Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Gravity

2007-03-11T02:45:32Z

Rp: deleted, unencylco, Newton developed theory of gravitation, not "worked on the theory of gravity".

Gravity is considered by scientists and [[evolutionists]] to be one of the [[fundamental forces]] of the [[universe]]. It is a theory which suggests that all masses are attracted to each other because of invisible particles called gravitons or invisible curves in [[space]].
== References ==
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Neoconservatism

2007-03-11T02:41:17Z

Rp: Leo Strauss detail added

A '''neoconservative''' (colloquially, ''neocon'') is a [[Republican]] who opposes [[affirmative action]] and supports [[free enterprise]], but is not motivated by religious values. Neoconservatives tend to support [[free trade]] and immigration. In simplified terms, a neoconservative is a libertarian who supports war and big business.

Neoconservatives believe that democracy can and should be installed around the world, even in Muslim countries such as Iraq, [[Iran]], and [[Saudi Arabia]]. Neoconservatives were responsible for persuading President [[George W. Bush]] to invade Iraq, and they have lobbied for military action against [[Iran]] also.

The leading publications of neoconservatives are Commentary and The [[Weekly Standard]]. Many Washington, D.C. think tanks, such as the American Enterprise Institute (AEI) and the Project for the New American Century (PNAC), are now dominated by neoconservatives.

Neoconservatives often take [[libertarian]] positions on social issues, and are unlikely to agree with religious conservatives on issues like abortion, prayer in school and same-sex marriage. Neoconservatives differ from libertarians in that neoconservatives tend to support [[Big government]] policies to further their objectives, and to support erosion of American liberty by [[Patriot act]] and other measures.

Many neoconservatives are inspired by the political philospher Leo Strauss (September 20, 1899 – October 18, 1973). His views were complex and are little known in wider circles but involved a fear that democracy was inherently weak and undesirable and that the masses should be motivated by "heroic myths" from its politicians (effectively lying) in order to manipulate them to support their government.

In anticipation of vacancies on the [[U.S. Supreme Court]], the neoconservatives urged the selection of [[Michael McConnell]], a [[libertarian]]-leaning jurist, and [[J. Michael Luttig]], who declared ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'' to be "super-stare decisis"<ref>http://althouse.blogspot.com/2005/07/arlen-specter-makes-up-term.html</ref> and later left the judiciary to become general counsel of Boeing.<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/10/AR2006051000929.html</ref> Both were passed over in filling the vacancies with religious conservatives.

Neoconservatives are small in number but dominate television talk shows, Washington-based think tanks, and advisory positions in Republican Administrations. An example of a neoconservative is [[William Kristol]], founder of the [[Weekly Standard]].

== References ==

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Barack Hussein Obama

2007-03-11T02:24:25Z

Rp: Racist vandalism

Barack Obama is a Democratic Senator from Illinois, elected to office in 2004. He is a candidate for the 2008 United States Presidential election. He has the political advantage of having only been in office for two years, giving him little with which to be smeared with.

John McCain

2007-03-11T02:16:46Z

Rp: Torture viewpoint

'''John Sidney McCain III''' (born August 29, 1936) is the frontrunner to become the presidential nominee for the Republican Party in 2008, earned as a result being the runner-up in the last contested Republican presidential primary. Since at least 1976, the runner-up in the Republican primary has become the nominee in the next election cycle, as Republican primary voters respect seniority.

However, McCain may be weaker than prior front-runners. He skipped the first primary in Iowa in 2000 because he is weak there, and only did well in New Hampshire based on strong independent support. Those independents may flock to a more interesting Democratic primary in 2008. McCain is likely to be weak again in the following primary in South Carolina, where independents are not allowed to vote in the [[2008 Republican Primary]].

McCain is currently the senior U.S. Senator from Arizona. He was a prisoner of war (POW) in Vietnam and acquired wealth through his second marriage. He has curried favor with the media as an alternative to more conservative Republicans.

It was rumored that the [[George W. Bush]] camp spread a rumor that McCain was the father of an illegimate black baby in 2000, which may have dramatically cut into his support in South Carolina. Despite this incident, McCain and Bush remain on good terms.
==Political Record==
McCain's political record has been generally conservative, but he has alienated some conservatives on several important issues:

1. Immigration. In 2005-2006, McCain joined with liberal Senator Ted Kennedy to support a sweeping bill that reformed the tangled mass of immigration law, but in some ways was was favorable to illegal aliens. It has not passed.

2. Same-sex marriage. In 2006, McCain joined [[Democrat]]s and liberal Republicans in voting against the Federal Marriage Amendment, a proposed constitutional amendment to forbid non-traditional marriage. Later, on ''Hardball'', McCain took a [[Libertarian]] position, "On the issue of the gay marriage, I believe that people want to have private ceremonies, that's fine."
McCain's home state of Arizona was the only state to defeat a marriage referendum (in 2006), as McCain did nothing to support it.

3. "Gang of 14". On May 23, 2005, McCain was part of a group of 14 Senators who blocked the planned "nuclear option" for confirming blocked Republican nominees for the bench. Under this compromise a few judicial nominees were allowed to be confirmed (Janice Rogers Brown, Priscilla Owen and William Pryor), but others (e.g., Henry Saad) remained blocked and had to withdraw.

4. Campaign finance. McCain advocated campaign finance reform, something opposed by many conservative on [[Libertarian]] grounds that it interferes with the right to free speech. In 2002, McCain joined with liberal Democrat Russell Feingold to prohibit independent groups from advertising about a candidate within many weeks of an election. This law prohibits ads that do not even recommend for whom to vote, but merely urge people to contact their representatives concerning a vote that the representatives will make in Congress. A court recently declared this unconstitutional. Further, the McCain-Feingold campaign finance law allows Indian nations (which get nearly all their money from unregulated casinos) to make unlimited political donations, even though political donations by American citizens are strictly limited and political spending by corporations is prohibited.

5. Torture. McCain opposed renewal of the [[Patriot act]] on the grounds that it endorses use of torture, something which he opposes based on his experience as a POW in Vietnam. While he eventually removed his opposition to the renewal of the act, he added language to the renewal act prohibiting torture, despite threat of a presidential veto if such language was added.This is consistant with over two hundred years of civilisation since the Enlightenment. This position alienates many conservatives, who believe that torture is a tool that can and should be used against terrorists.

6. Tax cuts. McCain opposed President George W. Bush's tax cuts, on the argument that cutting taxes without also cutting spending was not actually a tax cut, but was a tax on future generations.

7. Criticism of the religious right. In his unsuccessful campaign in 2000, McCain criticized elements of the religious right in an attempt to attract voters.

8. Embryonic stem cell research. McCain supports embryonic stem cell research as a member of the Republican Main Street Partnership.

9. John McCain, like Gary Hart and John Tower before him, is at the complete mercy of the media. The media could destroy McCain's public reputation based on his role in the Keating Five scandal, and the media can be expected to do so in a general election.

10. An intangible, but a very important one, is the issue of trust. Many people, particularly evangelicals, do not trust McCain. That can be an insurmountable problem for a presidential candidate. However, recently, McCain has attempted to reach out to evangelical leaders to regain their trust. An example was his recent speech at Jerry Falwell's Liberty University.

11. In a general election, the media and the Democrats will likely make an issue about John McCain's health. He has suffered from recurring cancer (melanoma) and will be 72 years old on Election Day. Democrats may view as McCain as the easiest Republican to defeat in a general election for this reason. Other Republicans have countered that McCain would be the same age as [[Ronald Reagan]] was when first elected.
[[Category:Biographies]]

Isaac Newton

2007-03-11T01:53:40Z

Rp: Barely intelligable let alone encylopedic. Newton's laws were never replaced! Scientific heresy!

Sir [[Isaac Newton]] was an English [[scientist]] who lived from 1634 to 1727. He was a physicist, astronomer, mathematician, alchemist and natural philosopher. He is probably best known for his Theory of Universal Gravitation and his Laws of Motion. His contributions also include inventing the reflecting telescope, developing [[calculus]] (apparently before [[Gottfried Leibniz]], though Newton published his work on calculus after Leibniz<ref>Newton Biography[http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Newton.html]</ref>), and numerous other contributions to his fields of study.

Newton was the first to demonstrate that the same laws that govern the motion of celestial objects also govern the motion of things on Earth. Newton contributed greatly to the advancement of science. His work also advanced the concept of heliocentrism (the belief that the Sun is at the center of the solar system and/or universe).

Newton was a devout [[Christian]] who said his discoveries were inspired by [[God]].<ref>http://www.biblecodedigest.com/page.php/74</ref>. He devoted more time to the study of Scripture than to science, and more time in the pursuit of alchemy than to either. He said of himself, "I have a fundamental belief in the [[Bible]] as the Word of God, written by those who were inspired. I study the Bible daily."<ref>Tiner, J.H. (1975). Isaac Newton: Inventor, Scientist and Teacher. Milford, Michigan, U.S.: Mott Media.</ref> Newton's beliefs differed in an heretical manner from that of the Anglican Church however; he did not believe Trinitarianism (one God in three persons). The majority opinion holds that Newton was a unitarian (one God) and an Arian (Jesus was divine but did not exist eternally and was created by God at some point before coming to Earth). Both are commonly regarded by conservative Christians as the most dangerous of heresies. This is illustrated by Newton in his theological notebooks by noting that "worshiping Christ as God" among a list of "[[idolatry|Idolatria]]".<ref>Westfall, Richard S. The Life of Isaac Newton, Cambridge U Press, 1993, ISBN 0-521-47737-9, p. 124</ref>

Newton believed that God's creation of the universe was self evident given its grandeur.<ref>Webb, R.K. ed. Knud Haakonssen. “The emergence of Rational Dissent.” Enlightenment and Religion: Rational Dissent in eighteenth-century Britain. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 1996. p19.</ref> He also warned against using his laws to replace the creator. He said, "Gravity explains the motions of the planets, but it cannot explain who set the planets in motion. God governs all things and knows all that is or can be done."<ref>Tiner, J.H. (1975). Isaac Newton: Inventor, Scientist and Teacher. Milford, Michigan, U.S.: Mott Media.</ref>

Newton is often seen as one of the greatest scientists in all history due to his contributions, which inspired [[Kant]] to create the philosophical concepts of the [[categorical imperative]] and the [[synthetic a priori]].

After his death and burial, Newton was exhumed so he could be buried in a more prominent location in [[Westminster Abby]]. During this exhumation process, it was discovered that Newton had large amounts of mercury in his body, probably as a direct result of his [[alchemy|alchemical]] experiments. These large amounts of mercury may explain Newton’s eccentricity in his latter years, as well as his cause of death. <ref>Newton Biography[http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Newton.html]</ref>

Newton’s Laws stood as “laws” for years after his death, but in 1816 the discovery of Mercury’s anomalous perihelion provided evidence that Newton’s laws did not always correctly predict behavior in the observed, external, world. <ref>Newton’s Laws Falsified 1816[http://www.galilean-library.org/lakatos.html]</ref> <ref>Putnam, Dr. Hilary. Mathematics, Matter, and Method. Cambridge University Press. 1980. Page 257 [http://books.google.com/books?id=oEXw5dsrY64C&pg=RA2-PA257&lpg=RA2-PA257&dq=newton+falsify+mercury&source=web&ots=r1RiPYytw2&sig=3f-OYsTqprSmMxgmSgePqsjoXWo]</ref>

==Reference==

[[Category:Biographies]]

<references/>

George H. W. Bush

2007-03-11T01:45:39Z

Rp: spelling, earlier economic comments

{{stub}}
''George H. W. (Herbert Walker) Bush'', [[Republican]], was president of the U.S. from 1989-1993, following [[Ronald Reagan]] and preceding [[William Jefferson Clinton]]. He is the father of [[George W. Bush]].

His presidency was marked mostly by a poor [[economy]], and the [[Gulf War]] with [[Iraq]] in which he deliberately made the decision to end the conflict when the original goal of liberating [[Kuwait]] was achieved, and to stop short of invading Iraq (That is, he formulated an "exit strategy" before entering). He faced a strong challenge from [[Pat Robertson]] in 1988 due to charges that he was too liberal and some claim that he lost the presidency in 1992 due to many Republicans defecting to the [[Ross Perot]] camp.
He famously described the monetrist policies of Ronald Reagan (the Laffer curve) as "Voodoo Economics" prior to his nomination andelection as Vice President.

[[Category:Biographies]]
[[Category:Presidents of the United States]]

Isaac Newton

2007-03-11T01:39:09Z

Rp: biograph. details

Sir [[Isaac Newton]] was an English [[scientist]] who lived from 1634 to 1727. He was a physicist, astronomer, mathematician, alchemist and natural philosopher. He is probably best known for his Theory of Universal Gravitation and his Laws of Motion. His contributions also include inventing the reflecting telescope, developing [[calculus]] (apparently before [[Gottfried Leibniz]], though Newton published his work on calculus after Leibniz<ref>Newton Biography[http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Newton.html]</ref>), and numerous other contributions to his fields of study.

Newton was the first to demonstrate that the same laws that govern the motion of celestial objects also govern the motion of things on Earth. Newton's contributions greatly advanced the [[scientific revolution]]. His work also advanced the concept of heliocentrism (the belief that the Sun is at the center of the solar system and/or universe), with his works prompting the lifting of a ban on heliocentric books by the [[Catholic Church]].

Newton was a devout [[Christian]] who said his discoveries were inspired by [[God]].<ref>http://www.biblecodedigest.com/page.php/74</ref>. He devoted more time to the study of Scripture than to science, and more time in the pursuit of alchemy than to either. He said of himself, "I have a fundamental belief in the [[Bible]] as the Word of God, written by those who were inspired. I study the Bible daily."<ref>Tiner, J.H. (1975). Isaac Newton: Inventor, Scientist and Teacher. Milford, Michigan, U.S.: Mott Media.</ref> Newton's beliefs differed in an heretical manner from that of the Anglican Church however; he did not believe Trinitarianism (one God in three persons). The majority opinion holds that Newton was a unitarian (one God) and an Arian (Jesus was divine but did not exist eternally and was created by God at some point before coming to Earth). Both are commonly regarded by conservative Christians as the most dangerous of heresies. This is illustrated by Newton in his theological notebooks by noting that "worshiping Christ as God" among a list of "[[idolatry|Idolatria]]".<ref>Westfall, Richard S. The Life of Isaac Newton, Cambridge U Press, 1993, ISBN 0-521-47737-9, p. 124</ref>

Newton believed that God's creation of the universe was self evident given its grandeur.<ref>Webb, R.K. ed. Knud Haakonssen. “The emergence of Rational Dissent.” Enlightenment and Religion: Rational Dissent in eighteenth-century Britain. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 1996. p19.</ref> He also warned against using his laws to replace the creator. He said, "Gravity explains the motions of the planets, but it cannot explain who set the planets in motion. God governs all things and knows all that is or can be done."<ref>Tiner, J.H. (1975). Isaac Newton: Inventor, Scientist and Teacher. Milford, Michigan, U.S.: Mott Media.</ref>

Newton is often seen as one of the greatest scientific people in all history due to his contributions, which inspired [[Kant]] to create the philosophical concepts of the [[categorical imperative]] and the [[synthetic a priori]].

Newton, who never married and was widely suspected to have been gay (that fact that his lover was also a Roman Catholic increased his fear of persecution in post reformation England and Cambridge University), died in March of 1727 in [[London]], [[England]], and was buried in Westminster Abbey. After his death and burial, Newton was exhumed so he could be buried in a more prominent location in [[Westminster Abby]]. During this exhumation process, it was discovered that Newton had large amounts of mercury in his body, probably as a direct result of his [[alchemy|alchemical]] experiments. These large amounts of mercury may explain Newton’s eccentricity in his latter years, as well as his cause of death. <ref>Newton Biography[http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Newton.html]</ref>

Newton’s Laws stood as “laws” for years after his death, but in 1816 the discovery of Mercury’s anomalous perihelion provided evidence that Newton’s laws did not always correctly predict behavior in the observed, external, world. <ref>Newton’s Laws Falsified 1816[http://www.galilean-library.org/lakatos.html]</ref> It was not until 1919, however, that a series of experiments designed to test [[General Relativity]] provided the scientific community with enough evidence to replace those laws. <ref>Newton’s Laws in 1919 [http://www.don-lindsay-archive.org/creation/falsify.html]</ref> Once a theory could replace Newton’s Laws, they were fully falsified and replaced with a theory that better matched the observed universe. <ref>Putnam, Dr. Hilary. Mathematics, Matter, and Method. Cambridge University Press. 1980. Page 257 [http://books.google.com/books?id=oEXw5dsrY64C&pg=RA2-PA257&lpg=RA2-PA257&dq=newton+falsify+mercury&source=web&ots=r1RiPYytw2&sig=3f-OYsTqprSmMxgmSgePqsjoXWo]</ref>

==Reference==

[[Category:Biographies]]

<references/>

France

2007-03-11T01:32:34Z

Rp: facts seperated into paragraphs

France is a country in Europe, which thrived especially during the Middle Ages (the Middle Ages roughly cover the period from the 5th century to the beginning of the 16th century). It remains a powerhouse in the [[European Union]], and is consistently at odds with the [[United Kingdom]] on issues of EU policy. The capital city is Paris.

[[Image:map_of_france.jpg]]

France did not support President Bush's invasion of Iraq.

Allied soldiers liberated it during World War II.

It was a founder member of the European Coal and Steel treaty which was lead to the EEC and EU. Its contributions to western culture have been immense if contraversial. It assisted the USA to gain its independence, established universal legal codes in much of the non anglo saxon west. It made a number of philosophical contributions to the world, including Descartes and Sartre, existentialism and post modernism. Its own colonial behaviour and the treatment of non French soldiers has been criticised of late. It maintains the CFA (African France) in much of west and central Africa. It gifted the statue of liberty to the USA in celebration of its independence.

France

2007-03-11T01:04:34Z

Rp: Vandalism RV and basic facts added

France is a country in Europe, which thrived especially during the MIddle Ages. It remains a powerhouse in the [[European Union]], and is consistently at odds with the [[United Kingdom]] on issues of EU policy. The capital city is Paris.

[[Image:map_of_france.jpg]]

France did not support President Bush's invasion of Iraq.

It was a founder member of the European Coal and Steel treaty which was lead to the EEC and EU. Its contributions to western culture have been immense if contraversial. It assisted the USA to gain its independence, established universal legal codes in much of the non anglo saxon west. It made a number of philosophical contributions to the world, including Descartes and Sartre, existentialism and post modernism. Its own colonial behaviour and the treatment of non French soldiers has been criticised of late. It maintains the CFA (African France) in much of west and central Africa. It gifted the statue of liberty to the USA in celebration of its independence.

George W. Bush

2007-03-11T00:47:56Z

Rp:

[[Image:George_w_bush.jpeg|200px|right|]]
'''George Walker Bush''' (born 1946) was the Governor of [[Texas]] (1996-2001) and has served as the [[Republican]] [[President of the United States of America]] since 2001. Campaigning heavily on the notion that the United States should not be in the business of nation-building<ref>http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2000/debates/transcripts/u221003.html</ref>, He won the office by a narrow margin in the decisive State of [[Florida]]. Legal challenges to the certified vote count went all the way to the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] in 2000. Democratic contender [[Al Gore]] initially conceded defeat on the night of the election, but then contested the outcome for weeks until the Supreme Court case ''Gore v. Bush''.

In 2004, George W. Bush won reelection by a popular margin of tens of votes, including a 300,000 vote (5%) victory<ref>[http://election.dos.state.fl.us/elections/resultsarchive/SummaryRpt.asp?ElectionDate=11/2/2004&Race=PRE&DATAMODE= Florida Election Records], ''[[Florida Dept. of State]]''</ref> in the State of Florida where the outcome had been so close in 2000. Democratic candidate [[John Kerry]] quickly conceded defeat the day after the election.

For many months after John Kerry conceded the outcome of the 2004 election to George W. Bush, some American [[liberals]] continued to claim that the election had somehow been stolen by voter fraud.

In 2006, the Democratic Party narrowly won control of both Houses of Congress, leaving the final two years of the Bush Administration in a state of [[divided government]].

George W. Bush has spent most of his Presidency focusing on foreign policy issues, namely the war on terror in response to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks against the USA. As part of the fight against terrorism, he has instituted regime changes in the countries of [[Afghanistan]] and [[Iraq]]. On January 10, 2007, he said "The situation in Iraq is unacceptable ... Where mistakes have been made, the responsibility rests with me".<ref>http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16558652/</ref> He is now working tirelessly to end the Iraqi insurgency and stabilize the region.

Many people feel that George W. Bush's faith is sincere and profound whilst many others feel he has weakened world security.

Though the liberal media continues to disparage Bush's handling of the economy, they often neglect to report the many aspects of the economy that Bush has improved. For example, during his term Exxon Mobile has posted the largest profit of any company in a signle year, and executive salaries have greatly increased as well [http://www.forbes.com/2005/04/20/05ceoland.html].

George W. Bush is the son of [[George H. W. Bush]], who served as vice-president from 1981 to 1989 and as president from 1989 to 1993.

==References==
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[[Category:Biographies]]
[[Category:Presidents of the United States]]

John F. Kennedy

2007-03-11T00:42:25Z

Rp:

{{stub}}

[[Image:John_kennedy.jpg|right]]

John F. Kennedy was an [[American]] president. He died in 1963 when he was shot by [[Lee Harvey Oswald]]. He authorised the de segregation of Federal housing and proposed the civil rights bill, passed after his assaination. He successfully faced down the Soviet Union's plans to station nuclear missiles in Cuba and faced down a number of hawks in his own administration during that crisis. He also pledged the USA to put man on the moon before the end of the 1960s. He is known for his involvement in the [[Bay of Pigs]] affair and his relationship with [[Marilyn Monroe]].

[[Category:Biographies]]
[[Category:Presidents of the United States]]

Voltaire

2007-03-11T00:32:11Z

Rp:

Voltaire (pen name of François-Marie Arouet) (1694-1778) was a leading philosopher in the [[Enlightenment]], advocating freedom everywhere and emphasizing his form of reason. He was a [[Deism|deist]] who rejected Christianity and criticized organized religion. Voltaire is sometimes called the "Father of the Enlightenment."

In his ''Philosophical Dictionary,'' he fantasizes a conversation in which he asks a spirit "Tell me if there have been peoples other than the Christians and the Jews in whom zeal and religion wretchedly transformed into fanaticism, have inspired so many horrible cruelties." The spirit replies "Yes, the Mohammedans were sullied with the same inhumanities, but rarely; and when one asked amman, pity, of them, and offered them tribute, they pardoned."

A Frenchman, he wrote "Candide," in which Voltaire described many bad things that happen to Candide in order to make the point that the world could be a better place. Increased freedom was Voltaire's way of improving things.

The late historian Kenneth Clarke described him as possibly the most intelligent man to have ever lived.

Oliver Cromwell

2007-03-11T00:27:40Z

Rp:

'''Oliver Cromwell''' lived from April 25, [[1599 ]]to September 3, [[1658]]. He was an English soldier and statesman who led parliamentary forces in the [[English Civil War]]s and ruled as [[dictator]] under the title [[Lord Protector]]. To this day Cromwell is remebered by many in [[England]], but hated by others. The [[Ireland|Irish]], which suffered from his brutality in Ireland, vilify Cromwell. Royalists, or those who love the English monarchy, also hated Cromwell and even dug up his corpse to behead him once the monarchy regained power. The anger against Cromwell was so great that his severed head was displayed outside [[Westminster Abbey]] for over 20 years, from 1661 to 1685, and the remainder of his [[corpse]] thrown into a disgraceful pit.

Cromwell carried out a number of massacres in Ireland. He was a military dictator who used troops to shut 'the mother of parliaments' and held deeply bigoted views of Roman Catholics. He breeched the accepted natural law of the day when he participated in the execution of a King. He then tried to have his son succede him as Lord Protector (effectively King). His new state was a complete failure and King Charles II was invited back to reign.

[[Category:Biographies]]

Nineteenth Amendment

2007-03-11T00:19:42Z

Rp:

The right of citizens of the [[United States]] to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of [[sex]].

[[Congress]] shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

----

This amendment was ratified in 1920, as advocates ("suffragettes") cited women's support of World War I to persuade President [[Woodrow Wilson]] to change his position from opposing this amendment to supporting it. [[Women]] could already vote in many areas of the country, but this amendment guaranteed the right, in violation of the principle of [[states' rights]] and in support of individual [[civil rights]], a phenomenon further seen in civil rights legislation after the [[civil rights movement]]. 'States rights' is conservative code for being able to oppress minorities. For example in the civil rights campaign many southern white racists claimed that they were simply seeking 'State Rights' to self determination when really they were just attempting to maintain racist laws but to admit this would have been difficult.