https://www.conservapedia.com/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=RonfoxConservapedia - User contributions [en]2026-09-22T15:11:30ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.35.14https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Politically_correct&diff=742714Politically correct2010-01-08T00:36:57Z<p>Ronfox: Undo revision 742712 by DMorris (Talk)many are, some aren't, you are familiar with sourcing guidelines, eh?</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Politically correct''' restrictions on what we can say and how we say it have been imposed by custom and convention. <br />
<br />
[[Image:PC-PILGRIM.JPG|thumb|400px|Horsey cartoon 11-22-2007 parodies PC]]<br />
<br />
<br />
The modern politically correct movement began at the [[University of Wisconsin-Madison]]; one of the most liberal institutions in the United States and is often viewed as a liberalist degrading of the [[First Amendment|freedom of speech]]. George Orwell's ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' famously incorporated the notion of limiting thought through language (see [[Newspeak]]). Words or actions that violate '''political correctness''' are called [[politically incorrect]].<br />
<br />
At American universities, liberals began imposing '''political correctness''' to prevent recognition of differences among gender, religion, belief system, sexual orientation and nationality. In the 1960s, [[feminists]] began to demand that the neutral pronouns ''he'', ''him'' and ''his'' be replaced with expressions like "he or she", "him or her", "them", etc. They argued that no one would be able to understand that the masculine gender included the feminine gender in neutral contexts. But this was just part of their campaign to redefine the social roles traditionally associated with masculinity and femininity.<br />
<br />
'''Political correctness''' or '''P.C.''' also means the alteration of ones choice of words in order to avoid either offending a group of people or reinforcing a stereotype considered to be disadvantageous to the group. More specifically, groups which (or whose putative "leaders" or other activists) claim some status as systemically oppressed or discriminated against will periodically attempt to change the terms by which they are referred to and demand that society as a whole change its usage of words as well. <br />
<br />
==Examples==<br />
<br />
An example of political correctness is the changing terminology used to described handicapped people. In the past the term "crippled" was perfectly acceptable and not considered offensive. At some point, Americans like Senate Republican LEader [[Bob Dole]] decided "crippled" was degrading and the preferred term changed to "handicapped". This, too, was eventually deemed offensive and "disabled" became the preferred term. Today, "disabled" is now considered degrading and "differently abled" and "physically challenged" are now the politically correct terms. <br />
<br />
The same can be said for the changing uses of terms for Black Americans: "Negro" and "colored", once perfectly acceptable terms, became offensive during the 1970s and "Afro-American" and "Black" came into use, which in turn gave way to "[[African Americans|African-American]]", and in broader usage, "people of color". <br />
<br />
The question of politically correct language has spilled over from the use of racially descriptive words and affected the use of traditional language. In 1999, an aide to the mayor of Washington DC described a budget decision as "niggardly" (a word meaning "stingy," unrelated to the racial slur). The aide immediately came under criticism and was forced to resigned even though he had not said anything racially charged. However, his name was cleared within a matter of days and was offered to return to his previous position. <ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/longterm/williams/williams020499.htm</ref><br />
<br />
As well as language, political correctness discourages the use of racial or stereotypes in fiction out of concern that these stereotypes may become self-perpetuating. For example, frequently seeing the image black gang-members decked out in gold chains, carrying guns and listening to rap may pressure young black people into seeing this lifestyle as the more 'acceptable' choice for their racial group. The common image of female-dominated occupations (nurses, secretaries, care workers, etc) and of male-dominated occupations (IT workers, military, machinery operators, mechanics, etc.) can discourage individuals of either gender from considering those occupations traditionally belonging to the other. Additionally films like "The Siege" and "True Lies" have been criticized by pro-Islamic groups as having Muslims portrayed as terrorists, despite the fact that many current terrorists are in fact Muslims. Thus political correctness becomes the consideration of all public statements and media for their unintentional social impact.<br />
<br />
Political correctness can even affect terminology that's viewed by secularists as too "pro-religion" or an alleged "violation of the separation of church and state" in the United States. The best example of this is the active promotion of the use of C.E. and B.C.E. as the abbreviations used after dates (instead of the commonly and traditionally used A.D. and B.C.).<br />
<br />
==Differing Opinions==<br />
<br />
Demands for politically correct language usage are rooted in the notion widely promoted among left-wing academics and sociologists that Western culture promotes systemic oppression against some groups by marginalizing them and excluding them from the "norm"; the groups thus supposedly systemically marginalized are referred to as "the Other" by these left-wing academics.{{fact}} The implication is that these groups are systemically excluded from the mainstream. "Colored people" is therefore deemed offensive because the order of words puts "colored" first, emphasizing their difference from the mainstream, while "people of color" is acceptable because putting the term "people" first emphasizes that they are people and thus does not emphasize their difference from the "norm".<br />
<br />
Some people allege that instead of encouraging supposedly marginalized groups to integrate with and assimilate into the mainstream of Western culture, political correctness ironically encourages them to emphasize and indeed to wallow in their marginalization from society, and to make a public display of such. This is known as [[identity politics]]. According to this view, gays and lesbians are therefore encouraged to label themselves as "queer" and make public displays of "queerness" calculated to disturb the sensibilities of mainstream people, rather than integrate into the mainstream themselves;{{fact}} Black Americans are encouraged to adopt [[Afrocentrism]] and convert to [[Islam]] or to conform to stereotypical black behavior, etc.{{fact}}<br />
<br />
==The Language Police==<br />
Conservative scholar [[Robert Bork]] has charged that the educational system is a battleground where the future of America is being undermined and ill-served. He has counseled against the troubles which will ensue as a result of anti-religious policies in the schools, permissive attitudes toward [[homosexuality]] and [[abortion]], as well as welfare policies that have destroyed families since [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s War on Poverty. <ref> Slouching Towards Gomorrah: Modern Liberalism and American Decline. by Robert Bork published by Harper Collins (c) 1997</ref><br />
<br />
In her book "[[The Language Police]]", [[Diane Ravitch]] documents just how easy it is to get a word, phrase or idea banned from modern textbooks and references. Textbook producers are beholden to small non-elected liberal educational boards in a few key states such as New York or California. Few citizens know anything about these boards or who holds the seats of power on these boards. It's not a difficult for an interest group to mobilize a campaign to bombard the educational board. Meanwhile, the public is not even aware that their words or values are under attack from this corrupt system, while many ''elected'' Conservatives have rallied against this polocy . <br />
<br />
Then, once a big state makes a textbook purchase, it's very difficult for a small state or any municipality to make any changes. Thus, profound changes can be inserted into textbooks and reference books by putting pressure on a handful of educational administrators. The work of textbook selection committee's is done privately, to avoid politicizing textbooks, but the reverse has happened. It's easier to pressure a lawmaker who is not beholden to community standards, but instead is enamored with political correctness. <ref>The Language Police: How Pressure Groups Restrict What Children Learn by [[Diane Ravitch]] (c) 2003 published by Knopf</ref> Ravitch has documented "''bias guidelines''" for major publishers of texts and tests. These "guidelines" consist of advice to writers and editors about words and topics that must be avoided.<ref>http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=110003695</ref><br />
<br />
==Totalitarianism and Political Correctness==<br />
<br />
The comprehensive and detailed control of all ideas, beliefs, and statements is one of the most problematic features of [[totalitarian]] regimes.[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-3816(196002)22%3A1%3C68%3ATIAP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W] <br />
<br />
Political correctness can trace its origins back to the world of 1920's Germany, where [[Communist]] academics sought to impose their [[Marxist]] views on students. It is now acceptable in many Universities to have courses on gender, [[homosexual]] and [[African American]] studies, which, in fact, encourage the mainstream public to become different to avoid criticism.<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Postmodernism]]<br />
*[[Racial censorship]]<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
*[http://www.capc.co.uk The Campaign Against Political Correctness]<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=8olE_futZogC&pg=PA378&lpg=PA378&dq=communist+%22socially+correct%22&source=web&ots=DYD85Lsf1G&sig=pkoUxDOLFJZsme40QO13zakFZw4 The Chinese Have A Word For It]<br />
*[http://www.discoverthenetworks.org/viewSubCategory.asp?id=218 DiscoverTheNetworks.org - Political Correctness, Appeasement and Speech Codes in Academia]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Political Terms]]</div>Ronfoxhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Carry_nation&diff=734258Carry nation2009-12-17T23:57:24Z<p>Ronfox: fix double redirect</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Carry Nation]]</div>Ronfoxhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Andy_Martin&diff=734253Andy Martin2009-12-17T23:49:39Z<p>Ronfox: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Andy Martin''' (born 1945) is an American journalist, politician and pundit. He has appeared on [[Fox News]] and other major news outlets. <br />
<br />
In 2004, Andy Martin was the first person to suggest that [[Barack Obama]] is secretly a [[Muslim]], and claimed to have secret evidence of this.<ref name=NYT>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/13/us/politics/13martin.html ''New York Times'' article.]</ref><ref>[http://www.thenation.com/doc/20071112/hayes/single ''The Nation'' article.]</ref><ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/27/AR2008062703781.html ''Washington Post'' article.]</ref> <br />
Shortly before the 2008 Presidential Election, Martin was interviewed by [[CNN]], at which time he retracted his claim that Obama is or had been a Muslim. <br />
Martin then claimed instead to have secret evidence that Obama is the son of Frank Marshall Davis (1905-1987), a black journalist and left-wing activist.<ref>See the CNN interview on [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxrDlugBj4o YouTube.]</ref><br />
<br />
The ''New York Times'' say Martin has a history of making spurious and [[Vexatious litigation|vexatious lawsuits]], and issuing [[racist]] and [[anti-Semitic]] statements in court.<ref name=NYT /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Martin, Andy}}<br />
[[category:Journalists]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians]]</div>Ronfoxhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Vexatious_litigation&diff=734252Vexatious litigation2009-12-17T23:48:08Z<p>Ronfox: Created page with ''''Vexatious litigation''' is legal action which is brought, regardless of its merits, solely to harass or subdue an adversary. It may take the form of a primary frivolous lawsui...'</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Vexatious litigation''' is legal action which is brought, regardless of its merits, solely to harass or subdue an adversary. It may take the form of a primary frivolous lawsuit or may be the repetitive, burdensome, and unwarranted filing of meritless motions in a matter which is otherwise a meritorious cause of action. Filing vexatious litigation is considered an abuse of the judicial process and may result in sanctions against the offender.<br />
A single action, even a frivolous one, is not enough to raise a litigant to the level of being declared vexatious, though repeated and severe instances by a single lawyer or firm can result in eventual disbarment.<br />
Some jurisdictions have a list of vexatious litigants: people who have repeatedly abused the legal system. Because lawyers could be disbarred for participating in the abuse, vexatious litigants are often unable to retain legal counsel, and therefore represent themselves in court. Those on the list are usually either forbidden from any further legal action or required to obtain prior permission from a senior judge before taking any legal action. The process by which a person is added to the list varies among jurisdictions.</div>Ronfoxhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Academy_Award&diff=730461Academy Award2009-12-13T06:27:34Z<p>Ronfox: nominating one gay film does not make the academy full of gays</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Academy Awards''' (the "Oscars") are a yearly award festival for [[Hollywood]] movies, given by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences annually in California since 1929. The shows have been held since 1929.<ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/aboutacademyawards/index.html|title=About the Academy Awards|work=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|format=HTML|language=English}}</ref><br />
[[Image:Oscar statuette.jpg|right|200px|thumb|The Statue]]<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The first awards were presented at a private dinner with an audience of less than 250.<ref name="about2"/> Subsequently the show has been broadcast to the public, since 1953 by [[television]] (and previously by [[radio]]).<ref name="about2"/> For the first decade the show's results were given to newspapers for publication at 11 p.m. at the night of the awards; this method was ruined when the [[Los Angeles Times]] announced the winners far too early, and the results were available to those arriving to the show, and, as a result, the Academy adopted the sealed envelope method, which it still uses today.<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/aboutacademyawards/history01.html|title=History of the Academy Awards|work=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|language=English|format=HTML}}</ref> The show was broadcast internationally starting in 1969, and currently has viewers from more than 100 countries. Since 2002, the awards have been broadcast from the Kodak Theatre.<ref name="history"/><br />
<br />
==Nominations== <br />
Today, according to Rules 2 and 3 of the official Academy Awards Rules, a film must open in the previous calendar year, from midnight at the start of January 1 to midnight at the end of December 31, in [[Los Angeles]] County, [[California]], to qualify. Rule 2 states that a film must be "feature-length", defined as a minimum of 40 minutes, except for short subject awards and it must exist either on a 35 mm or 70 mm film print or on 24 fps or 48 fps progressive scan digital film print with native resolution not less than 1280x720. <br />
<br />
==Awards night== <br />
The major awards are given out at a live televised ceremony, most commonly in February or March following the relevant calendar year, and six weeks after the announcement of the nominees. Many hollywood elites attend, men dressed in tuxedos and the women dressed in expensive evening gown's. The Awards show was first televised on NBC in 1953, it is the only awards ceremony televised live across the United States excluding [[Alaska]] and [[Hawaii]]; the Emmys, Golden Globes, and Grammys are broadcast live in the East Coast, but they are on tape delay in the West Coast. <br />
<br />
==Criticism== <br />
The Academy Awards have often been criticized for being overly [[liberal]].<ref>[http://newsbusters.org/node/4271 ABC Pot Calls Kettle Black: Oscars Too Political?]</ref> Many celebrities make political statements in their acceptance speeches. Studios also lobby heavily for their films to be considered, leading to the complaint that nominations and awards may be largely a result of this lobbying rather than the quality of the material. In recent years, the Academy has selected liberal activists to host the awards such as [[Whoopi Goldberg]], [[Chris Rock]] and [[Jon Stewart]], who tend to target conservatives in their opening monolouges, especially [[George W. Bush]].<br />
<br />
At the 2009 Oscars, the Academy nominated "Milk", a [[gay pride]] film, for the Best Picture Oscar. When [[Sean Penn]] accepted the Best Actor oscar for potraying the title character, he took the oppurtunity to criticize those who voted to ban gay marrige, and to praise [[Barack Obama]]. Presenter Whoopi Goldberg also took the opportunity to blast Nuns as she described nominee Amy Adams in the Supporting Actress category.<br />
<br />
==Awards== <br />
===Academy Award of Merit===<br />
====Current Awards====<br />
Awards are presented to individuals or collective efforts in up to 25 different categories, with up to five nominations per category;<ref name="about2">{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/aboutacademyawards/index2.html|title=About the Academy Awards <small>(page 2)</small>|work=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|format=HTML|language=English}}</ref> perhaps the most famous categories being best [[actor]] and [[actress]], best supporting actor and actress, and best picture.<br />
<br />
* Best Picture: 1928 to present<br />
* Best Director: 1928 to present<br />
* Best Actor: 1928 to present<br />
* Best Actress: 1928 to present<br />
* Best Supporting Actor: 1936 to present<br />
* Best Supporting Actress: 1936 to present<br />
* Best Original Screenplay: 1940 to present<br />
* Best Adapted Screenplay: 1928 to present<br />
* Best Animated Feature: 2001 to present<br />
* Best Art Direction: 1928 to present (also called Interior, Set Decoration, or production design)<br />
* Best Cinematography: 1928 to present<br />
* Best Costume Design: 1948 to present<br />
* Best Documentary Feature: 1943 to present<br />
* Best Documentary Short Subject: 1941 to present<br />
* Best Film Editing: 1935 to present<br />
* Best Foreign Language Film: 1947 to present<br />
* Best Makeup: 1981 to present<br />
* Best Original Song: 1934 to present<br />
* Best Original Score: 1934 to present<br />
* Best Original Musical: 2000 to present<br />
* Best Animated Short Film: 1931 to present<br />
* Best Live Action Short Film: 1931 to present<br />
* Best Sound Mixing: 1930 to present<br />
* Best Sound Editing: 1963 to present<br />
* Best Visual Effects: 1939 to present<br />
<br />
==== Retired Awards====<br />
* Best Assistant Director: 1933 to 1937<br />
* Best Dance Direction: 1935 to 1937<br />
* Best Engineering Effects: 1928 only<br />
* Best Score—Adaptation or Treatment:<br />
* Best Original Musical or Comedy Score: 1995 to 1999<br />
* Best Short Film—Color: 1936 and 1937<br />
* Best Short Film—Live Action—2 Reels: 1936 to 1956<br />
* Best Short Film—Novelty: 1932 to 1935<br />
* Best Original Story: 1928 to 1956<br />
* Best Unique and Artistic Quality of Production: 1928 only<br />
<br />
====Newest Awards====<br />
The newest awards to be added to the list of available awards from the Academy are the awards for:<br />
* Best Animated Feature: added in 2001<br />
* Best Original Musical: added in 2000<br />
* Best Makeup: added in 1981<br />
<br />
====Proposed Awards====<br />
<br />
The Board of Governors meets each year and considers other new categories. To date, the following proposed awards have not been approved:<br />
* Best Casting: rejected in 1999<br />
* Best Stunt Coordination: rejected in 1999; rejected in 2005[22]<br />
* Best Title Design: rejected in 1999<br />
<br />
====Special Awards====<br />
These awards are voted on by special committees, rather than by the Academy membership as a whole, but the actor/actress voted to receive the special award can turn down the offer.<br />
<br />
** Current Awards<br />
**Academy Honorary Award: 1928 to present<br />
**Academy Special Achievement Award:<br />
**Academy Award, Scientific or Technical: 1931 to present (at three levels of awards)<br />
**The Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award: 1938 to present<br />
**The Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award:<br />
**Gordon E. Sawyer Award:<br />
<br />
=====Retired Special Awards=====<br />
**Academy Juvenile Award: 1934 to 1960<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Hollywood]]<br />
*[[Bollywood]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.aggdata.com/awards/oscar List of Academy Award Nominees]<br />
* [http://www.oscars.org/ Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences] <br />
* [http://www.oscars.org/awardsdatabase/index.html The Academy Awards Database] <br />
* [http://movies.aol.com/oscars-academy-awards Oscars Photos] Moviefone.<br />
* [[http://www.oscars.org/mhl/index.html The Margaret Herrick Library]<br />
[[Category:Awards]]</div>Ronfoxhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=The_Daily_Show&diff=730459The Daily Show2009-12-13T06:24:40Z<p>Ronfox: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''''The Daily Show''''' since 1996 has been a [[satire|satirical]] program that airs on cable network [[Comedy Central]]. The show's news team presents, "news like you've never seen it before -- unburdened by objectivity, journalistic integrity or even accuracy."<ref name=aboutdailyshow>''Comedy Central's The Daily Show''. [http://www.thedailyshow.com/about About the show]</ref> ''The Daily Show'' was created by Lizz Winstead and Madeleine Smithberg in 1996, hosted by Craig Kilborn until 1999 when [[Jon Stewart]] took over the anchor's chair.<ref name=aboutdailyshow/> The show has received a [[Peabody Awards|Peabody Award]] and nine [[Emmy]]s.<ref>IMDb - Awards for The Daily Show [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0115147/awards]</ref><ref name=aboutdailyshow/><br />
<br />
== Jon Stewart on ''The Daily Show'' ==<br />
Jon Stewart, a [[liberal]], is currently the host of ''The Daily Show''. In the past he often satirized [[George W. Bush]], the war in [[Iraq War|Iraq]], Congress, and American foreign policy.<ref>[http://www.truthdig.com/avbooth/item/20060711_jon_stewart_bush_diplomacy/ Jon Stewart Mocks Bush’s Claims on Diplomacy], July 11, 2006.</ref> Stewart will display video clips, sound bites, and news stories in which Republicans and other conservative politicians are made to look silly, using clips which are often edited or taken out of context so that they appear to be contradicting themselves. The sound bites of clips are typically edited to make Senate speeches appear ridiculous. However, due to Stewart's political values, he has typically provided an easy ride to President [[Obama]] and most other liberals.<br />
<br />
Jon's interviews have ranged from semi-serious policy discussions, with [[Barack Obama]] and [[John Kerry]], to comedic conversations with comedians like [[Don Rickles]] and [[Steve Martin]], to verbal "smack-downs" of those in the media such as [[Jim Cramer]] and [[Chris Matthews]].<ref>''Comedy Central''. [http://blog.indecisionforever.com/2009/03/10/cnbcs-jim-cramer-responds-to-jon-stewarts-response-to-cnbcs-jim-cramer/ CNBC's Jim Cramer Responds to Jon Stewart's Response to CNBC's Jim Cramer], March 10, 2009.</ref> Stewart occasionally analyzes upcoming or newly released [[books]] with their respective [[author|authors]].<ref name=aboutdailyshow/><br />
<br />
== Audience ==<br />
''The Daily Show'' is known for catering to an audience of [[public school]] teenagers, more than 60% of whom, a study of one school district found, watch television for over three hours a day.<ref>[http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/2008/dec/01/memphis-youth-make-progress-on-risky-behavior/ Memphis youth make progress on risky behavior], December 1, 2008.</ref> The article states that, "Nearly half of high school students say they also get news and information from entertainment programs like ''The Daily Show'' and others at least once a week."<ref>[http://www.knightfoundation.org/news/press_room/knight_press_releases/detail.dot?id=136169 Teens Tune In to News on the Internet], September 22, 2006.</ref><br />
<br />
== Correspondents ==<br />
The comedians can be seen as showing a [[liberal bias]] while performing their "news" stories. The segments are usually aimed at poking fun at and satirizing the political parties in power. Thus, Stewart began by [[mockery|mocking]] [[Republicans]], but now makes fun of [[Democrats]], as well as other topics in the news. Some argue that he demeans [[conservative]] positions, such as the [[Second Amendment|Right to Bear Arms]] and the Pro-Life Movement, or [[Christianity]].<ref> Ada Calhoun. [http://news.aol.com/newsbloggers/2008/08/28/daily-show-billboard-mocks-republicans/ 'Daily Show' Billboard Mocks Republicans], August 28, 2008.</ref> One segment in particular, "This Week In God", satirizes [[religious]] values while mocking [[God]].<ref>http://www.comedycentral.com/sitewide/media_player/play.jhtml?itemId=72342</ref><ref>http://www.comedycentral.com/sitewide/media_player/play.jhtml?itemId=72182</ref> During the episode aired June 27, 2007, [[Lewis Black]] compared Conservapedia's "[[Homosexuality]]" article to [[Wikipedia]]'s, sarcastically describing it as "way more interesting," mainly because Conservapedia's article described it far more graphically. In their coverage of the [[United States Presidential Election, 2008|2008 U.S. presidential election]], most of the guests have been liberal, such as former president [[Bill Clinton]], first lady [[Michelle Obama]] and former [[British]] [[Prime Minister]] [[Tony Blair]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
[http://www.thedailyshow.com The official ''The Daily Show with Jon Stewart'' website]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT: Daily Show, The}}<br />
[[category:Television Shows]]</div>Ronfoxhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Conservative&diff=730457Conservative2009-12-13T06:23:25Z<p>Ronfox: </p>
<hr />
<div>{|align=right border=3 cellspacing=0 style="border-width: 5px; border-color: #c0c0c0; background: #e0e0e0; margin: 2em;"<br />
| style="text-align: center; padding: 10px 40px 10px 40px;" | [[Previous_Breaking_News/Conservatives| Previous Breaking News:<br>Conservatives]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
A '''conservative''' adheres to principles of limited government, personal responsibility and moral values, agreeing with [[George Washington]]'s [[Farewell Address]] that "religion and morality are indispensable supports" to political prosperity.<ref>[http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/49.htm United States Department of State] George Washington, farewell address, 1796</ref><ref>Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary has the following definition of conservative: "tending or disposed to maintain existing views, conditions, or institutions : TRADITIONAL"[http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/conservative] Therefore, a conservative Christian would be one that tends to adhere to the morally sound doctrines of the early Christianity and [[Judeo-Christian]] values.</ref><br />
<br />
Former President [[Ronald Reagan]] said: <br />
* The basis of conservatism is a desire for less government interference or less centralized authority or more individual freedom . . . [http://www.reason.com/news/show/29318.html]<br />
[[Image:Aaag.jpg|thumb|Ronald Reagan, the 40th President of the United States, is the epitome of American conservatism.]]<br />
<br />
The ''sine qua non'' of a conservative is someone who rises above his personal self-interest and promotes moral and economic values beneficial to all, rather than to themselves. Alternatively, a conservative is willing to learn and advocate the insights of economics and the morality of the Bible for the benefit of all. Specifically, conservatives seek or support:<br />
<br />
* [[Classroom prayer]]<br />
* Prohibition of [[abortion]]<br />
* [[Abstinence]] education<br />
* Traditional marriage, not same-sex marriage<br />
* Respect for differences between men and women, boys and girls<br />
* Laws against pornography<br />
* The [[Second Amendment]] right to keep and bear arms<br />
* Economic allocative efficiency (as opposed to popular equity)<br />
* The death penalty<br />
* Parental control of education<br />
* Private medical care and retirement plans<br />
* Canceling failed social support programs<br />
* No world government<br />
* Enforcement of current laws regarding immigration<br />
* Respect for our military ... past and present<br />
* Rejection of [[junk science]] such as [[evolutionism]] and [[global warming]]<br />
* Low taxes, especially for families<br />
* Federalism (less power for the federal government and more for local and state governments)<br />
* A strong national defense<br />
__TOC__ <!--Do not remove this. We want to keep the insights on the first screen of viewing--><br />
==Leaders==<br />
Conservative scholar Clinton Rossiter, The Giants of American Conservatism. American Heritage; 1955 6(6): 56-59, 94-96, names Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, John Marshall, Daniel Webster, John C. Calhoun, Elihu Root, and Theodore Roosevelt for the conservative's hall of fame, with John Adams, in Rossiter’s judgment, as the greatest of American conservatives.<br />
<br />
===Presidents===<br />
Periodically a conservative has been elected president of the United States. The most prominent conservative presidents include:<br />
* [[George Washington]] (1789-97)<br />
* [[John Adams]] (1797-1801)<br />
* [[Thomas Jefferson]] (1801-09)<br />
* [[John Quincy Adams]] (1825-29)<br />
* [[Abraham Lincoln]] (1861-65)<br />
*[[Grover Cleveland]] (1885-1889, 1893-1897) <br />
*[[William McKinley]] (1897-1901)<br />
*[[William Howard Taft]] (1909-1913)<br />
*[[Warren G. Harding]] (1921-1923)<br />
*[[Calvin Coolidge]] (1923-1929)<br />
*[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] (1953-1961)<br />
*[[Ronald Reagan]] (1981-1989)<br />
*[[George W. Bush]] (2001-2009) (with respect to taxes, Supreme Court nominations, and national security)<br />
<br />
The most prominent conservative Congresses have been:<br />
<br />
*The 80th Congress (elected in 1946)<br />
*The 104th Congress (elected in 1994)<br />
===Movement===<br />
[[Movement conservatives]] are those who accept the logic of conservatism across-the-board, and stand up for its powerful principles despite liberal ridicule. Movement conservative activists include:<br />
*[[Phyllis Schlafly]], opposed [[ERA]]<br />
*[[Jesse Helms]], Senator, specialist in foreign policy<br />
*[[Pat Buchanan]], TV commentator<br />
*[[Jerry Falwell]], religion<br />
*[[Michele Bachmann]], columnist<br />
*[[Ann Coulter]], columnist<br />
*[[Rush Limbaugh]], radio<br />
*[[Michelle Malkin]], commentator<br />
*[[Glenn Beck]], TV commentator<br />
===Key leaders===<br />
*[[Barry Goldwater]] - 1964 Republican candidate, lost to liberal Democrat [[Lyndon Johnson]] but revived the conservative movement inside the GOP<br />
*[[Russell Kirk]] - Theorist & intellectual<br />
*[[Irving Kristol|Irving]] and [[William Kristol]] - Notable [[neoconservatives]]<br />
*[[Margaret Thatcher]] - British prime minister between 1979 and 1990, held similar views as Reagan<br />
*[[Milton Friedman]] - Chicago-school [[libertarian]] economist, influential during Reagan administration; leader of the [[Chicago School of Economics]]<br />
==US Voters==<br />
In America, most conservatives support the [[Republican Party]], but not exclusively so. In the 2008 election, 35% of the voters identified themselves as conservatives. Of them, 78% voted for McCain and 20% for Obama, with the 20% accounting for Obama's margin of victory. Only 22% of the voters were liberal; they favored Obama 89%-10%. In the middle were 44% who called themselves moderates. They split for Obama by 60%-39%. (Minor candidates won 2% of the vote.)<ref> See [http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/polls/#USP00p1 Presidential 2008 Exit Poll]</ref><br />
[[File:Conservative-republican-brain.jpg|thumb|350px]]<br />
===Religious differences between political conservatives and political liberals===<br />
The Barna poll conducted in November 2008 shows significant differences between the 32% of Americans who called themselves as “mostly conservative” on social and political matters; and the 17% who called themselves “mostly liberal” on social and political matters. The others --50%--were moderates with positions somewhere in-between.<ref> See [http://www.barna.org/barna-update/article/13-culture/258-survey-shows-how-liberals-and-conservatives-differ-on-matters-of-faith on line results] </ref><br />
<br />
Some findings: <br />
Political liberals are less than half as likely as political conservatives to firmly believe that the Bible is totally accurate in all of the principles it teaches (27% versus 63%, respectively); to strongly believe that Satan is real (17% versus 36%); and to firmly contend that they have a personal responsibility to share their religious beliefs with others (23% versus 48%). <br />
<br />
[Note: "Liberal" and "conservative" in this survey are based on politics]<br />
<br />
Liberals are also far less likely than conservatives to strongly believe each of the following:<br />
*their religious faith is very important in their life (54% of liberals vs. 82% of conservatives); <br />
*a person cannot earn their way into Heaven by doing good deeds or being a good person (23% vs. 37%); <br />
*their faith is becoming an increasingly important moral guide in their life (38% vs. 70%); <br />
*the church they currently attend is very important in helping them find direction and fulfillment in life (37% vs. 62%); <br />
*their primary purpose in life is to love God with all their heart, mind, strength and soul (43% vs. 76%); <br />
<br />
political conservatives were more likely than liberals to:<br />
*read the Bible, other than at church events, during the past week (57% vs. 33%, respectively) <br />
*attend a religious service during the past week (62% vs. 35%) <br />
*pray to God, other than at a religious service, during the past week (91% vs. 76%) <br />
*share their religious beliefs with others, during the past year (56% vs. 39%, among the born again Christians interviewed from each segment) <br />
*have ever participated in a short-term missions trip, either within the U.S. or in another country (12% vs. 6%) <br />
<br />
*2% of conservatives and 11% of liberals were atheist or agnostic <br />
*15% of conservatives and 2% of liberals were Christian evangelicals <br />
*conservatives were twice as likely as liberals to be categorized as born again, based on their theological views about salvation (63% vs. 32%) <br />
*21% of conservatives were associated with the Catholic church, compared to 30% among the liberals.<br />
<br />
== Conservative news organizations ==<br />
Some of the more notable news organizations which tend to be more conservative are [[WorldNetDaily]] and [[NewsMax]]. [[Fox News]], though often called conservative, tends to be more [[neoconservative]] than [[conservative]].<br />
<br />
== Conservative magazines and blogs ==<br />
Well known conservative magazines in the United States include ''[[National Review]]'', ''[[Policy Review]]'', ''[[The Weekly Standard]]'' and others.<br />
<br />
Some notable [[Conservative blogs|conservative political blogs]] include the [[Heritage Foundation]]'s Policy Weblog, ''[[Human Events]]'', [[Michelle Malkin]], Newsbusters, Townhall.com and others.<br />
<br />
== Neoconservatives ==<br />
<br />
American commentators who ally themselves with the conservative movement but reject its religious or moral underpinnings are generally known as [[neoconservatives]].<ref>Jonah Goldberg, [http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=ZWMxNWNiNDJkY2JmNTExY2E1MzdkYWU3MWU1MTBiOGU= "What Is a 'Conservative'?"], [[National Review|National Review Online]], 11 May 2005</ref><br />
<br />
In the United States, conservatives are generally characterized by the following beliefs:<br />
<br />
# Support of limited government.<br />
# A preference for freedom of opportunity over equality of result.<br />
# Patriotism, nationalism, and support of a strong defense.<br />
# Support of the institution of marriage. <br />
# Emphasis on social values, like prayer and pro-life principles.<br />
<br />
In contrast, neoconservatives generally support bigger government and globalism, and tend to downplay the significance of social values.<br />
<br />
== Paleoconservatives ==<br />
<br />
[[Paleoconservatives]] are conservatives who are more focused on opposing [[multiculturalism]], and suspicious of both big government and big business. They also lean more towards isolating America from the problems of other continents. Neoconservatives might criticize this as "isolationism", as they believe we can promote [[democracy]] worldwide.<br />
<br />
Among paleoconservatives was Democratic Congressman from Georgia, [[Larry McDonald]]. He was also second Chairman of the [[John Birch Society]], and President of Western Goals. McDonald was aboard [[Korean Airlines Flight 007]] when it was shot down by the Soviets in 1983.<br />
<br />
== Personal conservatism ==<br />
Because Conservatives often have strong political views, there can be a tendency to see conservatism as a purely political ideology. However, there is also a strong personal side to conservatism - being a conservative is as much about applying conservative values to one's everyday life as it is about campaigning and voting for conservative candidates. In general, conservatives can be characterized by a strong sense of personal [[morality]], a willingness to observe their culture's traditions and customs, and a desire to be respectable and to show due respect to other members of the community.<br />
==History of American conservatism==<br />
===Textbook problems===<br />
College-level teaching about conservatism has been distorted by a "liberal state paradigm"--that is, textbooks usually interpret recent American history in terms of the origins and successes of political liberalism--especially the New Deal, the welfare state, labor unions, and Civil Rights for blacks and equality for women. Conservative politics is usually defined as a reaction: as a free market reply to the growth of big government; as an expression of outrage against declining support for tradition and Christian morality. Where the violent Wobblies (IWW) and illegal sit down strikes of the 1930s are seen as heroic, exposing Communist subversion by [[Joe McCarthy]] is denounced as the nadir of political morality.<ref> See Leonard Moore, "Approaching Conservatism," ''OAH Magazine of History,'' 17 (January 2003) [http://www.oah.org/pubs/magazine/conservatism/moore.html online edition]</ref><br />
===Loyalists===<br />
The [[Loyalists]] of the [[American Revolution]] were mostly political conservatives, some of whom produced political discourse of a high order, including lawyer [[Joseph Galloway]] and governor-historian [[Thomas Hutchinson]]. Howeever when the crisis came, they stood with the Crown as it tried to destroy American political liberties. After the war, the great majority remained in the U.S. and became citizens, but some leaders emigrated to other places in the British Empire. [[Samuel Seabury]] was a Loyalist who stayed and as the first American bishop played a major role in shaping the Episcopal religion, a stronghold of conservative social values. While the Loyalist political tradition died out totally it the U.S., it survives in Canadian conservatism.<br />
===Founding Fathers===<br />
The Founding Fathers created the single most important set of political ideas in American history, known as [[Republicanism]], which all groups, liberal and conservative alike, have drawn from. Two parties were named "Republican"-- the one founded in 1794 by Jefferson and Madison (it disappeared in the 1820s), and the modern GOP founded in 1854. <br />
<br />
During the [[First Party System]] (1790s-1820s) the [[Federalist Party]], led by [[Alexander Hamilton]], developed an important variation of republicanism that can be considered conservative. Rejecting monarchy and aristocracy, they emphasized civic virtue as the core American value. The Federalists spoke for the propertied interests and the upper classes of the cities. They envisioned a modernizing land of banks and factories, with a strong army and navy. [[George Washington]] was their great hero.<br />
<br />
On many issues American conservatism also derives from the republicanism of [[Thomas Jefferson]] and his followers, especially [[John Randolph of Roanoke]] and his "Old Republicans" or "Quids." They idealized the yeoman farmer as the epitome of civic virtue, warned that banking and industry led to corruption, that is to the illegitimate use of government power for private ends. Jefferson himself was a vehement opponent of what today is called "judicial activism".<br />
<ref>[http://etext.virginia.edu/jefferson/quotations/jeff1030.htm]</ref> The Jeffersonians stressed small government.<br />
<br />
===Ante-Bellum: Calhoun and Webster===<br />
During the [[Second Party System]] (1830-54) the [[Whig Party]] attracted most conservatives, such as [[Daniel Webster]] of New England. [[Daniel Webster]] and other leaders of the [[Whig Party]], called it the conservative party in the late 1830s.<ref>The word was originally used in the French Revolution. The British used it after 1839 to describe a major party. The first American usage is by Whigs who called themselves "Conservatives" in the late 1830s. Hans Sperber and Travis Trittschuh, ''American Political terms: An Historical Dictionary'' (1962) 94-97.</ref> [[John C. Calhoun]], a Democrat, articulated a sophisticated conservatism in his writings. Richard Hofstadter (1948) called him "The Marx of the Master Class." Calhoun argued that a conservative minority should be able to limit the power of a "majority dictatorship" because tradition represents the wisdom of past generations. (This argument echoes one made by [[Edmund Burke]], the founder of British conservatism, in ''Reflections on the Revolution in France'' (1790)). Calhoun is considered the father of the idea of minority rights, a position adopted by liberals in the 1960s in dealing with Civil Rights.<br />
<br />
The conservatism of the antebellum period is contested territory; conservatives of the 21st century disagree over what comprises their heritage. Thus William J. Bennett (2006) a prominent conservative leader, warns conservatives to NOT honor Calhoun, [[Know-Nothings]], [[Copperheads (politics)|Copperheads]] and 20th century isolationists.<br />
<br />
===Lincoln to Cleveland===<br />
Since 1865 the [[History of the United States Republican Party|Republican party]] has identified itself with President [[Abraham Lincoln]], who was the ideological heir of the Whigs and of both Jefferson and Hamilton. As the [[Gettysburg Address]] shows, Lincoln cast himself as a second Jefferson bringing a second birth of freedom to the nation that had been born 86 years before in Jefferson's Declaration. The [[Copperheads (politics)|Copperheads]] of the Civil War reflected a reactionary opposition to modernity of the sort repudiated by modern conservatives. A few libertarians have adopted a neo-Copperhead position, arguing Lincoln was a dictator who created an all-powerful government.<br />
<br />
In the late 19th century the [[Bourbon Democrat]]s, led by President [[Grover Cleveland]], preached against corruption, high taxes (protective tariffs), and imperialism, and supported the [[gold standard]] and business interests. They were overthrown by [[William Jennings Bryan]] in 1896, who moved the mainstream of the Democratic Party permanently to the left.<br />
<br />
The 1896 presidential election was the first with a conservative versus liberal theme in the way in which these terms are now understood. Republican [[William McKinley]] won using the pro-business slogan "[[sound money]] and protection," while Bryan's anti-bank populism had a lasting effect on economic policies of the Democratic Party.<br />
<br />
[[William Graham Sumner]], Yale professor (1872-1910) and polymath, vigorously promoted a libertarian conservative ethic. After dallying with [[Social Darwinism]] under the influence of [[Herbert Spencer]], he rejected evolution in his later works, and strongly opposed imperialism. He opposed monopoly and [[paternalism]] in theory as a threat to equality, democracy and middle class values, but was vague on what to do about it.<ref>Curtis, Bruce. "William Graham Sumner 'On the Concentration of Wealth.'" Journal of American History 1969 55(4): 823-832.</ref><br />
<br />
===Early 20th century===<br />
In the [[Progressive Era]] (1890s-1932), regulation of industry expanded as conservatives led by Senator [[Nelson Aldrich]] of Rhode Island were put on the defensive. However, Aldrich's proposal for a strong national banking system was enacted as the [[Federal Reserve System]] in 1913. [[Theodore Roosevelt]], the dominant personality of the era, was both liberal and conservative by turns. As a conservative he led the fight to make the country a major naval power, and demanded entry into [[World War I]] to stop what he saw as the German attacks on civilization. [[William Howard Taft]] promoted a strong federal judiciary that would overrule excessive legislation. Taft defeated Roosevelt on that issue in 1912, forcing Roosevelt out of the GOP and turning it to the right for decades. As president, Taft remade the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] with five appointments; he himself presided as chief justice in 1921-30, the only former president ever to do so.<br />
<br />
Pro-business Republicans returned to dominance in 1920 with the election of President [[Warren G. Harding]]. The presidency of [[Calvin Coolidge]] (1923-29) was a high water mark for conservatism, both politically and intellectually. Classic writing of the period includes ''Democracy and Leadership'' (1924) by Irving Babbitt and H.L. Mencken's magazine ''American Mercury'' (1924-33). The [[Efficiency Movement]] attracted many conservatives such as [[Herbert Hoover]] with its pro-business, pro-engineer approach to solving social and economic problems. In the 1920s many American conservatives generally maintained anti-foreign attitudes and, as usual, were disinclined toward changes to the healthy economic climate of the age. <br />
<br />
During the [[Great Depression, U.S.|Great Depression]], other conservatives participated in the taxpayers' revolt at the local level. From 1930 to 1933, Americans formed as many as 3,000 taxpayers' leagues to protest high [[property tax]]es. These groups endorsed measures to limit and rollback taxes, lowered penalties on tax delinquents, and cuts in government spending. A few also called for illegal resistance (or tax strikes). The best known of these was led by the Association of Real Estate Taxpayers in Chicago which, at its height, had 30,000 dues-paying members. <br />
<br />
An important intellectual movement, calling itself [[Southern Agrarians]] and based in Nashville, brought together like-minded novelists, poets and historians who argued that modern values undermined the traditions of American [[Republicanism]] and civic virtue. <br />
<br />
The Depression brought liberals to power under President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (1933). Indeed the term "liberal" now came to mean a supporter of the [[New Deal]] and Roosevelt's powerful [[New Deal Coalition]]. In 1934 [[Al Smith]] and pro-business Democrats formed the [[American Liberty League]] to fight the new liberalism, but failed to stop Roosevelt's shifting the Democratic party to the left. In 1936 the Republicans rejected Hoover and tried the more liberal [[Alf Landon]], who carried only Maine and Vermont. When Roosevelt tried to pack the Supreme Court in 1937 the conservatives finally cooperated across party lines and defeated it with help from Vice President [[John Nance Garner]]. Roosevelt unsuccessfully tried to purge the conservative Democrats in the 1938 election. The conservatives in Congress then formed a bipartisan informal [[Conservative Coalition]] of Republicans and southern Democrats. It largely controlled Congress from 1937 to 1964. Its most prominent leaders were Senator [[Robert Taft]], a Republican of Ohio, and Senator [[Richard Russell]], Democrat of Georgia.<br />
[[Image:Gop-plank.JPG|thumb|275px|1936 cartoon shows GOP building its platform from the conservative planks abandoned by the Democrats]]<br />
<br />
In the United States, the [[Old Right]], also called the Old Guard, was a group of [[libertarianism|libertarian]], free-market anti-interventionists, originally associated with Midwestern Republicans and Southern Democrats. The Republicans (but not the southern Democrats) were isolationists in 1939-41, (see [[America First]]), and later opposed [[NATO]] and U.S. military intervention in the Korean War.<br />
<br />
===Later 20th century: Goldwater, Buckley, the Dixiecrats===<br />
By 1950, American liberalism was so dominant intellectually that liberal critic [[Lionel Trilling]] could dismiss contemporary conservatism as "irritable mental gestures which seek to resemble ideas." <ref>Lapham 2004</ref> But just as Trilling was writing a revival was underway. In the 1950s, principles for a conservative political movement were hashed out in books like Russell Kirk's ''The Conservative Mind'' (1953) and in the highly influential new magazine ''National Review'', founded by [[William F. Buckley Jr.]] in 1955.<br />
<br />
Whereas Taft's [[Old Right]] had been isolationist the new conservatism favored American intervention overseas to oppose communism. It looked to the Founding Fathers for historical inspiration as opposed to Calhoun and the antebellum South.<br />
<br />
The success of the Civil Rights movement came in the Civil Rights Act of 1864 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Most conservatives supported both, but [[Barry Goldwater]] opposed them. Until then southern whites (both liberal and conservative) had been locked into the Democratic party. That lock was now broken and southern conservatives started voting for Republican candidates for president in 1964-68, and by the 1990s they were also voting for GOP candidates for state and local office. The southern blacks now began to vote in large numbers, and they became Democrats, moving that party in the south to the left. By 2000, for the first time, all southern states had a conservative GOP and a liberal Democratic party. The region favored the GOP heavily in presidential elections, but split in state contests. In 2008, however, the Obama campaign broke into the solid Republican South, carrying Florida, Virginia and North Carolina. <br />
<br />
Goldwater, a charismatic figure whose intense opposition to all New Deal programs angered liberals, was defeated in a landslide in 1964. Goldwater faded and his supporters regrouped under new leadership, especially that of [[Ronald Reagan]] in California, and regained strength nationally in the 1966 elections. Conservatives voted for [[Richard Nixon]] in 1968, who narrowly defeated the New Deal champion [[Hubert Humphrey]], and southern demagogue [[George Wallace]]. Nixon had come to terms with both the Goldwater wing of the party and the still-influential Rockefeller Republicans (Republicans from the Northeast who supported many New Deal programs).<br />
<br />
===Nixon, Reagan, and Bush===<br />
<br />
The Republican administrations of President [[Richard Nixon]] in the [[1970s]] were characterized more by their emphasis on ''[[realpolitik]]'', [[détente]], and economic policies such as wage and price controls, than by their adherence to conservative rhetoric and more liberal actions. <br />
<br />
In the eight years of [[Ronald Reagan]]'s presidency 1981-89 the American conservative movement achieved ascendancy. In 1980 the GOP took control of the Senate for the first time since 1954, and conservative principles dominated Reagan's economic and foreign policies, with [[supply side economics]] as well as a strict opposition to Soviet Communism. Reagan promised to cut welfare spending but failed to do so. He did cut taxes, but raised military spending and created large federal deficits of the sort conservatives had complained about for decades. They stopped complaining, as the deficit issue switched to favor the Democrats (who did balance the budget in the late 1990s).<br />
<br />
An icon of the American conservative movement, Reagan is credited by his supporters with transforming American politics, galvanizing the Republican Party, uniting a coalition of economic conservatives who supported his supply side economic policies, known as "[[Reaganomics]]," foreign policy conservatives who favored his success in stopping and rolling back Communism, and social conservatives who identified with Reagan's conservative religious and social ideals.<br />
<br />
==Conservatives in Britain==<br />
<br />
In the United Kingdom the present parliamentary opposition party since 1997 is the [[Conservative Party]]. Its current leader is [[David Cameron]].<ref>[http://www.conservatives.com Conservative party UK]</ref><br />
<br />
Up until the mid-19th century, the forerunners of the Conservatives were known as [[Tory|Tories]], and the name has persisted as a common nickname both for the political party and those believed to be in agreement with it. Since the mid-to-late 1970s, British conservatives have been defined by an advocacy of [[laissez-faire]] economics, privatization and lower taxation. In recent years the Conservative Party has moved away from the social conservatism which once characterized it, and the current party policy includes, for example, support for abortion on demand and gay civil partnership and the Kyoto Treaty and to oppose capital punishment (although it should be noted that such policies have little support among the party's grassroots membership) <ref>John Charmley, ''A History of Conservative Politics Since 1830'', (2nd ed. 2008) </ref><br />
<br />
Levels of prayer and worship are much lower in England and Wales than in the U.S., and religious issues thereby play less of a role in public discourse. However, religious issues remain a significant factor in [[Northern Ireland]] and in 2008 religious issues were significant during a special election in [[Scotland]].<br />
<br />
In common with conservatives in many other countries, British Conservatives tend towards a patriotic rather than internationalist outlook, and are traditionally skeptical of the [[European Union]].<br />
<br />
The broadcast media (dominated by the [[BBC]]) is almost exclusively liberal in tone. The print media is different with pro-Conservative newspapers like the ''Daily Mail'' , ''Daily Express'' and ''Daily Telegraph'' selling more copies than their rivals.<ref>[http://www.mediauk.com/the_knowledge/i.muk/An_introduction_to_newspapers_in_the_UK Media UK; Introduction to newspapers in the UK]</ref><br />
<br />
== Conservatism and the French Revolution ==<br />
<br />
Conservatism in France and the continent generally arose in the after 1790 as a response to the radicalism of the [[French Revolution]].<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Previous Breaking News/Conservatives|Articles about '''Conservatives''' from previous "Breaking News"]]<br />
*[[More News/Conservatives|Articles about '''Conservatives''' from "More News"]]<br />
*[[Conservative Links]]<br />
*[[Essay:Fair and balanced is not part of the Conservative platform]]<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Critchlow, Donald T. ''The Conservative Ascendancy: How the GOP Right Made Political History'' (2007) <br />
* Filler, Louis. ''Dictionary of American Conservatism The First Complete Guide to Issues, People, Organizations and Events'' (1987), useful older encyclopedia<br />
* Frank, Thomas. ''What's the Matter with Kansas?: How Conservatives Won the Heart of America'' (2005), a liberal perspective [http://www.amazon.com/Whats-Matter-Kansas-Conservatives-America/dp/080507774X/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193685789&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Frohnen, Bruce et al eds. ''American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia'' (2006), the most detailed reference<br />
* Judis, John B. ''William F. Buckley, Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives'' (1988) [http://www.amazon.com/William-F-Buckley-Jr-Conservatives/dp/0743217977/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207759425&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Kirk, Russell. ''The Conservative Mind''. (7th ed. 2001). highly influential conservative history of ideas [http://www.historyebook.org/ online at ACLS e-books]<br />
* Link, William A. ''Righteous warrior: Jesse Helms and the rise of modern conservatism'' (2008) 643 pages <br />
* Micklethwait, John, and Adrian Wooldridge. ''The Right Nation,'' (2004) influential survey [http://www.amazon.com/Right-Nation-Conservative-Power-America/dp/B000F71124/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1205919226&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Micklethwait, John, and Adrian Wooldridge. ''God Is Back: How the Global Revival of Faith Is Changing the World'' (2009)<br />
* Nash, George. ''The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945'' (2006), excellent scholarly history. [http://www.amazon.com/Conservative-Intellectual-Movement-America-Since/dp/1933859121/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241925238&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]<br />
*Pemberton, William E. ''Exit with Honor: The Life and Presidency of Ronald Reagan'' (1998) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/exit-with-honor-the-life-and-presidency-of-ronald-reagan-by-william-e-pemberton.jsp online edition]<br />
*Perlstein, Rick. ''Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus'' (2004) on 1964 [http://www.amazon.com/Before-Storm-Goldwater-Unmaking-Consensus/dp/0809028581/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193684721&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]<br />
*Perlstein, Rick. ''Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America'' (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/Nixonland-Rise-President-Fracturing-America/dp/074324303X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241924189&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Schneider, Gregory L. ed. ''Conservatism in America Since 1930: A Reader'' (2003) <br />
*Schoenwald; Jonathan . ''A Time for Choosing: The Rise of Modern American Conservatism'' (2002) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104931191 online edition] also [http://www.historyebook.org/ online at ACLS e-books]<br />
* Schweizer, Peter, and Wynton C. Hall, eds. ''Landmark Speeches of the American Conservative Movement'' (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Landmark-Speeches-American-Conservative-Movement/dp/1585445983/ref=sr_1_4/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193685365&sr=1-4 excerpt and text search]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
*[http://www.aim.org/wls/category/conservatives/ What Liberals Say - Category: Conservatives], [[Accuracy In Media]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Conservative]]<br />
[[Category:Taxation]]<br />
[[Category:American History]]<br />
[[Category:Reagan Era]]<br />
[[Category:1960s]]<br />
[[Category:New Deal]]<br />
<br />
*[http://www.conservativedirectory.com Directory of Conservative Websites - Category: Conservatives], [[Politics]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Conservative]]<br />
{{Conservatism}}</div>Ronfox