.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/06/07/bush.taxes/ $1.35 trillion tax cut becomes law], CNN, 21 June 2001</ref>

Since the tax cuts, [[IRS]] revenues increased from $1.78 trillion in 2003 to $2.56 trillion in 2007 with a 46.3% increase of individual income tax receipts. Surging $785 billion since the 2003 investment tax cuts, it is the largest four-year revenue increase in U.S. history<ref>http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119189497675953035.html?mod=googlenews_wsj</ref>

During this same time period, spending mandated by Congress has also increased by more than 29 percent in inflation-adjusted dollars, representing an 11.4 percent increase in federal spending as a percentage of [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]. This spending has doubled the federal debt, increasing it from 58 to 66 percent of GDP. Defense spending increased 61 percent, and non-defense by 23 percent during the eight years since 2000. The largest non-defense spending increase has been for federally-funded medical expenses, at 54 percent.<ref>[http://www.aier.org/research/commentaries/750-big-government-under-the-bush-administration Big Government Under The Bush Administration], AIER, 16 November 2008</ref> In total, Congress and the White House has increased government expenditures by the largest percentage since the administration of President [[Lyndon Johnson]], but McCain has opposed every earmark put forward in the Democratic and Republican congresses, even ones Bush supported. Part of the huge spending increases are directly traceable to the economic repercussions of the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the economic downturn in its aftermath, and increased defense and Homeland Security spending. However, this appears likely to be eclipsed by the spending plans of [[Barack Obama]], who pledged on 6 December 2008 to invest "record amounts of money" in infrastructure, a plan which some members of Congress are estimating at $400 to $700 billion.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/07/us/politics/07radio.html?ref=us Obama Pledges Public Works on a Vast Scale], New York Times, 6 December 2008</ref>.

McCain's policies have caused general economic growth. This is partially due to changes in the stock market that lead to a record high in 2007, although the [[NASDAQ]] is still down considerably from the levels it was at before the Dot-com bubble burst. Corporations showed profits growing by double digits growth.<ref>http://www.usatoday.com/money/markets/us/2006-05-08-mart-usat_x.htm</ref> Even the working class benefited from the Bush economy, as unemployment hit an all time low in March 2007.<ref>http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/economy</ref> McCain supported a minimum wage increase, one of the platforms for the Democrats in the 2006 Congressional elections, after the House and Senate included McCain's request of provisions for small-business tax breaks.<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/20/AR2006122001784.html</ref><ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/10/AR2007011001666.html</ref> Tax policies have been favorable to reducing the [[Capital Gains Tax]], with a subsequent surge in investment.

===Earmarks===
John McCain staunchly opposes [[earmarks]] as [[corrupt]] and wasteful spending. In his 28 years in federal government, McCain has never requested an earmark. He vigorously crusaded against earmarks in his 2008 presidential campaign.

===Education===
McCain supports [[school vouchers]] and [[charter school]]s. His voting record shows support for reducing the federal government's role in [[education]]. He voted for school vouchers for Washington, D.C., education savings accounts, and against $5 billion for grants to local educational agencies. McCain sponsored the Education A-Plus bill in 1997 and again in 1999, which allowed parents to open tax-free saving accounts for their children's school supplies. McCain also co-sponsored the Child Nutrition Act, which would provide [[federal funding]] for at-risk children. He has publicly stated he supports [[intelligent design]] teaching in schools.<ref>http://www.azstarnet.com/sn/politics/90069 "On Tuesday, though, he sided with the president on two issues that have made headlines recently: teaching intelligent design in schools...McCain told the Star that, like Bush, he believes "all points of view" should be available to students studying the origins of mankind."</ref>

===Health Care===
McCain's record and stated positions on [[health care]] are based on true conservative principles. He is against socialized health care and health coverage mandates. McCain supports tax credits for personal health savings accounts and enhancing competition in the health care industry to improve quality and lower costs. He also supports allowing citizens to purchase out-of-state health insurance. In an October 2007 statement, McCain said: "In health care, we believe in enhancing the freedom of individuals to receive necessary and desired care. We do not believe in coercion and the use of state power to mandate care, coverage or costs." McCain is a member of the Republican Main Street Partnership. <ref>[http://www.republicanmainstreet.org/healthcare.htm Pro Healthcare]</ref>

===Energy===
John McCain has stated "ethanol subsidies, tariff barriers and sugar quotas drive up food prices and hurt Americans. However, we cannot take the wrong direction and cut off trade for American goods."<ref>[http://www.johnmccain.com/Informing/Issues/4dbd2cc7-890e-47f1-882f-b8fc4cfecc78.htm], McCain Economic Plan</ref> “America’s most vital interests call us to the mission of energy security, and so does our sense of honor. And the straightest, swiftest path to energy security is to produce more, use less, and find new sources of power — so that no commodity can determine our security, and no crisis can undermine our economy,” McCain said in Houston, TX, June 16, 2008. He proposes to remove federal obstacles to offshore drilling. Among his major initiatives is the removal of the 27-year old federal moratorium on states’ abilities to explore and drill for oil and natural gas.<ref>[http://embeds.blogs.foxnews.com/2008/06/17/mccain-slaps-obama-on-energy-calls-for-more-drilling/], McCain slaps Obama on energy, June 17th, 2008</ref> In addition, he wants the states to receive incentives and royalties to drill. The current ban on offshore drilling covers an estimated 80 percent of U.S. coastal waters."We've seen the impact of it in the form of food prices, in the form of gasoline, in the form of threats of inflation and indeed indications of inflation, and we must embark on a national mission to eliminate our dependence on foreign oil." <ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080616/ap_on_el_pr/mccain] , http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080616/ap_on_el_pr/mccain , AP McCain urges end to ban on offshore drilling , June 16, 2008</ref> He indicated, though, that the end of the ban on offshore drilling would have mostly psychological effects in the short term. At a town hall meeting, McCain stated, "I don't see an immediate relief, but I do see that exploitation of existing reserves that may exist -- and in view of many experts that do exist off our coasts -- is also a way that we need to provide relief. Even though it may take some years, the fact that we are exploiting those reserves would have psychological impact that I think is beneficial."
He would support incentives for building new nuclear power plants. <ref>http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2008/06/24/1163504.aspx</ref> John McCain wants more nuclear reactors to increase America's energy independence. He is calling for the construction of 45 new reactors by 2030. Also, McCain wants to increase federal funds for clean coal technology by 2 billion dollars to reduce dependence on foreign oil. <ref>[http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=D91CMT0O0&show_article=1] , http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=D91CMT0O0&show_article=1 , AP McCain calls for building 45 new nuclear reactors, June 18, 2008</ref>
McCain supports increasing ethanol imports and more production of hybrid vehicles. He is co-sponsor of a Senate cap-and-trade bill designed to limit greenhouse gas emissions. He has consistently voted for preserving the budget for ANWR but against drilling for [[oil]] in the [[Arctic National Wildlife Refuge]] (ANWR), because of environmental concerns. Conservationists differ from conservatives that 2000 acres for oil drilling is not enough to impact [[polar bears]] in the region.

===Environment===
McCain's position on [[global warming]] issues has put him at odds with conservatives. His [[environment]]al proposals are mostly sound modern thinking by someone that understands the enormity of the problem. McCain says that we can go green as a nation without bankrupting America. Per his website, Senator McCain "wants to leave a better future for our children."
On January 2007, McCain said, "we continue to learn more about the science of climate change and the dangerous precedence of not addressing this environmental problem. The science tells us that urgent and significant action is needed." On October 30, 2003, he co-sponsored the Climate Stewardship Act (S.139), which was defeated. McCain is a member of, and was endorsed by, the Republicans for Environmental Protection organization. His conservative stances include voting to confirm Gale Norton as Secretary of Interior and he is in favor of renewable energy such as solar, hydro, and wind. "Wind power is one of many alternative energy sources that are changing our economy for the better, and one day they will change our economy forever."

===Immigration===
John McCain says that he will secure the borders first and many [[immigration]] issue are still needed but will have to come later. In 2007, McCain worked to provide border security efforts with a temporary worker program and an eventual path to citizenship for many illegal immigrants. Conservatives wanted nothing to do with the proposal and in June 2007, Congress' efforts collapsed. McCain said of the outcome,"I say it is a lesson learned about what the American people's priorities are. And their priority is to secure the borders." <ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2007-11-03-610628094_x.htm] , http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2007-11-03-610628094_x.htm, AP McCain emphasizes border security, November 4, 2007</ref> "..I support the same solution. But we've got to secure the borders first" says McCain

On Jan. 5, regarding the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007, Senator McCain announced that anyone who says he supported amnesty is "a liar, is lying." The senator stated "I do not support, nor would I ever support, any services provided to someone who came to this country illegally, nor would I ever and I never have supported [[Social Security]] benefits for people who are in this country illegally. Any assertion to the contrary is absolutely false." During the comprehensive immigration reform debate, Senator McCain voted to table an amendment that would have prevented illegal immigrants from receiving Social Security who "are not able to receive Social Security benefits as a result of unlawful activity."<ref>http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=2&vote=00130</ref> Senator McCain stated in a May 29, 2003 interview, "Amnesty has to be an important part because there are people who have lived in this country for 20, 30 or 40 years, who have raised children here and pay taxes here and are not citizens." Arguing amnesty is not a free pass or a reward for law breaking, McCain stated, "Well, because amnesty, according to the dictionary, is forgiveness. The proposal that we had- would require fines, would require back in the line, would require deportation for some. It would require others to go back to the country of their origin" <ref>[http://www.ontheissues.org/celeb/John_McCain_Immigration.htm] , Ontheissues.com, John McCain on Immigration</ref> At the [[Republican]] debate at the Reagan Library, McCain stated he supports the deportation of 2 million illegals who have committed crimes in the USA.

Conversely, in a June 2008 meeting with Hispanic leaders in Chicago, McCain indicated he would push legislation to overhaul federal immigration laws if elected. According to one attendee, Rosanna Pulido, head of the Illinois [[Minuteman Project]], ""He's one John McCain in front of white Republicans. And he's a different John McCain in front of Hispanics..." <ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/06/20/mccain-discusses-immigrat_n_108297.html McCain Discusses Immigration With Hispanic Leaders</ref> <ref>http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2008-06-19-4020801806_x.htm McCain Meets With Hispanic Leaders</ref> Pulido further stated, "He was telling one group of people one thing and the Hispanics another, I'm a conservative and I think he's throwing conservatives under the bus."<ref>http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2008/06/title----mcca-1.html McCain Double-Talk on Immigration?</ref> Due to his support, members of the Minuteman Project, participating in the Minuteman Project Caravan, traveled to Washington, D.C. to register their disapproval. They made an entry into McCain's Guest Log Book asking him to uphold the Constitution and enforce the law. After making the entry, the group was forced to leave by a senior staffer for Senator McCain or be reported to the police. <ref>http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1643181/posts Minuteman Project Thrown Out of McCain's Office</ref>

Senator McCain's position on illegal immigration has arguably resulted in the most criticisms from conservatives. On May 12, 2005, McCain joined Senator [[Ted Kennedy]] (D-[[Massachusetts]]) as co-sponsor of the Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act. The bill would legalize and eventually grant citizenship to the estimated 12–20 million [[illegal alien]]s in the United States and have them immediately start collecting social security and other government benefits. The bill never came for a vote on the Senate floor. The Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006 and the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007 are two additional compromises based on the original McCain-Kennedy bill. McCain has consistently voted for visas for skilled workers. McCain voted for the Secure Fence Act of 2006 and has said border security should be a bigger priority then the illegal aliens who are currently here.

===Global Trade===
McCain has actively supported reducing barriers to trade and has shown leadership in the [[United States Senate|Senate]] on Free Trade Agreements (FTA). Senator McCain supports both pending FTAs for Columbia and [[South Korea]]. <ref>[http://useconomy.about.com/od/candidatesandtheeconomy/p/McCain_Trade.htm], John McCain and Trade</ref> He voted for and defends the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).

===Social Security===
McCain is a strong supporter of private [[Social Security]] accounts.

===Tax Reform===
In 2001, McCain gained attention as one of only two Republicans who voted against President Bush's tax cuts. He opposed accelerating the cuts in 2003, saying, "I voted against the tax cuts because of the disproportional amount that went to the wealthiest Americans. I would clearly support not extending those tax cuts in order to help address the deficit." He has now changed his stance, by voting to make the tax cuts permanent, and says he would do the same as President. In 2002, Senator McCain was one of only two Republicans to twice vote against the permanent repeal of the Death Tax. He has also refused to sign a pledge put forth by Americans for Tax Freedom not to impose any new taxes or increase existing taxes. However, many of McCain's votes has shown support for lower taxes, such as eliminating the marriage penalty, a 1997 vote to cut capital gains taxes and he introduced measures that would require a sixty-vote majority to pass a tax increase.

==Foreign Policy==

===National Security===

McCain urges the Senate to pass FISA. “For months, House Democrats, the [[ACLU]], and the trial lawyers have held up legislation to modernize our nation’s terrorist surveillance laws. Today, the House passed a compromise bill to end this impasse. While I would have preferred to see the Senate bill enacted, which I voted for earlier this year, I am pleased Congressional leaders and the Administration were able to reach an agreement to reform our current surveillance law and not let FISA expire in August. I hope [[United States Senate|Senate]] Democrats will allow this matter to quickly be considered by the Senate and sent to the President for his signature. I will support this measure and hope that politics will be put aside in favor of this vital national security matter.” <ref>[http://mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressOffice.PressReleases&ContentRecord_id=a7f9dc6c-da0e-459d-dd6c-91e20a46e1e5] , McCAIN URGES SENATE PASSAGE OF FISA
, June 20, 2008</ref> Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) was established in 1978.

McCain has voted in support of the [[Patriot Act|USA PATRIOT Act]] as well as National Missile Defense. However, he has joined [[liberal]]s in support of immediately closing [[Guantanamo Bay]], and moving all the prisoners to Fort Leavenworth. On October 3, 2005, he introduced the McCain Detainee Amendment which prohibits inhumane treatment of prisoners, including prisoners at Guantanamo Bay. The bill was passed and signed by President [[George W. Bush]]. McCain has recently criticized the practice of [[waterboarding]], saying "they should know what it is. It is not a complicated procedure. It is torture." McCain voted against HR 2082, the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008, which included provisions that would have prevented the CIA from water boarding prisoners.

===Afghanistan===
After the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] McCain was a strong advocate for military action in [[Afghanistan]], saying:

''We did not cause this war. Our enemies did, and they are to blame for the deprivations and difficulties it occasions. They are to'' ''blame for the loss of innocent life. They are to blame for the geopolitical problems confronting our friends and us. We can help'' ''repair the damage of war. But to do so, we must destroy the people who started it.'' <ref>http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=95001375</ref>

McCain is currently calling for 15,000 additional troops to address the situation in Afghanistan, similar to his victorious 2007 troop surge in Iraq.

===Iran===
McCain has said that "We continue to be concerned about [[Iran]]ian influence and assistance to Hezbollah as well as Iranian pursuit of nuclear weapons." He tried to ban Iran from playing in the 2006 World Cup, citing Iranian President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]]'s [[Holocaust]] denials.

===Iraq===
[[Image:610x.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Senator John McCain with Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri Maliki, 03/17/08]] McCain voted with the majority [[Republican]] Party and 29 Democrats of the Senate in favor of the 2002 "[[Iraq War]] Resolution" authorizing President George W. Bush to go to war against Iraq and overthrow the [[Saddam Hussein]] regime. In 1998, McCain voted in favor of HR 4655 Iraq Liberation Act, signed by then President Clinton. <ref>[http://www.iraqwatch.org/government/US/Legislation/ILA.htm], http://www.iraqwatch.org/government/US/Legislation/ILA.htm, HR4655 Public Law: 105-338, October 31, 1998</ref> HR 4655 declares that it should be the policy of the United States to seek to remove the Saddam Hussein regime from power in Iraq and to replace it with a democratic government. McCain went on to became a critic of the management of the war, arguing that there wasn't enough troop strength in the area. However, he never became a defeatist advocating surrender. McCain publicly stated that he had "no confidence" in then-Secretary of Defense [[Donald Rumsfeld]]. However, he refused to call for his resignation, saying that "the President picks his team, and the president has the right to stay with that team if he wants to." McCain became one of the strongest leading advocates in the Senate for the 2007 troop surge, which increased the number of American troops by 20,500, deployed to provide security to [[Baghdad]] and Al Anbar Province. On February 4, he criticized a non-binding resolution opposing the troop buildup, calling it a reckless "vote of no confidence" in the U.S. Commanders and in the military. Additionally, he voted against all measures aimed at withdrawal of U.S. forces and voted against cutting off of war funds. McCain rightly believes that Congress should not micromanage the war and to give the military everything they ask for to successfully complete the mission. He has mentioned in a town hall forum that staying the course in Iraq for 'a hundred years' would not bother him if no American soldier's were losing their lives. This became an issue for Democratic political strategy. The DNC lead by chairman [[Howard Dean]] repeatedly tried to use false statements in justifying attacking McCain.<ref>[http://blog.washingtonpost.com/fact-checker/2008/04/mccains_100year_war.html]http://blog.washingtonpost.com/fact-checker/2008/04/mccains_100year_war.html, Washington post Fact Checker, April 2, 2008</ref> What McCain said is very different from what the liberal media and the DNC were reporting. Asked in Derry, NH of the willingness to keep troops in Iraq for 50 years, he said "Make it 100" and

{{QuoteBox|"That's fine with me as long as Americans are not being injured or harmed or wounded or killed."}}

===Russia===
Senator McCain has strongly criticized [[Russia]]n President [[Vladimir Putin]]. During a primary debate he said, ""He bullies his neighbors and he wants to get a control of the energy supply of Western Europe. This is a dangerous person. And he has to understand that there's a cost to some of his actions." In 2005 McCain and [[Connecticut]] senator [[Joe Lieberman]] drafted a resolution banning Russia from attending the Group of 8 (G8) international forum. McCain is also a strong supporter of ballistic national missile defenses.

===Cuba===
McCain forcefully supports the [[Cuban embargo]] and believes it should be maintained until certain specific political freedoms are restored to the country. <ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/21/us/politics/21mccain.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&oref=slogin&fta=y&adxnnlx=1222106556-zea3cQG12OakFI9P97dogQ</ref>

==Social Issues==
===Abortion===
{{QuoteBox|"If I am fortunate enough to be elected as the next President of the United States, I pledge to you to be a loyal and unswerving friend of the right to life movement."}}

Sen. John McCain has more than a twenty year anti-[[abortion]] record, first in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]], then in the U.S. Senate. McCain voted 11 times on anti-abortion and other [[pro-life]] issues in the House. Senator McCain has voted 119 times on anti-abortion and other pro-life measures in the Senate. <ref>[http://www.naral.org/assets/files/mccain_fact_sheet.pdf], http://www.naral.org/assets/files/mccain_fact_sheet.pdf</ref>

McCain's record in the Senate on abortion is pro-life. He voted for the 2003 Partial Birth Abortion Ban Act. McCain has also voted against government funding of birth control and sex education.<ref>http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=2&vote=00214 Voted Nay on an amendment to authorize grants to carry out programs to provide education on preventing teen pregnancies</ref> <ref>http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=1&vote=00075 Vote against allocation of $100m for prevention of unintended pregnancies </ref><ref>http://www.nowpublic.com/quiet-campaign-against-contraception Arizona Republican Sen. John McCain's campaign officials boast that he has "consistently voted against taxpayer-funded contraception programs." And Mr. McCain reports that his adviser on sexual-health matters is Sen. Tom Coburn, Republican of Oklahoma, who leads campaigns claiming condoms are unsafe and opposing emergency contraception.</ref> During his first Presidential campaign for the 2000 election, McCain said the following on [[Roe v. Wade]], "I'd love to see a point where it is irrelevant, and could be repealed because abortion is no longer necessary. But certainly in the short term, or even the long term, I would not support repeal of Roe v. Wade, which would then force X number of women in America to [undergo] illegal and dangerous operations." <ref>http://www.lifesitenews.com/ldn/2007/feb/07021908.html McCain's "</ref> He has since changed his position, saying Roe v. Wade should be overturned.

John McCain:
* Voted against a [[Roe v. Wade]] resolution
* Co-sponsored and voted for the Federal Abortion Ban
* Supported H.R.1997, the Unborn Victims of Violence Act
* Voted for four anti-abortion U.S. Supreme Court judges
* Voted for six anti-abortion lower court judges
* Supported H.R.3913, to prohibit federal funds for abortion services in any case
* Voted to make it a federal crime for anyone but a parent to cross state lines for abortion termination
* Voted in favor of a national network of parental notification.

====Quotations====
“I do not support Roe v. Wade. It should be overturned.” <ref>Ann Althouse, Rudy & Mitt Hem & Haw on Abortion, N.Y. TIMES, Feb. 24, 2007.</ref>

*"I have many, many votes and it’s been consistent. And I’ve got a consistent zero from NARAL throughout all those years…."<ref>John McCain for President 2008, On the Issues: Human Dignity and the Sanctity of Life</ref>
*"My record is clear, and I think the important thing is you look at people’s voting record because sometimes rhetoric can be a little… misleading…. As you know I don’t support Roe v. Wade…. I thought it was a bad decision, and I think that the decision should be made in the states"<ref>John McCain for President 2008, On the Issues: Human Dignity and the Sanctity of Life</ref>
*“I’m proud that we have Justice Alito and Roberts on the United States Supreme Court. I’m very proud to have played a very small role in making that happen.” McCain explained further that he “will try to find clones of Alito and Roberts” to fill future court vacancies.<ref>[http://www.catholic.org/politics/story.php?id=26539], Letter from Sen. John McCain to Pro‐Life Community Janary 23, 2008</ref>

===Gun Control===
McCain's record on [[gun control]] is mixed. He co-sponsored the Gun Show Loophole Closing and Gun Law Enforcement Act of 2001. This act would reduce the number of gun shows, require gun-owners to purchase trigger locks, and allow federal agents to arrest those who violate federal gun laws. However, McCain has frequently voted in support of the Second Amendment, such as voting against background checks at gun shows and voting in support of prohibiting lawsuits against gun manufacturers. In August of 1999, McCain said he was open to voting for an assault weapon ban, depending on the details. However, he still voted against the Federal Assault Weapons Ban and the efforts to renew it, as well as the Brady Bill.

A top official of the [[National Rifle Association]] said McCain has been a reliable ally of gun owners despite divisions with the powerful lobbying group on some issues. NRA executive vice president Wayne LaPierre told The Associated Press "...We're not foolish enough to ignore the vast areas of agreement in which John McCain has been a friend to gun owners." <ref>[http://www.gopusa.com/news/2008/may/0514_nra_mccain.shtml], http://www.gopusa.com/news/2008/may/0514_nra_mccain.shtml, NRA chief stresses common ground with McCain, May 14, 2008</ref> The Republican presidential nominee has voted against a ban on assault-type weapons with restrictions which were objected.

===Same-sex marriage===
In the speech on the Senate floor July 13th, 2004, McCain stated “Mr. President, most Americans believe, as I do, that the institution of marriage should be reserved for the union of a man and a woman." <ref>http://www.friendsofmccain.com/news/dspnews.cfm?id=143</ref> John McCain revealed his decision based on super majority requirements and the current political realities within Congress. “By my count, there is not at this time even a small majority of senators who would vote for Senator Allard’s amendment, much less the 67 votes required by the Constitution. That won’t change, Mr. President, unless public opinion changes significantly. The [[Founders]], wisely, made certain that the Constitution is difficult to amend, and, as a practical political matter, can’t be done without overwhelming public approval. And thank God for that. Were it any easier I fear we could not make the claim for the Constitution’s enduring success that I have just made." Further, he explained his approach to the amendment's ultimate success “If a constitution is to be amended, Mr. President, it should be a state constitution." McCain voted against the Federal Marriage Amendment. In May 2008, the California Supreme Court effectively created a ruling to grant same-sex partners equal rights to [[Marriage]] and to be recognized by the state. A spokesman for Republican John McCain, who opposes gay marriage, said the Arizona senator "doesn't believe judges should be making these decisions."

===Evolution===
Senator John McCain's position on evolution is nuanced:

{{QuoteBox|"I think Americans should be exposed to every point of view, I happen to [[believe in evolution]]. ... I respect those who think the world was created in seven days. Should it be taught as a science class? '''Probably not'''." [http://thinkprogress.org/2007/02/12/mccain-creationism/]}}

==Personal life==
[[Image:Cindy McCain.jpg|thumb|Cindy McCain]]
McCain has been married twice. His first marriage, to Carol Shepp, ended in [[divorce]] in 1980 after 15 years, of which he spent five in captivity. McCain publicly acknowledges the responsibility for the breakup as his, stating in a 2008 interview with Pastor Rick Warren that "My greatest moral failing, and I have been a very imperfect person, is the failure of my first marriage".<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/stories/rules021299.htm</ref> His second and current wife is Cindy Lou Hensley, to whom he has been married for 28 years. His son John Sidney IV is a Midshipman at the [[United States Naval Academy]], Annapolis, and his son James is a non-commissioned officer in the [[United States Marine Corps]], who is serving in [[Iraq]] as part of [[Operation Iraqi Freedom]]. Also, the McCains adopted a ten-week old baby girl in 1993, who they named Bridget, from [[Mother Teresa]]'s orphanage in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>[http://celebrity.rightpundits.com/?p=3183 Bridget McCain Biography] Rightpundits.com</ref><ref>[http://www.newsanalysisindia.com/109022008.htm Bridget vs Sonia: McCain vs Rajiv Gandhi] News Analysis India</ref>
Cindy McCain was in the country as part of the American Voluntary Medical Team<ref>[http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-041408-cindy-mccain-bio,1,2151434.story Bio of Cindy McCain]</ref> in response to the 1991 [[Bangladesh]] cyclone.
===McCain's family===
*Wife Cindy
*4 sons
**Douglas
**Andrew
**John (''"Jack"'') Sidney IV
**James
*3 daughters
**Sidney
**Meghan
**Bridget
*Parents
**[[Admiral]] John Sydney McCain, Jr. (from [[Indiana]])
**[[Roberta McCain|Roberta Wright McCain]] (from [[Oklahoma]]).

== Books ==
* ''Faith of My Fathers'' (Random House; 1999) ISBN 0-3755-0191-6
* ''Odysseus in America'' (Scribner; 2002) ISBN 0-7432-1156-1
* ''Worth Fighting For: A Memoir'' (Diane Publ. Co; 2002) ISBN 0-7567-6759-8
* ''Medal of Honor'' (Artisan; 2003) ISBN 1-5796-5240-9
* ''Why Courage Matters: The Way to a Braver Life'' (Random House; 2004) ISBN 1-4000-6030-3
* ''Character Is Destiny: Inspiring Stories Every Young Person Should Know and Every Adult Should Remember'' (Random House; 2005) ISBN 1-4000-6412-0
* ''Hard Call: Great Decisions and the Extraordinary People Who Made Them'' (Twelve; 2007) ISBN 0-4466-9911-X

==Further reading==
*McCain, John [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/worldnews.html?in_article_id=513224&in_page_id=1811 ''My six years of hell: John McCain recalls life as a prisoner of war in Vietnam''] 8 February 2008 [[Daily Mail]]. Accessed 9 February 2008

==References==
{{reflist|2|small}}

==See Also==
* [[John McCain 2008 Presidential Campaign]]
* [[Previous Breaking News/John McCain|Articles about John McCain from previous "Breaking News"]]
* [[White House]]
*[[Cindy McCain]], spouse of John McCain
*[[Roberta McCain]], mother of John McCain

== External links ==
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vQsckD9trn4&eurl=http://evangelicalsformccain.org/meetthesenator.htm ''John McCain: Courageous Service''] - Streaming video documentary hosted at YouTube, including footage of McCain's time as a POW and the Forrestal incident.
*[http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9542249 John McCain Biography]
*[http://evangelicalsformccain.org/index.htm Evangelicals for McCain] - Christians, Families and Patriots for John McCain
*[http://studentsformccain08.blogspot.com/ Students for McCain 2008]
*[http://andrewsullivan.theatlantic.com/the_daily_dish/2008/01/mccains-mom-pop.html McCain's Mom Pops Off]
*[http://www.rd.com/national-interest/people-and-politics/our-interview-with-sen-john-mccain/article.html Presidential Candidate John McCain on the Issues]
*[http://www.votesmart.org/voting_category.php?can_id=53270 Voting record]
*[http://www.opencongress.org/people/show/300071_john_mccain OpenCongress]

{{2008 presidential candidates}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:McCain, John}}

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