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List of dictators

2015-04-20T21:58:41Z

ScottH35: /* Quotes from Lenin */ Apparently misquoted so I couldn't find it.

The following is a list of national leaders ([[Head of state|heads of state]] and/or [[Head of government|heads of government]]) commonly regarded as modern [[dictator]]s. This usage usually carries a pejorative sense and refers to a ruler who:

* Rules by decree, via an Enabling Act or similar laws passed by a legislature allowing him to do so;
* is an [[absolute ruler]] of a [[state|sovereign state]], usually appointed, but without hereditary ascension;
* governs outside the otherwise accepted [[rule of law]];
* commonly (but not necessarily) gaining power through [[fraud]], a [[coup d'état]], resorting to either again to continue in power;
* may develop a [[cult of personality]];
* may be autocratic, oppressive, despotic or tyrannical.

Some so-called "benevolent dictators" may be viewed as beneficial and their leadership seen as a "necessary evil".
The modern usage of the term 'dictator' developed largely in response to instances of autocratic rule in [[republic]]s, so traditional [[monarch]]s are not usually described as dictators in historical commentary. Also excluded from this list are those who held [[absolute power]] during national [[State of emergency|emergencies]], but restored the rule of law soon thereafter. Otherwise those included have been widely cited by historians or described by the [[Mass media|media]] as dictators. Any controversy surrounding such characterisation is mentioned in the notes.

The list is sorted according to when each dictator began their years in power. This refers to any years in office as a head of state, government or the like before their dictatorship was established. Any years of elected and judicial rule may be indicated parenthetically.

==Africa==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Country !! Years in power !! Notes
|-
|align=center|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] ||align=center| [[Egypt]] ||align=center| 1954–1970 || Prime Minister of Egypt 1954-1962; President of Egypt 1956-1970. Part of a group of officers in control of Egypt after the coup against British supported [[Farouk of Egypt|King Farouk]] in 1952; In February 1954, Nasser forced {{fact}} President [[Muhammad Naguib]] to appoint him prime minister and give up most practical power to him; later in that year Naguib resigned and Nasser became president by self-appointment; elected by popular vote (as only candidate) in 1956, and subsequently. Many personalistic elements to Nasser's rule, but nominal parliamentary system under Nasser's 1956-1970 presidency {{fact}}, until his death in 1970.
|-
|align=center|[[Ahmed Sékou Touré]] ||align=center| [[Guinea]] ||align=center| 1958–1984 || President of Guinea. Widely described as a dictator (see [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/DIAINS.html], [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/world/awards2003/profile_jazz.shtml]) with estimates of up to 50,000 extra-judicial killings during his rule (see [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat6.htm]) and 250,000 Guineans fleeing his rule ([http://www.africanet.com/africanet/country/guinea/history.htm]).
|-
|align=center|[[David Dacko]] ||align=center| [[Central African Republic]] ||align=center| 1960–1966 1979–1981 || President of the Central African Republic. Banned opposition (see [http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad36]); Gained power by coup in 1979, though subsequently stood for election (see [http://www.african-geopolitics.org/show.aspx?ArticleId=3638]).
|-
|align=center|[[Kwame Nkrumah]] ||align=center| [[Ghana]] ||align=center| 1960–1966 || Created an single-party-system. Described himself as "African [[Lenin]]".
|-
|align=center|[[Modibo Keita]] ||align=center| [[Mali]] ||align=center| 1960–1968 || Schoolteacher and first president of Mali. Forced socialization and extensive protectionism severely harmed the economy and continued the country's dependence on aid donors. Discontent with these policies led Keita to implement his own "Cultural Revolution" and establish a network of people's militias to inform on and punish dissent. In the last few years of his presidency, full powers were vested in an extralegal "National Committee for Defense of the Revolution". He was deposed in a military coup.
|-
|align=center|[[François (Ngarta) Tombalbaye|François Tombalbaye]] ||align=center| [[Chad]] ||align=center| 1960–1975 || Head of State 1960-1962; President of Chad 1962-1975. Never fought a contested election; imprisoned opposition leaders. Launched a "Cultural Revolution" in the early 1970s encouraging ''[[authenticité]]''.
|-
|align=center|[[Félix Houphouët-Boigny]] ||align=center| [[Côte d'Ivoire]] ||align=center| 1960–1993 || President of Côte d'Ivoire. Ruled until 1990 with all opposition banned, but not considered particularly repressive. Relocated the official capital to his home village of [[Yamoussoukro]] and constructed the [[Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro]], the largest religious structure in Africa.
|-
|align=center|[[Milton Obote]] ||align=center| [[Uganda]] ||align=center| 1962–1972 1980–1985 || Prime Minister of Uganda 1962-1966; President of Uganda 1966-1971 and 1980-1985. Suspended the constitution and declared himself President and Prime Minister in 1966.
|-
|align=center|[[Hastings Kamuzu Banda]] ||align=center| [[Malawi]] ||align=center| 1963–1994 || Prime Minister of Malawi 1963-1966; President of Malawi 1966-1994. Banned all opposition in 1966; declared himself [[President for Life]] in 1971; exiled and killed opposition leaders. Ordered that a letter bomb be sent to exiled opposition leader [[Attati Mpakati]]; suspected of being involved in the car crash deaths of senior Congress Party leaders; violently crushed an attempted rebellion. Aged 98, he allowed and lost a free election in 1994.
|-
|align=center|[[Kenneth Kaunda]] ||align=center| [[Zambia]] ||align=center| 1964–1991 || President of the Republic of Zambia 1964-1991.Elected 1964, banned all political parties in Zambia, viewed himself as "WAMUYAYA" (eternal President).Accused of torturing political opponents.Defeated by Frederick Chiluba in 1991.
|-
|align=center|[[Houari Boumediene]] ||align=center| [[Algeria]] ||align=center| 1965–1978 || 
President of Algeria from June 19, 1965 to his death, (December 27, 1978); Chairman of the Revolutionary Council until December 12, 1976). In June 1965, Boumédienne seized power in a bloodless coup. Initially lacking a personal power base, he was seen as a weak ruler. But after a botched coup attempt against him by military officers in 1967 he tightened his rule, and then remained Algeria's undisputed ruler until his death in 1978.
|-
|align=center|[[Jean-Bédel Bokassa]] ||align=center| [[Central African Republic]] ||align=center| 1966–1979 || President of the Central African Republic 1966-1976; Emperor Bokassa I of the Central African Empire 1976-1979. Bokassa overthrew the autocratic Dacko in a swift coup d'état and assumed power as president of the Republic and head of the sole political party, the Mouvement pour l'évolution sociale de l'Afrique Noire (MESAN). Bokassa abolished the constitution of 1959 on January 4 and began to rule by decree. He proclaimed himself emperor in 1976 (see [http://www.african-geopolitics.org/show.aspx?ArticleId=3638]).
|-
|align=center|[[Gnassingbé Eyadéma]] ||align=center| [[Togo]] ||align=center| 1967–2005 || President of Togo. Gained power in a coup; never fought a contested election until 1998; banned, tortured and killed opposition. Fostered a cult of personality that was reinforced after he was the sole survivor of an airplane crash in 1974. In late 1991, troops loyal to Eyadéma closed a constitutional conference that had shifted most executive power to a new transitional government and banned Eyadéma's RPT party. January 1993 saw a mass exodus of residents to neighboring states after security forces fired on pro-democracy demonstrators. Further repression followed a purported 1994 coup attempt (see[http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar/data/togoewechro.htm]).
|-
|align=center|[[Omar Bongo]] ||align=center| [[Gabon]] ||align=center| 1967–2009 || As vice president, he acceded to the presidency following the death of President [[Léon M'ba]]. In 1968, Bongo decreed a one-party state under his [[Gabonese Democratic Party]] and was thrice elected unopposed in the 1970s and 1980s. He became very wealthy during the country's oil boom. Open elections were held in 1990 and Bongo was re-elected in 1993, 1998 and 2005. Observers have criticized the elections as unfair and corruption watchdogs have accused the president of [[nepotism]]. Riots resulting from the mysterious death in 1990 of prominent dissident [[Joseph Rendjambe]] in a government hotel room were put down by French troops.
|-
|align=center|[[Moussa Traoré]] ||align=center| [[Mali]] ||align=center| 1968–1991 || Chairman of the Military National Liberation Committee 1968-1969; Head of State 1969-1979; President of Mali 1979-1991. Seized power in a coup; banned all opposition; installed a police state; established one-party state in 1979.
|-
|align=center|[[Francisco Macías Nguema]] ||align=center| [[Equatorial Guinea]] ||align=center| 1968–1979 || President of Equatorial Guinea 1968-1979. Elected in 1968 but declared himself [[President for Life]] in 1972; "extreme personality cult"; over a third of population fled his regime. Banned fishing and sanctioned the deaths of most of his pre-independence political rivals, including ex-prime minister [[Bonifacio Ondó Edu]] and foreign minister [[Atanasio Ndongo Miyone]]. Declared an atheist state by Spanish dictator [[Francisco Franco]]. As many as 50,000 civilians were killed, in particular those of the [[Bubi]] ethnic [[minority]] on [[Bioko]] associated with relative wealth and [[intellectual]]ism.
|-
|align=center|[[Gaafar Nimeiry]] ||align=center| [[Sudan]] ||align=center| 1969–1985 || Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council 1969-1971; President of Sudan 1971-1985. Gained power in a military coup, banned opposition, dissolved southern Sudanese government, imposed sharia law. Executed several leading communists (the most prominent being [[Abdel Khaliq Mahjub]] and [[Joseph Garang]]) after a botched 1971 coup attempt.
|-
|align=center|[[Mohamed Siad Barre]] ||align=center| [[Somalia]] ||align=center| 1969–1991 || Chairman of the Supreme Revolutionary Council 1969-1976; President of Somalia 1976-1991. In 1969, during the power vacuum following the assassination of President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, the military staged a coup and took over. Barre was to rule for the next twenty-two years. He attempted to develop a personality cult; large posters of him were common in the capital Mogadishu during his reign, many of which can still be seen today. He dreamed of a "[[Greater Somalia]]" and tried unsuccessfully to annex the [[Ogaden]]—legally Ethiopian territory—in 1977 to realize this end (see [[Ogaden War]]).
|-
|align=center|[[Idi Amin]] ||align=center| [[Uganda]] ||align=center| 1971–1979 || [[President of Uganda]], later (1976) declared as [[President for Life|for Life]]. Deposed in 1979 after declaring war on [[Tanzania]].
|-
|align=center|[[Mengistu Haile Mariam]] ||align=center| [[Ethiopia]] ||align=center| 1974–1991 || Chairman of the Provisional Military Administrative Council ([[Derg]]) in 1974 and 1977-1987; President of Ethiopia 1987-1991. One-party state; repression of opposition; tens of thousands of extra-judicial killings.
|-
|align=center|[[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ||align=center| [[Nigeria]] ||align=center| 1976-1979 || Head of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria between 1976 and 1979. Elected President of Nigeria in 1999. Chairman of the [[African Union]] 2004-2006.
|-
|align=center|[[Jean-Baptiste Bagaza]] ||align=center| [[Burundi]] ||align=center| 1976–1987 || President of Burundi. Widely described as a military dictator (see [http://www.africanews.com/article265.html], [http://www.electionworld.org/history/burundi.htm]).
|-
|align=center|[[Albert René]] ||align=center| [[Seychelles]] ||align=center| 1977–2004 || President of Seychelles. Deposed the elected president Sir [[James Mancham]] and promulgated a one-party constitution after a period of rule by decree. Created the [[National Youth Service]] (NYS), a compulsory educational institution that included traditional curricula interlaced with political indoctrination and paramilitary training.
|-
|align=center|[[Daniel arap Moi]] ||align=center| [[Kenya]] ||align=center| 1978–2002 || President of Kenya. Changed constitution to establish a ''de jure'' one-party state; resorted to repressive rule, including torture and imprisonment without trial.
|-
|align=center|[[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]] ||align=center| [[Equatorial Guinea]] ||align=center| '''1979–present''' || Chairman of the Supreme Military Council 1979-1982; President of Equatorial Guinea 1982-present. Deposed his uncle in a violent coup; opposition is banned in all but name.
|-
|align=center|[[José Eduardo dos Santos]] ||align=center| [[Angola]] ||align=center| '''1979–present''' || President of Angola. One-party state; did not stand for election until 1992 (see [http://www.cpj.org/Briefings/2000/Angola_Marques_00/Angola_Marques_00.html]).
|-
|align=center|[[João Bernardo Vieira]] ||align=center| [[Guinea-Bissau]] ||align=center| 1980-1984 (dictator) 2005-2009 (democratically elected) || become president by a coup. killing and exiled opposition. faoumes for the [[Guinea-Bissau Civil War]].
|-
|align=center|[[Samuel K. Doe]] ||align=center| [[Liberia]] ||align=center| 1980–1990 || Chairman of the People's Redemption Council 1980-1984; President of Liberia 1984-1990. Gained power in a military coup that killed President [[William R. Tolbert, Jr.]], a [[Reform movement|reformer]]. Promoted [[Krahn]] chauvinism and "died a multi-millionaire and proud owner of mansions and estates" (see[http://www.theperspective.org/2004/oct/bookpeople.html]).
|-
|align=center|[[Robert Mugabe]] ||align=center| [[Zimbabwe]] ||align=center| '''1980–present''' ||
Gained power through election, and repeatedly re-elected, but criticized for steps used to maintain power. From 1999 on, used police and militant groups like the War Veterans Association and [[Border Gezi Youth]] to enforce [[ZANU-PF]] policies and to prevent opponents from voting; called "king" by his aides.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1709488.stm] Arrested and tortured opponents and human rights activists; gave amnesty to murderers of his political opponents in 2000; ignores court rulings.[http://www.guardian.co.uk/elsewhere/journalist/story/0,7792,410850,00.html]
|-
|align=center|[[Jerry Rawlings]] ||align=center| [[Ghana]] ||align=center| 1981-1992 || Gained power in a military coup during 1979 but handed it over. Re-took power in another coup of 1981. Elected President in 1992 and again in 1996 before standing aside as per the constitution.
|-
|align=center|[[André Kolingba]] ||align=center| [[Central African Republic]] ||align=center| 1981–1993 || Chairman of the Military Committee of National Recovery 1981-1985; President of the Central African Republic 1985-1993. Gained power in a coup; persecuted opposition; allowed (and lost) free elections in 1993. Attempted second coup in 2001.
|-
|align=center|[[Paul Biya]] ||align=center| [[Cameroon]] ||align=center| '''1982–present''' || He served under President Ahmadou Ahidjo and became Prime Minister in 1975. Ahidjo resigned on November 6, 1982 and Biya became president. After years of totalitarian rule, he allowed the creation of opposition parties in 1990 but his re-elections have been marked by widespread fraud and intimidation.
|-
|align=center|[[Hissène Habré]] ||align=center| [[Chad]] ||align=center| 1982–1990 || Chairman of the Council of State 1982; President of Chad 1982-1990. Gained power in a coup; abolished post of Prime Minister; executed opposition leaders.
|-
|align=center|[[Thomas Sankara]] ||align=center| [[Burkina Faso]] ||align=center| 1983-1987 || President of Upper Volta 1983-1984; President of Burkina Faso 1984-1987. Gained power in coup. Lead millitary regime. Overthrown and killed in coup.
|-
|align=center|[[Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya]] ||align=center| [[Mauritania]] ||align=center| 1984–2005 || Deposed the military head of state, [[Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla]], on December 1984 and declared himself Chairman of the Military Committee for National Salvation. Deposed by [[Ely Ould Mohamed Vall]] in a bloodless coup d'état. 
|-
|align=center|[[Ibrahim Babangida]] ||align=center| [[Nigeria]] ||align=center| 1985-1993 || Annulled the most free and fair presidential election in the history of Nigeria, leading to the death of the presidenstial candidate [[Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola]].
|-
|align=center|[[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]] ||align=center| [[Tunisia]] ||align=center| 1987–2011 || President of Tunisia. Although he announced [[Pluralism#Plualism in politics|political pluralism]] in 1992, his Democratic Constitutional Rally (formerly Neo-Destour party) continues to dominate the national politics and there is no genuine open political debate. In 1999, although two unknown alternative candidates were permitted for the first time to stand in the presidential elections, Ben Ali was re-elected with 99.66% of the vote. A controversial constitutional referendum in 2002 allowed him to seek re-election and contemplate the possibility of remaining in office until 2014. On October 24, 2004, he was again re-elected, officially taking 94.48% of the vote. Certain books, periodicals and internet sites are banned or blocked. The [http://www.tunisiatv.com National Television] frequently show his actions during a week, but often the President only appears in passing on television. In 2011 he was forced from power after mass protests.
|-
|align=center|[[Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir]] ||align=center| [[Sudan]] ||align=center| '''1989–present''' || President of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation 1989-1993; President of Sudan 1993-present. Took power in a military coup and increasingly centralized power into himself. Widely believed to be implicated in the [[Darfur]] [[Janjaweed]] [[pogrom]]s.
|-
|align=center|[[Idriss Déby]] ||align=center| [[Chad]] ||align=center| '''1990–present''' || Head of State 1990-1991; President of Chad 1991 to date. Gained power in a coup; continues to suppress opposition and press (see [http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/tcd-summary-eng]).
|-
|align=center|[[Sani Abacha]] ||align=center| [[Nigeria]] ||align=center| 1993–1998 || Chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council 1993-1998. Seized power in a coup; persecuted opposition; never stood for election. Jailed Chief [[Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola]], the presumed winner of the annulled 1993 presidential election; presided over execution of activist [[Ken Saro-Wiwa]].
|-
|align=center|[[Paul Kagame]] || align=center|[[Rwanda]] || align=center|'''1994-present''' || Vice-President of Rwanda 1994-2000; President 2000-Present. Brouhgt to power by a guerilla movement which plunged the country into bloodshed and led to the Rwandan Genocide in 1994. Responsible of the the killings of innocent civilians, women and children in Kibeho refugee camp. Responsible of the killings of 4 millions congolese. Responsible of the killings of Priests and Archbishops in Kabgayi.
|-
|align=center|[[Yahya Jammeh]] ||align=center| [[The Gambia]] ||align=center| '''1994-Present''' || President of The Gambia. Gained power in coup d'état. Right to the press and free speech supressed. Stood for three elections (1996, 2001, and 2006); last election deemed unfair by opposition.
|-
|align=center|[[Laurent-Désiré Kabila]] ||align=center| [[Congo-Kinshasa]] ||align=center| 1997–2001 || President of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Overthrew [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] in coup. No elections held during ongoing, interstate [[First Congo War|First]] and [[Second Congo War]]s.
|-
|align=center|[[Charles G. Taylor]] ||align=center| [[Liberia]] ||align=center| 1997–2003 || President of Liberia 1997-2003. Elected, but widely described as a dictator (see[http://www.guardian.co.uk/sierra/article/0,2763,221878,00.html], [http://www.cij.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=viewNews&newsID=9], [http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2003/127/48.0.html]). Linked to "[[blood diamonds]]" and illegal arms trading. Believed to have interfered frequently in the internal affairs of neighboring states while a [[warlord]], before his election to the presidency.
|-
|align=center|[[François Bozizé]] ||align=center| [[Central African Republic]] ||align=center| 2003–2013 || President of the Central African Republic 2003 to date. Gained power in a coup and suspended the constitution, though he has restored some democracy (see [http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/02/28/1456242]).
|-
|align=center|[[Ely Ould Mohamed Vall]] ||align=center| [[Mauritania]] ||align=center| 2005-2007 || Chairman of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy. Gained power via a military coup. Though he has said to relinquish power to an elected government in 2007.
|-
|align=center|[[Michael Sata]] ||align=center| [[Zambia]] ||align=center| 2011–2014 || Elected President of Zambia. Sata shut down the opposition and maintains relationships with [[Robert Mugabe]].
|-
|align=center|[[Mohamed Morsi]] ||align=center| [[Egypt]] ||align=center| 2012–2013 || Supported by the Muslim Brotherhood. Described Jews as "apes and pigs". Massively expanded his presidential authority upon being elected, giving himself unlimited powers.
|}

==The Americas==
===North America===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Country !! Years in power !! Notes
|-
| align=center|[[Agustín de Iturbide]] || align=center|[[Mexico]] || align=center|1822 - 1823 || Shortly after the Mexican War of Independence, he was declared Emperor of Mexico in 1822. Repressive, cracked down on free speech and any opposition. Desposed when popular opposition forced him to abdicate.
|-
| align=center|[[Antonio López de Santa Anna|Antonio López de Santa Anna]] || align=center|[[Mexico]] || align=center|1833 - 1855 (intermittent) || President or Provisional President of Mexico 1833-1837, then 1841 to February 1844, June to December 1844, March to September 1847 and finally 1853-1855. When [[Anastasio Bustamante]] led a coup overthrowing and killing President [[Vicente Guerrero]], Santa Anna seized power and then was elected President in 1833. At first he gave a free hand to his vice-president [[Valentín Gómez Farías]], a liberal reformer. Later he dismissed Gómez Farías, declared the Constitution suspended, disbanded the Congress and worked to concentrate power in the central government. He was overthrown and restored to power several times before his final overthrow in 1855.
|-
| align=center|[[Porfirio Díaz]] || align=center|[[Mexico]] || align=center|1879 - 1910 || Interim president 1876-1877; President of Mexico 1877-1880, 1884-1911. ''De facto'' ruler 1880-1884. Gained power in a coup, after his Revolution of Tuxtepac overthrew his predecessor, Lerdo. He did not run for reelection after his first term in order to keep his one-term promises that he made during his revolution. However, he retook the presidency a few years later and did not leave from power until the [[Mexican Revolution|Revolution of 1910]] kicked him from the Presidency. His rule saw the rapid modernization of Mexico, progress mainly caused by Diaz's encouragement of foreign investment in the country's infrastructure. However, the poor became quite miserable during this time. Political opposition was squelched and rebellions were put down by the ''rurals'', Diaz's personal guard. He was eventually overthrown by the [[Mexican Revolution|Revolution]] which lasted 10 years.
|-
| align=center|[[Victoriano Huerta]] || align=center|[[Mexico]] || align=center|1913 - 1914 || Appointed president, established a military dictatorship for about a year, and then was forced to resign.
|}

===Central America===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Country !! Years in power !! Notes
|-
| align=center|[[Rafael Carrera]] || align=center|[[Guatemala]] || align=center|1844–1848 1851–1865 || President of Guatemala. Gained power in a coup; styled himself [[President for Life]].
|-
|align=center|[[William Walker]] ||align=center| [[Nicaragua]] ||align=center| 1856-1857 || An american fillibuster takes over and proclaims himself President of Nicaragua. Tried to conquer several central american countries. Eventually executed.
|-
| align=center|[[Justo Rufino Barrios]] || align=center|[[Guatemala]] || align=center|1873–1885 || President of Guatemala. Gained power in a bloody coup, but introduced reforms.
|-
| align=center|[[Manuel Estrada Cabrera]] || align=center|[[Guatemala]] || align=center|1898–1920 || President of Guatemala. Never elected; subverted constitution; widely described as a dictator (see[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9033093], [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761558775/Estrada_Cabrera_Manuel.html]). Constructed numerous large [[Ancient Greece|Hellenic]]-style temples as monuments to his rule.
|-
| align=center|[[Maximiliano Hernández Martínez]] || align=center|[[El Salvador]] || align=center|1931–1934 1935–1944 || Acting President 1931-1934; President of El Salvador 1935-1944. Gained power in a coup; suppressed opposition; oversaw massacre of between ten and forty thousand suspected opponents. Presided over ''[[1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising|La Matanza]]'' in 1932, a massacre (genocide) of communists, suspected communists, [[campesinos]] and [[Pipil]] Indians (see [http://countrystudies.us/el-salvador/7.htm]).
|-
| align=center|[[Jorge Ubico]] || align=center|[[Guatemala]] || align=center|1931–1944 || President of Guatemala. Elected, but suppressed opposition and "assumed dictatorial powers".
|-
| align=center|[[Tiburcio Carías Andino]] || align=center|[[Honduras]] || align=center|1933–1949 || President of Honduras. Banned opposition and set up a [[Rubberstamp (politics)|rubber-stamp]] congress; suppressed unions (see[http://countrystudies.us/honduras/19.htm]).
|-
| align=center|[[Carlos Castillo Armas]] || align=center|[[Guatemala]] || align=center|1954–1957 || Junta Chairman, 1954; President of Guatemala 1954-1957. Gained power in a coup; banned the popular [[Guatemalan Party of Labour|Communist party]]; purged trade unions of leftist influence; declared himself president in 1956. Assassinated.
|-
| align=center|[[Oswaldo López Arellano]] || align=center|[[Honduras]] || align=center|1963–1971 1972–1975 || Head of Military Government 1963-1965; President of Honduras 1965-1971; Head of State 1972-1975. Military officer who allowed elections in 1971 before re-seizing power the next year. According to Clara Nieto in ''Masters of War: Latin America and United States Aggression from the Cuban Revolution through the Clinton years'', p. 114 (ISBN 1-58322-545-5): "During this second term (1972-1975) López governed without a congress and by decree."
|-
| align=center|[[Omar Torrijos]] || align=center|[[Panama]] || align=center|1968–1981 || Commander of the National Guard. Gained power in a coup; banned opposition, unions and free press.
|-
| align=center|[[Daniel Ortega]] || align=center|[[Nicaragua]] || align=center|1979-1990 '''2006–present''' || Came in power by a coup, with his Leftist [[Sandinista|Sandinistas]]. Hold false elections.
|-
| align=center|[[Manuel Noriega]] || align=center|[[Panama]]|| align=center|1983–1989 || Commander of the National Guard and ''de facto'' military leader, widely described as a dictator (see [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9056130], [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561240/Noriega_Moreno_Manuel_Antonio.html], [http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/news/8155061.htm]).
|}

===South America===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Country !! Years in power !! Notes
|-
| align=center|[[José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia]] || align=center|[[Paraguay]] || align=center|1813-1814 and 1814-1840 ||gained power in election. Outlawed all opposition. Installed a police state. Cult of personality; citizens forced to raise their hats or a brim when he passed by; styled himself with the position name "El Supremo". 
|-
| align=center| [[Simón Bolívar]] || align=center| [[Gran Columbia]] || align=center| 1821-1830 || Though an admirer of classical liberal democracy, the founder and president of Gran Colombia proclaimed himself dictator in 1828 after an unsuccessful constitutional convention. Resigned eighteen months later.
|-
| align=center|[[Juan Manuel de Rosas]] || align=center|[[Argentina]] || align=center|1835–1852 || Governor of Buenos Aires 1829-1832, 1835-1852; Supreme Chief of the Argentine Confederation 1851-1852. Assumed dictatorial powers; exiled opponents.
|-
| align=center|[[Carlos Antonio López]] || align=center|[[Paraguay]] || align=center|1841–1862 || First Consul 1841-1844; President of Paraguay 1844-1862. 
|-
| align=center|[[Manuel Belzu]] || align=center|[[Bolivia]] || align=center|1848–1855 || Provisional President of Bolivia 1848-1850; President of Bolivia 1850-1855. Unelected military ruler; ''[[caudillo]]''. A populist and nationalist who voluntarily relinquished power after 1855 elections, described in (ISBN 0-13-524356-4), p.131, as the "cleanest ever held" in (early) Bolivian history.
|-
| align=center|[[Francisco Solano López]] || align=center|[[Paraguay]] || align=center|1862–1869 || President of Paraguay. Inherited power from his father; had himself awarded immense powers by a congress he had packed with supporters. Killed in the [[War of the Triple Alliance]] (which Lopez had caused by invading Brazil), along with 90 per cent of the Paraguayan adult (age 14+) male population.
|-
| align=center|[[Mariano Melgarejo]] || align=center|[[Bolivia]] || align=center|1864–1871 || Provisional President 1864-1870; President of Bolivia 1870-1871. Gained power in a coup and ruthlessly suppressed opposition. In 1869 he sent the army to suppress an uprising by [[Huaichu]] Indians attempting to regain land privileges they enjoyed under President Belzu (see ISBN 1-55753-324-5).
|-
| align=center|[[Antonio Guzmán Blanco]] || align=center|[[Venezuela]] || align=center|1870–1888 || Acting President of Venezuela 1863, 1865; General-in-chief April-July 1870; Provisional President of Venezuela 1870-1873; President of Venezuela 1873 - 1877; Supreme Director 1879; Provisional President of Venezuela 1879 - 1880; President of Venezuela 1880 -1884, 1886 -1888. Described, perhaps inaccurately, as a "benevolent despot"; other sources mention his "long dictatorship" (see[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:ghIhQZ7WhgUJ:www.normangall.com/artigos/Church_Militant.pdf+Antonio+Guzm%C3%A1n+Blanco+%22dictator%22]).
|-
| align=center|[[Cipriano Castro]] || align=center|[[Venezuela]] || align=center|1899–1909 || Supreme Chief 1899-1901; Provisional President 1901 - 1902, 1904 - 1905; President of Venezuela 1902 - 1904, 1905 - 1909. Took over in a military coup (see [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:kdvql1ZK2-4J:www.sg.inter.edu/revista-ciscla/volume29/singh.pdf+Antonio+Guzm%C3%A1n+Blanco+%22dictator%22]).
|-
| align=center|[[Rafael Reyes]] || align=center|[[Colombia]] || align=center|1904–1909 || President 1904 - 1909, as a military ruler representing the Conservatives. "In the course of his regime, Reyes improved the country’s finances, expanded roads and railroads, and encouraged increased coffee production. Large U.S. investments and purchases of coffee and minerals contributed to Colombia’s economic growth. However, Reyes ruled as a dictator. He dissolved the congress and replaced it with a handpicked legislature, jailed and exiled political opponents, and declared martial law." (''Colombia'', [[Encarta|Microsoft Encarta]] 2003)
|-
| align=center|[[Juan Vicente Gómez]] || align=center|[[Venezuela]] || align=center|1909–1914 1922–1929 1931–1935 || Provisional President 1909-1910; President of Venezuela 1910-1914, 1922-1929, 1931-1935. Gained power in a coup; never elected; kleptocrat; widely described as a dictator (see [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037322], [http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/movie.html?v_id=156078], [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563557/Juan_Vicente_Gomez.html]).
|-
| align=center|[[Óscar Benavides]] || align=center|[[Peru]] || align=center|1914–1915 1933–1939 || Junta Chairman 1914; President of Peru 1914-1915, 1933-1939. Twice gained power by coup.
|-
| align=center|[[Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo|Augusto Leguía]] || align=center|[[Peru]] || 1919–1930 || President of Peru. Gained power in a coup; ignored constitution; suppressed and exiled opposition.
|-
| align=center|[[Carlos Ibáñez del Campo]] || align=center|[[Chile]] || align=center|1927–1931 || Acting President 1927, President 1927 - 1931. Democratically elected to a six-year term in 1952.
|-
| align=center|[[Getúlio Vargas]] || align=center|[[Brazil]] || align=center|1930–1934 1937–1945 || Head of provisional government 1930-1934 after revolution; indirectly elected as Constitutional President 1934-1937; launched a coup in 1937 and became dictator 1937-1945; democratically-elected President of Brazil 1950-1954.
|-
| align=center|[[Gabriel Terra]] || align=center|[[Uruguay]] || align=center|1931–1938 || President of Uruguay. Suspended congress and dissolved constitution in 1933. 
|-
| align=center|[[Higinio Morínigo]] || align=center|[[Paraguay]] || align=center|1940–1948 || Provisional president 1940-1943; President of Paraguay 1943-1948. Seized absolute power; ruled by [[diktat]] until 1946.
|-
| align=center|[[Manuel Odría]] || align=center|[[Peru]] || align=center|1948–1956 || Chairman of military junta 1948 - 1950; President of Peru 1950 - 1956. Gained power in a coup; restricted civil rights; allowed election in 1956.
|-
| align=center|[[Marcos Pérez Jiménez]] || align=center|[[Venezuela]] || align=center|1948–1958 || Member of military junta 1948 - 1952; Provisional president 1952 -1953; President of Venezuela 1953 - 1958. Never elected; pursued opposition violently; credited with improvements to the country's infrastructure.
|-
| align=center|[[Gustavo Rojas Pinilla]] || align=center|[[Colombia]] || align=center|1953–1957 || President of Colombia. Gained power in a coup.
|-
| align=center|[[Alfredo Stroessner]] || align=center|[[Paraguay]] || align=center|1954–1989 || President of Paraguay. He took over in a military coup (see[http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19890301faessay5951/riordan-roett/paraguay-after-stroessner.html], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:vqkaVDmcvaIJ:www.columbia.edu/cu/polisci/pdf-files/apsa_krutz.pdf+Stroessner+dictator],[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:qfMgvA6bakgJ:users.ox.ac.uk/~newc1465/Proudman%2520-%2520SoftPowerMeetsHard.pdf+Stroessner+dictator]). 
|-
| align=center|[[Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco|Humberto Castelo Branco]] || align=center|[[Brazil]] || align=center|1964–1967 || President of Brazil. Gained power in a coup; abolished most opposition; subsequently appointed by congress.
|-
| align=center|[[René Barrientos]] || align=center|[[Bolivia]] || align=center|1964–1969 || Chairman of the military junta, 1964-January 1966 (jointly with [[Alfredo Ovando]] 1965-1966); President of Bolivia, August 1966 - 1969. Gained power in military coup; kleptocrat; responsible for [[Catavi massacre]] and execution of [[Che Guevara]] (ISBN 0-85345-991-6), p.136.
|-
| align=center|[[Forbes Burnham]] || align=center|[[Guyana]] || align=center|1966–1985 || Prime Minister 1966 - 1980; President 1980 - 1985. Elected, but became increasingly dictatorial; held dubious elections and encouraged leftist religious cults (such as the [[Peoples Temple]]) to settle in the Guyanese interior (see [http://www.jagan.org/janet_jagan29.htm], [http://www.hardbeatnews.com/editor/RTE/my_documents/my_files/details.asp?newsid=4498&title=Politics]).
|-
| align=center|[[Artur da Costa e Silva]] || align=center|[[Brazil]] || align=center|1967–1969 || President of Brazil 1967-1969. Elected in 1966, but centralised power; closed the Congress; banned opposition; suspended free press. Decreed [[Institutional Act No. 5]], described as "the most unconstitutional, anti-democratic, arbitrary, and repressive decree in Brazil's history." (ISBN 1-58322-545-5), p.167.
|-
| align=center|[[Emílio Garrastazu Médici]] || align=center|[[Brazil]] || align=center|1969–1974 || President of Brazil. Appointed by congress, but instituted a military government; suppressed press and opposition (see[http://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/62/index.rtf]).
|-
| align=center|[[Juan María Bordaberry]] || align=center|[[Uruguay]] || align=center|1972–1976 || President of Uruguay 1972 - 1976. Elected, but installed a military government, dissolved Congress, suspended civil liberties and banned unions.
|-
| align=center|[[Augusto Pinochet]] || align=center|[[Chile]] || align=center|1973–1990 || Chairman of military junta 1973-1974; Supreme Head of the Nation 1974; President of Chile 1974-1990. Gained power in a coup; suppressed and exiled opposition; over 3000 "[[Forced disappearance|disappearances]]" and 28,000 tortured.
|-
| align=center|[[Ernesto Geisel]] || align=center|[[Brazil]] || align=center|1974-1979 || Congress-appointed President of Brazil. The fourth of the military dictators; party and union freedom were still inexistent during his term; had oppositionists like journalist [[Wladimir Herzog]] and factory worker [[Manoel Fiel Filho]] tortured and murdered.
|-
| align=center|[[Jorge Rafael Videla]] || align=center|[[Argentina]] || align=center|1976–1981 || President of Argentina. Gained power in a coup; never elected; between ten and thirty thousand opponents killed.
|-
| align=center|[[João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo]] || align=center|[[Brazil]] || align=center|1979-1985 || Congress-appointed President of Brazil. Society won some democratic measures these years, but there was still a major fraud during 1982 State government elections. His government was responsible for the 1983 bomb in the Riocentro.
|-
| align=center|[[Dési Bouterse]] || align=center|[[Suriname]] || align=center|1980–1988 || Chairman of the National Military Council 1980-1988. Gained power in a coup; never elected; widespread misrule. Most infamous atrocity is the ''[[Decembermoorden]]''.
|-
| align=center|[[Luis García Meza Tejada]] || align=center|[[Bolivia]] || align=center|1980–1981 || President of Bolivia. Gained power in the "Cocaine Coup" aided by [[Klaus Barbie]]; highly repressive; over 1,000 killed.
|-
| align=center|[[Gregorio Conrado Álvarez]] || align=center|[[Uruguay]] || align=center|1981–1985 || President of Uruguay. Ignored constitution; extensive human rights abuses (see [http://www.rulers.org/indexa2.html]).
|-
| align=center|[[Leopoldo Galtieri]] || align=center|[[Argentina]] || align=center|1981–1982 || President of Argentina 1981-1982. Gained power in a coup (see[http://www.guardian.co.uk/argentina/story/0,,873601,00.html], [http://english.pravda.ru/world/2003/01/14/41968.html]). Deposed after failed [[Falklands War|invasion of the Falkland Islands]] in 1982.
|-
|align=center| [[Alberto Fujimori]] || align=center|[[Peru]] || align=center|1992-1993 || President of Peru 1990-2000, widely critizised for his political authoritarism. [http://www.fpif.org/briefs/vol5/v5n34peru_body.html][http://www.aprodeh.org.pe/fujimori/delitos-eng.htm] [http://www.cverdad.org.pe/ingles/pagina01.php]. After enjoying a certain degree of popular support, Fujimori was forced from office following controvertial third term re-election[http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/americas/05/29/peru.elections.04/]. In 2000 political opponent Mario Vargas Llosa called Fujimori a "dictator" [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/741841.stm]. His government was also marked by the influence of the director of the SIN, [[Vladimiro Montesinos]] [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2005.00165.x?cookieSet=1&journalCode=goop][http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB37/]. Currently in Peru, Fujimori is in trial for presumed charges ranging from corruption to participation in crimes against humanity. [http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/americas/peru-qna-1030.htm].
|-
|align=center|[[Hugo Chávez]] ||align=center| [[Venezuela]] ||align=center|1999-2013 || Appointed special powers, nationalized the media and oil companies,Shut down opposition media and banned "The Simpsons."
|-

|align=center|[[Nicolás Maduro]] ||align=center| [[Venezuela]] ||align=center|'''2013-present''' || Continues the corrupt ideology of Hugo Chavez, which destroys the economy of Venezuela.
|-
|}

===Caribbean===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Country !! Years in power !! Notes
|-
| align=center|[[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] || align=center|1804-1806 || Governor-General of Haiti 1804; Emperor of Haiti (as Jacques I) 1804 - 1806. Ruled autocratically.
|-
| align=center|[[Henry Christophe]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] (northern)|| align=center|1806-1820 || Provisional Chief of the Haitian Government 1806-1807; President of Haiti 1807-1811; King of Haiti (as Henry I) 1811-1820. Ruled autocratically.
|-
| align=center|[[Pedro Santana]] || align=center|[[Dominican Republic]] || align=center|1844-1848, 1853-1856, 1858-1861 || Never elected; suppressed opposition; widely considered a dictator.
|-
| align=center|[[Buenaventura Báez]] || align=center|[[Dominican Republic]] || align=center|1849-1878 (intermittent) || President of the Dominican Republic five times. Gained power following coups; never elected.
|-
| align=center|[[Ulises Heureaux]] || align=center|[[Dominican Republic]] || align=center|1882-1899 (intermittent) || President of the Dominican Republic three times. Never elected; widely described as a dictator (see[http://www.marcusgarvey.com/wmview.php?ArtID=507], [http://countrystudies.us/dominican-republic/8.htm], [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-7709.2004.00452.x]).
|-
| align=center|[[Gerardo Machado]] || align=center|[[Cuba]] || align=center|1925-1933 || President of Cuba. A follower of [[Benito Mussolini]], he is widely described as a dictator (see [http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=672], [http://www.highbeam.com/ref/doc0.asp?docid=1E1:MachadoG]).
|-
| align=center|[[Rafael Trujillo]] || align=center|[[Dominican Republic]] || align=center|1930-1961 || President of the Dominican Republic 1930 - 1938, 1942 - 1952; ''de facto'' ruler 1930-1961. Gained power in a coup; cult of personality (renamed the capital [[Ciudad Trujillo]]); promoted racism against Haitians and ordered the massacre of 20,000 blacks.
|-
| align=center|[[Paul Magloire]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] || align=center|1950-1956 || President of Haiti. Gained power in a coup; never elected.
|-
| align=center|[[François Duvalier]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] || align=center|1957-1971 || President of Haiti. Elected in 1957, but banned opposition; declared himself [[President for Life]] in 1964; highly repressive.
|-
| align=center|[[Fidel Castro]] || align=center|[[Cuba]] || align=center|1959-2006 || Prime Minister of Cuba 1959-1976; President of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers from 1976. Gained power after [[Cuban Revolution|revolution]]. Castro was elected President [[Elections in Cuba|after 1976]], but within a one-party [[Communist state]]. Retired due to his poor health.
|-
| align=center|[[Jean-Claude Duvalier]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] || align=center|1971-1986 || President of Haiti. Inherited presidency aged 19 from his father; never elected.
|-
| align=center|[[Eric Gairy]] || align=center|[[Grenada]] || align=center|1974-1979 || Prime Minister of Grenada 1967-1979. Widely described as a dictator (see[http://www.factbites.com/topics/Eric-Gairy], [http://www.paradise-inn-carriacou.com/grenada_revolution.php], [http://counterpunch.org/gibson06052004.html]). 
|-
| align=center|[[Raoul Cédras]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] || align=center|1991-1994 || ''De facto'' ruler for a relatively short period of time. Gained power in a coup (see [http://www.haitisupport.gn.apc.org/infamous.htm]).
|-
|align=center|[[Raul Castro]] ||align=center| [[Cuba]] ||align=center|'''2006-present''' || Appointed successor by his brother of the Communist Party of Cuba.
|-
|}

==Asia==

===Western Asia ("Middle East")===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Country !! Years in power !! Notes
|
|-
| align=center|[[Abdul Karim Qassem]] || align=center|[[Iraq]] || align=center|1958–1963 || Gained power by coup; viewed by some as benevolent (see [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/03/18/wisad18.xml]).
|-
| align=center|[[Abdul Salam Arif]] || align=center|[[Iraq]] || align=center|1963–1966 || Gained power in a coup; military ruler.
|-
| align=center|[[Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr]] || align=center|[[Iraq]] || align=center|1968–1979 || Gained power in a coup; never elected.
|-
| align=center|[[Hafez al-Assad]] || align=center|[[Syria]] || align=center|1970–2000 ||Gained power in a coup; totalitarian;{{fact}} cult of personality; oversaw [[Hama massacre]] yielding twenty to forty thousand dead (see [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0012197]).
|-
| align=center|[[Ruhollah Khomeini]] || align=center|[[Iran]] || align=center|1979–1989 || As [[Supreme Leader of Iran|Supreme Leader]], held ultimate and uncontested authority over all government matters under the principle of [[Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists|Guardianship]]. Created the extra-constitutional [[Special Clerical Court]] system in 1987, accountable only to the Supreme Leader and used principally for suppression of political dissent. Instituted routine torture, beheadings for children.
|-
| align=center|[[Saddam Hussein]] || align=center|[[Iraq]] || align=center|1979–2003 || Pressured Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr to resign in 1979 and formally became president. Repressive; developed extensive personality cult; deposed by [[United States]] and coalition forces in an invasion.
|-
| align=center|[[Ali Khamenei|Ayatollah Ali Khamenei]]||align=center| [[Iran]] ||align=center|'''1989-present''' || Continues Khomeini's [[Islamist]] path & uses religion as a tool, cracks down on all authentic dissent, tortures, and has given orders that permit killings like that of [[Akbar Mohammadi]] and [[Zahra Kazemi]]. Only permitts [[government-organized demonstrations]]. Allows a multi-party government but disallows the candidacy of true moderates.[http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=9940][http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1527919/][http://www.nationalreview.com/ledeen/ledeen200505310823.asp][http://www.deanesmay.com/posts/1154652871.shtml][http://isd.georgetown.edu/demo_0102.pdf][http://www.boycottliberalism.com/liberalcelebrity.htm]ISBN 0-16-074590-X
|-
| align=center|[[Bashar al-Assad]] || align=center|[[Syria]] || align=center|'''2000–present''' || No opposition permitted in election following death of his father; widely described as a dictator (see[http://www.opinionjournal.com/best/?id=110007449], [http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=sd&ID=SP92405], [http://www.freeman.org/m_online/feb04/pasko.htm]).
|}

===Central Asia===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Country !! Years in power !! Notes
|-
| align=center|[[Askar Akayev]] || align=center|[[Kyrgyzstan]] || align=center|1990–2005 || Appointed but became increasingly authoritarian; widely described as a dictator (see [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4542783.stm], [http://www.villagevoice.com/blogs/bushbeat/archive/000935.php], [http://www.eurasianet.org/resource/kazakhstan/hypermail/200507/0023.shtml]).
|-
| align=center|[[Islam Karimov]] || align=center|[[Uzbekistan]] || align=center|'''1991–present''' || Described as authoritarian who is increasingly centralizing power (see [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/search/expand?pub=infobike://bell/soviet/2003/00000019/00000004/art00002&unc=], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:uuOVzdj_xBoJ:www1.dogus.edu.tr/dogustru/journal/sayi_6/M00073.PDF+%22Islam+Karimov%22+%22dictator%22]). Elections essentially uncontested and unmonitored. Opposition repressed. 
|-
| align=center|[[Saparmurat Niyazov]] || align=center|[[Turkmenistan]] || align=center|1991–2006 || Declared [[President for Life]] in 1999; [[cult of personality]]; his book ''[[Ruhnama]]'' is to be treated with reverence (see [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:blnbM3mP0eAJ:www.eurasianet.org/turkmenistan.project/files2/050603Turkmenreport.pdf+%22Niyazov%22+%22dictatorship%22], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:Ie2QfLuR_ysJ:www.ndu.edu/ctnsp/tamerlane/Tamerlane-Chapter2.pdf+%22Niyazov%22+%22dictatorship%22]).
|-
| align=center|[[Muhammed Omar]] || align=center|[[Afghanistan]] || align=center|1996–2001 || Considered a Theocratic Dictator who excercized strict sharia laws; allowed the persecution of Hazaras; gave Al Qaeda refuge in Afghanistan. (see[http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0881088.html][http://www.afghan-web.com/bios/today/momar.html]).
|-
| align=center|[[Ilham Aliyev]] || align=center|[[Azerbaijan]] || align=center|'''2003–present''' || Dubious election; opposition suppressed (see[http://www.underreported.com/print.php?sid=1241]).
|-
| align=center| [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow]] || align=center|[[Turkmenistan]] || align=center|'''2006-present''' ||Unelected, appointed as successor upon Niyazov's death. Turkemnistan still continues to be oppresive and a single-party state.
|}

===South Asia===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Country !! Years in power !! Notes
|-
| align=center|[[Ayub Khan]] || align=center|[[Pakistan]] || align=center|1958–1969 || Gained power in a coup. Subsequent elections considered dubious (see[http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A069], [http://www.indianexpress.com/messages.php?content_id=71414]).
|-
| align=center|[[Yahya Khan]] || align=center|[[Pakistan]] || align=center|1969–1971 || Military ruler, gaining power from coup (see [http://presidentyahya.com],[http://www.pbs.org/now/politics/pakistantimeline.html], [http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/kpsgill/terrorism/04Jan10Pio.htm]).
|-
| align=center|[[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]] || align=center|[[Maldives]] || align=center|1978–2008 || [[Autocracy|Autocrat]]; widely considered to be a dictator; no opposition or free press allowed.
|-
| align=center|[[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] || align=center|[[Pakistan]] || align=center|1978–1988 || Took over following coup. Claimed government to be legitimate because it was Islamic (see [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:dcmhb0vRS4wJ:smartech.gatech.edu:8282/dspace/bitstream/1853/6901/1/kulkarni_nikhil_v_200505_ms.pdf+%22Muhammad+Zia%22+%22dictator%22]).
|-
| align=center|[[Rahimuddin Khan]] || align=center|[[Balochistan (Pakistan)]] || align=center|1978–1984 || Appointed supreme Martial Law Governor of Balochistan by central Pakistani military government following coup. (see [http://www.answers.com/rahimuddin%20khan]).
|-
|align=center|[[Hossain Mohammad Ershad]] || align=center|[[Bangladesh]] || align=center|1982–1990 ||Gained power in a coup; declared martial law; never elected.
|}

===Eastern Asia ("Far East")===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Country !! Years in   power !! Notes
|-
|align=center|[[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] || align=center|[[Japan]] || align=center|1600-1616 || Shogun of [[Japan]] and founder of the long reigning [[Tokugawa shogunate]]. Gained power by unifying the warring clans during [[Japan]]'s long period of civil unrest. He also created an "alternate attendance" system to pacify the [[daimyo]] warlords, as well as closing and isolating trade and the economy, in order to retain his power. His rule was also marked by persecution of european missionaries and japanese christians.
|-
|align=center|[[Yuan Shikai]] || align=center|[[Republic of China]] || align=center|1912–1916 || [[President of the Republic of China]], self-proclaimed [[Emperor of China]], 1916. Ignored legislative consent as defined by the [[Constitution of the Republic of China|Constitution]]; dissolved the [[National Assembly of the Republic of China|National Assembly]]; assassinated [[Song Jiaoren]]; disbanded the [[Kuomintang]].
|-
| align=center|[[Horloogiyn Choybalsan]] || align=center|[[Mongolia]] || align=center|1936–1952 || Unelected; opponents purged; cult of personality.
|-
| align=center|[[Kim Il-sung]] || align=center|[[North Korea]] || align=center|1948–1994 || Appointed prime minister in 1948; purged rivals in the [[Workers' Party of Korea]] to consolidate power in 1956 (see [http://muse.jhu.edu/cgi-bin/access.cgi?uri=/journals/korean_studies/v026/26.1lankov.pdf]); introduced "[[Juche]]" ideology demanding absolute loyalty to him and the party; created most pervavise cult of personality in recent history. Declared "Eternal President" on his death.
|-
|align=center|[[Ho Chi Minh]] ||align=center| [[North Vietnam]] ||align=center|1945-1969 || Unelected; killed thousands of political rivals in the 1940s; killed tens of thousands more during the land reforms of the 1950s; presided over a one-party state.
|-
|align=center| [[Sukarno]] || align=center|[[Indonesia]] || align=center|1949-1966 ||First President of Indonesia. Consolidated his powers, and got proclaimed President for LIfe. Was overthrown by the then Dictator of Indonesia, Suharto.
|-
|align=center|[[Mao Zedong]] || align=center|[[People's Republic of China]] || align=center|1949–1976 || Chairman of the PRC (1949–1959), Chairman of the [[Communist Party of China]] (1945–1976), Chairman of the [[Central Military Commission]] (1936–1976). Immense cult of personality; purged members of government; silenced opposition. Circumvented Communist Party hierarchy after the 1966 [[Cultural Revolution]]; imprisoned head of state [[Liu Shaoqi]]. Millions of Chinese citizens killed or murdered as a result of his policies and repression.
|-
| align=center|[[Ngo Dinh Diem|Ngô Ðình Diệm]] || align=center|[[South Vietnam]] || align=center|1955–1963 || Unelected; autocratic; oppressed Buddhists (see[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055646?tocId=9055646&ref=news0905arc]).
|-
| align=center|[[Park Chung Hee]] || align=center|[[South Korea]] || align=center|1961–1979 || Took power in 1961 coup. Although initially welcomed by much of the population, he suspended the constitution in 1971 and introduced a new constitution that greatly increased his power.
|-
| align=center|[[Ne Win]] || align=center|[[Burma]] || align=center|1962–1988 || Seized power in a coup; instituted extreme repression (see [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:rSAOt9c_lU0J:www.iseas.edu.sg/62003.pdf+%22Ne+Win%22+%22dictator%22], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:yqkmuBoqlnYJ:www.asiapacificms.com/papers/pdf/burma_india_china.pdf+%22Ne+Win%22+%22dictator%22]).
|-
| align=center|[[Thanom Kittikachorn]] || align=center|[[Thailand]] || align=center|1963–1973 || Military dictator, known as one of Thailand's so-called "Three Tyrants". Oppressed student-led uprisings in October 1973 and 1976.
|-
| align=center|[[Suharto]] || align=center|[[Indonesia]] || align=center|1966–1998 || His ''[[New Order (Indonesia)|New Order]]'' imprisoned Communists and alleged Communists; repressed Chinese inhabitants; made existing parties subordinate. Also a cleptocrat (with personal and family's assets at least worth US$ 15 billion, based on [[Time]] Magazine investigation in 1998). Described as a dictator in many sources (see[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:Bbh_caM50o4J:www.aut.ac.nz/depts/commstud/journ/docs/reviewscronau.pdf+%22Suharto+dictatorship%22], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:128rEIvvRD4J:www.civiced.org/research/pdfs/RisingTide.pdf+%22Suharto+dictatorship%22], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:_233mw5azNkJ:cmbc.ucsd.edu/content/1/docs/laurance2004.pdf+%22Suharto+dictatorship%22]).
|-
| align=center|[[Lon Nol]] || align=center|[[Cambodia]] || align=center|1972–1975 || Gained power by coup; not elected.
|-
| align=center|[[Pol Pot]] || align=center|[[Democratic Kampuchea]] || align=center|1975–1979 || Unelected; led a [[Khmer Rouge]] dictatorship; responsible for deaths of at least 1 million Cambodian citizens during his rule.
|-
| align=center|[[Chun Doo Hwan]] || align=center|[[South Korea]] || align=center|1980–1988 || Gained power in a coup; declared martial law; oversaw [[Gwangju Massacre]].
|-
|align=center|[[Mahathir bin Mohamad]] ||align=center| [[Malaysia]] ||align=center|1981-2003 || Authoritarian; suppresed opposition, media.
|-
| align=center|[[Khamtai Siphandon]] || align=center|[[Laos]] || align=center|1992–2006 || Unelected; one-party state (see[http://www.arthuredelstein.org/worlddictators]).
|-
| align=center|[[Than Shwe]] || align=center|[[Myanmar]] || align=center|1992–2011 || Unelected; persecution of minorities (especially [[Karenni]] and [[Rohingya]] groups [http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51506.htm]) leading 250,000 to flee, either becoming [[IDP]]s or moving across the border to Thailand; consolidated power into himself from the [[SPDC]] - he moved to a new capital in Kyat Pyay in 2006 , &renamed it as Nay Pyi Daw ,i.e the Royal Palace City"; gained power via a military [[coup]] and announced that he would not hand over the power to [[Aung San Suu Kyi]]'s Elected Party (the [[NLD]]); no free press (see [http://www.bbc.co.uk/burmese/forum/story/2004/10/041020_khin_nyunt_ousted.shtml]). Released Aung San Suu Kyi in 2010.
|-
| align=center|[[Kim Jong-il]] || align=center|[[North Korea]] || align=center|1994–2011 || Became General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea and Chairman of the National Defense Commission (the highest state offices) on his father's death. Continues his father's "[[Juche]]" ideology.
|-
| align=center|[[Sonthi Boonyaratglin]] || align=center|[[Thailand]] || align=center|2006–2008 || Army chief seized power while Prime Minister [[Thaksin Shinawatra]] was out of the country. A state of martial law was declared, parliament was dissolved and the constitution abrogated. Instituted press censorship and restrictions on protests. The first Muslim in charge of the mostly Buddhist army.
|-
| align=center|[[Kim Jong-un]] || align=center|[[North Korea]] || align=center|'''2011-present''' || Became General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea and Chairman of the National Defense Commission (the highest state offices) on his father's death. Continues his grandpa's "[[Juche]]" ideology.
|-
|}

==Europe==

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Country !! Years in power !! Notes
|-
| align=center| [[Oliver Cromwell]] || align=center| [[Commonwealth of England]] || align=center|1649-1658 || A [[Puritan]] general in the [[English Civil War]] who quickly rose through the ranks to become ''de facto'' head of the Parliamentary forces. After the Royalist defeat and the execution of [[Charles I]] the newly constituted [[Rump Parliament]] was overthrown by Cromwell who refused the Crown, choosing instead the title of Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. After his death the monarchy was reinstated. [http://www.olivercromwell.org/].
|-
| align=center| [[Maximilien Robespierre]] || align=center| [[France]] || align=center|1793–1794 || Head of the Committee of Public Safety during the French Revolution. To purge french society of "Counter Revolutionaries", he instituted the heavily repressive Reign of Terror, a period which killed thousands of french citizens, many of those killed were simply killed under mere suspicion, with little or no proof. Desposed when the National Convention declared him an outlaw.
|-
| align=center| [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] || align=center| [[France]]|| align=center|1799–1814 || First Consul, 1799-1804. Emperor of the French 1804-1814. Declared himself "First Consul for Life" in 1802 and then Emperor in 1804.
|-
| align=center| [[Józef Chłopicki|Józef Grzegorz Chłopicki]] || align=center| [[Poland]] || align=center|1830–1831 || Held official title of dictator for one year only.
|-
| align=center| [[Napoleon III of France|Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte]] || align=center| [[France]] || align=center| 1848–1870 || President of France from 1848 to 1852. In 1851 he launched a coup against the legislature, making himself absolute ruler. From 1852 to 1870 he styled himself Emperor of the French under the name Napoléon III from 1852 to 1870. Later during his reign constitutional liberties were gradually restored. In 1870 he was captured during the abortive [[Franco-Prussian War]] and deposed in his absence by the [[Third Republic]] of France.
|-
| align=center| [[Romuald Traugutt]] || align=center| [[Poland]] || align=center|1863–1864 || Held official title of dictator for one year. Succeeded [[Marian Langiewicz]] who had declared himself dictator previously, but only lasted less than a year in 1863. 
|-
| align=center| [[Vladimir Lenin]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center|1917-1924 || Head of Bolshevik Revolution took power in 1917. Secured victory in the Russian civil war. Headed effort to transform the Russian economy to a socialist model.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/lenin_vladimir.shtml] 
|-
| align=center|[[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] || align=center|[[Turkey]] || align=center|1918-1938 || Led the Turkish national movement. Transformed Turkey into a secular republic through broad authoritarian reforms.
|-
| align=center| [[Benito Mussolini]] || align=center| [[Italy]] || align=center|1922–1943, and in part of the country 1943-1945 || Prime Minister of Italy 1922-1943; head of the so-called [[Italian Social Republic]] until 1945. "He introduced strict censorship and altered the methods of election so that in 1925–1926 he was able to assume dictatorial powers and dissolve all other political parties" (see [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:0PFM13qC39YJ:www.ablongman.com/history_rh_bridge/assets/0321025865_ch15.pdf+%22Italian+dictator+Benito+Mussolini%22],[http://doi.contentdirections.com/mr/greenwood.jsp?doi=10.1336/0275979377]).
|-
| align=center| [[Miguel Primo de Rivera]] || align=center| [[Spain]] || align=center|1923–1930 || Prime Minister of Spain. Gained power in a coup; suspended the constitution; established martial law; imposed strict censorship; banned all political parties. Widely described as a dictator (see[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061388], [http://www.bartleby.com/65/pr/PrimRivM.html], [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761565186/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera.html]). 
|-
| align=center| [[Aleksandar Tsankov]] || align=center| [[Bulgaria]] || align=center|1923-1926 || Established Right wing nationalist, anti communist coup against [[Stamboliyski]]’s democratic elected [[Agrarians]]. Forced out of power by Tsar [[Boris III]]. [http://www.bartleby.com/65/ts/TsankovA.html]. 
|-
| align=center| [[Joseph Stalin]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center|1924–1953 || General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1922-1953; Premier of the Soviet Union 1941-1953. Never elected; cult of personality; heavily repressive; responsible for deaths of millions of Soviet citizens (see [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108469], [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761559200/Stalin_Joseph.html],[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitextlo/prof_josephstalin.html]).
|-
| align=center| [[Ahmet Bej Zogu]] || align=center| [[Albania]] || align=center|1925–1939 || Originally elected Prime Minister of Albania 1922-1924 and 1925; President of Albania 1925-1928; crowned himself King of the Albanians (as Zog I) 1928-1939. Described as a dictator (see[http://www.albanian.com/information/history/independ.html], [http://www.diplom.org/manus/talossa/?lingo=&page=Statute&act=25RZ13], [http://www.electionworld.org/history/albania.htm]). Forced to flee with his wife, Queen Geraldine, the imminent takeover of the country by Italy under [[Benito Mussolini]].
|-
| align=center| [[José Mendes Cabeçadas]] || align=center| [[Portugal]] || align=center|1926 || Leader of [[Ditadura Nacional]] during the first part of June immediately after the [[28th May 1926 coup d'état]]
|-
| align=center| [[Gomes da Costa]] || align=center| [[Portugal]] || align=center|1926 || Succeeded Cabeçadas as head of the [[Ditadura Nacional]] for less than a month
|-
| align=center| [[António Óscar Carmona]] || align=center| [[Portugal]] || align=center|1926-1928 || Head of [[Ditadura Nacional]]
|-
| align=center| [[Józef Piłsudski]]|| align=center| [[Poland]] || align=center|1926–1935 || Polish Head of State 1918-1922, but regained power in 1926 via coup. Prime Minister of Poland 1926-1928 and 1930; Commander in Chief of the Army 1926-1935. Initiated authoritarian [[Sanacja]] government; often described as a "benevolent dictator".
|-
| align=center| [[Antanas Smetona]] || align=center| [[Lithuania]] || align=center|1926–1940 || President of Lithuania. Seized power in a 1925 military coup (see [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:wEZn53dBGtoJ:www.gla.ac.uk/departments/dcees/Duvold.pdf+Antanas+Smetona+%22dictatorship%22]); authoritarian rule. His description as a dictator is common (see[http://www.encyclopedia.com/searchpool.asp?target=@DOCKEYWORDS%20balthistbio&unkey=balthistbio&clientIp=216%2E63%2E197%2E211&userAgent=Mozilla%2F4%2E0+%28compatible%3B+MSIE+6%2E0%3B+Windows+NT+5%2E1%3B+SV1%3B+%2ENET+CLR+1%2E1%2E4322%29]), but not universal.
|-
| align=center| [[António de Oliveira Salazar]] || align=center| [[Portugal]] || align=center|1928–1968 || Prime Minister of Portugal. Established an anti-democratic, anti-parliamentarian, ultra-[[Clericalism|clericalist]], [[Corporativism|corporativist]], extremely conservative, repressive and authoritarian dictatorship, connoted with the Italian fascism, highly supported by the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. Longest right-wing dictatorship ever (four complete decades).
|-
| align=center| [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|Alexander I]] || align=center| [[Yugoslavia]] || align=center|1929-1934 || King of Yugoslavia from 1921. On January 6, 1929 he abolished the constitution, prorogued parliament and established the so-called "January 6 Dictatorship." A new constitution in 1931 left all significant political power in the hands of the King.
|-
| align=center| [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] || align=center| [[Austria]] || align=center|1933–1934 || Chancellor of Austria 1932-1934. Suspended parliament indefinitely in March 1933, governing thereafter by decree. Rule sometimes compared to Mussolini or Franco (see [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:PUVNNLui6y4J:www3.la.psu.edu/hrsweb/majmin/Theses/Houlihan/Thesis.pdf+%22dictator%22+%22Dollfuss%22]).
|-
| align=center| [[Konstantin Päts]] || align=center| [[Estonia]] || align=center|1933–1940 || State Elder 1933 - 1937; State Protector 1937 - 1938; President of Estonia 1938-1940. Established authoritarian rule following a coup. Allowed (and won) election in 1938.
|-
| align=center| [[Adolf Hitler]] || align=center| [[Nazi Germany]] || align=center|1933–1945 || Chancellor of Germany 1933-1945; ''Führer'' (Leader) 1934-1945. The 1933 [[Enabling Act]] suspended most of the constitution and allowed Hitler to [[rule by decree]]. Heavily repressive; ordered imprisonment of millions of political opponents and members of ethnic minorities in concentration camps, where they were abused and killed.
|-
| align=center| [[Kimon Georgiev]] || align=center| [[Bulgaria]] || align=center|1934 || Took power in coup. Overthrown by Tsar Boris III. 
|-
| align=center| Tsar [[Boris III]] || align=center| [[Bulgaria]] || align=center|1934-1943 || Overthrew Kimon Geogiev. Took power him self ruled through puppet Prime Ministers Georgi Kyoseivanov. His Regime banned all opposition parties. Took Bulgaria into alliance with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. 
|-
| align=center| [[Kurt Schuschnigg]] || align=center| [[Austria]] || align=center|1934–1938 || Chancellor of Austria. Maintained his predecessor Dollfuss' oppressive rule.
|-
| align=center| [[Karlis Ulmanis|Kārlis Ulmanis]] || align=center| [[Latvia]] || align=center|1934–1940 || Prime Minister of Latvia 1934-1940; President of Latvia 1936 - 1940. Gained power in a coup and dissolved parliament; generally viewed as a "benevolent dictator" (see [http://www.ltn.lv/~krz/latvia/lat_history.html], [http://www.sciencedaily.com/encyclopedia/karlis_ulmanis], [http://www.bartleby.com/65/la/Latvia.html]).
|-
| align=center| [[Ioannis Metaxas]] || align=center| [[Greece]] || align=center|1936–1941 || Prime Minister of Greece. Never elected; banned political parties; arrested opponents; criminalized unions; censored media. Widely described as a dictator (see[http://www.bartleby.com/65/pa/PapandrG.html], [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052304], [http://www.ahistoryofgreece.com/biography/metaxas.htm]). 
|-
| align=center| [[Francisco Franco]] || align=center| [[Spain]] || align=center|1936–1975 || Prime Minister of Spain 1938-1975 and Head of State 1939 - 1975 (in the Nationalist Zone, both only to 1939). Purged opposition; often referred to as a dictator or ''caudillo'' (see[http://www.policyreview.org/jun03/diamond.html], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:B1Mmefo38twJ:www.personal.psu.edu/mlb300/spainsocprob.pdf+%22dictator+Francisco+Franco%22],[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:NsfbKjiVUowJ:www.acad.carleton.edu/curricular/POSC/faculty/montero/Spain%2520Paper%25201.pdf+%22dictator+Francisco+Franco%22], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:9ZzXaMENcm8J:www.artcult.org/cst/spain_prepack_participants.pdf+%22Francisco+Franco%22+%22dictatorship%22]). Strongly supported by the [[Roman Catholic Church]] worldwide.

|-
| align=center| [[Jozef Tiso]] || align=center| [[Slovakia]] || align=center|1939–1945 || President of [[Slovak Republic (1939-1945)|WWII Slovak Republic]]. Led a partly Roman Catholic clerical, partly pro-Nazi, one-party state. Described by some as a dictator (see [http://www.adl.org/PresRele/HolNa_52/3578_52.asp], [http://dominican-republic.asinah.net/en/wikipedia/j/jo/jozef_tiso.html], [http://www.ce-review.org/00/19/vaknin19.html]).
|-
| align=center| [[Ion Antonescu]] || align=center| [[Romania]] || align=center|1940–1944 || Prime Minister of Romania. Two days after his appointment, forced King Carol II (see above) to abdicate in favor of his son, Mihai. Named himself ''Conducător'' (Leader), assumed dictatorial powers and relegated monarchy to decorative role.
|-
| align=center| [[Philippe Pétain]] || align=center| [[Vichy France]] || align=center|1940–1944 || Prime Minister of France 1940 - 1942; Head of State 1940 - 1944. The ''Assemblée Nationale'' of Vichy France suspended the [[Third Republic]] and granted Pétain dictatorial power, although ultimately he was answerable to the German Nazi hierarchy.
|-
| align=center| [[Ante Pavelic|Ante Pavelić]] || align=center| [[Croatia]] || align=center|1941–1945 ||''Poglavnik'' ("Leader") of Croatia. Not elected; ordered massacres of Serbs, Jews, Gypsies and dissidents; hundreds of thousands slaughtered; led the genocial, devoutly Roman Catholic Ustase (see [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/tyrants.htm], [http://www.cuttingedge.org/articles/RC130.html], [http://emperors-clothes.com/vatican/cpix.htm]). Supported by most, if not all, of the Roman Catholic church in Croatia.
|-
| align=center| [[Vidkun Quisling]] || align=center| [[Norway]]|| align=center|1942–1945 || Minister President of Norway between 1942-1945, and founder of the fascist "National Unity" party . Traitor to his country. Executed by firing squad. Described as being the Hitler of Norway.
|-
| align=center| [[Ferenc Szálasi]] (Szálasi Ferenc) || align=center| [[Hungary]] || align=center|1944–1945 || Leader of the [[fascist]] [[Arrow Cross]] party, Szálasi was installed as a fascist ruler by the [[Nazis]] following their overthrow of [[regent]] [[Miklós Horthy]].
|-
| align=center| [[Josip Broz Tito]] || align=center| [[Yugoslavia]] || align=center|1944–1980 || Secretary-General of the Yugoslav Communist Party 1937 - 1963; Prime Minister of Yugoslavia 1945–1953; Premier of Yugoslavia 1953 - 1963; President of Yugoslavia 1953 - 1980; President of the ''Presidium of the League of Communists'' from 1963 until 1980. Declared himself [[President for Life]] in 1963. Viewed favorably in Yugoslavia despite authoritarian rule.
|-
| align=center| [[Enver Hoxha]] || align=center| [[Albania]] || align=center|1944-1985 || General Secretary of the Albanian Party of Labour. Leader of single-party Communist state; extensive personality cult; Declared his nation to be the world's only officially atheist state and banned all practice of religion in 1967.
|-
| align=center| [[Mátyás Rákosi]] || align=center| [[Hungary]] || align=center|1949-1953 || General Secretary of the [[Hungarian Workers Party]] and Prime Minister of the [[Hungarian People's Republic]]. Leader of single-party Communist state; nicknamed "Stalin's best Hungarian disciple"; Invented the phrase "[[salami tactics]]" to describe piecemeal assumption of power.
|-
| align=center| [[Nikita Khrushchev]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center|1953-1964 || First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between 1953-1964. Allowed limited liberalisation in the arts and media later on. 
|-
| align=center| [[Todor Zhivkov]] || align=center| [[Bulgaria]] || align=center|1956-1989 || Head of pro soviet communist regimen in Bulgaria. Became party secretary in 1956 and prime minister in 1962. Forced out of power in 1989 by communist party to comply with demands of protesters.
|-
| align=center| [[Antonín Novotný]] || align=center| [[Czechoslovakia]] || align=center|1957-1968 || Antonín Novotný, the First Secretary of the Communist Party and President of the Republic, was leader of Czechoslovakia during the Stalinisation of the country, resulting in the replacement of the Czechoslovakian democracy by a one-party communist state. His dictatorship centralized power and used force to protect his regime which lasted fifteen years.
|-
| align=center| [[Walter Ulbricht]] || align=center| [[German Democratic Republic]] || align=center|1950/1960-1971 || General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany 1950-1971 and Head of State 1960-1973.
|-
| align=center| [[Leonid Brezhnev]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center|1964–1982 || First/General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between 1964-1982. Formed a [[cult of Personality]] later on.
|-
| align=center| [[Nicolae Ceauşescu]] || align=center| [[Romania]] || align=center|1965–1989 || General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party, 1965-1989; President of Romania, 1974-1989. Leader of single-party Communist state; extensive personality cult developed during the 1970s. Lived lavish lifestyle while country was still using donkey carts.
|-
| align=center| [[George Papadopoulos]] || align=center| [[Greece]] || align=center|1967–1973 || Prime Minister of Greece 1967 - 1973; Regent 1972 - 1973; President of Greece 1973. Gained power in a coup; lead military regime. Widely described as a dictator (see [http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0778782.html], [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/379334.stm], [http://www.hellas.net]).
|-
| align=center| [[Marcelo Caetano]] || align=center| [[Portugal]] || align=center|1968–1974 || Prime Minister of Portugal 1968 - 1974; Upon the death of [[António de Oliveira Salazar]] he continued the dictatorial regime. Some liberties were improved but the situation of the country and the [[Portuguese Colonial War|colonial wars]] lead to the [[Carnation Revolution]].
|-
| align=center| [[Gustáv Husák]] || align=center| [[Czechoslovakia]] || align=center|1969-1987 || Came into power through soviets, Crushed the Prague spring. Headed brutal secret police stepped down from power in 1987 two years before communism fell. 
|-
| align=center| [[Erich Honecker]] || align=center| [[German Democratic Republic]] || align=center|1971-1989 || General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany 1971-1989 and Head of State 1976-1989.
|-
| align=center| [[Phaedon Gizikis]] || align=center| [[Greece]] || align=center|1973-1974 || President of Greece 1973-1974. Gained power in coup. Lead millitary regime installed by previous head of state.
|-
| align=center| [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]] || align=center|[[Poland]] || align=center|1981-1990 || Imposed martial law in Poland in 1981 in response to Solidarity party led strikes. Made himself head of the "Commission for National Salvation." Stated his actions were taken in order to prevent a Soviet invasion of Poland. Was President of Poland until his resignation in 1990. 
|-
| align=center| [[Yuri Andropov]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center|1982-1984 || General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between 1982-1984. Early signs of [[Perestroika]] and [[Glasnost]].
|-
| align=center| [[Konstantin Chernenko]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center|1984-1985 || General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between 1984-1985. Ailing stop-gap leader. 
|-
| align=center| [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center|1985-1991 || General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991 when the Soviet Union collapsed and the CPSU was banned. Oversaw democratisation in the Soviet Union, but was never directly elected as leader.
|-
| align=center| [[Slobodan Milošević]] || align=center| [[Serbia]], [[Yugoslavia]] || align=center|1989-2000 || In 1984 he became the head of the local Communist party in Belgrade and adopted a populist style, the party's leader. He successfully took over as head of the Serbian Communist party in 1987. He challenged the federal government, championed Serbian control of the autonomous provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina, and advocated stridently socialist economic policy. By 1988, he had replaced party leaders in Kosovo and Vojvodina, and in 1989 he became president of Serbia. However, in September 1990, a new democratic constitution was passed allowing direct, multi-party presidential and parliamentary elections. Milosevic was elected president of Serbia for the first time in December 1990, although allegations persist of electoral fraud during the Milosevic years.
|-
| align=center| [[Alexander Lukashenko]] || align=center| [[Belarus]] || align=center| '''1994-present''' || President of Belarus. Said to have an "authoritarian ruling style". Lack of democratic standards. Human rights violations. Referred to as "Europe's last dictatorship."
|}

==Oceania==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Country !! Years in power !! Notes
|-
| align=center| [[Sitiveni Rabuka]] || align=center|[[Fiji]] || align=center|1987–1992 || Twice gained power through coup, allowed elections in 1992, which he won.
|-
| align=center| [[Frank Bainimarama]] || align=center|[[Fiji]] || align=center|'''2006-present''' ||Launched a coup d'etat in December 2006 after weeks of threats against the elected government.
|}

==Quotes from Famous Dicators==

Comparative quotes are given from the top 5 [[Left-wing]]-[[Socialist]]-[[Marxist]]-[[Communist]] leaders in order to better understand the commonality of the end result of their [[liberal]] philosophy taken to its fruition by the [[Big government]] [[Welfare state]]-[[Nanny state]]-[[Police state]] by [[leftist]] [[Globalist]]-[[Statist]]-Socialist-Communists.

==Quotes from Stalin==

The '''Darwin-Stalin connection''' describes the brutal [[Soviet]] dictator [[Josef Stalin]] who [[mass murderer|murdered millions]] of people, giving credit to [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]]'s book for his outlook in life:

* "The death of one man is a tragedy, the [[mass murderer|death of millions]] is a statistic." ~ to [[Churchill]], 1945.

* "Death is the solution to all problems. No man - no problem"

* "Ideas are more powerful than [[guns]]. We would [[gun control|not let our enemies have guns]], why should we let them have ideas?"

* "It is enough that the people know there was an [[election]]. The people who cast the votes decide nothing. The people who count the votes decide everything."

* "The only real power comes out of a long [[rifle]]."

* "When we hang the [[capitalist]]s they will sell us the rope we use."

=== Quotes from Lenin ===
*"The best revolutionary is a youth devoid of morals."

* "A lie told often enough becomes the truth."

* "The goal of [[socialism]] is [[communism]]."

* "There are no morals in [[politics]] there is only expedience. A scoundrel may be of use to us just because he is a scoundrel."

* "Give us the child for 8 years and it will be a [[Bolshevik]] forever." (see [[Public school values]] and [[Professor values]])

==Related Quotes from Others==

* [[C.S. Lewis]] wrote:
:Of all tyrannies, a [[tyranny]] sincerely exercised for the good of its victims may be the most [[oppression|oppressive]]. It would be better to live under robber baron]]s than under omnipotent moral [[busybody|busybodies]]. The robber baron's cruelty may sometimes sleep, his cupidity may at some point be satiated; but those who torment us for our own good will torment us without end for they do so with the approval of their own [[conscience]]. [http://www.tsowell.com/quotes.html]

* "The one aim of these [[banker|financiers]] is [[New World Order|world control]] by the creation of inextinguishable [[debt]]." - [[Henry Ford]]

* "Educate and inform the whole mass of [[citizen|the people]]... They are the only sure reliance for the preservation of our [[liberty]]." -- [[Thomas Jefferson]]

==See Also==
* [[Dictatorship]]
** [[Dictator]]
** [[Friendly dictator]]
** [[Adolf Hitler]], [[Joseph Stalin]], [[Chairman Mao]], [[Kim Jong-Il]], [[Pol Pot]]
** [[Dictatorship of the proletariat]]
** [[List of Communist States]]
** [[List of Socialist States]]
** [[Death toll of communism]]
** [[Coup d'etat]]
* [[Cult of personality]]
* [[Single-party state]]
* [[Mobocracy]], [[Social Effects of the Theory of Evolution]], [[Anti-Semitism]], [[Communist Racism]], [[Genocide]], [[Holocaust]]
* [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] ([[Nazi]])
* [[National Socialism]] - the Nazis were elitist [[Police state]] [[liberals]] not [[conservative]]s
* [[Big government]] [[Welfare state]] leads to [[Nanny state]], leads to [[Police state]]: [[Globalist]]-[[Statist]]-[[Socialist]]-[[Communist]]
* [[Liberal totalitarianism]]

* [[Constitutional crisis]]
* [[List of political leaders who held active military ranks in office]]
* [[List of political leaders who suspended the constitution]]
* [[List of successful coups d'état]]
* [[President for Life]]
* [[Single-party state]]

==External links==
*[http://www.thedictatorship.com The Dictatorship]
*[http://www.lkwdpl.org/schools/horacemann/dictators/ Modern dictators and Human Rights Violations]
*[http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2006/edition_01-22-2006/Dictators The World’s 10 Worst Dictators]

[[Category:Lists|Dictators]]
[[Category:Totalitarianism]]

Talk:List of dictators

2015-04-20T21:57:52Z

ScottH35: /* Quotes */ new section

How far back are we going here? [[User:Maestro|Maestro]] 10:34, 12 July 2007 (EDT)
----
OldRight, Can you give us some background on the dispute in WP, that may be of interest elesewhere. Thanks. [[User:RobS|RobS]] 10:40, 12 July 2007 (EDT)

== Absolute Monarch vs. Dictator ==
Often confused, an absolute (non constitutional) monarch with right of ascension is distinct form a dictator, even if they behave dictatorially. All of the country, people and property, and all the laws are subjects of the monarch who may change them. Such a monarch may be ambivalent, aggressive, abusive, passive, kind, cruel, have secret police, etc, but if they are a a monarch with hereditary ascension rights, they are not a dictator. Note, much of the list, with 2-3 errors, or instance where someone has declared themselves king, refers to presidents, party secretaries, generals, prime ministers, shoguns, chancellors, etc.

It would be good to have a list of "kings behaving badly" that is distinct from dictators.

Also note, historically, rule by dictat had time limits, if not limited to life of the individual.

Please maintain the list accordingly.

: Technically I think you are right but normal users understand better in a simple way. --[[User:Joaquín Martínez|Joaquín Martínez]] 00:20, 6 January 2011 (EST)

== Bush ==

George W. Bush satisfies all these five criteria.

* is an absolute ruler of a sovereign state;
**Bush can do anything he wants, thanks to the PATRIOT Act and his veto
* governs outside the otherwise accepted rule of law;
**Guantánamo Bay (locking up unconvicted alleged "terrorists" and torturing them because the area doesn't legally belong to the US and thus the basic human rights don't apply there)
* commonly (but not necessarily) gained power through fraud or a coup d'état, or resorts to them to stay in power;
**The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2000|2000 elections] clearly weren't fair...
* may develop a cult of personality;
**[http://www.alarmingnews.com/archives/Bush%20love%202.jpg][http://www.willisms.com/archives/bushingeorgia.gif]
* may be autocratic, oppressive, despotic or tyrannical.
**He was tyrannical/oppressive when invading and conquering Iraq.[http://www.bushflash.com/occupied.html][http://www.bushflash.com/antiwar2.html]

Also see [http://www.bushflash.com/14.html] for more proof.

[[User:Liberalism|Liberalism]] 16:13, 17 July 2007 (EDT)
::Are you serious? Or are you a parodist? [[User:Bohdan|Bohdan]] 16:59, 17 July 2007 (EDT)

:''The following message moved from my talk page. — [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]]''
What's wrong with [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=List_of_dictators&diff=235708&oldid=228274 this] entry? I explained my reasons on the [[Talk:List of dictators|talk page]]. [[User:Liberalism|Liberalism]] 16:26, 17 July 2007 (EDT)

:President Bush is not a dictator; this is merely your attempt to denigrate him. Your reasons above don't stand up to scrutiny. For example, I don't believe for one moment that President Bush is not subject to the decisions of the Supreme Court, so he can't do "anything he wants", and besides, the power of veto allows him to ''stop'' legislation he disagrees with, not to ''pass'' legislation to do "anything he wants". [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 19:12, 17 July 2007 (EDT)

== Dates ==

Since this is protected, can someone please dewikilink the dates? I know from the [[Special:Wantedpages|wantedpages]] that there's at least a 2004 wikilinked. (I also saw a 1982). Thanks. [[User:Jazzman831|Jazzman831]] 22:19, 14 August 2007 (EDT)

*LOL! You know, I actually started to do it, but then realized it is so complicated, that I would really screw it up royally! Please, please do it....--[[User:TK|şŷŝôρ-₮K]][[User_Talk:TK|Ṣρёаќǃ]] 22:29, 14 August 2007 (EDT)

:Can do! (Ctrl+F is my friend!) [[User:Jazzman831|Jazzman831]] 22:31, 14 August 2007 (EDT)

::Ok done (I think). Dunno if it still needs protected, since the person involved with the edit war is now blocked. But it's not up to me... [[User:Jazzman831|Jazzman831]] 22:44, 14 August 2007 (EDT)

*Yeah, but if left open, I will wake up tomorrow and see Bush and the Pope there. Thank you so very much, Jazzman! --[[User:TK|şŷŝôρ-₮K]][[User_Talk:TK|Ṣρёаќǃ]] 22:50, 14 August 2007 (EDT)

== Some more names ==

Very nice list first of all, Second thing, i think a few names in this list have been missed, from Ibn Saud to King Abdullah, all dictators of Saudi Arabia should be added here.

Although i don't think so about King Faisal who was ruler from 1964 - 1975, as he was 'anti communist', :-

http://blog.nixonfoundation.org/2010/06/thirty-six-years-ago-rn-meets-king-faisal/

But every other name should be added. [[User:Regular|Regular]] 07:52, 6 June 2012 (EDT)

==Criteria==
In common use, "dictator" means "a leader I don't like." But for a list like this we need less subjective criteria. Robespierre was just one of twelve people on the Committee of Public Safety, so I don't see a basis to include him. Egypt and many other countries have a tradition of army involvement in politics. Sadat and Mubarak were dictators only if you take multi-party democracy as the norm. [[User:PeterKa|PeterKa]] 21:27, 14 January 2014 (EST)

== Add here Viktor Yanukovych ==

He had big wealth when he was president,he could appoint and remove from office ministres and regional heads,so we can call him absolute ruler,his house was given him illegally and he'd doing a lot of illegal operations for laundering money,so he governed outside the accepted rule of law,also he admitted in his press-conference in Rostov-on-Don that he led international troops and police units which fought against Euromaidan,so he also had kiling and tortured people,and all this if not to count lack of fair judicial system and forcible confiscation of business and a lot of another things which were did by people which came with him,so why he's not a dictator?

== Quotes ==

I removed one quote from the Lenin section.

One of the quotes “The way to crush the bourgeoisie is to grind them down between the millstones of taxation and inflation.” is a known fake with a [http://blog.skepticallibertarian.com/2013/04/15/fake-quote-files-v-i-lenin-on-inflation-and-taxation/ long history that seems to predate Lenin]. [[User:ScottH35|ScottH35]] 17:57, 20 April 2015 (EDT)

List of dictators

2015-04-20T21:53:14Z

ScottH35: /* Quotes from Stalin */ Both quotes are known fakes.

The following is a list of national leaders ([[Head of state|heads of state]] and/or [[Head of government|heads of government]]) commonly regarded as modern [[dictator]]s. This usage usually carries a pejorative sense and refers to a ruler who:

* Rules by decree, via an Enabling Act or similar laws passed by a legislature allowing him to do so;
* is an [[absolute ruler]] of a [[state|sovereign state]], usually appointed, but without hereditary ascension;
* governs outside the otherwise accepted [[rule of law]];
* commonly (but not necessarily) gaining power through [[fraud]], a [[coup d'état]], resorting to either again to continue in power;
* may develop a [[cult of personality]];
* may be autocratic, oppressive, despotic or tyrannical.

Some so-called "benevolent dictators" may be viewed as beneficial and their leadership seen as a "necessary evil".
The modern usage of the term 'dictator' developed largely in response to instances of autocratic rule in [[republic]]s, so traditional [[monarch]]s are not usually described as dictators in historical commentary. Also excluded from this list are those who held [[absolute power]] during national [[State of emergency|emergencies]], but restored the rule of law soon thereafter. Otherwise those included have been widely cited by historians or described by the [[Mass media|media]] as dictators. Any controversy surrounding such characterisation is mentioned in the notes.

The list is sorted according to when each dictator began their years in power. This refers to any years in office as a head of state, government or the like before their dictatorship was established. Any years of elected and judicial rule may be indicated parenthetically.

==Africa==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Country !! Years in power !! Notes
|-
|align=center|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] ||align=center| [[Egypt]] ||align=center| 1954–1970 || Prime Minister of Egypt 1954-1962; President of Egypt 1956-1970. Part of a group of officers in control of Egypt after the coup against British supported [[Farouk of Egypt|King Farouk]] in 1952; In February 1954, Nasser forced {{fact}} President [[Muhammad Naguib]] to appoint him prime minister and give up most practical power to him; later in that year Naguib resigned and Nasser became president by self-appointment; elected by popular vote (as only candidate) in 1956, and subsequently. Many personalistic elements to Nasser's rule, but nominal parliamentary system under Nasser's 1956-1970 presidency {{fact}}, until his death in 1970.
|-
|align=center|[[Ahmed Sékou Touré]] ||align=center| [[Guinea]] ||align=center| 1958–1984 || President of Guinea. Widely described as a dictator (see [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/DIAINS.html], [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/world/awards2003/profile_jazz.shtml]) with estimates of up to 50,000 extra-judicial killings during his rule (see [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat6.htm]) and 250,000 Guineans fleeing his rule ([http://www.africanet.com/africanet/country/guinea/history.htm]).
|-
|align=center|[[David Dacko]] ||align=center| [[Central African Republic]] ||align=center| 1960–1966 1979–1981 || President of the Central African Republic. Banned opposition (see [http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad36]); Gained power by coup in 1979, though subsequently stood for election (see [http://www.african-geopolitics.org/show.aspx?ArticleId=3638]).
|-
|align=center|[[Kwame Nkrumah]] ||align=center| [[Ghana]] ||align=center| 1960–1966 || Created an single-party-system. Described himself as "African [[Lenin]]".
|-
|align=center|[[Modibo Keita]] ||align=center| [[Mali]] ||align=center| 1960–1968 || Schoolteacher and first president of Mali. Forced socialization and extensive protectionism severely harmed the economy and continued the country's dependence on aid donors. Discontent with these policies led Keita to implement his own "Cultural Revolution" and establish a network of people's militias to inform on and punish dissent. In the last few years of his presidency, full powers were vested in an extralegal "National Committee for Defense of the Revolution". He was deposed in a military coup.
|-
|align=center|[[François (Ngarta) Tombalbaye|François Tombalbaye]] ||align=center| [[Chad]] ||align=center| 1960–1975 || Head of State 1960-1962; President of Chad 1962-1975. Never fought a contested election; imprisoned opposition leaders. Launched a "Cultural Revolution" in the early 1970s encouraging ''[[authenticité]]''.
|-
|align=center|[[Félix Houphouët-Boigny]] ||align=center| [[Côte d'Ivoire]] ||align=center| 1960–1993 || President of Côte d'Ivoire. Ruled until 1990 with all opposition banned, but not considered particularly repressive. Relocated the official capital to his home village of [[Yamoussoukro]] and constructed the [[Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro]], the largest religious structure in Africa.
|-
|align=center|[[Milton Obote]] ||align=center| [[Uganda]] ||align=center| 1962–1972 1980–1985 || Prime Minister of Uganda 1962-1966; President of Uganda 1966-1971 and 1980-1985. Suspended the constitution and declared himself President and Prime Minister in 1966.
|-
|align=center|[[Hastings Kamuzu Banda]] ||align=center| [[Malawi]] ||align=center| 1963–1994 || Prime Minister of Malawi 1963-1966; President of Malawi 1966-1994. Banned all opposition in 1966; declared himself [[President for Life]] in 1971; exiled and killed opposition leaders. Ordered that a letter bomb be sent to exiled opposition leader [[Attati Mpakati]]; suspected of being involved in the car crash deaths of senior Congress Party leaders; violently crushed an attempted rebellion. Aged 98, he allowed and lost a free election in 1994.
|-
|align=center|[[Kenneth Kaunda]] ||align=center| [[Zambia]] ||align=center| 1964–1991 || President of the Republic of Zambia 1964-1991.Elected 1964, banned all political parties in Zambia, viewed himself as "WAMUYAYA" (eternal President).Accused of torturing political opponents.Defeated by Frederick Chiluba in 1991.
|-
|align=center|[[Houari Boumediene]] ||align=center| [[Algeria]] ||align=center| 1965–1978 || 
President of Algeria from June 19, 1965 to his death, (December 27, 1978); Chairman of the Revolutionary Council until December 12, 1976). In June 1965, Boumédienne seized power in a bloodless coup. Initially lacking a personal power base, he was seen as a weak ruler. But after a botched coup attempt against him by military officers in 1967 he tightened his rule, and then remained Algeria's undisputed ruler until his death in 1978.
|-
|align=center|[[Jean-Bédel Bokassa]] ||align=center| [[Central African Republic]] ||align=center| 1966–1979 || President of the Central African Republic 1966-1976; Emperor Bokassa I of the Central African Empire 1976-1979. Bokassa overthrew the autocratic Dacko in a swift coup d'état and assumed power as president of the Republic and head of the sole political party, the Mouvement pour l'évolution sociale de l'Afrique Noire (MESAN). Bokassa abolished the constitution of 1959 on January 4 and began to rule by decree. He proclaimed himself emperor in 1976 (see [http://www.african-geopolitics.org/show.aspx?ArticleId=3638]).
|-
|align=center|[[Gnassingbé Eyadéma]] ||align=center| [[Togo]] ||align=center| 1967–2005 || President of Togo. Gained power in a coup; never fought a contested election until 1998; banned, tortured and killed opposition. Fostered a cult of personality that was reinforced after he was the sole survivor of an airplane crash in 1974. In late 1991, troops loyal to Eyadéma closed a constitutional conference that had shifted most executive power to a new transitional government and banned Eyadéma's RPT party. January 1993 saw a mass exodus of residents to neighboring states after security forces fired on pro-democracy demonstrators. Further repression followed a purported 1994 coup attempt (see[http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar/data/togoewechro.htm]).
|-
|align=center|[[Omar Bongo]] ||align=center| [[Gabon]] ||align=center| 1967–2009 || As vice president, he acceded to the presidency following the death of President [[Léon M'ba]]. In 1968, Bongo decreed a one-party state under his [[Gabonese Democratic Party]] and was thrice elected unopposed in the 1970s and 1980s. He became very wealthy during the country's oil boom. Open elections were held in 1990 and Bongo was re-elected in 1993, 1998 and 2005. Observers have criticized the elections as unfair and corruption watchdogs have accused the president of [[nepotism]]. Riots resulting from the mysterious death in 1990 of prominent dissident [[Joseph Rendjambe]] in a government hotel room were put down by French troops.
|-
|align=center|[[Moussa Traoré]] ||align=center| [[Mali]] ||align=center| 1968–1991 || Chairman of the Military National Liberation Committee 1968-1969; Head of State 1969-1979; President of Mali 1979-1991. Seized power in a coup; banned all opposition; installed a police state; established one-party state in 1979.
|-
|align=center|[[Francisco Macías Nguema]] ||align=center| [[Equatorial Guinea]] ||align=center| 1968–1979 || President of Equatorial Guinea 1968-1979. Elected in 1968 but declared himself [[President for Life]] in 1972; "extreme personality cult"; over a third of population fled his regime. Banned fishing and sanctioned the deaths of most of his pre-independence political rivals, including ex-prime minister [[Bonifacio Ondó Edu]] and foreign minister [[Atanasio Ndongo Miyone]]. Declared an atheist state by Spanish dictator [[Francisco Franco]]. As many as 50,000 civilians were killed, in particular those of the [[Bubi]] ethnic [[minority]] on [[Bioko]] associated with relative wealth and [[intellectual]]ism.
|-
|align=center|[[Gaafar Nimeiry]] ||align=center| [[Sudan]] ||align=center| 1969–1985 || Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council 1969-1971; President of Sudan 1971-1985. Gained power in a military coup, banned opposition, dissolved southern Sudanese government, imposed sharia law. Executed several leading communists (the most prominent being [[Abdel Khaliq Mahjub]] and [[Joseph Garang]]) after a botched 1971 coup attempt.
|-
|align=center|[[Mohamed Siad Barre]] ||align=center| [[Somalia]] ||align=center| 1969–1991 || Chairman of the Supreme Revolutionary Council 1969-1976; President of Somalia 1976-1991. In 1969, during the power vacuum following the assassination of President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, the military staged a coup and took over. Barre was to rule for the next twenty-two years. He attempted to develop a personality cult; large posters of him were common in the capital Mogadishu during his reign, many of which can still be seen today. He dreamed of a "[[Greater Somalia]]" and tried unsuccessfully to annex the [[Ogaden]]—legally Ethiopian territory—in 1977 to realize this end (see [[Ogaden War]]).
|-
|align=center|[[Idi Amin]] ||align=center| [[Uganda]] ||align=center| 1971–1979 || [[President of Uganda]], later (1976) declared as [[President for Life|for Life]]. Deposed in 1979 after declaring war on [[Tanzania]].
|-
|align=center|[[Mengistu Haile Mariam]] ||align=center| [[Ethiopia]] ||align=center| 1974–1991 || Chairman of the Provisional Military Administrative Council ([[Derg]]) in 1974 and 1977-1987; President of Ethiopia 1987-1991. One-party state; repression of opposition; tens of thousands of extra-judicial killings.
|-
|align=center|[[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ||align=center| [[Nigeria]] ||align=center| 1976-1979 || Head of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria between 1976 and 1979. Elected President of Nigeria in 1999. Chairman of the [[African Union]] 2004-2006.
|-
|align=center|[[Jean-Baptiste Bagaza]] ||align=center| [[Burundi]] ||align=center| 1976–1987 || President of Burundi. Widely described as a military dictator (see [http://www.africanews.com/article265.html], [http://www.electionworld.org/history/burundi.htm]).
|-
|align=center|[[Albert René]] ||align=center| [[Seychelles]] ||align=center| 1977–2004 || President of Seychelles. Deposed the elected president Sir [[James Mancham]] and promulgated a one-party constitution after a period of rule by decree. Created the [[National Youth Service]] (NYS), a compulsory educational institution that included traditional curricula interlaced with political indoctrination and paramilitary training.
|-
|align=center|[[Daniel arap Moi]] ||align=center| [[Kenya]] ||align=center| 1978–2002 || President of Kenya. Changed constitution to establish a ''de jure'' one-party state; resorted to repressive rule, including torture and imprisonment without trial.
|-
|align=center|[[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]] ||align=center| [[Equatorial Guinea]] ||align=center| '''1979–present''' || Chairman of the Supreme Military Council 1979-1982; President of Equatorial Guinea 1982-present. Deposed his uncle in a violent coup; opposition is banned in all but name.
|-
|align=center|[[José Eduardo dos Santos]] ||align=center| [[Angola]] ||align=center| '''1979–present''' || President of Angola. One-party state; did not stand for election until 1992 (see [http://www.cpj.org/Briefings/2000/Angola_Marques_00/Angola_Marques_00.html]).
|-
|align=center|[[João Bernardo Vieira]] ||align=center| [[Guinea-Bissau]] ||align=center| 1980-1984 (dictator) 2005-2009 (democratically elected) || become president by a coup. killing and exiled opposition. faoumes for the [[Guinea-Bissau Civil War]].
|-
|align=center|[[Samuel K. Doe]] ||align=center| [[Liberia]] ||align=center| 1980–1990 || Chairman of the People's Redemption Council 1980-1984; President of Liberia 1984-1990. Gained power in a military coup that killed President [[William R. Tolbert, Jr.]], a [[Reform movement|reformer]]. Promoted [[Krahn]] chauvinism and "died a multi-millionaire and proud owner of mansions and estates" (see[http://www.theperspective.org/2004/oct/bookpeople.html]).
|-
|align=center|[[Robert Mugabe]] ||align=center| [[Zimbabwe]] ||align=center| '''1980–present''' ||
Gained power through election, and repeatedly re-elected, but criticized for steps used to maintain power. From 1999 on, used police and militant groups like the War Veterans Association and [[Border Gezi Youth]] to enforce [[ZANU-PF]] policies and to prevent opponents from voting; called "king" by his aides.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1709488.stm] Arrested and tortured opponents and human rights activists; gave amnesty to murderers of his political opponents in 2000; ignores court rulings.[http://www.guardian.co.uk/elsewhere/journalist/story/0,7792,410850,00.html]
|-
|align=center|[[Jerry Rawlings]] ||align=center| [[Ghana]] ||align=center| 1981-1992 || Gained power in a military coup during 1979 but handed it over. Re-took power in another coup of 1981. Elected President in 1992 and again in 1996 before standing aside as per the constitution.
|-
|align=center|[[André Kolingba]] ||align=center| [[Central African Republic]] ||align=center| 1981–1993 || Chairman of the Military Committee of National Recovery 1981-1985; President of the Central African Republic 1985-1993. Gained power in a coup; persecuted opposition; allowed (and lost) free elections in 1993. Attempted second coup in 2001.
|-
|align=center|[[Paul Biya]] ||align=center| [[Cameroon]] ||align=center| '''1982–present''' || He served under President Ahmadou Ahidjo and became Prime Minister in 1975. Ahidjo resigned on November 6, 1982 and Biya became president. After years of totalitarian rule, he allowed the creation of opposition parties in 1990 but his re-elections have been marked by widespread fraud and intimidation.
|-
|align=center|[[Hissène Habré]] ||align=center| [[Chad]] ||align=center| 1982–1990 || Chairman of the Council of State 1982; President of Chad 1982-1990. Gained power in a coup; abolished post of Prime Minister; executed opposition leaders.
|-
|align=center|[[Thomas Sankara]] ||align=center| [[Burkina Faso]] ||align=center| 1983-1987 || President of Upper Volta 1983-1984; President of Burkina Faso 1984-1987. Gained power in coup. Lead millitary regime. Overthrown and killed in coup.
|-
|align=center|[[Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya]] ||align=center| [[Mauritania]] ||align=center| 1984–2005 || Deposed the military head of state, [[Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla]], on December 1984 and declared himself Chairman of the Military Committee for National Salvation. Deposed by [[Ely Ould Mohamed Vall]] in a bloodless coup d'état. 
|-
|align=center|[[Ibrahim Babangida]] ||align=center| [[Nigeria]] ||align=center| 1985-1993 || Annulled the most free and fair presidential election in the history of Nigeria, leading to the death of the presidenstial candidate [[Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola]].
|-
|align=center|[[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]] ||align=center| [[Tunisia]] ||align=center| 1987–2011 || President of Tunisia. Although he announced [[Pluralism#Plualism in politics|political pluralism]] in 1992, his Democratic Constitutional Rally (formerly Neo-Destour party) continues to dominate the national politics and there is no genuine open political debate. In 1999, although two unknown alternative candidates were permitted for the first time to stand in the presidential elections, Ben Ali was re-elected with 99.66% of the vote. A controversial constitutional referendum in 2002 allowed him to seek re-election and contemplate the possibility of remaining in office until 2014. On October 24, 2004, he was again re-elected, officially taking 94.48% of the vote. Certain books, periodicals and internet sites are banned or blocked. The [http://www.tunisiatv.com National Television] frequently show his actions during a week, but often the President only appears in passing on television. In 2011 he was forced from power after mass protests.
|-
|align=center|[[Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir]] ||align=center| [[Sudan]] ||align=center| '''1989–present''' || President of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation 1989-1993; President of Sudan 1993-present. Took power in a military coup and increasingly centralized power into himself. Widely believed to be implicated in the [[Darfur]] [[Janjaweed]] [[pogrom]]s.
|-
|align=center|[[Idriss Déby]] ||align=center| [[Chad]] ||align=center| '''1990–present''' || Head of State 1990-1991; President of Chad 1991 to date. Gained power in a coup; continues to suppress opposition and press (see [http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/tcd-summary-eng]).
|-
|align=center|[[Sani Abacha]] ||align=center| [[Nigeria]] ||align=center| 1993–1998 || Chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council 1993-1998. Seized power in a coup; persecuted opposition; never stood for election. Jailed Chief [[Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola]], the presumed winner of the annulled 1993 presidential election; presided over execution of activist [[Ken Saro-Wiwa]].
|-
|align=center|[[Paul Kagame]] || align=center|[[Rwanda]] || align=center|'''1994-present''' || Vice-President of Rwanda 1994-2000; President 2000-Present. Brouhgt to power by a guerilla movement which plunged the country into bloodshed and led to the Rwandan Genocide in 1994. Responsible of the the killings of innocent civilians, women and children in Kibeho refugee camp. Responsible of the killings of 4 millions congolese. Responsible of the killings of Priests and Archbishops in Kabgayi.
|-
|align=center|[[Yahya Jammeh]] ||align=center| [[The Gambia]] ||align=center| '''1994-Present''' || President of The Gambia. Gained power in coup d'état. Right to the press and free speech supressed. Stood for three elections (1996, 2001, and 2006); last election deemed unfair by opposition.
|-
|align=center|[[Laurent-Désiré Kabila]] ||align=center| [[Congo-Kinshasa]] ||align=center| 1997–2001 || President of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Overthrew [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] in coup. No elections held during ongoing, interstate [[First Congo War|First]] and [[Second Congo War]]s.
|-
|align=center|[[Charles G. Taylor]] ||align=center| [[Liberia]] ||align=center| 1997–2003 || President of Liberia 1997-2003. Elected, but widely described as a dictator (see[http://www.guardian.co.uk/sierra/article/0,2763,221878,00.html], [http://www.cij.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=viewNews&newsID=9], [http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2003/127/48.0.html]). Linked to "[[blood diamonds]]" and illegal arms trading. Believed to have interfered frequently in the internal affairs of neighboring states while a [[warlord]], before his election to the presidency.
|-
|align=center|[[François Bozizé]] ||align=center| [[Central African Republic]] ||align=center| 2003–2013 || President of the Central African Republic 2003 to date. Gained power in a coup and suspended the constitution, though he has restored some democracy (see [http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/02/28/1456242]).
|-
|align=center|[[Ely Ould Mohamed Vall]] ||align=center| [[Mauritania]] ||align=center| 2005-2007 || Chairman of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy. Gained power via a military coup. Though he has said to relinquish power to an elected government in 2007.
|-
|align=center|[[Michael Sata]] ||align=center| [[Zambia]] ||align=center| 2011–2014 || Elected President of Zambia. Sata shut down the opposition and maintains relationships with [[Robert Mugabe]].
|-
|align=center|[[Mohamed Morsi]] ||align=center| [[Egypt]] ||align=center| 2012–2013 || Supported by the Muslim Brotherhood. Described Jews as "apes and pigs". Massively expanded his presidential authority upon being elected, giving himself unlimited powers.
|}

==The Americas==
===North America===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Country !! Years in power !! Notes
|-
| align=center|[[Agustín de Iturbide]] || align=center|[[Mexico]] || align=center|1822 - 1823 || Shortly after the Mexican War of Independence, he was declared Emperor of Mexico in 1822. Repressive, cracked down on free speech and any opposition. Desposed when popular opposition forced him to abdicate.
|-
| align=center|[[Antonio López de Santa Anna|Antonio López de Santa Anna]] || align=center|[[Mexico]] || align=center|1833 - 1855 (intermittent) || President or Provisional President of Mexico 1833-1837, then 1841 to February 1844, June to December 1844, March to September 1847 and finally 1853-1855. When [[Anastasio Bustamante]] led a coup overthrowing and killing President [[Vicente Guerrero]], Santa Anna seized power and then was elected President in 1833. At first he gave a free hand to his vice-president [[Valentín Gómez Farías]], a liberal reformer. Later he dismissed Gómez Farías, declared the Constitution suspended, disbanded the Congress and worked to concentrate power in the central government. He was overthrown and restored to power several times before his final overthrow in 1855.
|-
| align=center|[[Porfirio Díaz]] || align=center|[[Mexico]] || align=center|1879 - 1910 || Interim president 1876-1877; President of Mexico 1877-1880, 1884-1911. ''De facto'' ruler 1880-1884. Gained power in a coup, after his Revolution of Tuxtepac overthrew his predecessor, Lerdo. He did not run for reelection after his first term in order to keep his one-term promises that he made during his revolution. However, he retook the presidency a few years later and did not leave from power until the [[Mexican Revolution|Revolution of 1910]] kicked him from the Presidency. His rule saw the rapid modernization of Mexico, progress mainly caused by Diaz's encouragement of foreign investment in the country's infrastructure. However, the poor became quite miserable during this time. Political opposition was squelched and rebellions were put down by the ''rurals'', Diaz's personal guard. He was eventually overthrown by the [[Mexican Revolution|Revolution]] which lasted 10 years.
|-
| align=center|[[Victoriano Huerta]] || align=center|[[Mexico]] || align=center|1913 - 1914 || Appointed president, established a military dictatorship for about a year, and then was forced to resign.
|}

===Central America===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Country !! Years in power !! Notes
|-
| align=center|[[Rafael Carrera]] || align=center|[[Guatemala]] || align=center|1844–1848 1851–1865 || President of Guatemala. Gained power in a coup; styled himself [[President for Life]].
|-
|align=center|[[William Walker]] ||align=center| [[Nicaragua]] ||align=center| 1856-1857 || An american fillibuster takes over and proclaims himself President of Nicaragua. Tried to conquer several central american countries. Eventually executed.
|-
| align=center|[[Justo Rufino Barrios]] || align=center|[[Guatemala]] || align=center|1873–1885 || President of Guatemala. Gained power in a bloody coup, but introduced reforms.
|-
| align=center|[[Manuel Estrada Cabrera]] || align=center|[[Guatemala]] || align=center|1898–1920 || President of Guatemala. Never elected; subverted constitution; widely described as a dictator (see[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9033093], [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761558775/Estrada_Cabrera_Manuel.html]). Constructed numerous large [[Ancient Greece|Hellenic]]-style temples as monuments to his rule.
|-
| align=center|[[Maximiliano Hernández Martínez]] || align=center|[[El Salvador]] || align=center|1931–1934 1935–1944 || Acting President 1931-1934; President of El Salvador 1935-1944. Gained power in a coup; suppressed opposition; oversaw massacre of between ten and forty thousand suspected opponents. Presided over ''[[1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising|La Matanza]]'' in 1932, a massacre (genocide) of communists, suspected communists, [[campesinos]] and [[Pipil]] Indians (see [http://countrystudies.us/el-salvador/7.htm]).
|-
| align=center|[[Jorge Ubico]] || align=center|[[Guatemala]] || align=center|1931–1944 || President of Guatemala. Elected, but suppressed opposition and "assumed dictatorial powers".
|-
| align=center|[[Tiburcio Carías Andino]] || align=center|[[Honduras]] || align=center|1933–1949 || President of Honduras. Banned opposition and set up a [[Rubberstamp (politics)|rubber-stamp]] congress; suppressed unions (see[http://countrystudies.us/honduras/19.htm]).
|-
| align=center|[[Carlos Castillo Armas]] || align=center|[[Guatemala]] || align=center|1954–1957 || Junta Chairman, 1954; President of Guatemala 1954-1957. Gained power in a coup; banned the popular [[Guatemalan Party of Labour|Communist party]]; purged trade unions of leftist influence; declared himself president in 1956. Assassinated.
|-
| align=center|[[Oswaldo López Arellano]] || align=center|[[Honduras]] || align=center|1963–1971 1972–1975 || Head of Military Government 1963-1965; President of Honduras 1965-1971; Head of State 1972-1975. Military officer who allowed elections in 1971 before re-seizing power the next year. According to Clara Nieto in ''Masters of War: Latin America and United States Aggression from the Cuban Revolution through the Clinton years'', p. 114 (ISBN 1-58322-545-5): "During this second term (1972-1975) López governed without a congress and by decree."
|-
| align=center|[[Omar Torrijos]] || align=center|[[Panama]] || align=center|1968–1981 || Commander of the National Guard. Gained power in a coup; banned opposition, unions and free press.
|-
| align=center|[[Daniel Ortega]] || align=center|[[Nicaragua]] || align=center|1979-1990 '''2006–present''' || Came in power by a coup, with his Leftist [[Sandinista|Sandinistas]]. Hold false elections.
|-
| align=center|[[Manuel Noriega]] || align=center|[[Panama]]|| align=center|1983–1989 || Commander of the National Guard and ''de facto'' military leader, widely described as a dictator (see [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9056130], [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561240/Noriega_Moreno_Manuel_Antonio.html], [http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/news/8155061.htm]).
|}

===South America===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Country !! Years in power !! Notes
|-
| align=center|[[José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia]] || align=center|[[Paraguay]] || align=center|1813-1814 and 1814-1840 ||gained power in election. Outlawed all opposition. Installed a police state. Cult of personality; citizens forced to raise their hats or a brim when he passed by; styled himself with the position name "El Supremo". 
|-
| align=center| [[Simón Bolívar]] || align=center| [[Gran Columbia]] || align=center| 1821-1830 || Though an admirer of classical liberal democracy, the founder and president of Gran Colombia proclaimed himself dictator in 1828 after an unsuccessful constitutional convention. Resigned eighteen months later.
|-
| align=center|[[Juan Manuel de Rosas]] || align=center|[[Argentina]] || align=center|1835–1852 || Governor of Buenos Aires 1829-1832, 1835-1852; Supreme Chief of the Argentine Confederation 1851-1852. Assumed dictatorial powers; exiled opponents.
|-
| align=center|[[Carlos Antonio López]] || align=center|[[Paraguay]] || align=center|1841–1862 || First Consul 1841-1844; President of Paraguay 1844-1862. 
|-
| align=center|[[Manuel Belzu]] || align=center|[[Bolivia]] || align=center|1848–1855 || Provisional President of Bolivia 1848-1850; President of Bolivia 1850-1855. Unelected military ruler; ''[[caudillo]]''. A populist and nationalist who voluntarily relinquished power after 1855 elections, described in (ISBN 0-13-524356-4), p.131, as the "cleanest ever held" in (early) Bolivian history.
|-
| align=center|[[Francisco Solano López]] || align=center|[[Paraguay]] || align=center|1862–1869 || President of Paraguay. Inherited power from his father; had himself awarded immense powers by a congress he had packed with supporters. Killed in the [[War of the Triple Alliance]] (which Lopez had caused by invading Brazil), along with 90 per cent of the Paraguayan adult (age 14+) male population.
|-
| align=center|[[Mariano Melgarejo]] || align=center|[[Bolivia]] || align=center|1864–1871 || Provisional President 1864-1870; President of Bolivia 1870-1871. Gained power in a coup and ruthlessly suppressed opposition. In 1869 he sent the army to suppress an uprising by [[Huaichu]] Indians attempting to regain land privileges they enjoyed under President Belzu (see ISBN 1-55753-324-5).
|-
| align=center|[[Antonio Guzmán Blanco]] || align=center|[[Venezuela]] || align=center|1870–1888 || Acting President of Venezuela 1863, 1865; General-in-chief April-July 1870; Provisional President of Venezuela 1870-1873; President of Venezuela 1873 - 1877; Supreme Director 1879; Provisional President of Venezuela 1879 - 1880; President of Venezuela 1880 -1884, 1886 -1888. Described, perhaps inaccurately, as a "benevolent despot"; other sources mention his "long dictatorship" (see[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:ghIhQZ7WhgUJ:www.normangall.com/artigos/Church_Militant.pdf+Antonio+Guzm%C3%A1n+Blanco+%22dictator%22]).
|-
| align=center|[[Cipriano Castro]] || align=center|[[Venezuela]] || align=center|1899–1909 || Supreme Chief 1899-1901; Provisional President 1901 - 1902, 1904 - 1905; President of Venezuela 1902 - 1904, 1905 - 1909. Took over in a military coup (see [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:kdvql1ZK2-4J:www.sg.inter.edu/revista-ciscla/volume29/singh.pdf+Antonio+Guzm%C3%A1n+Blanco+%22dictator%22]).
|-
| align=center|[[Rafael Reyes]] || align=center|[[Colombia]] || align=center|1904–1909 || President 1904 - 1909, as a military ruler representing the Conservatives. "In the course of his regime, Reyes improved the country’s finances, expanded roads and railroads, and encouraged increased coffee production. Large U.S. investments and purchases of coffee and minerals contributed to Colombia’s economic growth. However, Reyes ruled as a dictator. He dissolved the congress and replaced it with a handpicked legislature, jailed and exiled political opponents, and declared martial law." (''Colombia'', [[Encarta|Microsoft Encarta]] 2003)
|-
| align=center|[[Juan Vicente Gómez]] || align=center|[[Venezuela]] || align=center|1909–1914 1922–1929 1931–1935 || Provisional President 1909-1910; President of Venezuela 1910-1914, 1922-1929, 1931-1935. Gained power in a coup; never elected; kleptocrat; widely described as a dictator (see [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037322], [http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/movie.html?v_id=156078], [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563557/Juan_Vicente_Gomez.html]).
|-
| align=center|[[Óscar Benavides]] || align=center|[[Peru]] || align=center|1914–1915 1933–1939 || Junta Chairman 1914; President of Peru 1914-1915, 1933-1939. Twice gained power by coup.
|-
| align=center|[[Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo|Augusto Leguía]] || align=center|[[Peru]] || 1919–1930 || President of Peru. Gained power in a coup; ignored constitution; suppressed and exiled opposition.
|-
| align=center|[[Carlos Ibáñez del Campo]] || align=center|[[Chile]] || align=center|1927–1931 || Acting President 1927, President 1927 - 1931. Democratically elected to a six-year term in 1952.
|-
| align=center|[[Getúlio Vargas]] || align=center|[[Brazil]] || align=center|1930–1934 1937–1945 || Head of provisional government 1930-1934 after revolution; indirectly elected as Constitutional President 1934-1937; launched a coup in 1937 and became dictator 1937-1945; democratically-elected President of Brazil 1950-1954.
|-
| align=center|[[Gabriel Terra]] || align=center|[[Uruguay]] || align=center|1931–1938 || President of Uruguay. Suspended congress and dissolved constitution in 1933. 
|-
| align=center|[[Higinio Morínigo]] || align=center|[[Paraguay]] || align=center|1940–1948 || Provisional president 1940-1943; President of Paraguay 1943-1948. Seized absolute power; ruled by [[diktat]] until 1946.
|-
| align=center|[[Manuel Odría]] || align=center|[[Peru]] || align=center|1948–1956 || Chairman of military junta 1948 - 1950; President of Peru 1950 - 1956. Gained power in a coup; restricted civil rights; allowed election in 1956.
|-
| align=center|[[Marcos Pérez Jiménez]] || align=center|[[Venezuela]] || align=center|1948–1958 || Member of military junta 1948 - 1952; Provisional president 1952 -1953; President of Venezuela 1953 - 1958. Never elected; pursued opposition violently; credited with improvements to the country's infrastructure.
|-
| align=center|[[Gustavo Rojas Pinilla]] || align=center|[[Colombia]] || align=center|1953–1957 || President of Colombia. Gained power in a coup.
|-
| align=center|[[Alfredo Stroessner]] || align=center|[[Paraguay]] || align=center|1954–1989 || President of Paraguay. He took over in a military coup (see[http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19890301faessay5951/riordan-roett/paraguay-after-stroessner.html], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:vqkaVDmcvaIJ:www.columbia.edu/cu/polisci/pdf-files/apsa_krutz.pdf+Stroessner+dictator],[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:qfMgvA6bakgJ:users.ox.ac.uk/~newc1465/Proudman%2520-%2520SoftPowerMeetsHard.pdf+Stroessner+dictator]). 
|-
| align=center|[[Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco|Humberto Castelo Branco]] || align=center|[[Brazil]] || align=center|1964–1967 || President of Brazil. Gained power in a coup; abolished most opposition; subsequently appointed by congress.
|-
| align=center|[[René Barrientos]] || align=center|[[Bolivia]] || align=center|1964–1969 || Chairman of the military junta, 1964-January 1966 (jointly with [[Alfredo Ovando]] 1965-1966); President of Bolivia, August 1966 - 1969. Gained power in military coup; kleptocrat; responsible for [[Catavi massacre]] and execution of [[Che Guevara]] (ISBN 0-85345-991-6), p.136.
|-
| align=center|[[Forbes Burnham]] || align=center|[[Guyana]] || align=center|1966–1985 || Prime Minister 1966 - 1980; President 1980 - 1985. Elected, but became increasingly dictatorial; held dubious elections and encouraged leftist religious cults (such as the [[Peoples Temple]]) to settle in the Guyanese interior (see [http://www.jagan.org/janet_jagan29.htm], [http://www.hardbeatnews.com/editor/RTE/my_documents/my_files/details.asp?newsid=4498&title=Politics]).
|-
| align=center|[[Artur da Costa e Silva]] || align=center|[[Brazil]] || align=center|1967–1969 || President of Brazil 1967-1969. Elected in 1966, but centralised power; closed the Congress; banned opposition; suspended free press. Decreed [[Institutional Act No. 5]], described as "the most unconstitutional, anti-democratic, arbitrary, and repressive decree in Brazil's history." (ISBN 1-58322-545-5), p.167.
|-
| align=center|[[Emílio Garrastazu Médici]] || align=center|[[Brazil]] || align=center|1969–1974 || President of Brazil. Appointed by congress, but instituted a military government; suppressed press and opposition (see[http://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/62/index.rtf]).
|-
| align=center|[[Juan María Bordaberry]] || align=center|[[Uruguay]] || align=center|1972–1976 || President of Uruguay 1972 - 1976. Elected, but installed a military government, dissolved Congress, suspended civil liberties and banned unions.
|-
| align=center|[[Augusto Pinochet]] || align=center|[[Chile]] || align=center|1973–1990 || Chairman of military junta 1973-1974; Supreme Head of the Nation 1974; President of Chile 1974-1990. Gained power in a coup; suppressed and exiled opposition; over 3000 "[[Forced disappearance|disappearances]]" and 28,000 tortured.
|-
| align=center|[[Ernesto Geisel]] || align=center|[[Brazil]] || align=center|1974-1979 || Congress-appointed President of Brazil. The fourth of the military dictators; party and union freedom were still inexistent during his term; had oppositionists like journalist [[Wladimir Herzog]] and factory worker [[Manoel Fiel Filho]] tortured and murdered.
|-
| align=center|[[Jorge Rafael Videla]] || align=center|[[Argentina]] || align=center|1976–1981 || President of Argentina. Gained power in a coup; never elected; between ten and thirty thousand opponents killed.
|-
| align=center|[[João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo]] || align=center|[[Brazil]] || align=center|1979-1985 || Congress-appointed President of Brazil. Society won some democratic measures these years, but there was still a major fraud during 1982 State government elections. His government was responsible for the 1983 bomb in the Riocentro.
|-
| align=center|[[Dési Bouterse]] || align=center|[[Suriname]] || align=center|1980–1988 || Chairman of the National Military Council 1980-1988. Gained power in a coup; never elected; widespread misrule. Most infamous atrocity is the ''[[Decembermoorden]]''.
|-
| align=center|[[Luis García Meza Tejada]] || align=center|[[Bolivia]] || align=center|1980–1981 || President of Bolivia. Gained power in the "Cocaine Coup" aided by [[Klaus Barbie]]; highly repressive; over 1,000 killed.
|-
| align=center|[[Gregorio Conrado Álvarez]] || align=center|[[Uruguay]] || align=center|1981–1985 || President of Uruguay. Ignored constitution; extensive human rights abuses (see [http://www.rulers.org/indexa2.html]).
|-
| align=center|[[Leopoldo Galtieri]] || align=center|[[Argentina]] || align=center|1981–1982 || President of Argentina 1981-1982. Gained power in a coup (see[http://www.guardian.co.uk/argentina/story/0,,873601,00.html], [http://english.pravda.ru/world/2003/01/14/41968.html]). Deposed after failed [[Falklands War|invasion of the Falkland Islands]] in 1982.
|-
|align=center| [[Alberto Fujimori]] || align=center|[[Peru]] || align=center|1992-1993 || President of Peru 1990-2000, widely critizised for his political authoritarism. [http://www.fpif.org/briefs/vol5/v5n34peru_body.html][http://www.aprodeh.org.pe/fujimori/delitos-eng.htm] [http://www.cverdad.org.pe/ingles/pagina01.php]. After enjoying a certain degree of popular support, Fujimori was forced from office following controvertial third term re-election[http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/americas/05/29/peru.elections.04/]. In 2000 political opponent Mario Vargas Llosa called Fujimori a "dictator" [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/741841.stm]. His government was also marked by the influence of the director of the SIN, [[Vladimiro Montesinos]] [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2005.00165.x?cookieSet=1&journalCode=goop][http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB37/]. Currently in Peru, Fujimori is in trial for presumed charges ranging from corruption to participation in crimes against humanity. [http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/americas/peru-qna-1030.htm].
|-
|align=center|[[Hugo Chávez]] ||align=center| [[Venezuela]] ||align=center|1999-2013 || Appointed special powers, nationalized the media and oil companies,Shut down opposition media and banned "The Simpsons."
|-

|align=center|[[Nicolás Maduro]] ||align=center| [[Venezuela]] ||align=center|'''2013-present''' || Continues the corrupt ideology of Hugo Chavez, which destroys the economy of Venezuela.
|-
|}

===Caribbean===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Country !! Years in power !! Notes
|-
| align=center|[[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] || align=center|1804-1806 || Governor-General of Haiti 1804; Emperor of Haiti (as Jacques I) 1804 - 1806. Ruled autocratically.
|-
| align=center|[[Henry Christophe]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] (northern)|| align=center|1806-1820 || Provisional Chief of the Haitian Government 1806-1807; President of Haiti 1807-1811; King of Haiti (as Henry I) 1811-1820. Ruled autocratically.
|-
| align=center|[[Pedro Santana]] || align=center|[[Dominican Republic]] || align=center|1844-1848, 1853-1856, 1858-1861 || Never elected; suppressed opposition; widely considered a dictator.
|-
| align=center|[[Buenaventura Báez]] || align=center|[[Dominican Republic]] || align=center|1849-1878 (intermittent) || President of the Dominican Republic five times. Gained power following coups; never elected.
|-
| align=center|[[Ulises Heureaux]] || align=center|[[Dominican Republic]] || align=center|1882-1899 (intermittent) || President of the Dominican Republic three times. Never elected; widely described as a dictator (see[http://www.marcusgarvey.com/wmview.php?ArtID=507], [http://countrystudies.us/dominican-republic/8.htm], [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-7709.2004.00452.x]).
|-
| align=center|[[Gerardo Machado]] || align=center|[[Cuba]] || align=center|1925-1933 || President of Cuba. A follower of [[Benito Mussolini]], he is widely described as a dictator (see [http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=672], [http://www.highbeam.com/ref/doc0.asp?docid=1E1:MachadoG]).
|-
| align=center|[[Rafael Trujillo]] || align=center|[[Dominican Republic]] || align=center|1930-1961 || President of the Dominican Republic 1930 - 1938, 1942 - 1952; ''de facto'' ruler 1930-1961. Gained power in a coup; cult of personality (renamed the capital [[Ciudad Trujillo]]); promoted racism against Haitians and ordered the massacre of 20,000 blacks.
|-
| align=center|[[Paul Magloire]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] || align=center|1950-1956 || President of Haiti. Gained power in a coup; never elected.
|-
| align=center|[[François Duvalier]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] || align=center|1957-1971 || President of Haiti. Elected in 1957, but banned opposition; declared himself [[President for Life]] in 1964; highly repressive.
|-
| align=center|[[Fidel Castro]] || align=center|[[Cuba]] || align=center|1959-2006 || Prime Minister of Cuba 1959-1976; President of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers from 1976. Gained power after [[Cuban Revolution|revolution]]. Castro was elected President [[Elections in Cuba|after 1976]], but within a one-party [[Communist state]]. Retired due to his poor health.
|-
| align=center|[[Jean-Claude Duvalier]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] || align=center|1971-1986 || President of Haiti. Inherited presidency aged 19 from his father; never elected.
|-
| align=center|[[Eric Gairy]] || align=center|[[Grenada]] || align=center|1974-1979 || Prime Minister of Grenada 1967-1979. Widely described as a dictator (see[http://www.factbites.com/topics/Eric-Gairy], [http://www.paradise-inn-carriacou.com/grenada_revolution.php], [http://counterpunch.org/gibson06052004.html]). 
|-
| align=center|[[Raoul Cédras]] || align=center|[[Haiti]] || align=center|1991-1994 || ''De facto'' ruler for a relatively short period of time. Gained power in a coup (see [http://www.haitisupport.gn.apc.org/infamous.htm]).
|-
|align=center|[[Raul Castro]] ||align=center| [[Cuba]] ||align=center|'''2006-present''' || Appointed successor by his brother of the Communist Party of Cuba.
|-
|}

==Asia==

===Western Asia ("Middle East")===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Country !! Years in power !! Notes
|
|-
| align=center|[[Abdul Karim Qassem]] || align=center|[[Iraq]] || align=center|1958–1963 || Gained power by coup; viewed by some as benevolent (see [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/03/18/wisad18.xml]).
|-
| align=center|[[Abdul Salam Arif]] || align=center|[[Iraq]] || align=center|1963–1966 || Gained power in a coup; military ruler.
|-
| align=center|[[Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr]] || align=center|[[Iraq]] || align=center|1968–1979 || Gained power in a coup; never elected.
|-
| align=center|[[Hafez al-Assad]] || align=center|[[Syria]] || align=center|1970–2000 ||Gained power in a coup; totalitarian;{{fact}} cult of personality; oversaw [[Hama massacre]] yielding twenty to forty thousand dead (see [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0012197]).
|-
| align=center|[[Ruhollah Khomeini]] || align=center|[[Iran]] || align=center|1979–1989 || As [[Supreme Leader of Iran|Supreme Leader]], held ultimate and uncontested authority over all government matters under the principle of [[Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists|Guardianship]]. Created the extra-constitutional [[Special Clerical Court]] system in 1987, accountable only to the Supreme Leader and used principally for suppression of political dissent. Instituted routine torture, beheadings for children.
|-
| align=center|[[Saddam Hussein]] || align=center|[[Iraq]] || align=center|1979–2003 || Pressured Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr to resign in 1979 and formally became president. Repressive; developed extensive personality cult; deposed by [[United States]] and coalition forces in an invasion.
|-
| align=center|[[Ali Khamenei|Ayatollah Ali Khamenei]]||align=center| [[Iran]] ||align=center|'''1989-present''' || Continues Khomeini's [[Islamist]] path & uses religion as a tool, cracks down on all authentic dissent, tortures, and has given orders that permit killings like that of [[Akbar Mohammadi]] and [[Zahra Kazemi]]. Only permitts [[government-organized demonstrations]]. Allows a multi-party government but disallows the candidacy of true moderates.[http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=9940][http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1527919/][http://www.nationalreview.com/ledeen/ledeen200505310823.asp][http://www.deanesmay.com/posts/1154652871.shtml][http://isd.georgetown.edu/demo_0102.pdf][http://www.boycottliberalism.com/liberalcelebrity.htm]ISBN 0-16-074590-X
|-
| align=center|[[Bashar al-Assad]] || align=center|[[Syria]] || align=center|'''2000–present''' || No opposition permitted in election following death of his father; widely described as a dictator (see[http://www.opinionjournal.com/best/?id=110007449], [http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=sd&ID=SP92405], [http://www.freeman.org/m_online/feb04/pasko.htm]).
|}

===Central Asia===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Country !! Years in power !! Notes
|-
| align=center|[[Askar Akayev]] || align=center|[[Kyrgyzstan]] || align=center|1990–2005 || Appointed but became increasingly authoritarian; widely described as a dictator (see [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4542783.stm], [http://www.villagevoice.com/blogs/bushbeat/archive/000935.php], [http://www.eurasianet.org/resource/kazakhstan/hypermail/200507/0023.shtml]).
|-
| align=center|[[Islam Karimov]] || align=center|[[Uzbekistan]] || align=center|'''1991–present''' || Described as authoritarian who is increasingly centralizing power (see [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/search/expand?pub=infobike://bell/soviet/2003/00000019/00000004/art00002&unc=], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:uuOVzdj_xBoJ:www1.dogus.edu.tr/dogustru/journal/sayi_6/M00073.PDF+%22Islam+Karimov%22+%22dictator%22]). Elections essentially uncontested and unmonitored. Opposition repressed. 
|-
| align=center|[[Saparmurat Niyazov]] || align=center|[[Turkmenistan]] || align=center|1991–2006 || Declared [[President for Life]] in 1999; [[cult of personality]]; his book ''[[Ruhnama]]'' is to be treated with reverence (see [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:blnbM3mP0eAJ:www.eurasianet.org/turkmenistan.project/files2/050603Turkmenreport.pdf+%22Niyazov%22+%22dictatorship%22], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:Ie2QfLuR_ysJ:www.ndu.edu/ctnsp/tamerlane/Tamerlane-Chapter2.pdf+%22Niyazov%22+%22dictatorship%22]).
|-
| align=center|[[Muhammed Omar]] || align=center|[[Afghanistan]] || align=center|1996–2001 || Considered a Theocratic Dictator who excercized strict sharia laws; allowed the persecution of Hazaras; gave Al Qaeda refuge in Afghanistan. (see[http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0881088.html][http://www.afghan-web.com/bios/today/momar.html]).
|-
| align=center|[[Ilham Aliyev]] || align=center|[[Azerbaijan]] || align=center|'''2003–present''' || Dubious election; opposition suppressed (see[http://www.underreported.com/print.php?sid=1241]).
|-
| align=center| [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow]] || align=center|[[Turkmenistan]] || align=center|'''2006-present''' ||Unelected, appointed as successor upon Niyazov's death. Turkemnistan still continues to be oppresive and a single-party state.
|}

===South Asia===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Country !! Years in power !! Notes
|-
| align=center|[[Ayub Khan]] || align=center|[[Pakistan]] || align=center|1958–1969 || Gained power in a coup. Subsequent elections considered dubious (see[http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A069], [http://www.indianexpress.com/messages.php?content_id=71414]).
|-
| align=center|[[Yahya Khan]] || align=center|[[Pakistan]] || align=center|1969–1971 || Military ruler, gaining power from coup (see [http://presidentyahya.com],[http://www.pbs.org/now/politics/pakistantimeline.html], [http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/kpsgill/terrorism/04Jan10Pio.htm]).
|-
| align=center|[[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]] || align=center|[[Maldives]] || align=center|1978–2008 || [[Autocracy|Autocrat]]; widely considered to be a dictator; no opposition or free press allowed.
|-
| align=center|[[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] || align=center|[[Pakistan]] || align=center|1978–1988 || Took over following coup. Claimed government to be legitimate because it was Islamic (see [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:dcmhb0vRS4wJ:smartech.gatech.edu:8282/dspace/bitstream/1853/6901/1/kulkarni_nikhil_v_200505_ms.pdf+%22Muhammad+Zia%22+%22dictator%22]).
|-
| align=center|[[Rahimuddin Khan]] || align=center|[[Balochistan (Pakistan)]] || align=center|1978–1984 || Appointed supreme Martial Law Governor of Balochistan by central Pakistani military government following coup. (see [http://www.answers.com/rahimuddin%20khan]).
|-
|align=center|[[Hossain Mohammad Ershad]] || align=center|[[Bangladesh]] || align=center|1982–1990 ||Gained power in a coup; declared martial law; never elected.
|}

===Eastern Asia ("Far East")===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Country !! Years in   power !! Notes
|-
|align=center|[[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] || align=center|[[Japan]] || align=center|1600-1616 || Shogun of [[Japan]] and founder of the long reigning [[Tokugawa shogunate]]. Gained power by unifying the warring clans during [[Japan]]'s long period of civil unrest. He also created an "alternate attendance" system to pacify the [[daimyo]] warlords, as well as closing and isolating trade and the economy, in order to retain his power. His rule was also marked by persecution of european missionaries and japanese christians.
|-
|align=center|[[Yuan Shikai]] || align=center|[[Republic of China]] || align=center|1912–1916 || [[President of the Republic of China]], self-proclaimed [[Emperor of China]], 1916. Ignored legislative consent as defined by the [[Constitution of the Republic of China|Constitution]]; dissolved the [[National Assembly of the Republic of China|National Assembly]]; assassinated [[Song Jiaoren]]; disbanded the [[Kuomintang]].
|-
| align=center|[[Horloogiyn Choybalsan]] || align=center|[[Mongolia]] || align=center|1936–1952 || Unelected; opponents purged; cult of personality.
|-
| align=center|[[Kim Il-sung]] || align=center|[[North Korea]] || align=center|1948–1994 || Appointed prime minister in 1948; purged rivals in the [[Workers' Party of Korea]] to consolidate power in 1956 (see [http://muse.jhu.edu/cgi-bin/access.cgi?uri=/journals/korean_studies/v026/26.1lankov.pdf]); introduced "[[Juche]]" ideology demanding absolute loyalty to him and the party; created most pervavise cult of personality in recent history. Declared "Eternal President" on his death.
|-
|align=center|[[Ho Chi Minh]] ||align=center| [[North Vietnam]] ||align=center|1945-1969 || Unelected; killed thousands of political rivals in the 1940s; killed tens of thousands more during the land reforms of the 1950s; presided over a one-party state.
|-
|align=center| [[Sukarno]] || align=center|[[Indonesia]] || align=center|1949-1966 ||First President of Indonesia. Consolidated his powers, and got proclaimed President for LIfe. Was overthrown by the then Dictator of Indonesia, Suharto.
|-
|align=center|[[Mao Zedong]] || align=center|[[People's Republic of China]] || align=center|1949–1976 || Chairman of the PRC (1949–1959), Chairman of the [[Communist Party of China]] (1945–1976), Chairman of the [[Central Military Commission]] (1936–1976). Immense cult of personality; purged members of government; silenced opposition. Circumvented Communist Party hierarchy after the 1966 [[Cultural Revolution]]; imprisoned head of state [[Liu Shaoqi]]. Millions of Chinese citizens killed or murdered as a result of his policies and repression.
|-
| align=center|[[Ngo Dinh Diem|Ngô Ðình Diệm]] || align=center|[[South Vietnam]] || align=center|1955–1963 || Unelected; autocratic; oppressed Buddhists (see[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055646?tocId=9055646&ref=news0905arc]).
|-
| align=center|[[Park Chung Hee]] || align=center|[[South Korea]] || align=center|1961–1979 || Took power in 1961 coup. Although initially welcomed by much of the population, he suspended the constitution in 1971 and introduced a new constitution that greatly increased his power.
|-
| align=center|[[Ne Win]] || align=center|[[Burma]] || align=center|1962–1988 || Seized power in a coup; instituted extreme repression (see [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:rSAOt9c_lU0J:www.iseas.edu.sg/62003.pdf+%22Ne+Win%22+%22dictator%22], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:yqkmuBoqlnYJ:www.asiapacificms.com/papers/pdf/burma_india_china.pdf+%22Ne+Win%22+%22dictator%22]).
|-
| align=center|[[Thanom Kittikachorn]] || align=center|[[Thailand]] || align=center|1963–1973 || Military dictator, known as one of Thailand's so-called "Three Tyrants". Oppressed student-led uprisings in October 1973 and 1976.
|-
| align=center|[[Suharto]] || align=center|[[Indonesia]] || align=center|1966–1998 || His ''[[New Order (Indonesia)|New Order]]'' imprisoned Communists and alleged Communists; repressed Chinese inhabitants; made existing parties subordinate. Also a cleptocrat (with personal and family's assets at least worth US$ 15 billion, based on [[Time]] Magazine investigation in 1998). Described as a dictator in many sources (see[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:Bbh_caM50o4J:www.aut.ac.nz/depts/commstud/journ/docs/reviewscronau.pdf+%22Suharto+dictatorship%22], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:128rEIvvRD4J:www.civiced.org/research/pdfs/RisingTide.pdf+%22Suharto+dictatorship%22], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:_233mw5azNkJ:cmbc.ucsd.edu/content/1/docs/laurance2004.pdf+%22Suharto+dictatorship%22]).
|-
| align=center|[[Lon Nol]] || align=center|[[Cambodia]] || align=center|1972–1975 || Gained power by coup; not elected.
|-
| align=center|[[Pol Pot]] || align=center|[[Democratic Kampuchea]] || align=center|1975–1979 || Unelected; led a [[Khmer Rouge]] dictatorship; responsible for deaths of at least 1 million Cambodian citizens during his rule.
|-
| align=center|[[Chun Doo Hwan]] || align=center|[[South Korea]] || align=center|1980–1988 || Gained power in a coup; declared martial law; oversaw [[Gwangju Massacre]].
|-
|align=center|[[Mahathir bin Mohamad]] ||align=center| [[Malaysia]] ||align=center|1981-2003 || Authoritarian; suppresed opposition, media.
|-
| align=center|[[Khamtai Siphandon]] || align=center|[[Laos]] || align=center|1992–2006 || Unelected; one-party state (see[http://www.arthuredelstein.org/worlddictators]).
|-
| align=center|[[Than Shwe]] || align=center|[[Myanmar]] || align=center|1992–2011 || Unelected; persecution of minorities (especially [[Karenni]] and [[Rohingya]] groups [http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51506.htm]) leading 250,000 to flee, either becoming [[IDP]]s or moving across the border to Thailand; consolidated power into himself from the [[SPDC]] - he moved to a new capital in Kyat Pyay in 2006 , &renamed it as Nay Pyi Daw ,i.e the Royal Palace City"; gained power via a military [[coup]] and announced that he would not hand over the power to [[Aung San Suu Kyi]]'s Elected Party (the [[NLD]]); no free press (see [http://www.bbc.co.uk/burmese/forum/story/2004/10/041020_khin_nyunt_ousted.shtml]). Released Aung San Suu Kyi in 2010.
|-
| align=center|[[Kim Jong-il]] || align=center|[[North Korea]] || align=center|1994–2011 || Became General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea and Chairman of the National Defense Commission (the highest state offices) on his father's death. Continues his father's "[[Juche]]" ideology.
|-
| align=center|[[Sonthi Boonyaratglin]] || align=center|[[Thailand]] || align=center|2006–2008 || Army chief seized power while Prime Minister [[Thaksin Shinawatra]] was out of the country. A state of martial law was declared, parliament was dissolved and the constitution abrogated. Instituted press censorship and restrictions on protests. The first Muslim in charge of the mostly Buddhist army.
|-
| align=center|[[Kim Jong-un]] || align=center|[[North Korea]] || align=center|'''2011-present''' || Became General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea and Chairman of the National Defense Commission (the highest state offices) on his father's death. Continues his grandpa's "[[Juche]]" ideology.
|-
|}

==Europe==

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Country !! Years in power !! Notes
|-
| align=center| [[Oliver Cromwell]] || align=center| [[Commonwealth of England]] || align=center|1649-1658 || A [[Puritan]] general in the [[English Civil War]] who quickly rose through the ranks to become ''de facto'' head of the Parliamentary forces. After the Royalist defeat and the execution of [[Charles I]] the newly constituted [[Rump Parliament]] was overthrown by Cromwell who refused the Crown, choosing instead the title of Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. After his death the monarchy was reinstated. [http://www.olivercromwell.org/].
|-
| align=center| [[Maximilien Robespierre]] || align=center| [[France]] || align=center|1793–1794 || Head of the Committee of Public Safety during the French Revolution. To purge french society of "Counter Revolutionaries", he instituted the heavily repressive Reign of Terror, a period which killed thousands of french citizens, many of those killed were simply killed under mere suspicion, with little or no proof. Desposed when the National Convention declared him an outlaw.
|-
| align=center| [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] || align=center| [[France]]|| align=center|1799–1814 || First Consul, 1799-1804. Emperor of the French 1804-1814. Declared himself "First Consul for Life" in 1802 and then Emperor in 1804.
|-
| align=center| [[Józef Chłopicki|Józef Grzegorz Chłopicki]] || align=center| [[Poland]] || align=center|1830–1831 || Held official title of dictator for one year only.
|-
| align=center| [[Napoleon III of France|Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte]] || align=center| [[France]] || align=center| 1848–1870 || President of France from 1848 to 1852. In 1851 he launched a coup against the legislature, making himself absolute ruler. From 1852 to 1870 he styled himself Emperor of the French under the name Napoléon III from 1852 to 1870. Later during his reign constitutional liberties were gradually restored. In 1870 he was captured during the abortive [[Franco-Prussian War]] and deposed in his absence by the [[Third Republic]] of France.
|-
| align=center| [[Romuald Traugutt]] || align=center| [[Poland]] || align=center|1863–1864 || Held official title of dictator for one year. Succeeded [[Marian Langiewicz]] who had declared himself dictator previously, but only lasted less than a year in 1863. 
|-
| align=center| [[Vladimir Lenin]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center|1917-1924 || Head of Bolshevik Revolution took power in 1917. Secured victory in the Russian civil war. Headed effort to transform the Russian economy to a socialist model.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/lenin_vladimir.shtml] 
|-
| align=center|[[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] || align=center|[[Turkey]] || align=center|1918-1938 || Led the Turkish national movement. Transformed Turkey into a secular republic through broad authoritarian reforms.
|-
| align=center| [[Benito Mussolini]] || align=center| [[Italy]] || align=center|1922–1943, and in part of the country 1943-1945 || Prime Minister of Italy 1922-1943; head of the so-called [[Italian Social Republic]] until 1945. "He introduced strict censorship and altered the methods of election so that in 1925–1926 he was able to assume dictatorial powers and dissolve all other political parties" (see [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:0PFM13qC39YJ:www.ablongman.com/history_rh_bridge/assets/0321025865_ch15.pdf+%22Italian+dictator+Benito+Mussolini%22],[http://doi.contentdirections.com/mr/greenwood.jsp?doi=10.1336/0275979377]).
|-
| align=center| [[Miguel Primo de Rivera]] || align=center| [[Spain]] || align=center|1923–1930 || Prime Minister of Spain. Gained power in a coup; suspended the constitution; established martial law; imposed strict censorship; banned all political parties. Widely described as a dictator (see[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061388], [http://www.bartleby.com/65/pr/PrimRivM.html], [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761565186/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera.html]). 
|-
| align=center| [[Aleksandar Tsankov]] || align=center| [[Bulgaria]] || align=center|1923-1926 || Established Right wing nationalist, anti communist coup against [[Stamboliyski]]’s democratic elected [[Agrarians]]. Forced out of power by Tsar [[Boris III]]. [http://www.bartleby.com/65/ts/TsankovA.html]. 
|-
| align=center| [[Joseph Stalin]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center|1924–1953 || General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1922-1953; Premier of the Soviet Union 1941-1953. Never elected; cult of personality; heavily repressive; responsible for deaths of millions of Soviet citizens (see [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108469], [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761559200/Stalin_Joseph.html],[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitextlo/prof_josephstalin.html]).
|-
| align=center| [[Ahmet Bej Zogu]] || align=center| [[Albania]] || align=center|1925–1939 || Originally elected Prime Minister of Albania 1922-1924 and 1925; President of Albania 1925-1928; crowned himself King of the Albanians (as Zog I) 1928-1939. Described as a dictator (see[http://www.albanian.com/information/history/independ.html], [http://www.diplom.org/manus/talossa/?lingo=&page=Statute&act=25RZ13], [http://www.electionworld.org/history/albania.htm]). Forced to flee with his wife, Queen Geraldine, the imminent takeover of the country by Italy under [[Benito Mussolini]].
|-
| align=center| [[José Mendes Cabeçadas]] || align=center| [[Portugal]] || align=center|1926 || Leader of [[Ditadura Nacional]] during the first part of June immediately after the [[28th May 1926 coup d'état]]
|-
| align=center| [[Gomes da Costa]] || align=center| [[Portugal]] || align=center|1926 || Succeeded Cabeçadas as head of the [[Ditadura Nacional]] for less than a month
|-
| align=center| [[António Óscar Carmona]] || align=center| [[Portugal]] || align=center|1926-1928 || Head of [[Ditadura Nacional]]
|-
| align=center| [[Józef Piłsudski]]|| align=center| [[Poland]] || align=center|1926–1935 || Polish Head of State 1918-1922, but regained power in 1926 via coup. Prime Minister of Poland 1926-1928 and 1930; Commander in Chief of the Army 1926-1935. Initiated authoritarian [[Sanacja]] government; often described as a "benevolent dictator".
|-
| align=center| [[Antanas Smetona]] || align=center| [[Lithuania]] || align=center|1926–1940 || President of Lithuania. Seized power in a 1925 military coup (see [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:wEZn53dBGtoJ:www.gla.ac.uk/departments/dcees/Duvold.pdf+Antanas+Smetona+%22dictatorship%22]); authoritarian rule. His description as a dictator is common (see[http://www.encyclopedia.com/searchpool.asp?target=@DOCKEYWORDS%20balthistbio&unkey=balthistbio&clientIp=216%2E63%2E197%2E211&userAgent=Mozilla%2F4%2E0+%28compatible%3B+MSIE+6%2E0%3B+Windows+NT+5%2E1%3B+SV1%3B+%2ENET+CLR+1%2E1%2E4322%29]), but not universal.
|-
| align=center| [[António de Oliveira Salazar]] || align=center| [[Portugal]] || align=center|1928–1968 || Prime Minister of Portugal. Established an anti-democratic, anti-parliamentarian, ultra-[[Clericalism|clericalist]], [[Corporativism|corporativist]], extremely conservative, repressive and authoritarian dictatorship, connoted with the Italian fascism, highly supported by the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. Longest right-wing dictatorship ever (four complete decades).
|-
| align=center| [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|Alexander I]] || align=center| [[Yugoslavia]] || align=center|1929-1934 || King of Yugoslavia from 1921. On January 6, 1929 he abolished the constitution, prorogued parliament and established the so-called "January 6 Dictatorship." A new constitution in 1931 left all significant political power in the hands of the King.
|-
| align=center| [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] || align=center| [[Austria]] || align=center|1933–1934 || Chancellor of Austria 1932-1934. Suspended parliament indefinitely in March 1933, governing thereafter by decree. Rule sometimes compared to Mussolini or Franco (see [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:PUVNNLui6y4J:www3.la.psu.edu/hrsweb/majmin/Theses/Houlihan/Thesis.pdf+%22dictator%22+%22Dollfuss%22]).
|-
| align=center| [[Konstantin Päts]] || align=center| [[Estonia]] || align=center|1933–1940 || State Elder 1933 - 1937; State Protector 1937 - 1938; President of Estonia 1938-1940. Established authoritarian rule following a coup. Allowed (and won) election in 1938.
|-
| align=center| [[Adolf Hitler]] || align=center| [[Nazi Germany]] || align=center|1933–1945 || Chancellor of Germany 1933-1945; ''Führer'' (Leader) 1934-1945. The 1933 [[Enabling Act]] suspended most of the constitution and allowed Hitler to [[rule by decree]]. Heavily repressive; ordered imprisonment of millions of political opponents and members of ethnic minorities in concentration camps, where they were abused and killed.
|-
| align=center| [[Kimon Georgiev]] || align=center| [[Bulgaria]] || align=center|1934 || Took power in coup. Overthrown by Tsar Boris III. 
|-
| align=center| Tsar [[Boris III]] || align=center| [[Bulgaria]] || align=center|1934-1943 || Overthrew Kimon Geogiev. Took power him self ruled through puppet Prime Ministers Georgi Kyoseivanov. His Regime banned all opposition parties. Took Bulgaria into alliance with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. 
|-
| align=center| [[Kurt Schuschnigg]] || align=center| [[Austria]] || align=center|1934–1938 || Chancellor of Austria. Maintained his predecessor Dollfuss' oppressive rule.
|-
| align=center| [[Karlis Ulmanis|Kārlis Ulmanis]] || align=center| [[Latvia]] || align=center|1934–1940 || Prime Minister of Latvia 1934-1940; President of Latvia 1936 - 1940. Gained power in a coup and dissolved parliament; generally viewed as a "benevolent dictator" (see [http://www.ltn.lv/~krz/latvia/lat_history.html], [http://www.sciencedaily.com/encyclopedia/karlis_ulmanis], [http://www.bartleby.com/65/la/Latvia.html]).
|-
| align=center| [[Ioannis Metaxas]] || align=center| [[Greece]] || align=center|1936–1941 || Prime Minister of Greece. Never elected; banned political parties; arrested opponents; criminalized unions; censored media. Widely described as a dictator (see[http://www.bartleby.com/65/pa/PapandrG.html], [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052304], [http://www.ahistoryofgreece.com/biography/metaxas.htm]). 
|-
| align=center| [[Francisco Franco]] || align=center| [[Spain]] || align=center|1936–1975 || Prime Minister of Spain 1938-1975 and Head of State 1939 - 1975 (in the Nationalist Zone, both only to 1939). Purged opposition; often referred to as a dictator or ''caudillo'' (see[http://www.policyreview.org/jun03/diamond.html], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:B1Mmefo38twJ:www.personal.psu.edu/mlb300/spainsocprob.pdf+%22dictator+Francisco+Franco%22],[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:NsfbKjiVUowJ:www.acad.carleton.edu/curricular/POSC/faculty/montero/Spain%2520Paper%25201.pdf+%22dictator+Francisco+Franco%22], [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:9ZzXaMENcm8J:www.artcult.org/cst/spain_prepack_participants.pdf+%22Francisco+Franco%22+%22dictatorship%22]). Strongly supported by the [[Roman Catholic Church]] worldwide.

|-
| align=center| [[Jozef Tiso]] || align=center| [[Slovakia]] || align=center|1939–1945 || President of [[Slovak Republic (1939-1945)|WWII Slovak Republic]]. Led a partly Roman Catholic clerical, partly pro-Nazi, one-party state. Described by some as a dictator (see [http://www.adl.org/PresRele/HolNa_52/3578_52.asp], [http://dominican-republic.asinah.net/en/wikipedia/j/jo/jozef_tiso.html], [http://www.ce-review.org/00/19/vaknin19.html]).
|-
| align=center| [[Ion Antonescu]] || align=center| [[Romania]] || align=center|1940–1944 || Prime Minister of Romania. Two days after his appointment, forced King Carol II (see above) to abdicate in favor of his son, Mihai. Named himself ''Conducător'' (Leader), assumed dictatorial powers and relegated monarchy to decorative role.
|-
| align=center| [[Philippe Pétain]] || align=center| [[Vichy France]] || align=center|1940–1944 || Prime Minister of France 1940 - 1942; Head of State 1940 - 1944. The ''Assemblée Nationale'' of Vichy France suspended the [[Third Republic]] and granted Pétain dictatorial power, although ultimately he was answerable to the German Nazi hierarchy.
|-
| align=center| [[Ante Pavelic|Ante Pavelić]] || align=center| [[Croatia]] || align=center|1941–1945 ||''Poglavnik'' ("Leader") of Croatia. Not elected; ordered massacres of Serbs, Jews, Gypsies and dissidents; hundreds of thousands slaughtered; led the genocial, devoutly Roman Catholic Ustase (see [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/tyrants.htm], [http://www.cuttingedge.org/articles/RC130.html], [http://emperors-clothes.com/vatican/cpix.htm]). Supported by most, if not all, of the Roman Catholic church in Croatia.
|-
| align=center| [[Vidkun Quisling]] || align=center| [[Norway]]|| align=center|1942–1945 || Minister President of Norway between 1942-1945, and founder of the fascist "National Unity" party . Traitor to his country. Executed by firing squad. Described as being the Hitler of Norway.
|-
| align=center| [[Ferenc Szálasi]] (Szálasi Ferenc) || align=center| [[Hungary]] || align=center|1944–1945 || Leader of the [[fascist]] [[Arrow Cross]] party, Szálasi was installed as a fascist ruler by the [[Nazis]] following their overthrow of [[regent]] [[Miklós Horthy]].
|-
| align=center| [[Josip Broz Tito]] || align=center| [[Yugoslavia]] || align=center|1944–1980 || Secretary-General of the Yugoslav Communist Party 1937 - 1963; Prime Minister of Yugoslavia 1945–1953; Premier of Yugoslavia 1953 - 1963; President of Yugoslavia 1953 - 1980; President of the ''Presidium of the League of Communists'' from 1963 until 1980. Declared himself [[President for Life]] in 1963. Viewed favorably in Yugoslavia despite authoritarian rule.
|-
| align=center| [[Enver Hoxha]] || align=center| [[Albania]] || align=center|1944-1985 || General Secretary of the Albanian Party of Labour. Leader of single-party Communist state; extensive personality cult; Declared his nation to be the world's only officially atheist state and banned all practice of religion in 1967.
|-
| align=center| [[Mátyás Rákosi]] || align=center| [[Hungary]] || align=center|1949-1953 || General Secretary of the [[Hungarian Workers Party]] and Prime Minister of the [[Hungarian People's Republic]]. Leader of single-party Communist state; nicknamed "Stalin's best Hungarian disciple"; Invented the phrase "[[salami tactics]]" to describe piecemeal assumption of power.
|-
| align=center| [[Nikita Khrushchev]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center|1953-1964 || First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between 1953-1964. Allowed limited liberalisation in the arts and media later on. 
|-
| align=center| [[Todor Zhivkov]] || align=center| [[Bulgaria]] || align=center|1956-1989 || Head of pro soviet communist regimen in Bulgaria. Became party secretary in 1956 and prime minister in 1962. Forced out of power in 1989 by communist party to comply with demands of protesters.
|-
| align=center| [[Antonín Novotný]] || align=center| [[Czechoslovakia]] || align=center|1957-1968 || Antonín Novotný, the First Secretary of the Communist Party and President of the Republic, was leader of Czechoslovakia during the Stalinisation of the country, resulting in the replacement of the Czechoslovakian democracy by a one-party communist state. His dictatorship centralized power and used force to protect his regime which lasted fifteen years.
|-
| align=center| [[Walter Ulbricht]] || align=center| [[German Democratic Republic]] || align=center|1950/1960-1971 || General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany 1950-1971 and Head of State 1960-1973.
|-
| align=center| [[Leonid Brezhnev]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center|1964–1982 || First/General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between 1964-1982. Formed a [[cult of Personality]] later on.
|-
| align=center| [[Nicolae Ceauşescu]] || align=center| [[Romania]] || align=center|1965–1989 || General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party, 1965-1989; President of Romania, 1974-1989. Leader of single-party Communist state; extensive personality cult developed during the 1970s. Lived lavish lifestyle while country was still using donkey carts.
|-
| align=center| [[George Papadopoulos]] || align=center| [[Greece]] || align=center|1967–1973 || Prime Minister of Greece 1967 - 1973; Regent 1972 - 1973; President of Greece 1973. Gained power in a coup; lead military regime. Widely described as a dictator (see [http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0778782.html], [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/379334.stm], [http://www.hellas.net]).
|-
| align=center| [[Marcelo Caetano]] || align=center| [[Portugal]] || align=center|1968–1974 || Prime Minister of Portugal 1968 - 1974; Upon the death of [[António de Oliveira Salazar]] he continued the dictatorial regime. Some liberties were improved but the situation of the country and the [[Portuguese Colonial War|colonial wars]] lead to the [[Carnation Revolution]].
|-
| align=center| [[Gustáv Husák]] || align=center| [[Czechoslovakia]] || align=center|1969-1987 || Came into power through soviets, Crushed the Prague spring. Headed brutal secret police stepped down from power in 1987 two years before communism fell. 
|-
| align=center| [[Erich Honecker]] || align=center| [[German Democratic Republic]] || align=center|1971-1989 || General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany 1971-1989 and Head of State 1976-1989.
|-
| align=center| [[Phaedon Gizikis]] || align=center| [[Greece]] || align=center|1973-1974 || President of Greece 1973-1974. Gained power in coup. Lead millitary regime installed by previous head of state.
|-
| align=center| [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]] || align=center|[[Poland]] || align=center|1981-1990 || Imposed martial law in Poland in 1981 in response to Solidarity party led strikes. Made himself head of the "Commission for National Salvation." Stated his actions were taken in order to prevent a Soviet invasion of Poland. Was President of Poland until his resignation in 1990. 
|-
| align=center| [[Yuri Andropov]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center|1982-1984 || General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between 1982-1984. Early signs of [[Perestroika]] and [[Glasnost]].
|-
| align=center| [[Konstantin Chernenko]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center|1984-1985 || General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between 1984-1985. Ailing stop-gap leader. 
|-
| align=center| [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] || align=center| [[Soviet Union]] || align=center|1985-1991 || General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991 when the Soviet Union collapsed and the CPSU was banned. Oversaw democratisation in the Soviet Union, but was never directly elected as leader.
|-
| align=center| [[Slobodan Milošević]] || align=center| [[Serbia]], [[Yugoslavia]] || align=center|1989-2000 || In 1984 he became the head of the local Communist party in Belgrade and adopted a populist style, the party's leader. He successfully took over as head of the Serbian Communist party in 1987. He challenged the federal government, championed Serbian control of the autonomous provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina, and advocated stridently socialist economic policy. By 1988, he had replaced party leaders in Kosovo and Vojvodina, and in 1989 he became president of Serbia. However, in September 1990, a new democratic constitution was passed allowing direct, multi-party presidential and parliamentary elections. Milosevic was elected president of Serbia for the first time in December 1990, although allegations persist of electoral fraud during the Milosevic years.
|-
| align=center| [[Alexander Lukashenko]] || align=center| [[Belarus]] || align=center| '''1994-present''' || President of Belarus. Said to have an "authoritarian ruling style". Lack of democratic standards. Human rights violations. Referred to as "Europe's last dictatorship."
|}

==Oceania==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Country !! Years in power !! Notes
|-
| align=center| [[Sitiveni Rabuka]] || align=center|[[Fiji]] || align=center|1987–1992 || Twice gained power through coup, allowed elections in 1992, which he won.
|-
| align=center| [[Frank Bainimarama]] || align=center|[[Fiji]] || align=center|'''2006-present''' ||Launched a coup d'etat in December 2006 after weeks of threats against the elected government.
|}

==Quotes from Famous Dicators==

Comparative quotes are given from the top 5 [[Left-wing]]-[[Socialist]]-[[Marxist]]-[[Communist]] leaders in order to better understand the commonality of the end result of their [[liberal]] philosophy taken to its fruition by the [[Big government]] [[Welfare state]]-[[Nanny state]]-[[Police state]] by [[leftist]] [[Globalist]]-[[Statist]]-Socialist-Communists.

==Quotes from Stalin==

The '''Darwin-Stalin connection''' describes the brutal [[Soviet]] dictator [[Josef Stalin]] who [[mass murderer|murdered millions]] of people, giving credit to [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]]'s book for his outlook in life:

* "The death of one man is a tragedy, the [[mass murderer|death of millions]] is a statistic." ~ to [[Churchill]], 1945.

* "Death is the solution to all problems. No man - no problem"

* "Ideas are more powerful than [[guns]]. We would [[gun control|not let our enemies have guns]], why should we let them have ideas?"

* "It is enough that the people know there was an [[election]]. The people who cast the votes decide nothing. The people who count the votes decide everything."

* "The only real power comes out of a long [[rifle]]."

* "When we hang the [[capitalist]]s they will sell us the rope we use."

=== Quotes from Lenin ===

* "A lie told often enough becomes the truth."

* "The goal of [[socialism]] is [[communism]]."

* "There are no morals in [[politics]] there is only expedience. A scoundrel may be of use to us just because he is a scoundrel."

* "Give us the child for 8 years and it will be a [[Bolshevik]] forever." (see [[Public school values]] and [[Professor values]])

==Related Quotes from Others==

* [[C.S. Lewis]] wrote:
:Of all tyrannies, a [[tyranny]] sincerely exercised for the good of its victims may be the most [[oppression|oppressive]]. It would be better to live under robber baron]]s than under omnipotent moral [[busybody|busybodies]]. The robber baron's cruelty may sometimes sleep, his cupidity may at some point be satiated; but those who torment us for our own good will torment us without end for they do so with the approval of their own [[conscience]]. [http://www.tsowell.com/quotes.html]

* "The one aim of these [[banker|financiers]] is [[New World Order|world control]] by the creation of inextinguishable [[debt]]." - [[Henry Ford]]

* "Educate and inform the whole mass of [[citizen|the people]]... They are the only sure reliance for the preservation of our [[liberty]]." -- [[Thomas Jefferson]]

==See Also==
* [[Dictatorship]]
** [[Dictator]]
** [[Friendly dictator]]
** [[Adolf Hitler]], [[Joseph Stalin]], [[Chairman Mao]], [[Kim Jong-Il]], [[Pol Pot]]
** [[Dictatorship of the proletariat]]
** [[List of Communist States]]
** [[List of Socialist States]]
** [[Death toll of communism]]
** [[Coup d'etat]]
* [[Cult of personality]]
* [[Single-party state]]
* [[Mobocracy]], [[Social Effects of the Theory of Evolution]], [[Anti-Semitism]], [[Communist Racism]], [[Genocide]], [[Holocaust]]
* [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] ([[Nazi]])
* [[National Socialism]] - the Nazis were elitist [[Police state]] [[liberals]] not [[conservative]]s
* [[Big government]] [[Welfare state]] leads to [[Nanny state]], leads to [[Police state]]: [[Globalist]]-[[Statist]]-[[Socialist]]-[[Communist]]
* [[Liberal totalitarianism]]

* [[Constitutional crisis]]
* [[List of political leaders who held active military ranks in office]]
* [[List of political leaders who suspended the constitution]]
* [[List of successful coups d'état]]
* [[President for Life]]
* [[Single-party state]]

==External links==
*[http://www.thedictatorship.com The Dictatorship]
*[http://www.lkwdpl.org/schools/horacemann/dictators/ Modern dictators and Human Rights Violations]
*[http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2006/edition_01-22-2006/Dictators The World’s 10 Worst Dictators]

[[Category:Lists|Dictators]]
[[Category:Totalitarianism]]

National Security Agency

2015-04-20T20:28:50Z

ScottH35: Fixed sentence

The '''National Security Agency''' ('''NSA''') is a signals intelligence agency within the [[United States of America|United States]] [[Department of Defense]]. Its mission is to collect and analyze all foreign signals intelligence of interest to the security of the United States and to protect all classified and sensitive information stored on government [[information technology]] equipment. In addition, the NSA supports and contributes to the civilian use of [[cryptography]] and advanced computer security measures.

The agency is headquartered at Fort George G. Meade, an active [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] installation in Anne Arundel County, [[Maryland]]. Approximately 30,000 people are employed worldwide by the agency. The size of the agency's budget is classified however its allocated resources are still subject to independent rigorous examination and approval processes.

The NSA was secretly created on November 4, 1952, the same day as the presidential election, without media coverage, congressional debate, nor press release. It has had sixteen directors. The longest serving director was [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] General Michael Hayden who oversaw major management changes and later became the director of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].

In 2013, the whistleblower [[Edward Snowden]] revealed that the NSA monitors and evaluates United States citizens, by means of [[PRISM]], electronic data.

==Past NSA Sigint Operations==

*[[Korean Airlines Flight 007]] shootdown incident. Here are the combined U.S. NSA electronic intercept and Russian Federation supplied military communications transcripts of the Soviet shootdown-in-process of Boeing 747 KAL 007 off Sakhalin Island on Sept. 1, 1983 - [http://www.rescue007.org/shootdown.htm]

==See also==
* [[PRISM]] and [[Mass surveillance]] / [[Surveillance]]
* [[CIA]]
* [[Cold War]]
* [[Espionage]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.nsa.gov/ NSA official site]

[[category:Cold War]]
[[Category:United States Intelligence Agencies]]
[[category:Espionage]]
[[category:Privacy]]

Stan Freberg

2015-04-20T20:17:33Z

ScottH35: Added info and ref

'''Stanley "Stan" Victor Freberg''' (b. August 7, 1926 - April 7, 2015) was an American advertiser, comedian, recording artist, voice actor, puppeteer and radio personality. He was widely known for his parodies of popular songs.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0292677/bio Bio of Stan Freberg]</ref>

Freberg parodied [[Elvis Presley]]'s first number one hit, ''Heartbreak Hotel'', making fun of the use of the echo chamber in the original song as well as Presley's hip gyrations, with the singer ripping his jeans for the third time that day and drowning in background music.

Freberg passed away from [[Pneumonia]] on April 7, 2015. He was 88.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/08/arts/stan-freberg-88-madcap-adman-and-satirist-dies-at-88.html?action=click&pgtype=Homepage&version=Moth-Visible&module=inside-nyt-region&region=inside-nyt-region&WT.nav=inside-nyt-region&_r=0</ref>
==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Freberg, Stan}}
[[Category:Male Singers]]
[[Category:Comedians]]

Stan Freberg

2015-04-20T20:16:11Z

ScottH35: Freberg passed away this month. Tense fixes.

Evan Bayh

2015-04-20T20:13:10Z

ScottH35: /* Record and Political Views */ Typo fixes

{{Officeholder
|name=Evan Bayh
|image=Bayh.jpg
|party=[[Democrat]]
|spouse=Susan Bayh
|religion=[[Episcopalian]]
|offices=
{{Officeholder/governor
|state=Indiana
|terms=January 9, 1989 – January 13, 1997
|preceded=Robert D. Orr
|former=y
|succeeded=Frank O'Bannon
}}
{{Officeholder/senator
|state=Indiana
|terms=January 6, 1999 - January 5, 2011
|preceded=[[Dan Coats]]
|former=n
|succeeded=[[Dan Coats]]
}}
}}

'''Birch Evans Bayh III''' (commonly known as Evan Bayh), born December 26, 1955 (age {{age|1955|12|26}}), served as the junior U.S. [[Senator]] from [[Indiana]] from 1999 until 2011 and was Governor of Indiana from 1989 to 1997. He is a member of the [[Democratic Party]]. Bayh was frequently mentioned as a potential candidate for the [[2008 Presidential Election]]. He did not run but instead endorsed Senator [[Hillary Clinton]].

After dropping his remote presidential ambitions, Bayh moved sharply to the right in 2009. Indeed, Bayh's voting record in 2009 scored him as the single most conservative Democrat in the Senate. He was one of seven Democrats voting against abortion funding in the health care package, and one of three voting against the $410 billion omnibus spending bill.<ref> Chris Cillizza, "Evan Bayh's political crossroads," [http://voices.washingtonpost.com/thefix/senate/evan-bayh.html ''Washington Post'' Dec. 9, 2009]</ref>

On February 15th, 2010, Bayh announced he would not seek reelection.

Since 2011 he is a contributor on [[Fox News]].<ref>http://www.finanzen.net/nachricht/FOX-News-Signs-Former-Senator-Evan-Bayh-to-Contributor-Role-1066542</ref>

==Record and Political Views==
*'''[[Abortion]]:''' Evan Bayh is a supporter of abortion rights, earning him a 100% rating from [[NARAL Pro-Choice America]]. However, he has taken some moderate stances on the issue, such as voting to ban [[partial birth abortion]]s and voting to notify parents of minors who get out-of-state abortions.

*'''Economy''': As Governor of Indiana, Bayh governed as a [[fiscal conservative]]. He not only signed the largest tax cut in the state's history, but went eight years without a single tax increase. He left office with the largest budget surplus in state history. As a Senator, however, Bayh's record was more [[liberal]]. He voted against permanent repeal of the death tax, and for raising the capital gains tax. In 2007, he earned a '''D''' from the National Taxpayers Union. Bayh also supported [[Barack Obama]]'s [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]].

*'''Foreign Policy''': In 2002, Bayh voted with the majority of the Senate for the "[[Iraq]] War Resolution" authorizing President [[George W. Bush]] to go to war against Iraq and disarm [[Saddam Hussein]]. However, he later became a war critic. Bayh wants sanctions on [[Iran]].

====references====
<references/>
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bayh, Evan}}

[[Category:Former United States Senators]]
[[Category:Indiana Governors]]
[[Category:Democratic Governors]]
[[Category:Obama Presidency]]
[[Category:110th United States Congress]]
[[Category:111th United States Congress]]

Stone v. Graham

2015-04-20T20:07:25Z

ScottH35: Added a bit.

In '''''Stone v. Graham''''', 449 U.S. 39 (1980), the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] invalidated as unconstitutional a Kentucky statute requiring the posting of a copy of the Ten Commandments, purchased with private contributions, on the wall of each [[public school]] classroom in the State. The Court overturned the state courts of [[Kentucky]], which had upheld the constitutionality of the law. Justice Rehnquist was the lone dissenter in the case and wrote that the Ten Commandments had a secular impact on morality and law.

* [http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0449_0039_ZS.html Text of case]

[[category:United States Supreme Court Cases]]

Talk:United States presidential election, 2016

2015-04-20T19:54:54Z

ScottH35: /* "Rubio will probably pull out of the primaries on the eve of New Hampshire and endorse Jeb Bush in the hopes that Bush will pick his as V.P." */ r

==Rubio Citizenship/Eligibility==
He is clearly eligible under both the 14th amendment and the [http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42097.pdf 2011 finding] of the Congressional Research Service. Under the arguments frequently given by people claiming Rubio to be ineligible(namely, that his parents were not US citizens when he was born), this would also mean that the first 7 Presidents of the United States were also ineligible as either they or their parents were British subjects at the time of their birth. Martin Van Buren being the first President to actually be born a US citizen by the standards laid out by these detractors. [[User:Fnarrow|Fnarrow]] 00:55, 3 May 2013 (EDT)
:The Constitution has been interpreted to "grandfather" people who were citizens of the various states/colonies prior to the Constitution being ratified. [[User:Wschact|Wschact]] 06:54, 28 May 2013 (EDT)
==Where is Mike Huckabee?==
He should be included in this list. A socially conservative protestant who lowers taxes.

==John Kasich==
Surely Ohio governor (and ''National Review'' favorite) John Kasich belongs on a list like this.[http://www.nationalreview.com/article/392401/john-kasich-2016-contender-joel-gehrke] Whoever is at the top of the ticket, Ohio is a must-win state, which makes Kasich a logical choice for veep. [[User:PeterKa|PeterKa]] 21:54, 25 March 2015 (EDT)

== Rubio popularity in Florida ==

I think his popularity in Florida and his ability to win the state are exaggerated here. His approval ratings in Florida have never been high. I can't say I know a single person here, on either side of the aisle, who approves of his record. It may give him leverage, but not much. Also, polls show that he doesn't have the support of Hispanic or Cuban groups in the state. [[User:ScottH35|ScottH35]] 18:00, 13 April 2015 (EDT)

== "Rubio will probably pull out of the primaries on the eve of New Hampshire and endorse Jeb Bush in the hopes that Bush will pick his as V.P." ==

Not possible. "The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves..." (Constitution of the United States, Amendment XII). [[User:IsabellW|IsabellW]] 20:45, 19 April 2015 (EDT)

:Great point! But Cheney simply changed his state of voter registration from Texas to Wyoming to resolve that same objection back in 2000. Rubio could do likewise, although that would be politically difficult for him as the senator of Florida.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 21:09, 19 April 2015 (EDT)

::It seems like it would be more than politically difficult. The Constitution, of course, only mentions that a senator must be an inhabitant of the state at the time of their selection(later election). However, it doesn't seem to be clear if a senator could change their state of residency while in office. A fair amount of googling doesn't seem to resolve the question and I can't find anything to answer it. I wonder if it has ever happened? I know of plenty of congressmen who have lived outside their state while retaining residency there, but none of actual switched residency. I imagine there would be a court case about it were he to do so. [[User:ScottH35|ScottH35]] 15:54, 20 April 2015 (EDT)

Joe Heck

2015-04-20T19:43:02Z

ScottH35: Added infobox. Now we need a pic.

{{Officeholder
|name=Joe Heck
|image=
|party=[[Republican]]
|spouse=Lisa Heck
|religion=[[Roman Catholic]]
|offices=
{{Officeholder/representative
|state=Nevada
|district=3rd
|terms=January 3, 2011-present
|preceded=Dina Titus
|former=n
|succeeded=
}}

}}

'''Joe Heck''' (born March 3, 1961 in Jamaica, New York) is a [[pro-life]] osteopathic physician and former member of the [[Nevada]] State Senate. He is the [[Republican]] U.S. Representative-elect from Nevada's 3rd congressional district, defeating incumbent [[pro-abortion]] [[Democrat]] [[Dina Titus]] in the 2010 election.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Heck, Joe}}
[[Category:Representatives-elect]]
[[Category:Republican Party]]
[[Category:Nevada]]
[[Category:RINOs]]

Georges Mathieu

2015-04-20T19:37:48Z

ScottH35: He died in 2012.

'''Georges Mathieu''' (Boulogne sur Mer, France, January 27th, 1921 - June 10, 2012 Boulogne-Billancourt) wass a [[French]] [[painter]], [[sculptor]], designer and illustrator. He gained an international reputation in the 1950’s in the style of [[Lyrical Abstraction]] since his expositions in US and Japan and especially after the 1963 Grande Rétrospective au Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de [[Paris]].

<blockquote>
''His large paintings are created very rapidly and impulsively. Despite his unconventional technique, he considers himself a historical painter working with abstract subject matter.'' [http://wwar.com/masters/m/mathieu-georges.html]
</blockquote>

Mathieu's works have been exposed at: the Venice Biennales of 1948, 1950, and 1956, and in 1952 in a one-man show in Paris. [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/869982/Georges-Mathieu] He wrote in 1967 ''Le Privilège d'être''.

 
[[Image:Mathieu Atomic Age.jpg]]

Atomic Age.

== See also ==

*[[Contemporary painting]]
*[[Wassily Kandinsky]]
*[[Stefan Fiedorowicz]]
*[[Raoul Dufy]]

== External links ==

*[http://wwar.com/masters/m/mathieu-georges.html Georges Mathieu.]
*[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/869982/Georges-Mathieu Georges Mathieu]

[[Category:French Painters]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathieu, Georges}}

David Perdue

2015-04-13T22:48:32Z

ScottH35: Added infobox. Now we need a pic.

{{Officeholder
|name=David Perdue
|image=
|party=[[Republican]]
|spouse=Bonnie Perdue
|religion=[[United Methodist]]
|offices=
{{Officeholder/senator
|state=Georgia
|terms=January 3, 2015 – Present
|preceded=[[Saxby Chambliss]]
|former=n
|succeeded=
}}
}}

'''David Perdue''' is the junior Unites States Senator from [[Georgia]]. He is a member of the [[Republican Party]], and was elected in November 2014.

Perdue serves on the Agriculture Committee; Budget Committee; Foreign Relations Committee; Judiciary Committee; and the Special Committee on Aging.

==External links==
[http://www.perdue.senate.gov/HomePage Official Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT: Perdue, David}}
[[Category:United States Senators]]
[[Category:114th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Georgia]]

Operation Save America

2015-04-13T22:44:09Z

ScottH35: Fixed typo and added info

'''Operation Save America''', formerly "Operation Rescue" is a non-profit [[Pro-life]] organization. Per their website, "We employ only biblical principles. The [[Bible]] is our foundation; the Cross of Christ is our strategy; the repentance of the Church of [[Jesus Christ]] is our ultimate goal," and "We believe that Jesus Christ is the only answer to the [[abortion]] holocaust." Rev. Philip L. "Flip" Benham has been their Director since 1994. The preach and end for abortion in various cities. They provide brochures and resources to understand the impact abortion has on [[America]]. In addition, they work for the common good such as Hurricane relief, take a stand on other social issues such as hate crimes and homosexuality. The group disavows violent action, but has caused controversy on a number of occasions.

==External Links==
* [http://www.operationsaveamerica.org/ Official website]

[[Category:Pro-life]]
[[Category:Abortion]]
[[Category:Conservative Organizations]]
[[Category:Christian Organizations]]

Watchman Nee

2015-04-13T22:34:40Z

ScottH35: /* Imprisonment and Death */ Typo fix

'''Ni To-sheng''' (1903-1972), better known in English as '''Watchman Nee'''(a direct [[Mandarin]] to English translation), was a [[Chinese]] [[Christian]] [[missionary]].

==Missionary Work==
After Nee became a Christian, he dedicated himself to spreading the word of [[God]] through China. Around 400 local churches were established with his help.

==Imprisonment and Death==
In the 1940s, when the [[Communism|Communists]] took over China, Watchman Nee was listed as an enemy of the Communist regime due to his strong Christian faith. In the 1950s, he was sentenced to 15 years of hard labor in a prison camp, but he remained there until his death in 1972. Despite that, his Christian faith was as strong as ever, and he preached to his fellow inmates.

After his death in 1972, Watchman Nee was cremated. He is buried in the Christian Cemetery in Soochow, [[China]].

[[http://www.watchmannee.org/ Official Website]]

[[Category: Missionaries]]

Timer

2015-04-13T22:30:13Z

ScottH35: Made the page make sense.

A '''Timer''' is a device which is used to keep track of the passage of time. A timer can be one of two types: a device which counts up from zero, a device which counts down from a specific time interval. Timers can be mechanical or digital.

In ancient times [[hour glass| hour glasses]] were used to measure time. Stopwatches, kitchen timers, and even phones have replaced timers in the modern world.

Talk:United States presidential election, 2016

2015-04-13T22:00:07Z

ScottH35: /* Rubio popularity in Florida */ new section

United States presidential election, 2016

2015-04-13T21:57:52Z

ScottH35: /* Announced Republican candidates */ Added a possible con for Cruz

The 2016 election will be an open field in the [[Republican Party]]. [[Democrats]], as in [[communist]] countries, are not expected to have any choice other than [[Hillary Clinton]].

==Republican Party candidates==

===Announced Republican candidates===
These individuals have formally announced their candidacy for the Republican nomination in the 2016 presidential election.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Candidate
!Pros
!Cons
!Trending ...
|-
|[[Rand Paul]]
|Son of [[Ron Paul]], voted against GOP establishment's spending compromise bills, advocate for cutting spending, can unite libertarians and conservatives, voted against [[NDAA]]. Made waves with historic [[filibuster]] against [[CIA]] director John Brennan over the Obama administration's claimed authority to use drone strikes against US citizens on American soil.
|Some of his father's more hardcore followers think he's a "traitor" for endorsing [[Mitt Romney]] in 2012, voted for [[Chuck Hagel]] as Defense Secretary. Supported the Supreme Court's liberal wing when it struck down Section 3 of the [[Defense of Marriage Act]], suggesting he's somewhat supportive of the [[Homosexual Agenda]].
|Has criticized [[Paul Ryan]] and [[Chris Christie]] as a potential candidate would, delivered 2013 Tea Party response to the SOTU, which the news media didn't cover. Announced candidacy on April 7, 2015.<ref>http://www.c-span.org/video/?325139-1/senator-rand-paul-rky-presidential-campaign-announcement</ref>
|-
|[[Ted Cruz]]
|Solid on opposition to Obamacare and gun control. Good debater.
|Like Obama, some question as to eligibility. As a first-term Senator, relatively inexperienced. Alienated some due to role in government shutdown.
|Bypassed the exploratory committee process and instead made his formal announcement of candidacy on March 23, 2015.<ref>http://www.c-span.org/video/?324979-1/ted-cruz-presidential-campaign-announcement</ref>
|-
|[[Marco Rubio]]
|Favorite of [[Fox News]], articulate, Hispanic, able to win key battleground state of [[Florida]] since he's from there, was on Romney's shortlist in 2012.
|Used to be a Tea Party favorite when he defeated [[RINO]] [[Charlie Crist]], but many have since soured on his actions, endorsed amnesty and has written an amnesty bill with [[Chuck Schumer]] and six other Senators, friends with [[Jeb Bush]], denounced [[Michele Bachmann]]'s investigation into [[Huma Abedin]], supports the party's neoconservative wing which is why he supports sending troops into Syria.
|Visited Iowa in December 2012 to speak at [[Jack Kemp]] library, delivered GOP response to Obama's 2013 SOTU, put his capital on the line working with seven other Senators on a controversial amnesty plan many conservatives oppose but has now eased away from it. Announced candidacy on April 13, 2015.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/04/13/rubio-announces-his-2016-gop-presidential-campaign/</ref>
|}

===Probable Republican candidates===
These individuals have taken formal actions (such as the formation of an exploratory committee) toward establishing candidacy.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Candidate
!Pros
!Cons
!Trending ...
|-
|[[Jeb Bush]]
|Able to win Florida, has Hispanic wife and kids, multilingual, backing of [[Karl Rove]] though if he doesn't run Rubio will get it. Presumably has the backing of most [[George_H.W._Bush#Family|Bush family]] members, with the notable exception of his mother, [[Barbara Bush|Barbara]], who stated, "We've had enough Bushes" during an April 2013 interview<ref>http://www.nbcnews.com/video/nightly-news/51667537#51667537</ref>.
|Outspokenly supports amnesty and Common Core, neither Tea Partiers or independent voters want a third Bush, told GOP primary voters they wouldn't elect Reagan today.
|Might count on Rubio to be a stalking horse because of their friendship but has contradicted Rubio on immigration in his latest book, if he and Clinton are the nominees many voters might gravitate to a third party.
|-
|[[Scott Walker]]
|A once-seeming [[movement conservative]] who defeated a recall that was pushed by [[George Soros]] and the unions, exhibited conservative determination in passing right-to-work in his state and surviving the relentless union attacks that followed.
|[[AFL-CIO]] and the other union special interests have him as a top target, but he stood his ground until recently where he's starting to adopt RINO stances on issues.
|January 2015 polling showed him leading the GOP field in Iowa.
|-
|[[Rick Perry]]
|Strong record of experience as Governor of [[Texas]]. Supports [[Second Amendment]]. Before the next election he might see a debating coach. Strong fundraiser. Not expanding [[Medicare]] to adjust for [[Obamacare]] like some other Governors are doing.
|Performed poorly in the debates last time, is an also-ran without [[Rick Santorum]]'s likely momentum in a race that will probably also have multiple other Republican Governors, also signed a state version of the DREAM Act and mandated vaccines for schoolgirls.
|He has stated that he might run again.
|-
|[[Rick Santorum]]
|Strong social conservative base, runner-up in the 2012 primary, by 2016 endorsing [[RINO]]-turned-Democrat [[Arlen Specter]] will be a distant memory for many because he died in 2012. Strongly opposed to [[homosexual agenda]].
|May have been a [[stalking horse]] for Romney in the last election, which he'll vehemently deny; in 2016 voters may want a new face to lead the party instead of an also-ran, media portrays as fanatic, voted for Bush's spending to be 'part of the team'.
|Says door is open on Presidential bid, compared his 2012 run to Reagan in 1976. Has founded an organization called Patriot Voices which may serve as a fulcrum for his campaign.
|-
|[[Chris Christie]]
|Blunt criticism of teacher's unions won conservatives over for about a year, [[Ann Coulter]] supports him. Has high approval ratings in a blue state.
|Unprofessional style, abrasiveness, severely overweight, praised Obama's Hurricane Sandy efforts only days before the 2012 election, has gotten heat for appointing Sharia judge and having pro-abortion Lieutenant Governor.
|Not endearing himself to conservatives with his statements on things like gun control.
|-
|[[Lindsey Graham]]
|Moderate Senator from South Carolina. Is pro-military and an advocate for a strong national defense. Good public speaker.
|Widely seen as a liberal on immigration issues. Is considered a clone of Sen. [[John McCain]] in the Senate.
|Announced the formation of a presidential exploratory committee in January 2015.
|-
|[[Ben Carson]]
|Plain-spoken, with common-sense solutions to the country's problems
|Has said states can enact gun control.
|The world-renowned surgeon made waves by skewering Obama's policies at the White House correspondent's dinner
|-
|[[Donald Trump]]
|Business smart, name recognition, holds some conservative positions
|Celebrity type that can be a distraction.
|A Suffolk University poll of 500 GOPers had Trump in 4th place. <ref>http://dailycaller.com/2015/03/26/trump-touts-new-poll-calls-himself-a-favorite-in-early-primary-states/</ref>
|}

===Other possible Republican candidates===
These individuals have expressed interest in running or have been mentioned as possible candidates.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Candidate
!Pros
!Cons
!Trending ...
|-
|[[Mike Huckabee]]
|Former Arkansas governor who ran well in the 2008 primaries. Is popular with Evangelicals. He's kept himself in the public eye for the past six and a half years as the host of a news and commentary show on the Fox network.
|Had a mixed record as governor. He's often considered to be too much of a regional candidate for success in a nationwide campaign.
|Resigned from his television show to explore a possible run for president. Has begun making TV appearances as a candidate, although he describes his decision as still tentative.
|-
|[[Bobby Jindal]]
|Populist conservative who says conservatives should be skeptical of big business, Indian-American, cleaned up Louisiana after Katrina and Governor Blanco, evangelical who also focuses on energy issues like Perry before him.
|Severely lacking in charisma.
|Has criticized the GOP on how it needs to be "smarter" and should emphasize it champions small business instead of big business, term limited to 2016.
|-
|[[Sarah Palin]]
|Very popular with the conservative base, record of cutting the size of government, expert on energy issues. Already experienced on national ticket.
|Thanks to the media, the electorate has already made up their minds about her. May prefer the role of commentator and not run for her and her children's sakes.
|
|-
|[[Condoleezza Rice]]
|Articulate, popular, foreign policy experience, takes the race and gender cards off the table, gave impassioned speech at the RNC, inspiring childhood story.
|Pro-choice, ties to Bush administration, never elected to any office, just appointed; left-wing immigration stance, had role leading up to [[Iraq War]], single status will mean she won't have the emotional support of a family for a Presidential run as [[Laura Bush]] has said; admired by some conservatives, disliked by others like [[paleoconservatives]] and from how [[Dick Cheney]] and [[Donald Rumsfeld]] have criticized her, she doesn't even have all the [[neoconservatives]] wrapped up.
|Some conservatives would think her running would be a good idea, others won't. She declined to run in 2008 and 2012, but from the speculation she was going to be Romney's VP, she might this time.
|-
|[[John Thune]]
|Senator who defeated [[Tom Daschle]], relatively conservative for a Senator.
|Voted for TARP and often votes for other spending bills the leadership pushes, not well known.
|
|-
|[[Susana Martinez]]
|Gave a good speech at the RNC, conservative Governor of a blue state, Hispanic.
|Might not be interested, expanded Medicare in her state.
|
|-
|[[Jan Brewer]]
|Former governor of Arizona. If she runs, will use potent immigration issue as foil to Bush and Rubio. Can take its mantle and change debate to pressure other candidates to tack right on the issue. Outspoken critic of Obama.
|May not be interested in the Presidency, expanded Medicare waiver for Obamacare, and is no longer in elective office. Has lost some support from conservatives.
|
|-
|[[Kelly Ayotte]]
|Represents a swing state
|Voted in favor of amnesty
|If Rubio is the Presidential nominee, he's likely to make Ayotte his running mate hoping the ticket will appeal to two swing states (Florida and New Hampshire), Hispanics, and women, offsetting Hillary with the last group. Both Rubio and Ayotte have been taken under the wings of McCain and Graham since getting in the Senate.
|-
|[[Allen West]]
|Conservative black Congressman from Florida who speaks his mind, some conservative activists insist that he run.
|Lost his race for re-election to the House two years after getting voted in.
|Has compared his loss to [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s before he became President in a radio interview.
|-
|[[Brian Sandoval]]
|Hispanic, fiscal conservative
|Pro-choice, expanded Medicare in his state, [[Harry Reid]] doesn't seem to mind his performance as Governor <ref>http://blogs.rgj.com/politics/2013/02/20/reid-says-hell-run-for-re-election-in-2016-wont-comment-on-sandoval-as-opponent/</ref>.
|
|}

==Democratic Party candidates==

===Announced Democratic candidates===
These individuals have formally announced their candidacy for the Democratic nomination in the 2016 presidential election.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Candidate
!Pros
!Cons
!Trending ...
|-
|[[Hillary Clinton]]
|Has wanted to be President for decades, has Clinton machine and big money behind her, teflon image helped along by the media, quitting Secretary of State position lets her run, she will have the "sexist" card at her disposal.
|Role in Benghazi and decades worth of scandals going back to the 90s, feminist.
|Announced candidacy on April 12, 2015.<ref>https://www.hillaryclinton.com</ref>
|}

[[Democrats]] will not have a choice other than [[liberal]] Hillary Clinton. If a competitive race were allowed by the party bosses (and it won't be), the candidates mentioned below her could be contenders:

===Probable Democratic candidates===
These individuals have taken formal actions (such as the formation of an exploratory committee) toward establishing candidacy.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Candidate
!Pros
!Cons
!Trending ...
|-
|[[Martin O'Malley]]
|Former governor of Maryland. Partisan and aggressive liberal.
|Martin who? He has low name recognition. Fiercely supports raising taxes and other very liberal stances, although that might help in the primary.
|
|-
|[[Jim Webb]]
|Former Virginia Senator and Secretary of the Navy
|
|
|-
|[[Lincoln Chafee]]
|Former governor of Rhode Island, former Republican
|
|
|}

===Other possible Democratic candidates===
These individuals have expressed interest in running or have been mentioned as possible candidates.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Candidate
!Pros
!Cons
!Trending ...
|-
|[[Joe Biden]]
|Tries to set image as he's "one of the folks" even though he's a millionaire. He'll have Obama's Chicago machine. Incumbent VPs often receive the party nomination
|Very gaffe-prone, VP to an unpopular administration.
|Currently yukking it up as Obama's Vice-President and has openly expressed some interest in running. Hasn't talked about running...yet. Should be good seeing how he and Hillary deal with each other on the stage if they both run.
|-
|[[Andrew Cuomo]]
|Tried to make himself look like a fiscal conservative, he's part of a political family like Jeb and Hillary, governor of a large state.
|Uncompelling, declared intentions to seize guns from lawful gun owners, which he's used executive orders to do.
|His late father, the former Governor, said he expected him to run. His gun confiscating executive orders are not sitting well with the American people by and large.
|-
|[[Mark Warner]]
|Senator from a swing state with a relatively moderate record compared to others, might try to get points with independents that the other Democrats won't have.
|He votes with his party most of the time, voted for gun control even though he claims to be pro-gun.
|
|-
|[[Elizabeth Warren]]
|Popular in [[Occupy Wall Street]] and other progressive circles, elected in very competitive Senate race.
|Caught lying about being a Native American so she could get [[affirmative action]] at Harvard, her very liberal views and rhetoric probably won't resonate in states less liberal than [[Massachusetts]].
|Won election to the Senate in November 2012 against [[Scott Brown]].
|-
|[[Evan Bayh]]
|Represented a state that generally votes Republican
|
|
|-
|[[Bernie Sanders]]
|Independent that is lockstep with the Democrat party. Popular among socialists.
|As head of the Veterans Affairs Committee, he has done nothing to fix scandals and help veterans. Endorses Obama's policies.
|
|}

== References ==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT: 2016, United States presidential election,}}
[[Category: United States Presidential Elections]]

Martin O'Malley

2015-04-13T21:51:38Z

ScottH35: O'Malley is no longer the governor of Maryland as of January '15.

{{Officeholder
|name=Martin O'Malley
|image=Martin O’Malley.jpg
|party=[[Democrat]]
|spouse=Catherine Curran O'Malley
|religion=[[Roman Catholic]]
|offices=
{{Officeholder/governor
|number=61st
|state=Maryland
|terms=January 17, 2007- January 21, 2015
|preceded=Robert Ehrlich
|former=n
|succeeded= [[Larry Hogan]]
}}
{{Officeholder/mayor
|number=47th
|city=Baltimore, Maryland
|terms=December 7, 1999 – January 17, 2007
|preceded=Kurt Schmoke
|former=y
|succeeded=Sheila Dixon
}}
}}
'''Martin O' Malley''' (1963 - ) is a former [[governor]] of [[Maryland]] and is a [[Democrat]]. His parents are Tom and Barbara O'Malley. Prior to his election to the Maryland governor's office, he was the [[mayor]] of the city of [[Baltimore]], MD. O'Malley left office in January of 2015 and was replaced by [[Larry Hogan]].<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/md-politics/republican-larry-hogan-wins-md-governors-race-in-stunning-upset/2014/11/05/9eb8bf46-60ac-11e4-8b9e-2ccdac31a031_story.html?tid=pm_pop</ref>

== Criticism ==
He raised 1.3 billion dollars in tax hikes in 2007.<ref>Philip Rucker, “Many Of Md. Tax Increases Will Go Into Effect Today,” The Washington Post, www.washingtonpost.com/</ref> O'Malley increased on sales taxes and corporate businesses taxes. Umemployment rate went from 3.6 percent when entering office to double that from January of 2007 when he took office.<ref>U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; Julie Bykowicz, “Dearth Of Small-Firm Owners In Assembly Is Election Issue,” The Baltimore Sun, articles.baltimoresun.com</ref> In the past two years, Maryland has lost more than 100,000 jobs.<ref>Kevin James Shay, “State Job Losses Soared In February,” www.gazette.net</ref> He is very anti-business and companies like Northrop Grumman have been hurt by him have gone to Virginia for their high paying jobs.<ref>Andrea K. Walker, Northrop Loss Raises Questions Of Business Environment In Maryland,” The Baltimore Sun, articles.baltimoresun.com</ref> CNBC ranked Maryland as lagging eight times out of ten in job categories. Despite all these facts, O'Malley has even thought about raising taxes even higher when Maryland's economy has been devastated.<ref>CNBC.com, “America’s Top States For Business 2010,” www.cnbc.com</ref>

==References==
<references/>
*http://www.martinomalley.com/aboutOMalley/
*http://www.gov.state.md.us/

{{DEFAULTSORT:O'Malley, Martin}}

[[Category:Democratic Governors]]
[[Category:Maryland Governors]]
[[Category:Homosexual Agenda]]
[[Category:Liberals]]
[[Category:Anti Second Amendment]]

United States presidential election, 2016

2015-04-13T21:48:52Z

ScottH35: /* Probable Democratic candidates */ Added former position

The 2016 election will be an open field in the [[Republican Party]]. [[Democrats]], as in [[communist]] countries, are not expected to have any choice other than [[Hillary Clinton]].

==Republican Party candidates==

===Announced Republican candidates===
These individuals have formally announced their candidacy for the Republican nomination in the 2016 presidential election.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Candidate
!Pros
!Cons
!Trending ...
|-
|[[Rand Paul]]
|Son of [[Ron Paul]], voted against GOP establishment's spending compromise bills, advocate for cutting spending, can unite libertarians and conservatives, voted against [[NDAA]]. Made waves with historic [[filibuster]] against [[CIA]] director John Brennan over the Obama administration's claimed authority to use drone strikes against US citizens on American soil.
|Some of his father's more hardcore followers think he's a "traitor" for endorsing [[Mitt Romney]] in 2012, voted for [[Chuck Hagel]] as Defense Secretary. Supported the Supreme Court's liberal wing when it struck down Section 3 of the [[Defense of Marriage Act]], suggesting he's somewhat supportive of the [[Homosexual Agenda]].
|Has criticized [[Paul Ryan]] and [[Chris Christie]] as a potential candidate would, delivered 2013 Tea Party response to the SOTU, which the news media didn't cover. Announced candidacy on April 7, 2015.<ref>http://www.c-span.org/video/?325139-1/senator-rand-paul-rky-presidential-campaign-announcement</ref>
|-
|[[Ted Cruz]]
|Solid on opposition to Obamacare and gun control. Good debater.
|Like Obama, some question as to eligibility. As a first-term Senator, relatively inexperienced.
|Bypassed the exploratory committee process and instead made his formal announcement of candidacy on March 23, 2015.<ref>http://www.c-span.org/video/?324979-1/ted-cruz-presidential-campaign-announcement</ref>
|-
|[[Marco Rubio]]
|Favorite of [[Fox News]], articulate, Hispanic, able to win key battleground state of [[Florida]] since he's from there, was on Romney's shortlist in 2012.
|Used to be a Tea Party favorite when he defeated [[RINO]] [[Charlie Crist]], but many have since soured on his actions, endorsed amnesty and has written an amnesty bill with [[Chuck Schumer]] and six other Senators, friends with [[Jeb Bush]], denounced [[Michele Bachmann]]'s investigation into [[Huma Abedin]], supports the party's neoconservative wing which is why he supports sending troops into Syria.
|Visited Iowa in December 2012 to speak at [[Jack Kemp]] library, delivered GOP response to Obama's 2013 SOTU, put his capital on the line working with seven other Senators on a controversial amnesty plan many conservatives oppose but has now eased away from it. Announced candidacy on April 13, 2015.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/04/13/rubio-announces-his-2016-gop-presidential-campaign/</ref>
|}

===Probable Republican candidates===
These individuals have taken formal actions (such as the formation of an exploratory committee) toward establishing candidacy.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Candidate
!Pros
!Cons
!Trending ...
|-
|[[Jeb Bush]]
|Able to win Florida, has Hispanic wife and kids, multilingual, backing of [[Karl Rove]] though if he doesn't run Rubio will get it. Presumably has the backing of most [[George_H.W._Bush#Family|Bush family]] members, with the notable exception of his mother, [[Barbara Bush|Barbara]], who stated, "We've had enough Bushes" during an April 2013 interview<ref>http://www.nbcnews.com/video/nightly-news/51667537#51667537</ref>.
|Outspokenly supports amnesty and Common Core, neither Tea Partiers or independent voters want a third Bush, told GOP primary voters they wouldn't elect Reagan today.
|Might count on Rubio to be a stalking horse because of their friendship but has contradicted Rubio on immigration in his latest book, if he and Clinton are the nominees many voters might gravitate to a third party.
|-
|[[Scott Walker]]
|A once-seeming [[movement conservative]] who defeated a recall that was pushed by [[George Soros]] and the unions, exhibited conservative determination in passing right-to-work in his state and surviving the relentless union attacks that followed.
|[[AFL-CIO]] and the other union special interests have him as a top target, but he stood his ground until recently where he's starting to adopt RINO stances on issues.
|January 2015 polling showed him leading the GOP field in Iowa.
|-
|[[Rick Perry]]
|Strong record of experience as Governor of [[Texas]]. Supports [[Second Amendment]]. Before the next election he might see a debating coach. Strong fundraiser. Not expanding [[Medicare]] to adjust for [[Obamacare]] like some other Governors are doing.
|Performed poorly in the debates last time, is an also-ran without [[Rick Santorum]]'s likely momentum in a race that will probably also have multiple other Republican Governors, also signed a state version of the DREAM Act and mandated vaccines for schoolgirls.
|He has stated that he might run again.
|-
|[[Rick Santorum]]
|Strong social conservative base, runner-up in the 2012 primary, by 2016 endorsing [[RINO]]-turned-Democrat [[Arlen Specter]] will be a distant memory for many because he died in 2012. Strongly opposed to [[homosexual agenda]].
|May have been a [[stalking horse]] for Romney in the last election, which he'll vehemently deny; in 2016 voters may want a new face to lead the party instead of an also-ran, media portrays as fanatic, voted for Bush's spending to be 'part of the team'.
|Says door is open on Presidential bid, compared his 2012 run to Reagan in 1976. Has founded an organization called Patriot Voices which may serve as a fulcrum for his campaign.
|-
|[[Chris Christie]]
|Blunt criticism of teacher's unions won conservatives over for about a year, [[Ann Coulter]] supports him. Has high approval ratings in a blue state.
|Unprofessional style, abrasiveness, severely overweight, praised Obama's Hurricane Sandy efforts only days before the 2012 election, has gotten heat for appointing Sharia judge and having pro-abortion Lieutenant Governor.
|Not endearing himself to conservatives with his statements on things like gun control.
|-
|[[Lindsey Graham]]
|Moderate Senator from South Carolina. Is pro-military and an advocate for a strong national defense. Good public speaker.
|Widely seen as a liberal on immigration issues. Is considered a clone of Sen. [[John McCain]] in the Senate.
|Announced the formation of a presidential exploratory committee in January 2015.
|-
|[[Ben Carson]]
|Plain-spoken, with common-sense solutions to the country's problems
|Has said states can enact gun control.
|The world-renowned surgeon made waves by skewering Obama's policies at the White House correspondent's dinner
|-
|[[Donald Trump]]
|Business smart, name recognition, holds some conservative positions
|Celebrity type that can be a distraction.
|A Suffolk University poll of 500 GOPers had Trump in 4th place. <ref>http://dailycaller.com/2015/03/26/trump-touts-new-poll-calls-himself-a-favorite-in-early-primary-states/</ref>
|}

===Other possible Republican candidates===
These individuals have expressed interest in running or have been mentioned as possible candidates.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Candidate
!Pros
!Cons
!Trending ...
|-
|[[Mike Huckabee]]
|Former Arkansas governor who ran well in the 2008 primaries. Is popular with Evangelicals. He's kept himself in the public eye for the past six and a half years as the host of a news and commentary show on the Fox network.
|Had a mixed record as governor. He's often considered to be too much of a regional candidate for success in a nationwide campaign.
|Resigned from his television show to explore a possible run for president. Has begun making TV appearances as a candidate, although he describes his decision as still tentative.
|-
|[[Bobby Jindal]]
|Populist conservative who says conservatives should be skeptical of big business, Indian-American, cleaned up Louisiana after Katrina and Governor Blanco, evangelical who also focuses on energy issues like Perry before him.
|Severely lacking in charisma.
|Has criticized the GOP on how it needs to be "smarter" and should emphasize it champions small business instead of big business, term limited to 2016.
|-
|[[Sarah Palin]]
|Very popular with the conservative base, record of cutting the size of government, expert on energy issues. Already experienced on national ticket.
|Thanks to the media, the electorate has already made up their minds about her. May prefer the role of commentator and not run for her and her children's sakes.
|
|-
|[[Condoleezza Rice]]
|Articulate, popular, foreign policy experience, takes the race and gender cards off the table, gave impassioned speech at the RNC, inspiring childhood story.
|Pro-choice, ties to Bush administration, never elected to any office, just appointed; left-wing immigration stance, had role leading up to [[Iraq War]], single status will mean she won't have the emotional support of a family for a Presidential run as [[Laura Bush]] has said; admired by some conservatives, disliked by others like [[paleoconservatives]] and from how [[Dick Cheney]] and [[Donald Rumsfeld]] have criticized her, she doesn't even have all the [[neoconservatives]] wrapped up.
|Some conservatives would think her running would be a good idea, others won't. She declined to run in 2008 and 2012, but from the speculation she was going to be Romney's VP, she might this time.
|-
|[[John Thune]]
|Senator who defeated [[Tom Daschle]], relatively conservative for a Senator.
|Voted for TARP and often votes for other spending bills the leadership pushes, not well known.
|
|-
|[[Susana Martinez]]
|Gave a good speech at the RNC, conservative Governor of a blue state, Hispanic.
|Might not be interested, expanded Medicare in her state.
|
|-
|[[Jan Brewer]]
|Former governor of Arizona. If she runs, will use potent immigration issue as foil to Bush and Rubio. Can take its mantle and change debate to pressure other candidates to tack right on the issue. Outspoken critic of Obama.
|May not be interested in the Presidency, expanded Medicare waiver for Obamacare, and is no longer in elective office. Has lost some support from conservatives.
|
|-
|[[Kelly Ayotte]]
|Represents a swing state
|Voted in favor of amnesty
|If Rubio is the Presidential nominee, he's likely to make Ayotte his running mate hoping the ticket will appeal to two swing states (Florida and New Hampshire), Hispanics, and women, offsetting Hillary with the last group. Both Rubio and Ayotte have been taken under the wings of McCain and Graham since getting in the Senate.
|-
|[[Allen West]]
|Conservative black Congressman from Florida who speaks his mind, some conservative activists insist that he run.
|Lost his race for re-election to the House two years after getting voted in.
|Has compared his loss to [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s before he became President in a radio interview.
|-
|[[Brian Sandoval]]
|Hispanic, fiscal conservative
|Pro-choice, expanded Medicare in his state, [[Harry Reid]] doesn't seem to mind his performance as Governor <ref>http://blogs.rgj.com/politics/2013/02/20/reid-says-hell-run-for-re-election-in-2016-wont-comment-on-sandoval-as-opponent/</ref>.
|
|}

==Democratic Party candidates==

===Announced Democratic candidates===
These individuals have formally announced their candidacy for the Democratic nomination in the 2016 presidential election.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Candidate
!Pros
!Cons
!Trending ...
|-
|[[Hillary Clinton]]
|Has wanted to be President for decades, has Clinton machine and big money behind her, teflon image helped along by the media, quitting Secretary of State position lets her run, she will have the "sexist" card at her disposal.
|Role in Benghazi and decades worth of scandals going back to the 90s, feminist.
|Announced candidacy on April 12, 2015.<ref>https://www.hillaryclinton.com</ref>
|}

[[Democrats]] will not have a choice other than [[liberal]] Hillary Clinton. If a competitive race were allowed by the party bosses (and it won't be), the candidates mentioned below her could be contenders:

===Probable Democratic candidates===
These individuals have taken formal actions (such as the formation of an exploratory committee) toward establishing candidacy.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Candidate
!Pros
!Cons
!Trending ...
|-
|[[Martin O'Malley]]
|Former governor of Maryland. Partisan and aggressive liberal.
|Martin who? He has low name recognition. Fiercely supports raising taxes and other very liberal stances, although that might help in the primary.
|
|-
|[[Jim Webb]]
|Former Virginia Senator and Secretary of the Navy
|
|
|-
|[[Lincoln Chafee]]
|Former governor of Rhode Island, former Republican
|
|
|}

===Other possible Democratic candidates===
These individuals have expressed interest in running or have been mentioned as possible candidates.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Candidate
!Pros
!Cons
!Trending ...
|-
|[[Joe Biden]]
|Tries to set image as he's "one of the folks" even though he's a millionaire. He'll have Obama's Chicago machine. Incumbent VPs often receive the party nomination
|Very gaffe-prone, VP to an unpopular administration.
|Currently yukking it up as Obama's Vice-President and has openly expressed some interest in running. Hasn't talked about running...yet. Should be good seeing how he and Hillary deal with each other on the stage if they both run.
|-
|[[Andrew Cuomo]]
|Tried to make himself look like a fiscal conservative, he's part of a political family like Jeb and Hillary, governor of a large state.
|Uncompelling, declared intentions to seize guns from lawful gun owners, which he's used executive orders to do.
|His late father, the former Governor, said he expected him to run. His gun confiscating executive orders are not sitting well with the American people by and large.
|-
|[[Mark Warner]]
|Senator from a swing state with a relatively moderate record compared to others, might try to get points with independents that the other Democrats won't have.
|He votes with his party most of the time, voted for gun control even though he claims to be pro-gun.
|
|-
|[[Elizabeth Warren]]
|Popular in [[Occupy Wall Street]] and other progressive circles, elected in very competitive Senate race.
|Caught lying about being a Native American so she could get [[affirmative action]] at Harvard, her very liberal views and rhetoric probably won't resonate in states less liberal than [[Massachusetts]].
|Won election to the Senate in November 2012 against [[Scott Brown]].
|-
|[[Evan Bayh]]
|Represented a state that generally votes Republican
|
|
|-
|[[Bernie Sanders]]
|Independent that is lockstep with the Democrat party. Popular among socialists.
|As head of the Veterans Affairs Committee, he has done nothing to fix scandals and help veterans. Endorses Obama's policies.
|
|}

== References ==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT: 2016, United States presidential election,}}
[[Category: United States Presidential Elections]]

Hillary Rodham Clinton

2015-04-13T21:43:06Z

ScottH35: /* 2008 Presidential campaign */ Fixed typo

{{Officeholder
|name=Hillary Rodham Clinton
|image=Hillary-6.jpg
|party=[[Democrat]]
|spouse=[[Bill Clinton]]
|religion=[[Methodist]]
|offices=
{{Officeholder/secretary (cabinet)
|of=State
|state=United States
|number=67th
|deputy=n
|governor=
|president=[[Barack Hussein Obama]]
|terms=January 21, 2009-January 30, 2013
|preceded=[[Condoleezza Rice]]
|former=n
|succeeded=[[John Forbes Kerry]]
}}
{{Officeholder/senator
|state=New York
|terms=January 3, 2001 – January 21, 2009
|preceded=[[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]]
|former=y
|succeeded=[[Kirsten Gillibrand]]
}}
}}
'''Hillary Rodham Clinton''' (b. 1947), member of the [[Democratic Party]], former [[United States Senate|Senator]] from [[New York]], and the 67th [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State of the United States]]. From 1993 to 2001 her husband, [[Bill Clinton]], was [[President of the United States]]. Hillary Clinton resigned from her job as [[Obama]]'s [[Secretary of State]] after her incompetence led to the deaths of four Americans during the Islamic terrorist attack on the U.S. consulate in [[Benghazi]].<ref>http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/05/09/senator-lindsey-graham-hillary-clinton-testify-benghazi-subpoena/2147869/</ref>

She is an [[elitist]], [[liberal]], [[pro-abortion]] advocate, supports the death penalty, has yet to embrace same sex marriage publicly but does support civil unions, and supports federal funding for embryotic stem-cell research.

In Hillary Clinton's and former President Bill Clinton's four decade marriage, her husband has frequently been accused of being a serial adulterer.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=foWUM2R1K0wC&pg=PA211&lpg=PA211&dq=barbara+olson%22open+marriage%22&source=bl&ots=08qLt6ftjN&sig=njP7QlpBV08LenTCyo4KVx3JBEQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=htMZT4-UC-7CsQKitZTjCw&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Barbara Olsen, ''Hell to Pay''], p.211.</ref><ref>[http://search.opinionarchives.com/Summary/AmericanSpectator/V27I45P32-1.htm ''Love and Hate in Arkansas], ''The American Spectator, Daniel Wattenberg, April 1994.</ref>

As a feminist and role model for young girls and women, Hillary Clinton lied for and covered up her husband's betrayal of trust.<ref>http://leany.com/Conspiracy/hillary_clinton_transcript.htm</ref>

Clinton is considered by many commentators to be the leading candidate for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in 2016.

==Early life==
Hillary Diane Rodham was born October 26, 1947, in Chicago, [[Illinois]] to Hugh Rodham and Dorothy Emma Howell Rodham. Hugh was from a Pennsylvania family of coal miners, but decided on higher education and graduated from Penn State University before moving to Chicago and becoming prosperous as a merchant. He also voted Republican and was known as a martinet. Hillary grew up in the upscale Chicago suburb of Park Ridge with two younger brothers, Hugh Jr. (born 1950) and Anthony (born 1954). Hillary attended Maine East High School, where she was involved in many extracurricular activities; was active in the Methodist church, and worked for Republican campaigns as a Goldwater Girl. In her memoirs Hillary Clinton described herself in 1964 as "an active Young Republican" and "a [[Barry Goldwater|Goldwater]] girl, right down to my cowgirl outfit." Columnist [[Robert Novak]] observed, "As a politically attuned honor student, she must have known that Goldwater was one of only six Republican senators who joined [[Solid South|Southern Democratic]] [[segregation]]ists opposing the historic [[Voting Rights Act|voting rights act of 1964]] inspired by King."<ref>[http://www.townhall.com/columnists/RobertDNovak/2007/03/12/hillary,_king_and_goldwater Hillary, King and Goldwater], by Robert D. Novak, [[Townhall.com]], March 12, 2007.</ref>

As a tenth-grader, she heard the Rev. [[Martin Luther King]] speak in person, and years later she remarked in a speech "As a young girl I had the great privilege of hearing [[Martin Luther King|Dr. King]] speak in Chicago. The year was 1963....[Dr. King] called on us, he challenged us that evening to stay awake during the great revolution that the [[civil rights]] pioneers were waging on behalf of a more perfect union."<ref>http://blogs.suntimes.com/sweet/2007/03/clintons_selma_speech_text.html</ref> In the eleventh grade, she was class vice-president, and she was in the top 5% of her class when she graduated in 1965.

===College===
Hillary Rodham then entered Wellesley College, an elite woman's college near Boston, and seemingly a Republican activist. During the summer of 1968, she participated in Wellesley's Washington Internship Program where she worked as an intern in the office of [[Melvin Laird]], then a congressman from Wisconsin, and attended the Republican convention in Miami as a [[Nelson Rockefeller]] supporter; Rockefeller would eventually lose the nomination to [[Richard Nixon]]. She was the commencement speaker at her graduation from Wellesley in 1969, during which she argued forcefully against the war in Vietnam and said, "And the challenge now is to practice politics as the art of making what appears to be impossible, possible." In her speech, she also acknowledged the influence of her roomate and friend Eleanor D. Acheson in helping Hillary become the first student in Wellesley College history to deliver its commencement address.<ref name="WesleyHillary">{{Cite web
|title=Wellesley College 1969 Student Commencement Speech |url=http://www.wellesley.edu/PublicAffairs/Commencement/1969/053169hillary.html
|publisher=Wellesley College
|date=31 May 1969 |accessdate=30 June 2011
}}</ref> Ms. Acheson, a lawyer and lesbian lobbyist,.<ref name="wcaddr">
{{cite web
|title=Changes under way in Task Force Public Policy & Government Affairs Department |url=http://www.thetaskforce.org/Update/2006/34_06_1219/index.htm
|publisher=National Gay and Lesbian Task Force
|date=19 December 2006
|accessdate=30 June 2011 }}</ref> - the granddaughter of President [[Harry Truman|Harry Truman’s]] secretary of state Dean Acheson - is credited for having introduced the young Hillary to political circles.

====Saul Alinsky====
[[File:Hillary letter1.png|right|200px|thumb|Letter by Hillary Rodham dated 1971, sent to community organizer and leftist radical Saul Alinsky.]]
By 1968 Rodham had abandoned her Republicanism in favor of liberalism, and in June, 1969, she appeared in ''Life'' Magazine, having written a statement advancing a cause of leftist politics and activism<ref>http://life.time.com/history/hillary-clinton-in-1969-photos-of-a-recent-college-grad/attachment/15_hillary2/</ref>. She also embraced a book, ''Reveille for Radicals''<ref>http://www.historyofsocialwork.org/1946_Alinsky/1946%20-%20Saul%20Alinsky%20-%20Reveille%20for%20Radicals.pdf</ref>, a work originally written in 1946 by a former archaeologist and full-time communist, Saul Alinsky, who in his book taught how to organize a community to the point where the "have-nots" (the poor) take from the "haves" (the middle-classes and rich), and she admitted that she had read it many times before her first of several meetings with him.

In a letter written in 1971, Rodham had asked Alinsky when his new book, ''Rules For Radicals'' was going to be published:
:''"When is that new book coming out — or has it come and I somehow missed the fulfillment of Revelation? I have just had my one-thousandth conversation about Reveille [for Radicals] and need some new material to throw at people. You are being rediscovered again as the New Left-type politicos are finally beginning to think seriously about the hard work and mechanics of organizing. I seem to have survived law school, slightly bruised, with my belief in and zest for organizing intact."''

''Rules For Radicals''<ref>https://archive.org/details/RulesForRadicals</ref> outlined twelve basic rules<ref>http://www.bestofbeck.com/wp/activism/saul-alinskys-12-rules-for-radicals</ref> for overthrowing a government, and Rodham read it voraciously. Alinsky's methods included "demonizing" and "ridiculing" the opposition, using the expertise of poor as a weapon, and using lies and innuendo to their fullest advantage. Alinsky wrote:
:''"A Marxist begins with his prime truth that all evils are caused by the exploitation of the proletariat by the capitalists. From this he logically proceeds to the revolution to end capitalism, then into the third stage of reorganization into a new social order of the dictatorship of the proletariat, and finally the last stage -- the political paradise of communism...An organizer working in and for an open society is in an ideological dilemma to begin with, he does not have a fixed truth -- truth to him is relative and changing; everything to him is relative and changing.... To the extent that he is free from the shackles of dogma, he can respond to the realities of the widely different situations...."''<ref>''Rules For Radicals'', pp. 10-11</ref>

In her 1969 thesis titled "There Is Only The Fight"<ref>https://nukegingrich.files.wordpress.com/2007/08/hillaryclintonthesis.pdf</ref> she praised Alinsky and his methods for community organizing:
:''"His are the words used in our schools and churches, by our parents and their friends, by our peers. The difference is that Alinsky really believes in them...Alinsky is regarded by many as the proponent of a dangerous socio/political philosophy. As such, he has been feared — just as Eugene Debs or Walt Whitman or Martin Luther King has been feared, because each embraced the most radical of political faiths — democracy.''"

Alinsky died in 1972, a short time after ''Rules For Radicals'' was published. Later on, at the behest of the Clinton White House, Rodham's thesis would be hidden, obtainable to a select few, and it would be in 2005 that it would be uncovered, despite being hidden by the college at Clinton's request<ref>http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122487008765067079</ref>. The two things that became clear in the following years was the fact that Hillary Rodham Clinton was solidly on the left, using the Alinsky method of overthrowing the Constitutional system of the United States, as well as going to any length to conceal her radicalism - and the lies of others within the Democratic Party - from the public.<ref>http://rense.com/general80/fon.htm</ref><ref>http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/09/saul-alinsky-secretly-controls-hillary-too.html</ref>

==Early Career==
In 1969, she attended Yale law school, where she was one of only 27 women among 235 law students. On May 7, 1970, she addressed the League of Women Voters in Washington, a sign of her growing prominence. Always active in campus politics, she ended up becoming something of a communications facilitator, as she had been at Wellesley, between potentially radical student elements and the college administration during the era of extreme student unrest in 1970. She was written up on hometown and New England newspapers, and was interviewed on Irv Kupcinet's nationally syndicated TV talk show from Chicago. That summer, she worked in Washington for Marian Wright Edelman's Washington Research Project, where she conducted research on migrant children's health and education difficulties, especially in the South. Her subsequent studies at Yale were concentrated on how the law affected children. At Yale in 1971, she met Bill Clinton, her future husband, also a law student at Yale.

She graduated from Yale Law School (JD 1973) a year later than necessary, having remained an extra year to be near Bill. As a staff attorney for the Children's Defense Fund, she specialized in children's advocacy law. She married Bill on October 11, 1975; daughter Chelsea was born in 1980.

===Arkansas===
As her husband built a political career in [[Arkansas]] as governor, she was a partner in the locally prestigious Rose Law Firm, 1976-1992. Nationally she continued her legal advocacy for children and chaired the American Bar Association's Commission on Women in the Profession, which played a pioneering role in raising awareness of issues like sexual harassment and equal pay.

During the 1970s and '80s, the Clintons invested in the [[Whitewater]] Development Corporation which later became the subject of a federal investigation, prosecutions and convictions. Jim and Susan McDougal, and then-Arkansas Governor Jim Guy Tucker were convicted of multiple counts of financial fraud, even though President Clinton testified for four hours for the defense.<ref>Once upon a Time in Arkansas, [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/arkansas/docs/clintondepo.html Transcript of Clinton's Sworn Deposition], PBS.</ref>

On the evening Bill Clinton lost his bid for a Congressional seat in 1974, Hillary is reported to have cursed out a Jewish aide using nasty words. <ref>Jerry Oppenheimer, ''State of a Union: Inside the Complex Marriage of Bill and Hillary Clinton'' (2000_ cites three witnesses to the incident. </ref>

===Legal Services Corporation===
Hillary Clinton was appointed by President [[Jimmy Carter]] to head the controversial [[Public defender|Legal Services Corporation]] (LSC) in 1978 and remained on the Board until 1983. <ref>[http://www.nlpc.org/view.asp?action=viewArticle&aid=225 Thwarting the Will of Congress: How the Legal Services Corporation Evaded, Diluted, and Ignored Reform], Testimony of Kenneth F. Boehm before the Subcommittee on Commercial and Administrative Law, House Judiciary Committee, February 28, 2002. </ref>
Under Hillary Clinton's leadership, the LSC began moving away from its legislated task of providing poor people with free lawyers and began an [[activist]] agenda to influence [[public policy]] through [[class action]] lawsuits. One case involved bringing lawsuits to force New York's Transit Authority to hire [[heroin]] addicts. The LSC also violated its own rules by organizing political campaigns against a state referendum and against [[Ronald Reagan]]. <ref>Michael Barone , [http://www.jewishworldreview.com/michael/barone070899.asp ''Taking Hillary seriously], ''Jewish World Review'', July 8, 1999. </ref>

Clinton failed the District of Columbia [[Bar Exam]] in the 1970s.<ref>[http://mediamatters.org/items/200706010006 On Today, Bernstein omitted key fact in purported disclosure of Clinton's D.C. bar exam failure: It's not news], ''[[MediaMatters]]'' June 1, 2007. Retrieved from MediaMatters.org October 4, 2007.</ref>

== 1992 Presidential campaign ==
===Alleged civil rights violations===
''The Hill'' magazine reported Hillary Clinton may have been involved in [[civil rights]] violations by monitoring illegal wiretaps and domestic spying on political opponents during the 1992 camapaign.<ref>[http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/gop-targeting-clinton-on-phone-call-snooping-2007-10-16.html GOP targeting Clinton on phone-call snooping], By Alexander Bolton, ''The Hill'', October 16, 2007.</ref> After the revelations came to light in a book entitled, ''Her Way'' [http://www.amazon.com/Her-Way-Ambitions-Hillary-Clinton/dp/0316017426] by Don Van Natta Jr., an investigative reporter at the ''[[New York Times]]'', and Jeff Gerth, who spent 30 years as an investigative reporter at the paper, a [[Republican]] official remarked,
{{Cquote|it is rather unbelievable that [Hillary] Clinton would listen in to conversations being conducted by political opponents, but refuse to allow our intelligence agencies to listen in to conversations being conducted by [[terrorist]]s as they plot and plan to kill us.<ref>[http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/gop-targeting-clinton-on-phone-call-snooping-2007-10-16.html GOP targeting Clinton on phone-call snooping], By Alexander Bolton, ''The Hill'', October 16, 2007.</ref> }}

== First Lady ==

During [[Bill Clinton]]'s presidency, Hillary initially played an important role. Immediately after his [[inauguration]] in 1993, she led a task force to create a national health care system. The secrecy of the Task Force was at issue in court cases which resulted in disclosures to comply with the law.

Her friend [[Vince Foster]] supervised the defense of the litigation, but died under mysterious circumstances at the height of the controversy; the death was ruled a suicide by the U.S Park Service. The Task Force proposals lacked public support and support from the Democrats in Congress, and came to nothing but an embarrassment for the Clinton presidency.

Subsequently, the Republicans won a landslide victory in 1994, taking over both Houses of Congress.

===Healthcare task force scandals ===
:''Main article: [[Clinton health care plan]]''
Hillary was asked by her husband to play a central role in secretly crafting a plan to overhaul Health Care. Joe Klein. author of ''Primary Colors'', the fawning rendition of the phenomena of Clintonism on the 1992 campaign trail remarked,
{{Cquote |Bill Clinton really believed that if anybody was going to come up with the answer to the most vexing public policy problem out there, it was going to be Hillary. It was one of the stupidest political decisions that Bill Clinton ever made.<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/transcript/clinton-transcript/ Program Transcript, Clinton, WGBH American Experience, PBS.]</ref>}}
Democrats were divided, and conservatives counterattacked. The Democratically controlled Congress refused to even vote on it, given its unpopularity and having to publicly take a stand in support of the Clintons before the 1994 Midterm Elections.

The Association of American Physicians and Surgeons (AAPS), along with several other groups, filed a lawsuit over closed-door meetings related to the HillaryCare. The AAPS sued to gain access to the list of members of the task force which the Clinton administration had kept secret from the public.<ref>[http://nlpc.org/government-integrity-project?page=74 National Legal Policy Center, Government Integrity Project]</ref> On June 14, 1993 the ''Washington Times'' reported Hillary's task force records were being shredded.

Along with the failed tasks force's membership sealed from the public, so was its budget, accounting, and spending authority. Hillary's task force was given a budget of $100,000. In secret, it spent almost $14 million.<ref>[http://gao.justia.com/department-of-justice/1995/3/cost-of-health-care-task-force-related-activities-t-ggd-95-114/ Cost of Health Care Task Force Related Activities]. GAO Report. Gao ID: T-GGD-95-114. March 14, 1995.</ref>

The long-term impact was an embarrassment to Hillary, especially in her 2008 presidential campaign.

===Removal of documents from Vince Foster's office===
After the death of White House staffer Vince Foster, 20 year Secret Service veteran Henry O' Neill testified before Congress he observed as Hillary Clinton's chief of staff, Margaret Williams, carry boxes of papers out of Foster's office and up to the White House residence quarters on First Lady Hillary Clinton's instructions. The documents related to the Clinton's blind trust and White House real estate investments. Under oath, Hillary Clinton denied issuing the instructions or receiving the documents. The documents were now considered evidence in the investigation of the death of Vince Foster.

Two years later, some of the documents were retrieved from the private White House quarters. FBI investigators determined Hillary Clinton's fingerprints were on the documents.<ref>http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/C?r104:./temp/~r104dYXUst</ref>

===Conspiracy theories and enemies list===
[[File:Hillary-5.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Hillary made a pointed reference to "a vast right-wing conspiracy" as being responsible for her husbands infidelity and the myriad scandals which have plagued the Clintons since their early days in Arkansas.]]
:''Main article: [[Vast right wing conspiracy theory]]
Hillary Clinton branded opponents of the Administration and critics of the Clinton's scandalous lifestyles as "a vast right-wing conspiracy." White House staffers made up an enemies list of persons and organizations who subsequently endured IRS audits and harassment. <ref>Larry Klayman, WorldNetDaily 7/9/99. [http://www.alamo-girl.com/0311.htm]</ref>

===Reaction to infidelity and criticizing opponents===
Although Hillary Clinton told CBS's Steve Kroft in an interview on ''60 Minutes'' to address her husband's infidelity, Clinton emphatically stated,
{{Cquote|I'm not sitting here – some little woman standing by my man like Tammy Wynette. <ref>[http://www.angelfire.com/wa/starreport/60min.html Transcript ''60 Minutes'' interview].</ref>}}

Clinton likewise mocked stay-at-home-moms for baking cookies while she was employed at a "high powered" law firm making more money than her husband. She was lauded by liberal media and pundits as "a strong women."

In the end, when confronted with the infidelity of her husband, she blamed "a vast right-wing conspiracy" and stood by her man.
<blockquote>
'Why didn’t you leave the White House when you found out about the cheating of your husband?'
[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1381198/Libya-war-2011-Aisha-Gaddafi-taunts-Obama-Hillary-Clinton.html#ixzz1Q2ALmYp2 Gaddafi's daughter Aisha Gaddafi.]
</blockquote>

===Accusations of stolen gifts===
When the Clintons left the White House, they were accused of taking furniture that belonged not to them, but to the White House and the American people. Clinton spokespeople claimed that the movers "inadvertently" packed the wrong items. Most of the articles were quietly returned. <ref>"Clinton Shipped Furniture Year Ago," Washington Post, February 10, 2001.</ref>

== U.S. Senate ==
[[Image:070917graveconcern-x.gif|right|thumb|400px]]
In 2000, Clinton ran for the New York Senate seat vacated by the [[Democratic Party|Democratic]] Senator [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]]. Backed by the White House, she obtained the Democratic nomination for this Senate seat, and then won easily against Republican Rick Lazio (who entered the race when [[Rudy Giuliani]] withdrew). Clinton was a high visibility show horse, working to develop a base in upstate regions. She initiated no major legislation.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_7_54/ai_84454903 Hillary Clinton's spending of taxpayer money], ''[[National Review]], April 22, 2002.</ref> Clinton is said to have belonged to a conservative prayer group with the purpose of "bringing Jesus back to Capitol Hill."<ref>http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2007/09/hillarys-prayer.html</ref> A few of her collaborators in the group include Senator Sam Brownback (R-Kan) and Senator Rick Santorum (R-Pa).

In preparation for her Senate bid, President Clinton offered clemency to members of the [[Armed Forces of National Liberation]] (FALN) [[terrorist]] group <ref>[http://rpc.senate.gov/_files/92199CoddlingTerrorists.pdf U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee] testimony available at http://www.senate.gov/~judiciary/wl91599.htm, ''The Tampa Tribune'', S.J.Res. 33 (passed 95-2).</ref> to curry favor with [[radical]] [[Puerto Rican]] voters among the New York electorate.<ref>[http://www.jonathanpollard.org/senate.htm FALN Clemency and NY Senate Race], (2000). Retrieved from http://www.jonathanpollard.org September 20,2007.</ref> The FALN bombed Fraunces Tavern in [[Manhattan]], killing four people in 1975. Over a six-year period, the group claimed responsibility for more than 100 bombings that took six lives and injured some 130 people.<ref>[http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/puertorico/sep4.htm Clinton Pardons Terror], ''New York Post'', August 13, 1999. retrieved from http://www.latinamericanstudies.org September 14, 2007.</ref>

===FEC fined campaign for failing to accurately report $721,895 in contributions===

In January 2006 Hillary Clinton's New York Senate 2000 campaign was fined $35,000 for failing to accurately report $721,895 in contributions. <ref>[http://www.fec.gov/press/press2006/20060126mur.html Federal Elections Commission] Press Release, January 26, 2006. </ref>

===Saddam's weapons of mass destruction===
[[File:Hillary-4.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Among Democrats, Hillary Clinton's views on Iraq were highly regarded, including accounting for Saddam's WMD. ]]
Speaking on [[Saddam Hussein]]'s possession of [[weapons of mass destruction]] (WMD), Hillary invoked her experience in the Clinton White House:,
{{Cquote|I have to say that this is something that I have followed for a decade. If he [Saddam] were serious about disarming, he would have been much more forthcoming. There may be progress, we may be destroying his missiles, there is no accounting for the [[Weapons of mass destruction|chemical and biological stocks]].<ref>[http://www.archive.org/details/HillaryClintonsviewsongoingtowarSaddamandWMDs Hillary Clinton's views on going to war, Saddam, and WMD]</ref>}}

Hillary Clinton further described the situation after weapons inspectors we're expelled during the time when America had two in the position of presidential leadership, "for the price of one."<ref>[http://www.townhall.com/columnists/CharlesKrauthammer/2007/11/02/two_for_the_price_of_one Two For the Price of One], By Charles Krauthammer, November 2, 2007.</ref>
{{Cquote|In the four years since the inspectors left, intelligence reports show that Saddam Hussein has worked to rebuild his chemical and biological weapons stock, his missile delivery capability, and his [[nuclear]] program. He has also given aid, comfort, and sanctuary to [[terrorist]]s, including [[al Qaeda]] members ... It is clear, however, that if left unchecked, Saddam Hussein will continue to increase his capacity to wage biological and chemical warfare, and will keep trying to develop nuclear weapons.<ref>[http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=6390 Sen. Hillary Clinton (D, NY), October 10, 2002]. Retrieved from Zmag.org December 4, 2007.</ref>}}

===Failure to reform earmarks===
The noted newspaper which covers legislative affairs, ''The Hill'', reported Hillary Clinton received more [[earmark]]s for Congressional [[pork barrel]] projects than only one other United States Senator. Reforming the earmark process had been among the Democrats top priorities in the [[110th Congress]], up until the time Democrats voted to rescind the rules aimed at reform that were passed in the first 100 hours of the new Congress in January. Ethics reform and the earmark process is widely attributed as the cause why Republicans lost control of both Houses of Congress after several members had been caught up in ethical scandals. ''The Hill'' reported Sen. Clinton received 26 earmarks worth about $148.4 million total, much going to [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] contractors. <ref>[http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/clinton-can-boast-wealth-of-earmarks-2007-06-13.html Clinton can boast wealth of earmarks], By Roxana Tiron and Ilan Wurman, ''The Hill'', June 13, 2007.</ref>

===Voted against raising the minimum wage===

After voting to send troops to Iraq Hillary Clinton voted against funding the troops in Iraq. In May of 2007 Clinton voted against raising the minimum wage. <ref>[http://www.vote-smart.org/issue_keyvote_detail.php?cs_id=12952&can_id=55463 Senate Concurrence on HR 2206] Title 8 Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007, Record Vote Number 181, 05/24/2007. [http://www.vote-smart.org/issue_keyvote_member.php?cs_id=12952]</ref>

== 2008 Presidential campaign ==
[[File:Aufzumsieg.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Hillary as the universally acclaimed presidential frontrunner and titular head of the Democratic party in 2007.]]
She ran for the [[United States Presidential Election, 2008 - Primaries|2008 Democratic presidential candidacy]], winning more primaries than any woman in history. On June 7th, 2008 she conceded defeat to [[Barack Obama]] after a closely challenged campaign, although she did not release her delegates until the convention itself.

===Attacks on Barack Obama===
A pro-Hillary website, [http://www.stop-obama.org/ stop-obama.org], which billed itself as, " a multiracial team of Democrats dedicated to critically think about BARACK HUSSEIN OBAMA...will challenge the Obama image through scrutiny and analysis. We will ask tough questions about Obama’s past, present, his associations, and identity."<ref>http://www.stop-obama.org/?page_id=23</ref> The group stated,
{{quotebox|Obama had the misfortune of rich grandparents who lavishly spent their time and money on him, pampering him with attention and prep-school. Far from thanks, Obama grew resentful, and instead of softening his drive to “Rule the World,” only increased it. As his relatives and colleagues witness, it would come to define his life.<ref>http://www.stop-obama.org/?p=48</ref>}}
Hillary regularly relied upon the so-called "opposition research"<ref>[http://www.jeffkuhner.com/printer.php?q=jk-7895-phpgzkqyx-&page=articles Distortions and lies at The New York Times], Jeffrey T. Kuhner, Jan. 30-Feb. 5, 2007. www.insightmag.com </ref> of the same sources from the group to attack and denigrate the person, character, identity, and motives of Barack Obama.<ref>http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=92143</ref><ref>http://www.qando.net/details.aspx?Entry=5300</ref>

===Promises made, promises broken===
In late August 2007 Senator [[Bill Nelson]] and other members of Florida's Congressional delegation protested the Democratic National Committee's scheme<ref>[http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/F/FL_DEMOCRATIC_PRIMARY_FLOL-?SITE=FLPET&SECTION=HOME Fla. Democrats warn of voting rights probe if state sanctioned], By Rasha Madkour, Associated Press, Aug 23, 2007. Retrieved from ''St. Petersburg Times'' August 24, 2007.</ref> to deprive Floridians of equal voting rights protection<ref>[http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/F/FL_DEMOCRATIC_PRIMARY_FLOL-?SITE=FLPET&SECTION=HOME Fla. Democrats warn of voting rights probe if state sanctioned], By Rasha Madkour, Associated Press, Aug 23, 2007. Retrieved from ''St. Petersburg Times'' August 24, 2007.</ref> in selection of delegates to the 2008 DNC Presidential nominating convention. A letter sent to DNC Chairman [[Howard Dean]], threatened legal action "to determine whether this could violate any state or [[federal law]]s governing and protecting individual [[Voting Rights Act|voting rights]].... It always has been a priority of our party to protect the rights of every eligible American to vote...We would hope the DNC will continue to honor this right."<ref>[http://www.nelsonforsenate.com/feature/dean/ Letter from Florida Congressional Democrats to DNC Chairman Howard Dean], August 22, 2007. Retrieved from nelsonforsenate.com/feature/dean/ September 13, 2007.</ref> The move prompted Hillary Clinton to pledge not to campaign in Florida.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/02/us/politics/02dems.html?ex=1346472000&en=d7f7216c6188da2e&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink Clinton, Obama and Edwards Join Pledge to Avoid Defiant States], By Jeff Zeeleny, ''New York Times'', September 2, 2007.</ref> A week later she was campaigning in Florida.<ref>[http://www.siouxcityjournal.com/articles/2007/09/11/news/iowa/c07662f8adc84f9a8625735300091c7f.txt Candidates have events in Florida despite pledge], By Charlotte Eby, ''Sioux City Journal'', September 11, 2007.</ref>

===Abuse of Mother Teresa's image and reputation===
Hillary Clinton was chastised by a [[Catholic]] Advocacy group for using an image of [[Mother Teresa]] in a campaign ad. Clinton continues to support abortion. <ref>[http://www.fidelis.org/gw3/articles-news/articles.php?CMSArticleID=1456&CMSCategoryID=10 Fidelis Covered by Catholic News Agency on Mother Teresa Video Controversy], ''Catholic News Agency,'' 05-18-2007.</ref> The U.S. Catholic-based advocacy group Fidelis, an organization working with people of faith to defend the [[sanctity of life]], [[traditional marriage]], and [[Religious freedom|religious liberty]] rights, called for Hillary Clinton to remove the image of Mother Teresa from their campaign video. In a press release the group declared the video, narrated by her Bill Clinton,
{{Cquote|is wholly inappropriate, disrespectful and disturbing ...using an image of blessed Mother Teresa as a political tool, especially given their [[radical]]ly different views on abortion...Mother Teresa tirelessly fought to protect unborn children, while Hillary Clinton staunchly supports [[abortion]] on demand in all nine months of pregnancy, including [[partial birth abortion]] and [[taxpayer funding of abortion]]}}

When the image of Hillary and Mother Teresa appears in the video the former president is heard saying “Hillary, in effect, was the face of America … in India;” the video then cuts to a clip of the former first lady addressing the 1995 Beijing Conference where an effort was made to declare abortion a fundamental “human right.”

===Nixon's legacy===
Barbara Olson in her 1990 book ''Hell to Pay'' <ref>[http://www.amazon.com/o/ASIN/0895262746/102-6782111-3076127?SubscriptionId=11NRD61HE570TCSR99R2]</ref> made a convincing case that the former Goldwater girl, raised in a Republican home, while working for the staff of the House Judiciary Committee preparing impeachment Articles against [[President Nixon]], studied Nixon very closely. Olson and others have now commented how Hillary Clinton built her political career by learning to think and act as Nixon did, and modeling herself after him. These writers cite instance after instance of such behavior. <ref>[http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=45138 Hillary's Secret War], The plan to silence Internet journalists, Joseph Farah, ''WorldNetDaily.com'', July 6, 2005.</ref> When Democratic competitor [[Barack Obama]] made a public statement vowing not to use [[nuclear weapons]], Hillary Clinton shot back,
{{Cquote|I don't believe that any president should make any blanket statements with respect to the use or nonuse of nuclear weapons}} reflecting Nixon's thoughts in ''The Real War'' :
{{Cquote|[[Eisenhower]] said... "You should never let the enemy know what you will do, but it's more important that you never let the enemy know what you will not do." }}
Nixon referred to it as "the Madman theory,"
{{Cquote|... statements that appear to rule out the use of force, while perhaps meant to be unprovocative, will in fact provoke an antagonist to push for more. ...we should not make statements that we will never launch a preemptive strike. Whether or not we would ever exercise that option, we should always leave open the possibility that in extreme circumstances we might. <ref>[http://nobsnews.blogspot.com/1996/10/real-war.html#hole_card ''The Real War''], Richard Nixon, Warner Books, May 1980, pgs. 253 - 260.</ref>}}

===Alleged embellishment of career events===
[[Peggy Noonan]] observed Hillary Clinton's distortions of her record on the campaign trail:
{{quotebox|She is having the worst case of [[cognitive dissonance]] in the history of modern politics. She cannot come up with a credible, realistic path to the nomination. ... But she is a scrapper, a fighter, and she's doing what she knows how to do: scrap and fight. Only harder. So that she ups the ante every day. She helped Ireland achieve peace. She tried to stop NAFTA. She's been a leader for 35 years. She landed in Bosnia under siege and bravely dodged bullets. It was as if she'd watched the movie ''Wag the Dog,'' with its fake footage of a terrified refugee woman running frantically from mortar fire, and found it not a cautionary tale about manipulation and politics, but an inspiration. <ref>http://online.wsj.com/article/declarations.html</ref>}}

===PolitiFact Awards===
Hillary received a "Pants on Fire" award from [[PolitiFact]] for saying Obama "basically threatened to bomb Pakistan."<ref> http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/375/ Et tu, Clinton?</ref>
Hillary received a second "Pants on Fire" award from [[PolitiFact]] for this false statement to a Washington, D.C. crowd on March 17th, 2008. {{cquote| I remember landing under sniper fire.<ref> http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/411/ Video shows tarmac welcome, no snipers</ref>}}

==Secretary of State==
After [[Barack Obama]] won the election, Hillary was widely speculated to be offered a role in the upcoming Obama Administration. On 1 December 2008 Obama announced that he was nominating Hillary to become his [[Secretary of State]], succeeding [[Condoleezza Rice]] in January 2009. Hillary touted her role as "Tough Smart Foreign Policy." It was later revealed by Mrs. Biden that Joe was first offered the Secretary of State position, an unintended swipe at Hillary. She would criticize the White House for delaying a key appointment to her staff saying, "White House vetting process as a "nightmare," "frustrating beyond words" and "ridiculous."

[[Mark Rudd]] of [[Progressives for Obama]] said of the appointment, "the mere mention of the names Hillary Clinton and [[Lawrence Summers]] alone conjure up a litany of horrendous [[right-wing]]ers appointed to top level positions.... On foreign policy and the wars and the use of the military there will be no change at all. That's what keeping Gates at the Pentagon and Clinton at State..." <ref>http://www.markrudd.com/?organizing-and-activism-now/lets-get-smart-about-obama-nov-2008.html</ref>

In July 2009, Bill Clinton trtavelled to [[North Korea]] to attempt to negotiate for the release of Americans held hostage. She was asked by a Congolese university student what her husband thought of international relations. She responded annoyed, "My husband is not secretary of state, I am," and "I am not going to be channeling my husband." Diplomats laughed when Clinton took umbrage at a Congolese questioner whom she took to be asking her husband's opinion, but it later surfaced that the question had been mistranslated.

In addition, a U.S. senator flew to Burma to bargain for the release of yet another American. Also, envoys of the reclusive North Korean regime have come to the U.S. for a meeting privately with New Mexico Gov. [[Bill Richardson]]. All this had America wondering if Hillary has been marginalized in her Obama Administration role.

While Hillary was Sec. of State, her department covered up sexual assaults <ref>http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505263_162-57588456/state-department-memo-reveals-possible-cover-ups-halted-investigations/</ref> and pedophilia by her employees <ref>http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505263_162-57588456/state-department-memo-reveals-possible-cover-ups-halted-investigations/</ref>. Hillary has a long history of supporting individuals accused of sexual assault, including her husband, Bill Clinton, after he was accused of rape by [[Juanita Broaddrick]] <ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KZ8ICvutc0</ref>. Broaddrick complained publicly about Hillary's pro-sexual assault viewpoint. <ref>http://www.apfn.org/apfn/Juanita.htm</ref>

===Foreign Policy===
====Libyan War and the Benghazi attack====
:''See also [[Libyan War]] and [[Benghazi attack]]''
[[File:Hillary-3.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Upon hearing the news of Gaddafi's murder, Sec. Clinton joked, "We Came, We Saw, He Died."]]
Obama Takes Hard Line With Libya After Shift by Clinton: Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton found herself juggling the inconsistencies of American foreign policy in a turbulent Middle East. She criticized the foreign minister of the [[United Arab Emirates]] for sending troops to quash protests in Bahrain even as she pressed him to send planes to intervene in Libya. She was the driving force behind the United States military action in Libya (It is said on March 14 she met in Paris with members of the Libyan [[jihad]]is and [[Bernard Henri Levy]]). Mrs. Clinton was one of a handful of top administration aides who had been arguing for intervention. Within hours, Mrs. Clinton and the aides had convinced Obama that the United States had to act, and the president ordered up military plans, which Adm. Mike Mullen, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, hand-delivered to the White House the next day. On Thursday (March 17), during an hour-and-a -half meeting, Obama signed off on using American pilots to join Europeans and jihadists in military strikes against the Libyan government... The president had a caveat, though. The American involvement in military action in Libya should be limited — no ground troops — and finite. “Days, not weeks,” a senior White House official recalled him saying. [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/19/world/africa/19policy.html?_r=2&hp]

On March 17, in Tunisia, Hillary said: ''"Gaddafi must go," calling him "a ruthless dictator that has no conscience and will destroy anyone or anything in his way." "If Gaddafi does not go, he will just make trouble," she said. "That is just his nature. There are some creatures that are like that."'' [http://www.aolnews.com/2011/03/17/hillary-clinton-in-tunisia-need-plan-for-economic-development/]

In joining Ms. Susan Rice and Ms. Samantha Power, Mrs. Clinton made an unusual break with Secretary of Defense [[Robert Gates]], who, along with the national security adviser, Thomas E. Donilon, and the counterterrorism chief, [[John O. Brennan]], had urged caution. Libya was not vital to American national security interests, the men argued, and Mr. Brennan worried that the Libyan rebels remained largely unknown to American officials, and could have ties to Al Qaeda. [[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/19/world/africa/19policy.html?_r=2&hp]]

Hillary stated:
{{cquote|We are currently doing everything we can to bomb, strafe and use missiles to carry the rebels into power in Libya. We want them to win. We just don’t know who they are.” Hillary Rodham Clinton. [http://pajamasmedia.com/tatler/2011/06/23/hillary-clinton-to-libya-skeptics-whose-side-are-you-on/]}}

The president fully articulated American foreign policy toward Libya as formulated by Hillary Clinton: "Left unchecked... a humanitarian crisis would ensue.... The democratic values that we stand for would be overrun."<ref>http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CDUQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fnatsec%2FR41725.pdf&ei=kJkNUeedJ43DiwLCm4H4DQ&usg=AFQjCNHhRCTBkk8zUd7wMWao9DKaab8bww&sig2=8SrhE1X08403SM783aYujg&bvm=bv.41867550,d.cGE Congressional Research Service report].</ref> Nonetheless, after being captured on October 20, 2011 by forces backed by Hillary Clinton and the Obama administration, Gaddafi was first brutally sodomized, murdered, and his lifeless body paraded through the streets.<ref>http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20123348-503544/clinton-on-qaddafi-we-came-we-saw-he-died/</ref>

On September 11, 2012, the anniversary of the [[9/11 terror attacks]], Islamist terrorists attacked the American embassy and killed four people. In testimony before Congress on January the 23th, 2013 Clinton was asked why the [[Obama administration]] deliberately put out false information about the attack just prior to the [[Presidential Election of 2012]], Clinton screamed at Senators, "WHAT DIFFERENCE AT THIS POINT DOES IT MAKE?".<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/01/23/senator-calls-for-top-to-bottom-review-state-department-ahead-clinton-testimony/</ref>

====Mali & Algeria====
Hillary Clinton further testified in the wake of the Benghazi murders that occurred under her stewardship, that weapons and fighters equipped by the Obama administration made their way into [[Mali]] and [[Algeria]]:
{{cquote|There is no doubt that the Algerian terrorists had weapons from Libya. There is no doubt that the Malian remnants of AQIM ([[Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb]]) have weapons from Libya.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/clinton-says-militants-used-weapons-libya-algeria-attack-154222664.html Clinton says militants used weapons from Libya in Algeria attack,] Reuters, Jan 23, 2013.]</ref>}}
Two more Americans were killed, along with 35 others, after being taken hostage by rebel jihadists in Mali shortly after the Libyan upheaval.<ref>[http://world.time.com/2013/01/21/algeria-37-foreigner-hostages-killed-in-attack/ Algeria: 37 Foreigner Hostages Killed in Attack], Associated Press, Jan. 21, 2013. ''TIME'' magazine.</ref>

President [[Vladimir Putin]] of Russia observed, "Upheaval in Libya, accompanied by the uncontrolled proliferation of arms, contributed to the deterioration of the situation in Mali. Terrorist attacks in Algeria that took away the lives of innocent people – including those from foreign countries – became the consequences of such tragic developments."<ref>[http://rt.com/news/putin-libya-mali-algeria-704/ Putin links Algeria attack, Mali unrest to Libyan upheaval], January 25, 2013. rt.com</ref>

====Boko Haram====
Hilary Clinton and the State Department refused to place [[Boko Haram]] on the list of foreign terrorist organizations in 2011, after the group bombed the UN headquarters in Abuja. The refusal came despite the urging of the Justice Department, the FBI, the CIA, and over a dozen Senators and Congressmen.<ref>http://hotair.com/archives/2014/05/08/did-hillary-refuse-to-designate-boko-haram-as-a-terrorist-organization/</ref>

In 2014 Boko Haram kidnapped 276 Black African Christian girls and has sold them into slavery, reports indicate.
====Middle East====
[[File:Hillary Clinton Shimon Peres Jesusalem 2009.jpg|thumb|Israel's President Shimon Peres kisses U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton as he gives her flowers after their meeting in Jerusalem March 3, 2009.]]
In November 2009 before George Mitchell's awkward removal as Middle East emissary, Clinton finally took a foreign policy initiative in the highly sensitive Palestine-Israeli peace process. However, she offended the Palestinians by praising Israel for offering to curb its settlement-building program in the [[West Bank]]. <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/11/01/palestinians-accuse-clinton-undermining-peace-talks-shift-settlements/ Palestinians Accuse Clinton of Undermining Peace Talks With Shift on Settlements, FoxNews, November 1, 2009]</ref> The Palestinians accused her of undermining progress toward Mideast peace talks(the Palestinians want to see all settlements dismantled). To try and make amends and smooth over Palestinians, she issued a new statement saying the US wants [[Israel]] settlement halt forever, “We do not accept the legitimacy of settlement activity and we have a very firm belief that ending all settlement activity, current and future, would be preferable.” <ref>[http://www.jewishjournal.com/israel/article/in_cairo_clinton_clarifies_settlement_position_20091104/ "In Cairo, Clinton clarifies settlement position," ''Jewish Journal'', November 4, 2009]</ref>

Once again, Clinton's failure as Secretary of State came into question as [[John Kerry]] planned a visit to [[Iran]], which Iran rejected. <ref>[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB126161465189603571.html?mod=WSJ_newsreel_us Kerry Floats Plan to Visit Tehran, Wall Street Journal. December 24, 2009]</ref> Kerry was named as the replacement of Hillary Clinton after President Obama's embarrassing failure to garner support fort Amb. Susan Rice's nomination.<ref>[http://www.philly.com/inquirer/world_us/20091022_Kerry_plays_key_role_for_the_president.html Kerry plays key role for the president, Philly.com, October 22, 2009]</ref>

====Africa====
Clinton went to Africa to demonstrate the administration is giving Africa a higher priority than usual. Clinton has long been outspoken on causes like development, health, poverty, and gender violence. Her first stop was [[Kenya]], where the U.S. policy is to stabilize the political situation which has been on the brink of civil war. Also important is economic development, with a continentwide economic conference. Under Bill Clinton the "African Growth and Opportunity Act" expanded the number of tariff-free goods sub-Saharan countries could export to the United States. Kenya is an economic engine in eastern Africa, and needs encouragement to seek economic growth and leadership rather than risk an ethnic civil war.

[[South Africa]] is the superpower on the continent, but relations were strained with the U.S. under the country's erratic former president, Thabo Mbeki. He for example, fought against American effort to stamp out AIDS, suggesting the disease was a Western conspiracy. The new president, Jacob Zuma, is an unknown quantity. South Africa is in its first recession in more than a decade. With riots on the streets over his failure to deliver on promises to the country's poor, Zuma may hope to capitalize on improved relations with the United States. That bodes well for Clinton.One of the biggest splits was over Zimbabwe, where Bush wanted Mbeki to take a more pro-active role, while Mbeki wanted the United States to stay out of his tyranny.
[[Angola]] is now the top oil exporter in Africa, with the usual corrupt pattern of concentrated oil wealth, wobbly, and a 48% unemployment rate. American oil companies are active and the U.S. is providing business and military support. American support for Angola causes resentment in the rest of Africa, where critics attack the American friendship with President José Eduardo Dos Santos, who has held power for more than 30 years. President Bush's oft-stated concern for human rights and democracy in Angola was seen by African nationalists as little more than a pretence.
<blockquote>
Hillary Clinton, US Secretary of State, embarked on an official African trip that took her to Zambia, Tanzania and Ethiopia.
In a press conference in Lusaka, Clinton is reported to have warned her host continent about ‘new colonialism' in Africa from external actors and investors interested only in extracting Africa's natural resources... Clinton did not mention [[China]] by name, but as her officials later confirmed to reporters, she wanted to stress that African countries should beware of the Chinese and hold their investors to high standards.[http://www.herald.co.zw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13585:interpreting-clintons-new-colonialism&catid=39:opinion&Itemid=132]
</blockquote>

====East Asia====
[[File:021910 dalailama13 slideshow 604x500.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Hillary Clinton negotiated the debt deal with China that piled $2 trillion unto the [[national debt]]; to mollify Chinese Communists concerns about granting [[Tibet]] the honor and dignity due a head of state, here the [[Dalai Lama]] is walked past piles of garbage after meeting with President Obama in the [[Oval Office]] <ref>http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/02/18/obama.dalailama/index.html ''CNN''</ref>]]
Clinton's first foreign visit in early 2009 was to [[China]] to convince them to purchase trillions in [[U.S. Treasury]] debt to finance President Obama and the Democrats [[stimulus]] programs and the [[federal deficit]].<ref>[http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=CNG.42a44b0f5d9cf5c9762e80574e79a3d5.831&show_article=1 Clinton wraps Asia trip by asking China to buy US debt,] Briebart, Feb 22 2009.</ref> Clinton told Chinese leaders the [[Obama administration]] considered [[human rights]] secondary to economic wellbeing.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/4735087/Hillary-Clinton-Chinese-human-rights-secondary-to-economic-survival.html Hillary Clinton: Chinese human rights secondary to economic survival,] Richard Spencer, ''London Telegraph,'' 20 Feb 2009.</ref>

The [[Dalai Lama]] was made [[Tibet]]an head of state in 1950, the same year that China invaded and occupied Tibet.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/02/18/analysis.china.dalai.lama/index.html Analysis: Why the Dalai Lama angers China,] Jaime FlorCruz, CNN Beijing Bureau Chief, February 18, 2010.</ref> [[CNN]] reports the Chinese find it "unacceptable when they see the Dalai Lama treated as a VIP, or even akin to a head of state." <ref>Ibid.</ref>

After the Dalai Lama met with President Obama in February, 2010 he was unceremoniously escorted through a side door that trash is regularly carried out to a photo op with awaiting cameras.

In [[Japan]], she met publicly with Yukio Hatoyama, the former opposition leader, who won a landslide election in Sept, 2009. The question was over whether the new government would continue to follow American foreign policy regarding economic affairs, [[North Korea]]'s development of [[nuclear weapons]],<ref>[http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=20448 Appeasing North Korea: the Clinton Legacy,] Ben Johnson, January 03, 2003. FrontPageMagazine.com</ref> and the issue of 47,000 troops American troops stationed there. Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama in his election campaign vowed to review a 2006 agreement to relocate the U.S. Marine Corps Futenma Air Base from an urban to a coastal part of the southern island of Okinawa. The base has angered residents because of aircraft noise and friction with U.S. servicemen; while in opposition, Hatoyama suggested it could be moved off the island altogether, a move the United States under Bush strongly opposed.

====South America====
Hillary's trip to [[Argentina]] became controversial as she meddled into a touchy subject by attempting to force [[Britain]] to accept talks on the future of the [[Falkland Islands]]. This action will undoubtedly strain relationships between the U.S., the U.K. and Argentina. Residents of the Falklands were outraged. <ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article7047309.ece Argentina celebrates diplomatic coup as Hillary Clinton calls for talks over Falklands, Timesonline.uk, March , 2010]</ref>

==2016 Presidential hopeful==
On April 12, 2015, Hillary Rodham Clinton announced her candidacy for the Democratic Party's nomination in the [[2016 presidential election]] via a video on her website.<ref>https://www.hillaryclinton.com</ref>

===Wikipedia===
On the issue of the controversial, biased online encyclopedia, [[Wikipedia]], Clinton sent a message of congratulations that was read at the opening session of the Wikimania 2012 conference in Washington, DC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.wikimedia.org/2012/07/17/wikimania-2012-swan-song/|title=Wikimania 2012 swan song|accessdate=February 19, 2012}}</ref>

===How do you spell potato?===
Speaking to a group of Democratic loyalists in Massachusetts in 2014, Hillary indulged some of the old fashioned unprovoked, pointless partisanship and divisiveness well known to the victims of Clintonism. Hillary Clinton alleged, "Don't let anyone tell you corporations create jobs."

==See Also==
* [[Bill Clinton]]
* [[Hillary Clinton for President Exploratory Committee]]
* [[Freedom of Choice Act]]
* [[Previous Breaking News/Hillary Clinton|Articles about '''Hillary Clinton''' from previous "Breaking News"]]
* [[Charles Schumer]]
* [[Abbottabad raid]]

----

* [[:Category:Banksters|Banksters]]: [[Quantitative easing]] of the [[Federal Reserve Bank]], [[MF Global]], [[Goldman Sachs]], [[Rothschild family]], [[Bernie Madoff]]

* [[National debt]]: [[Debt Ceiling]]-[[Deficit spending]] and the [[Federal Reserve System]]'s [[Ponzi scheme]] of [[Quantitative easing]]-[[Debt monetization]] [[devaluation]] of [[Fiat currency]] through [[Money supply]]-[[Treasury bill]]s bought mostly by [[China]] and [[Japan]]
[[File:Shovelready.jpg|right|250px]]

* [[Globalization]], [[Globalism]], [[International Monetary Fund]], [[World Bank]]

* [[John Maynard Keynes]] [[liberal]] [[Keynesian economics]] and [[Fabian Socialism|Fabian Socialist]] influence on [[Barack Obama]]

* '''[[Big government | Big Government]]''': [[Liberal values|Liberal]] [[ObamaCare]]-[[Common Core]]-[[Social Security]] [[Welfare state]] leads to [[Nanny state]], leads to [[Gun control]], [[Militarization of police]], [[Asset forfeiture]] and Domestic [[mass surveillance]] of law-abiding [[citizen]]s via the '''[[Police state]]''': [[Globalist]]-[[United Nations]]-[[Statist]]-[[Socialist]]-[[National Socialist]]-[[Communist]]

'''Contrast with:'''

* [[Ludwig von Mises]]' [[conservative]] [[libertarian]] [[Austrian economics]] and [[Fiscal conservatism]] -[[Capitalist]] [[Conservative economic policies]] of [[Ron Paul]]

* [[Gold standard]] and [[precious metal]]s

* [[Essay:Invest in tangibles|Invest in tangibles]] for [[:Category:Survivalism|Economic preparedness]]

* '''[[Limited government]]''' implies: [[Conservative values]]/[[Traditional values]] - [[Modern conservatism]] - [[Preparedness | Modern preparedness]] are the original [[American]] [[Patriot]] [[Founding Fathers]]' values

* [[Modern preparedness]]: "[[if times get tough, or even if then don't]]", [[Debt is financial cancer]], [[Tax is theft]], [[Renewable energy]], [[Financial security]], [[You are in control of your life]]

** [[Invest in tangibles]] - [[Rural]] [[farm]] [[land]], [[Tools]], [[Food storage]], [[Precious Metals]], [[Ammunition | Copper-jacketed lead]] and [[Firearms]]

** [[Agriculture]]-[[Permaculture]]: [[Growing your own food]], [[Food and water storage]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.thenation.com/doc/19990809/kaminer Hillary's No Liberal], Wendy Kaminer, ''The Nation'', July 22, 1999 (August 9, 1999 issue).
*[http://www.herald.co.zw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13585:interpreting-clintons-new-colonialism&catid=39:opinion&Itemid=132 Interpreting Clinton’s ‘new colonialism’.]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifZK6SVlQ1Y Hillary Clinton Admits the U.S. Government Created al-Qaeda.] Video YouTube.

{{Liberalism}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Clinton, Hillary Rodham}}
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[[Category:2008 Presidential Candidates]]
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Rand Paul

2015-04-08T23:04:16Z

ScottH35: Added line about 2016 announcement

{{Officeholder
|name=Rand Paul
|image=RandPaul.jpg
|party=[[Republican]]
|spouse=Kelley Ashby Paul
|religion=Presbyterian
|offices=
{{Officeholder/senator
|state=Kentucky
|terms=January 5, 2011 - Present
|preceded=[[Jim Bunning]]
|former=n
|succeeded=
}}
}}

'''Dr. Rand Paul''' (born January 7, 1963) is a likely candidate for the [[Republican]] nomination for president in 2016, and currently serves as a [[conservative]] [[United States Senator]] from [[Kentucky]]. Rand is [[pro-life]] and spoke at the [[March for Life]] rally in 2013. He is also critical of federal spending and is emerging as a [[movement conservative]]. Unlike many politicians of both major political parties, Rand Paul supports sharply reducing the size of government. He has criticized pro-war politicians and won the [[CPAC]] [[straw poll]] in 2013 and 2014.

In 2010, he won the Republican primary after defeating moderate candidate [[Trey Grayson]] by a landslide. Despite intense opposition by [[liberals]] and the [[lamestream media]], Rand Paul then won by an overwhelming margin first against a [[RINO]] Republican favored by the establishment, and then against [[Democrat]] [[Jack Conway]] in the [[2010 Midterm Election]]. This was the seat formerly held by [[Jim Bunning]], one of the [[Essay:Greatest Conservative Sports Stars|greatest conservative sports stars]], who endorsed Paul in the Republican primary.

Rand Paul's father is [[Ron Paul]]. Rand Paul was not<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oD-R_OeP6tU</ref> named after the objectivist and libertarian author [[Ayn Rand]].

On March 2013, Rand led a [[filibuster]] of Obama's CIA nomination [[John Brennan]] due to the fact that the administration was unwilling to forbid ordering [[drone]] targeting of Americans on American territories, in violation of the 5th Amendment. A month of letter writings without a reply and March 6th testimony from Attorney General [[Eric Holder]] prompted the filibuster. A number of GOP Senators joined him including [[Ted Cruz]], [[Marco Rubio]], [[Mike Lee]], among others and one Democrat Senator, [[Ron Wyden]]. A vote on a non-binding statement clarifying that Obama shall not kill Americans with drone warfare was denied by Democrats in the Senate.

[[Julian Assange]] is a admirer of Rand Paul.<ref>http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/08/19/julian-assange-loves-rand-paul-and-his-very-principled-positions.html</ref>

On April 7th, Paul announced that he would seek the Republican nomination for the 2016 presidential race.<ref>Rand Paul launches 2016 White House bid: ‘We have come to take our country back’ http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2015/04/07/rand-paul-set-to-announce-presidential-run/</ref>

== Political Positions ==
Rand Paul is pro-life. He opposes foreign interventionalism and perpetual war. Paul is against American intervention in the [[Syrian Civil War]]<ref>http://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/item/14691-sen-rand-paul-is-obama-administration-hiding-arms-trade-to-jihadists</ref> and was opposed to the [[Operation Iraqi Freedom]] or the [[Patriot Act]]. He opposes [[gun control]]<ref>http://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2013/01/14/rand_paul_on_gun_control_executive_order_obama_is_not_king.html</ref> and same-sex marriage.<ref>http://www.ontheissues.org/senate/Rand_Paul.htm</ref> Paul supports the Pathway to introduce [[illegal aliens]] to citizenship.<ref>http://nation.foxnews.com/rand-paul/2013/03/19/rand-paul-endorses-pathway-citizenship</ref> He opposes prison sentences for minor drug offenders.<ref>http://thinkprogress.org/justice/2013/03/24/1767241/rand-paul-is-right-on-marijuana-and-that-should-scare-democrats-into-action/</ref> Paul sued the Obama administration because it spied Americans by the [[NSA]].<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2014/01/04/sen-rand-paul-to-sue-over-nsa-spying-practices/</ref> Paul is an opponent of the [[United States embargo against Cuba]].<ref>http://www.frontpagemag.com/2014/dgreenfield/the-cuban-embargo-isnt-just-about-the-embargo/</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External Links==
* [http://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/senators/one_item_and_teasers/Paul_Rand.htm Senate website]
* [http://www.facebook.com/RandPaul2010 Facebook page]
* [http://twitter.com/DrRandPaul Twitter page]
* [http://www.youtube.com/user/RandPaul YouTube channel]
* [http://www.myspace.com/ronpaul_2008president_ MySpace page]

{{conservatism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT: Paul, Rand}}
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[[Category:Kentucky]]
[[Category:113th United States Congress]]
[[Category:114th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Republicans]]
[[category:Libertarians]]
[[Category:Pro Second Amendment]]
[[Category:Conservative Authors]]
[[Category:Libertarian Authors]]

Michael Martin

2015-04-08T22:48:11Z

ScottH35: Fixed wikilink

'''Michael Martin''' (born 1932) is an [[atheist]]ic [[philosopher]] and Professor Emeritus at [[Boston University]]. Martin obtained his Ph.D. from [[Harvard University]] in 1962.<ref>Dr. Martin's Infidels.org profile: http://infidels.org/library/modern/michael_martin/martin-bio.html</ref>
Martin came up with the [[transcendental argument for the non-existence of God]] (TANG) in response to the [[Transcendental argument for the existence of God]] (TAG).

In 1990, Michael Martin indicated there was a general absence of an atheistic response to contemporary work in the philosophy of religion and in jest he indicated that it was his "cross to bear" to respond to [[theism|theistic]] arguments.<ref>Open Questions: Diverse Thinkers Discuss God, Religion, and Faith By Luís F. Rodrigues, page 201</ref>

Martin was criticized by the defenders of TAG for pulling out his 1994 scheduled debate with Dr. [[Greg Bahnsen]] (See: [[Greg Bahnsen and debate]] and [[Press release after Michael Martin pulled out of Martin-Bahnsen debate|Bahnson-Martin debate press release]]).<ref>[http://simpleapologetics.com/thegreatdebate.html The Great Debate: Greg Bahnsen vs Gordon Stein]</ref>

Martin's TANG argument was released to the public after Greg Bahnsen died.

===Selected Bibliography===
* ''Atheism: A Philosophical Justification'' (1989)
* ''The Case Against Christianity'' (1991)
* ''Atheism, Morality and Meaning '' (2002)

== See also ==

*[[Rebuttals to atheist arguments]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Philosophers]]
[[Category:Atheists]]

Eru

2015-03-30T22:46:24Z

ScottH35: Created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Eru Ilúvatar]]

Eru Ilúvatar

2015-03-30T22:44:49Z

ScottH35:

'''Eru Ilúvatar''', often just '''Eru''' is the supreme deity in [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s fantasy world of [[Middle-earth]]. He is introduced in the first chapter of [[The Silmarillion]].

==Meaning==
In Quenya, Eru means "The One", or "He that is Alone" and Ilúvatar signifies "Father of All".<ref>Tolkien, J. R. R. (1993), Christopher Tolkien, ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-68092-1</ref>

==Eru as creator==
In the beginning Eru created the [[Ainu (Middle-earth)|Ainur]]
, angelic beings, who assisted him in singing the "Music of the Ainur" which created the universe. All life is given by Eru, an ability that he alone holds. All other life must be accepted by him to have free will. Along with the Ainur, Eru also created [[Elf (Middle-earth)|elves]] and man, earning them the nickname "Children of Ilúvatar".

After the creation of the universe Eru mostly ceased to engage in the world. Several times Eru intervened directly in the affairs of the world. He drowned [[Númenor]] and removed [[Aman]] from the sphere of the earth. He also intervened to resurrect [[Gandalf]] after his fight with the [[Balrog]].

==References==
<References/>

== See also ==
*[[:Category:Middle-earth]], [[List of Lord of the Rings-related articles|Lists of Middle-earth entries]]
*[[Middle-earth locations]], [[Middle-earth objects]]
*[[Tolkien's languages and scripts]]
*[[Ainu (Middle-earth)|Ainur]]

{{Middle-earth}}
[[Category:Middle-earth| ]]

Typhoid Mary

2015-03-30T22:43:32Z

ScottH35: Added wikilinks

'''Mary Mallon''' (September 23, 1869 – November 11, 1938), better known as '''Typhoid Mary''', was a woman who was identified as a carrier of [[Typhoid Fever]] and has been identified as [[patient zero]] of several outbreaks. Mary was employed as a cook which resulted in her spreading the bacteria. She is considered responsible for the infection of at least 51 individuals and the deaths of at least 3.<ref>The New York Times. November 12, 1938. Retrieved February 28, 2010. "Mary Mallon, the first carrier of typhoid bacilli identified in America and consequently known as Typhoid Mary, died yesterday in Riverside Hospital on North Brother Island." http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E07E4DF133DE433A65751C1A9679D946994D6CF</ref> Despite this, Mary was found to be [[Immunity|immune]] to the bacteria, making her a [[Disease carrier|carrier]] for the disease. She was forcibly quarantined twice due to her refusal to maintain hygiene while preparing food.

==References==
<references/>

User:ScottH35

2015-03-30T22:40:30Z

ScottH35:

Hi, I'm just a guy who want to try and make this site a better place. For now I mostly plan to hit "Random page" and try to improve each article I come across. This will mostly be spelling, grammar, and punctuation fixes. However, I'm likely to add citations and a bit of content when I can.

I am a wikignome.

Hope to get to know people soon.

[http://www.conservapedia.com/Special:Contributions/ScottH35 My contributions]

Pages I've created:
 
[[Aman]]
 
[[Black Robe]]
 
[[Burned-over district|Burned-Over District]]
 
[[Eru Ilúvatar]]
 
[[Robert Matthews]]
 
[[Typhoid Mary]]

User:ScottH35

2015-03-30T22:40:18Z

ScottH35:

Roy Moore

2015-03-30T22:33:03Z

ScottH35: The statue was in the building rotunda, not the courtroom.

'''Roy Moore''' is the elected Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court, and a [[conservative]]. In 2015, he stood up for sovereignty over the issue of marriage and ordered probate judges to comply with state law rather than an order by a federal district court that attempted to change state law.

In 2003, [[liberal]]s removed him from office for rejecting a federal court order to remove a statue of [[the Ten Commandments]] from the supreme court building rotunda. He was subsequently reelected in a landslide as Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court.

He is also the founder of the Foundation for Moral Law.

==External Links==
*[http://www.morallaw.org The Foundation for Moral Law]

[[category:law]]

Ten Commandments

2015-03-30T22:31:42Z

ScottH35: /* Controversies about displaying the Ten Commandments */ Fixed the statement about Roy Moore to be accurate.

{{Christianity}}
[[File:Moses Ten Commandments by Rembrandt 1659.jpg|right|thumb|[[Moses]] with the Ten Commandments by Rembrandt (1659)]]
The '''Ten Commandments,''' or the ''Decalogue,'' are a set of laws which were given to [[Moses]] by [[God]].

There are [[Alleged Bible contradictions|two versions]], generally similar but somewhat different in wording: [[Exodus]] 20:2-17<ref>[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=exodus%2020:2-17&version=9 Exodus 20:2-17 (KJV)]</ref> and [[Deuteronomy]] 5:6-21.<ref>[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=deuteronomy%205:6-21;&version=9; Deuteronomy 5:6-21 (KJV)]</ref> The version in Deuteronomy adds the detail of Moses saying that [[Yahweh|God]] "delivered unto me two tables of stone written with the finger of God." (KJV)

The Bible itself refers to there being "''ten'' commandments" in Exodus 34:28<ref>[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=exodus%2034:10-28;&version=9; Exodus 34:10-28 (KJV)]</ref> and Deuteronomy 4:13,<ref>[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=deuteronomy%204:13;&version=9; Deuteronomy 4:13 (KJV)]</ref> but it is not clear how to parcel out the fifteen or sixteen verses into ten commandments, and different religious groups have done this in different ways.

The [[Protestant]] Ten Commandments, stressing their opposition to statues, contain "Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image" as the 2nd commandment. The [[Catholic]] Ten Commandments omit this, shifting the Commandments up while splitting "Thou shalt not covet" into "...thy neighbor's wife" (9th) and "...thy neighbor's goods" (10th).<ref>An atheistic website provides a comparison among faiths with respect to the Ten Commandments, and many sources: http://www.positiveatheism.org/crt/whichcom.htm</ref>

The [[Jewish]] Ten Commandments contain "I am the Lord thy God, who brought thee out of the land of [[Egypt]], out of the house of [[slavery]]" as the 1st commandment, with their 2nd commandment combining the first two Protestant commandments, and the remainder following the Protestant listing.<ref>Ibid. http://www.positiveatheism.org/crt/whichcom.htm</ref>

However, as Jewish people would also recognize, the ''[[Torah]]'', or [[Law]] (the first five books of the Old Testament) actually contains not ten, but [[Mosaic Law|613 positive and negative commandments]]. Thus, when [[Jesus]] is asked (at [[Matthew]] 22:34-36) which is the greatest commandment in the Law, he picks two of the other 603: 'You shall love the Lord thy God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your strength' (Deuteronomy 6:5) and 'You shall love your neighbor as yourself' ([[Leviticus]] 19:18).

== Text of the Ten Commandments (King James Version, KJV) ==

#I am the LORD thy God, which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage. Thou shalt have no other gods before me.
#Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth: Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them: for I the LORD thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me; And shewing mercy unto thousands of them that love me, and keep my commandments.
#Thou shalt not take the name of the LORD thy God in vain; for the LORD will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain.
#Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. Six days shalt thou labour, and do all thy work: But the seventh day is the Sabbath of the LORD thy God: in it thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, thy manservant, nor thy maidservant, nor thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates: For in six days the LORD made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day: wherefore the LORD blessed the sabbath day, and hallowed it.
#[[Filiality|Honor thy father and thy mother]]: that thy days may be long upon the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.
#Thou shalt not kill. <ref>(The Hebrew term, ''ratsach'', can mean to kill, slay or to murder)</ref>
#Thou shalt not commit [[adultery]].
#Thou shalt not steal.
#Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor.
#Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor any thing that is thy neighbor's.

==The Ten Commandments in US law==

In several controversies over the legality of displaying the Ten Commandments on government property, and especially outside courthouses, the influence of the Ten Commandments on US law (and western law in general) becomes relevant as proponents of the displays argue that these commandments form part of the foundation of the US legal system.

# Some official U.S. documents accept the existence of God, although there is no specifics in U.S. law as to who this God is, and the [[First Amendment]] to the Constitution is interpreted as opposing any attempt to impose the belief or non-belief in God.
# Similarly, the First Amendment forbids any legal means of enforcing the commandment about not worshiping idols.
# Nothing in current state or federal law specifically prohibits the taking in vain of God's name in general, but it may be in violation of broadcast decency laws if shown on television or radio.
# Past state laws have enforced the [[sabbath]] by forbidding various activities, such as the sale of specific goods, on Sundays. These, however, are all almost now repealed or struck down. Closure of shops on Sundays is by convention, but not legally enforced. However, some states still restrict the sale of alcohol on Sundays. The seven-day week, however, is accepted world-wide, and most people observe at least one day free from work.
# No law enforces the commandment about honoring parents, and it is doubtful that it could be enforced. Liberals are currently attempting to undermine this commandment, by trying to make disciplining children illegal. In contrast, the Bible tells us the correct way to bring up a child and teach him to respect his parents: '''"He who spares the rod hates his son, but he who loves him is careful to discipline him."''' (Proverbs 13:24)
# The commandment against murder is enforced by U.S. law.
# Criminal laws against adultery<ref>[http://leg1.state.va.us/cgi-bin/legp504.exe?000+cod+18.2-365 Virginia Code § 18.2-365]</ref> are largely unenforced and of doubtful enforceability, but a showing of adultery will influence civil [[divorce]] proceedings and affect the distribution of assets. Jesus clarified the definition of adultery, for instance in Matthew 8:27-32, to include remarriage after divorce in most cases. Until recently, it was difficult to get a divorce in most states other than Nevada for this reason; previously one had to prove fault with one's spouse, but since the 1950s that has changed in every state except [[New York]]. Today all states and many Christian denominations define adultery by the modern English definition<ref>adultery, n.
Second edition, 1989; online version November 2010. <http://www.oed.com:80/Entry/2845>; accessed 21 December 2010. Earlier version first published in New English Dictionary, 1884.</ref> to allow remarriage after divorce. Many Christians believe that this commandment, which forbids adultery,<ref>"voluntary sexual intercourse by a married man with another than his wife or by a married woman with another than her husband"—Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, Second Edition, Unabridged, 1934</ref> also forbids fornication.<ref>"illicit sexual intercourse on the part of an unmarried person; the act of such illicit sexual intercourse between a man and a woman as does not by law amount to adultery" [op. cit.]</ref>
# The commandment against stealing is enforced by U.S. law.
# When used during litigation, or otherwise spoken under oath (see [[perjury]]), the commandment against bearing false witness is enforced by U.S. law. For someone to bear false witness against a neighbor in a less formal setting (e.g. lying to a third party about a neighbor in the course of private conversation) could, in some circumstances, be a [[tort]], but rarely a crime.
# As a prohibition on a form of thought, the commandment against coveting what belongs to another cannot be enforced by legal means.

==Controversies about displaying the Ten Commandments==
In recent years, [[liberal]] attorneys and judges have opposed the display of the Ten Commandments on public property by exploiting the judicial system. Obama appointment, Judge Michael F. Urbanski, put forward the ridiculous idea of censoring the Ten Commandments by removing the first four to render them more secular<ref>http://www.theblaze.com/stories/judge-suggests-stripping-10-commandments-down-to-6-to-remove-religious-elements-in-aclu-led-lawsuit/</ref><ref>http://www.roanoke.com/news/roanoke/wb/308501</ref> . The [[ACLU]], [[Freedom From Religion Foundation]], and other liberal organizations regularly file lawsuits in an attempt to censor the display of the Ten Commandments.

In 2003, [[Alabama]] Supreme Court chief justice [[Roy Moore]] was removed from office after refusing a court order to remove a statue of the Ten Commandments from the central rotunda of the Alabama Supreme Court Building.<ref>http://www.al.com/specialreport/?111303moore.html</ref>

==The movie==
''The Ten Commandments'' is also the title of a famous 1956 motion picture, produced and directed by [[Cecil B. DeMille]] and starring [[Charlton Heston]] as Moses. It tells the story of Moses essentially as told in the Book of Exodus, with a few changes.

As publicity for the film, and in conjunction with a project of the Fraternal Order of Eagles, Paramount helped finance the placement of hundreds of stone tablets engraved with the Ten Commandments. These were placed at courthouse squares, at city halls and in public parks, and became a controversy, particularly in recent years, as to whether they violate the separation of Church and State.<ref>''Ten Commandments Monoliths'', from the [March 2002 issue of ''Eagle Magazine'' http://www.foe.com/tencommandments/mar_2002_ten_commandments.html]</ref>

==See Also==
* [[Essay: Christians and the Law of Moses]]
* [[Judaism]]
* [[Christianity]]
* [[Catholicism]]
* [[Morality]] versus [[Immorality]], [[moral degeneration]], [[Moral relativism]], [[Amoral]]
* [[Essay:Immorality in America]]
* [[Abortion]] - [[Abortion and promiscuity]]
* [[Sexual immorality]]: [[Promiscuity]] and [[Homosexuality]] / [[Homosexual agenda]] verus [[Chastity]], [[Purity]], [[Celibacy]]
* [[Christianity in Conservapedia]]
* [[Cause and effect]] and the [[Five Precepts]]
* [[Bioethics]]
* [[Values]]
** [[Conservative values]]
** [[Libertarianism|Libertarian values]]
** [[American values]]
** [[Small town values]]
** [[Family values]]
versus:
** [[Liberal values]]
** [[Public school values]]
** [[Hollywood values]]
** [[San Francisco values]] and the [[Homosexual Agenda]]: [[Homosexuality and Promiscuity]]
** [[Fashion industry values]]
** [[Professor values]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Ten Commandments}}

[[Category:Judaism]]
[[Category:Christianity]]
[[Category:Catholicism]]
[[Category:Religion and Politics]]
[[Category:Morality]]
[[Category:Ethics]]
[[Category:Sexuality]]
[[Category:Sexual Morality]]
[[Category:Religion]]
[[Category:Virtues]]

Typhoid Mary

2015-03-30T22:23:13Z

ScottH35: Created article

'''Mary Mallon''' (September 23, 1869 – November 11, 1938), better known as '''Typhoid Mary''', was a woman who was identified as a carrier of [[Typhoid Fever]] and has been identified as [[patient zero]] of several outbreaks. Mary was employed as a cook which resulted in her spreading the bacteria. She is considered responsible for the infection of at least 51 individuals and the deaths of at least 3.<ref>The New York Times. November 12, 1938. Retrieved February 28, 2010. "Mary Mallon, the first carrier of typhoid bacilli identified in America and consequently known as Typhoid Mary, died yesterday in Riverside Hospital on North Brother Island." http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E07E4DF133DE433A65751C1A9679D946994D6CF</ref> Despite this, Mary was found to be immune to the bacteria, making her a carrier for the disease. She was forcibly quarantined twice due to her refusal to maintain hygiene while preparing food.

==References==
<references/>

Patient zero

2015-03-30T22:14:28Z

ScottH35: This article needs some work. Source 6 (2007) directly contradicts the information from Source 5 (1987) based on modern research.

Patient Zero, also known as the index case, is a medical term used to describe the original source of an outbreak of a contagious illness within a population (that is, the origin of the outbreak from whom all other infections are ultimately derived) or to the most significant case within the population. The term "patient zero" was initially used in the investigation into the causes of the outbreak of [[HIV]] and [[AIDS]] in [[North America]].<ref>http://archives.cbc.ca/health/disease/clips/2381/</ref> The most famous example of a "patient zero" is [[Typhoid Mary]].<ref>Typhoid Mary Encyclopedia Britannica http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/611790/Typhoid-Mary</ref>

==Gaetan Dugas==
The first patient zero was a [[Canadian]] named Gaetan Dugas<ref>http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=9905570</ref>, a highly promiscuous [[homosexual]] who claimed to have sex with approximately 250 men each year,<ref>http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,965791,00.html</ref> and over 2,500 sex partners in his lifetime.<ref>http://www.leadershipnow.com/leadershop/1696-2excerpt.html</ref> His work as a flight attendant took him to many cities and afforded him more sexual partners. The U.S. [[Centre for Disease Control]] linked him to 40 of the first 248 cases of AIDS in North America.<ref>http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,965791,00.html</ref>

In June 1980, Dugas was diagnosed with Kaposi's Sarcoma, a viral infection considered a common symptom of the AIDS virus. After his diagnosis, Dugas was warned that this could be caused and spread by a sexually transmitted virus, but he selfishly refused to stop having unprotected sex, claiming that he could do what he wanted with his body. According to Randy Shilts, he allegedly informed some of his sex partners, just after having sex, that he had the "gay cancer" and perhaps they would get it too.<ref>http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21653369/ns/health-second_opinion/</ref>

Dugas died in Quebec City on March 30, 1984 as a result of kidney failure caused by continual AIDS-related infections.<ref>http://www.biography.com/articles/Patient-Zero-9542314</ref> The total number of infections and deaths attributed to Degas has never been established.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:medicine]]

Smithsonian Institution

2015-03-16T20:30:48Z

ScottH35: Fixed error

The '''Smithsonian Institution''' was founded in the mid-19th century as an institute for education in the [[United States]], initially funded by a generous and mysterious bequest by James Smithson, a [[British]] [[scientist]] who had never visited the [[United States]] or even [[communication|communicated]] with anyone there.<ref>James Smithson named his nephew as beneficiary in his last will and testament. "Smithson stipulated that, should the nephew die without heirs (as he would in 1835), the estate should go 'to the United States of America, to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men.'"[http://www.si.edu/about/history.htm]</ref> It currently consists of more than a dozen [[museum]]s in [[Washington DC]], including the Air and Space Museum and the Museum of Natural History. It describes itself as "the world's largest museum complex and research organization composed of 16 museums and the National Zoo in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area, and 2 museums in New York City."<ref>http://www.si.edu/visit/</ref>

All of its museums are funded by taxpayer dollars, and entrance is provided free on that basis.

The Smithsonian Institution claims a [[copyright]] on its materials, thereby limiting their reuse. This seems contrary to the [[federal]] law prohibiting a copyright in works of the [[federal]] government, but the Smithsonian Institution claims to have an existence separate from the [[government]] and this claim of copyright has not been tested in court.<ref>http://www.si.edu/copyright/</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Encyclopedia of Life]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[category:museums]]
[[category:United States Government]]

Template:Middle-earth

2015-02-25T23:38:28Z

ScottH35: Made Aman a wikilink

{{Navbox
|navbar = plain
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|title = [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]]
|image = [[Image:Middle-earth.jpg|150px]]
|state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}

|group1 = Books
|list1 = ''[[The Hobbit]]'' • ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' • (Posthumous:) ''[[The Silmarillion]]''
|group2 = [[Middle-earth peoples|Peoples]]
|list2 = [[Ainu (Middle-earth)|Ainur]] • [[Elf (Middle-earth)|Elves]] • [[Hobbit]]s • [[Dwarves (Middle-earth)|Dwarves]] • [[Ent (Middle-earth)|Ents]] • [[Orc (Middle-earth)|Orcs]]
|group3 = Geography
|list3 = [[Middle-earth locations]] • [[Númenor]] • [[Aman]]
|group4 = [[:Category:Middle-earth|Other]]
|list4 = [[Middle-earth objects|Objects]] • [[Tolkien's languages and scripts|Languages]] • [[Tolkien's languages and scripts#Scripts|Scripts]] • [[Middle-earth chronology|Chronology]] • [[List of Lord of the Rings-related articles|List of topics]]
}}
{{#if: {{{nocategory|}}}||[[Category:Middle-earth]]}}
<noinclude>
[[Category:Middle-earth| ]]
</noinclude>

User:ScottH35

2015-02-23T20:52:18Z

ScottH35:

Aman

2015-02-23T20:48:14Z

ScottH35: /* History */ Added wikilink

'''Aman''' is a fictional place in [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s fantasy world. Frequently referred to as the "Undying Lands," "the "Blessed Realm," or simply "West," Aman is home to the [[Ainu (Middle-earth)#The Valar|Valar]] and the three kindred of [[Elf (Middle-earth)|elves]]. Aman is separate from the Tolkien world of [[Middle-earth]] where ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' take place. The history of Aman is detailed in the ''[[Silmarillion]]''.

==History==
The continent Aman was created as a home for the Valar after the destruction of Almaren by [[Morgoth|Melkor]].<ref>Tolkien, J. R. R. (1977), Christopher Tolkien, ed., The Silmarillion, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-25730-1</ref> The Valar raised a mountain range, known as the Pelóri, in the East to isolate Aman from the rest of the world. Enchanted islands were placed as a barrier to prevent travelers from reaching the continent from Middle Earth. After the Númenóreans attempted to reach Aman and attain immortality, [[Eru Ilúvatar]] removed the continent from the face of the earth so that few could reach it. Travel into the west was made impossible except for those that know the way.

Aman was home to the Two Trees of Valinor before Ungoliant destroyed them with the help of Melkor.

==Inhabitants==
Aman is home to the Valar and the three hosts of elves: The Vanyar, the Noldor, and the Teleri.

'''Valar'''
 
The Valar, literally "Powers of Arda," are angelic beings created by Eru to assist in making the world. The Valar assisted Eru in singing the song of creation and carrying out the themes after the world was created. During the ages of elves, the Valar served as protectors. There are many Valar with the most well known being Manwë, Oromë, Varda, and Melkor.
 
 
'''Vanyar'''
 
The Vanyar, literally "the fair," are the most noble of the high elves and were the first to journey to Aman. Little is known of the Vanyar as they never left Aman after arriving.
 
 
'''Noldor'''
 
The Noldor, literally "those with knowledge," are the second of the high elf clans. They are sometimes referred to as the "Deep Elves" due to their vast knowledge and thirst for evermore knowledge. There were renowned for their skills. After the slaying of Finwë, the bulk of the Noldor swore to avenge his death. The first kinslaying, the murder of one elf by another, and the migration to Middle-Earth occurred. For this the Valar banished the Noldor who had left. This banishment was pardoned at the end of the [[First Age (Middle-earth)#Chronology|First Age]] though some refused.
 
 
'''Teleri'''
 
The Teleri, literally "those who came last" are the third of the high elf clans to arrive in Aman. The Teleri settled outside of the Pelóri and became seamen, earning them the nickname "sea elves". After the slaying of Finwë, many Teleri were killed in the first kinslaying by the Noldor.
 
 
'''Others'''
 
Special dispensations were made for others to travel to Aman. [[Gandalf]], [[Frodo Baggins]], [[Bilbo Baggins]], [[Samwise Gamgee]], and [[Gimli]] were among those were were allowed to travel to the Undying Lands due to their deeds.

==References==
<References/>

== See also ==
*[[:Category:Middle-earth]], [[List of Lord of the Rings-related articles|Lists of Middle-earth entries]]
*[[Middle-earth locations]], [[Middle-earth objects]]
*[[Tolkien's languages and scripts]]

{{Middle-earth}}
[[Category:Middle-earth| ]]

Ainu (Middle-earth)

2015-02-23T20:47:56Z

ScottH35: Added wikilink

'''Ainur''' (Singular '''Ainu''') are fictional spiritual beings from [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth|Middle-earth legendarium]]. The Ainur were the first beings created by [[Eru Ilúvatar]]. The word ''Ainur'' is from the [[Quenya]] language, and translates as "Holy Ones".

As the first creation and servants of God, Eru Ilúvatar, the Ainur can be seen as similar to the [[Angel]]s of [[Christianity]].<ref>"The cycles begin with a cosmogonical myth: the Music of the Ainur. God and the Valar (or powers: Englished as gods) are revealed. These latter are as we should say angelic powers, whose function is to exercise delegated authority in their spheres (of rule and government, not creation, making or re-making)." ''The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien'', #131</ref>

In the beginning the Ainur came from Eru Ilúvatar. After the creation of the world, Eä, some of the Ainur enterend into it, while the others stayed outside. Those of the Ainur that entered into Eä are known as '''Valar''' and '''Maiar'''. The Valar are a small group of those that were the most powerful and who became the leaders of the Ainur in Eä. The Maiar are those that were less powerful, and are great but uncounted in number. The Valar and Maiar were able to clothe themselves in any physical form they wished, and often took forms resembling the Children of Ilúvatar, the [[Quendi|Elves]] and Men. Many of them took a great part in the shaping the world, and most of them have some part of creation or craft especially dear to them, of which they are guardians.

Some of the Ainur became corrupted and stood against Eru and his order of things, among them [[Morgoth]] and [[Sauron]].

== The Valar ==
The '''Valar''' ([[Quenya]] "the Powers", Singular '''Vala''') are the most powerful of the Ainur that entered into Eä. At the beginning there were fifteen of them. But the Vala [[Melkor]] became corrupted and worked against the others, and was cast out of their ranks; he was later known as [[Morgoth]]. The remaining fourteen Valar are divided equally into seven male "Lords of the Valar" and seven female "Queens of the Valar"; the female Valar are also called '''Valier''' (Singular '''Valië'''). The Valar reside in [[Aman]].

The Lords of the Valar were: Manwë Súlimo, Ulmo, Aulë, Oromë, Mandos (Námo), Lórien (Irmo), and Tulkas. The Valier were: Varda Elentári (Elbereth Gilthoniel), Yavanna Kementári, Nienna, Estë, Vairë, Vána, and Nessa.

The '''Aratar''' ([[Quenya]]: "Exalted") are the eight most powerful of the Valar. The brothers Lórien and Mandos are together known as the '''Fëanturi''' ("Masters of Spirits").

== The Maiar ==
The '''Maiar''' ([[Quenya]] "the Beautiful", Singular '''Maia''') are lesser Ainur that entered into Eä. Their number is unknown. Many Maiar live as followers to one of the Valar.

Among those of the Maiar that later followed the Vala [[Morgoth]] were [[Sauron]] and the [[Balrog]]s.

=== Istari ===
The '''Istari''' ([[Quenya]] "Wise Ones", singular '''Istar''') are a group of Maiar that came to Middle-earth in the [[Middle-earth chronology|Third Age]]. Among the peoples of Middle-earth they were often called "'''Wizards'''", and the individual Istari also became known by many names. They were sent to help and guide the peoples of Middle-earth in their struggles against [[Sauron]].

The Istari arrived in Middle-earth in the eleventh century of the Third Age. They appeared in the physical form of old men, and were bound and limited by this form, although they still kept some of the knownledge and power of their true selves.

The Istari were Curumo ([[Saruman]]), Olórin ([[Gandalf]]), Aiwendil (Radagast), and the '''Blue Wizards'''. While the former stayed mostly in the west of Middle-earth, the Blue Wizards went into the far east. It is unknown what became of them, but they probably failed or were themselves corrupted.

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

{{Middle-earth}}
[[Category:Middle-earth]]

Elf (Middle-earth)

2015-02-23T20:47:19Z

ScottH35: /* History */ Added wikilink

The '''Elves''' are a fictional people in [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]] legendarium. They are the oldest of the peoples of Middle-earth, and as such appear in most of his stories.

== History ==
=== Awakening and Sundering ===
The Elves were the oldest people created by [[Eru Ilúvatar]]. They were awakened in the [[First Age (Middle-earth)|First Age]] at the lake Cuiviénen ([[Quenya]]: "water of awakening") far in the east of Middle-earth. The Elves were the first creatures to speak and [[Eldarin languages|make language]], and they called themselves the '''''Quendi''''', "the Speakers".
[[Image:Sundering of the Elves.png|thumb|200px|The different Elven peoples.]]
The Elves were found by the Vala Oromë, and the Valar invited the Elves to come to Valinor in the West, where they would be safe from [[Morgoth]]. What followed is called the '''''Sundering of the Elves'''''. Some of the Elves refused the invitation and stayed at Cuiviénen; they were later known as the '''Avari''' ("the Unwilling"), and what became of them is not known. The Elves who accepted the invitation became known as the '''Eldar''', the ''People of the Stars''. The Eldar left Cuiviénen in three groups who became the different Elven tribes: the '''Vanyar''', the '''Noldor''' and the '''Teleri'''. The Vanyar went first, followed by the Noldor, and arrived in Valinor. The Teleri were the last to journey West. Some of them did not cross the [[Misty Mountains]] and stayed behind, and became known as the '''Nandor'''. The other Teleri crossed the mountains and continued to [[Beleriand]], where one of their leaders, Elwë, was lost; some of the Eldar stayed behind to search and wait for him. The Teleri finally reached the Sea, and crossed over to Valinor, arriving last of the Elven peoples. The Elves who had remained in Beleriand became known as the '''Sindar''' or '''Grey Elves'''.

Those of the Elven peoples that arrived in Valinor during the time of the Two Trees were called the '''Calaquendi''' (the ''Elves of the Light''), consisting of the Vanyar, Noldor, and the Teleri who had crossed the Sea. Those that did not see the light of the Two Trees of Valinor were known as '''Moriquendi''' (the ''Elves of Darkness''). The Sindar are sometimes called ''Elves of the Twilight'', because they have an inbetween status.<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien, ''The Silmarillion'', ''Quenta Silmarillion''</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

== See also ==
*[[Eldarin languages]]

{{Middle-earth}}
[[Category:Middle-earth]]

The Silmarillion

2015-02-23T20:46:54Z

ScottH35: /* Content */ Added wikilink

[[Image:Silmarillion.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The cover of ''The Silmarillion'', depicting the Lake of Awakening.]]
'''''The Silmarillion''''' is a fantasy book by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], telling the early history of his world [[Middle-earth]]. It was published posthumously in 1977 and edited by his son Christopher Tolkien. In the internal chronology it is followed by ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.

The name "Silmarillion" may refer both to the published work ''The Silmarillion'', and to the whole body of stories from the [[First Age (Middle-earth)|First Age]], known as the ''Quenta Silmarillion'' ([[Quenya]] "Tale of the [[Silmaril]]s") in the fictional world.

== Creation ==
Although ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'' were published decades earlier, the stories of the ''Silmarillion'' and the world of Middle-earth existed long before both of the novels.
Tolkien stated that Middle-earth was created as a setting for [[Tolkien's languages|his constructed languages]]<ref>"Nobody believes me when I say that my long book is an attempt to create a world in which a form of language agreeable to my personal aesthetic taste might seem real. But it is true." ''The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien'', #264</ref>, among them the Elvish languages [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]]. The writing of the first Middle-earth stories which would later become ''The Silmarillion'' was started by Tolkien during [[World War I]], and he continued to work on them until his death in 1972.
The world laid out in ''The Silmarillion'' provides a great deal of the back-drop to his other popular novels, through history and constant allusions in ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings''. ''The Silmarillion'' is sometimes called the "[[Old Testament]]" to ''The Lord of the Rings''' "[[Gospel]]s". Tolkien never managed to get the older stories published during his lifetime, so they were later compiled and edited by his son Christopher Tolkien, and published as ''The Silmarillion''.

== Content ==
The narrative material of ''The Silmarillion'' is divided into five sections:
#The [[Ainulindalë]], a creation myth. It describes the creation of spirit-beings called [[Ainu (Middle-earth)|Ainur]] by [[Eru Ilúvatar]] (God), the creation of Eä (the universe) and of Arda (the world), and the origin of evil.
#The [[Valaquenta]], a description of those Ainur that entered Arda.
#The [[Quenta Silmarillion]], the bulk of the narrative, which is primarily concerned with the history of the Elves and Men in Middle-earth, their war with the Dark Lord [[Morgoth]], and the fight for the [[Silmaril]]s.
#[[Akallabêth]], the Downfall of [[Númenor]], an Atlantis-like society of Men.
#[[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age]], which describes the events leading up to ''The Lord of the Rings''.
Appended to the narrative are genealogical tables, an index of names, a list of [[Eldarin languages|Eldarin]] name roots, and a map of [[Beleriand]].

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

{{Middle-earth}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Silmarillion, The}}
[[Category:Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Novels]]

Middle-earth

2015-02-23T20:46:34Z

ScottH35: /* Beginning */ Added wikilink

[[Image:Middle-earth.jpg|right|thumb|A map of the north-western part of Middle-earth at the end of the Third Age.|300px]]
'''Middle-earth''' is a fictional fantasy world invented by [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]. It is the setting of several of the stories written by him, such as ''[[The Hobbit]]'' or ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. Although Middle-earth is only one continent in Tolkien's world, it is often used for the whole fictional universe and all stories Tolkien invented for it.

The world of Middle-earth is supposed to be a long gone mythological time of our earth. The continent Middle-earth corresponds roughly to the [[Eurasia]]n landmass, "east of the Sea.", although the shape of the lands have changed since then.

The name "Middle-earth" was derived from [[Midgard]]<ref>http://www.pantheon.org/areas/mythology/europe/norse/articles.html</ref>, the "Middle World" of [[Norse mythology]] inhabited by humans, and located underneath Asgard, home of the gods, and above Hel, the underworld.

== History ==
=== Beginning ===
In the beginning there was [[Eru Ilúvatar]], and from him came the [[Ainu (Middle-earth)|Ainur]]. Eru created the universe, '''Eä'''. Some of the Ainur entered into Eä, as the powerful [[Vala (Middle-earth)|Valar]] and lesser [[Maia (Middle-earth)|Maiar]], who worked a to shape the world.
In the east was the continent Middle-earth, and in the west the island Valinor, land of the Valar.

=== First Age ===
In Valinor the Valar created the Two Trees, the silver Telperion and the golden Laurelin, who alternated to light the night and day; this began the [[First Age (Middle-earth)|First Age (of the Trees)]]. In the time after this the [[Elf (Middle-earth)|Elves]] and [[Dwarves (Middle-earth)|Dwarves]] awoke in Middle-earth. The Valar invited the Elves, and some of them came to Valinor. But [[Morgoth]] and the spider Ungoliant killed the Two Trees, and stole the [[Silmaril]] jewels from the [[Noldor]] elves. From the remains of the Trees the Valar created the Sun and the Moon, which marked the begin of the second part of the First Age, the [[First Age (Middle-earth)|First Age of the Sun]].

In the First Age of the Sun the Noldor returned to Middle-earth to retake the Silmarils and wage war against Morgoth. The still young peoples of Men arrived in the west of Middle-earth, and became involved. The Age ended when the Valar rose against Morgoth in the '''''War of Wrath''''', which resulted in the final imprisonment of Morgoth and the destruction of [[Beleriand]]. The story of the First Age and the Silmarils are told in the ''[[Silmarillion|Quenta Silmarillion]]''.

=== Second Age ===
In the Second Age, the [[Maia (Middle-earth)|Maia]] [[Sauron]], who had been the servant of [[Morgoth]], rose to great power and took his master's place as the malign spirit opposed to everything good in Middle-earth. The Men who were friends to the Elves were offered the island [[Númenor]] as their new home, and many moved there. The [[Rings of Power]] were forged by the Elves and Sauron.
When the King of Númenor, though Sauron's counsel, rose to make war on Valinor the shape of the world was forever changed, the island of Númenor destroyed and the road to Valinor hidden. The survivors of Númenor loyal to the West, the "Faithful" or ''Elendili'' ([[Quenya]] "Elf-friends") led by [[Elendil]], fled to Middle-earth where they founded the realms [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]].
High King Gil-galad of the [[Noldor]] and King Elendil of the Dúnedain formed the '''''Last Alliance of Elves and Men''''' to fight Sauron. At the end of the '''''War of the Last Alliance''''', Sauron was defeated at the foot of [[Mount Doom]], and his great [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|Ring]] was cut from his hand by [[Isildur]], son of Elendil. Sauron's body was slain and his vanquished spirit fled into the wilderness, which ushered in the Third Age.

=== Third Age ===
At the beginning of the Age the [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|One Ring]] was lost when Isildur was killed by orcs. In the Third Age the Realms of Men went into decline after a time of prosperity, and Sauron rose to power once more. The events culminated in the '''''War of the Ring''''' at the end of the Age. The stories of the end of the Third Age are told in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' (T.A. 2941) and the ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' (T.A. 3001-3021).

== Peoples ==
The world of Middle-earth is inhabited by many peoples and creatures. The oldest are the '''[[Elf (Middle-earth)|Elves]]''', powerful and immortal. Next are the '''[[Dwarves (Middle-earth)|Dwarves]]''', who are mortal, and great craftsmen and miners. There are also the mortal '''Men'''. Youngest of all, appearing only in the Third Age, are the '''[[Hobbits]]'''. Another people are the tree-like '''[[Ent (Middle-earth)|Ents]]'''. Although not one of the peoples of Middle-earth, there are the '''[[Orc (Middle-earth)|Orcs]]''', made by the first Dark Lord [[Morgoth]] as his servants. The peoples of the Middle-earth world speak a [[Tolkien's languages|variety of different languages]].

== Chronology ==
The history of the Middle-earth and the Undying Lands world spans thousands of years. Sometimes, in the wake of great historical events, a new ''Age'' is begun, again starting with the year 1.

* '''Creation''': The period in which Arda (the world in which Middle-Earth is based in) is created by Eru.
* '''Ages of Lamps''': The period in which the world was lighted up by gaint lamps. The age ended when [[Morgoth|Melkor]] distroyed the lamps.
* '''First Age of the Trees''': An era within the Undying Lands. In this era, Trees of Valar were planted.
* '''Second Age of the Trees''': Began with the creation of stars and ended with the destruction of the Trees of Valar.
* '''Age of Darkness''': A time where Middle-Earth was covered in darkness.
* '''Age of Stars''': Began with the Awakening of the [[Elf (Middle-earth)|Elves]] and the [[Dwarves (Middle-earth)|Dwarves]]. In this age, the Orc were invented.
* '''First Age of the Sun''': (590 years): Begins with the creation of the Sun and Moon and the awakening of men. It ended with the ''War of Wrath'', the final imprisonment of [[Morgoth]] and the destruction of [[Beleriand]].
* '''Second Age of the Sun''' (S.A., 3441 years): Begins after the end of the ''[[War of Wrath]]''. Contains the destruction of [[Númenor]] (T.A. 3319). Ends with the defeat of Sauron in the ''[[War of the Last Alliance]]''.
* '''Third Age of the Sun''': (T.A., 3021 years): Began after Sauron's defeat by the Last Alliance. Contains the events of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' (T.A. 2941) and the [[The Lord of the Rings|War of the Ring]] (T.A. 3018-3019). Ends with the destruction of the [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|One Ring]] and the defeat of [[Sauron]].
* '''Fourth Age of the Sun''': followed the defeat of Sauron and the One Ring, but started officially when the Bearers of the [[Rings of Power|Three Rings]] left for the West. The Elves dwindle and leave, while the realms of Men prosper, becoming the dominant people of Middle-earth.<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien, ''The Lord of the Rings'', Appendix B</ref>

There exist several calendars, as the different peoples created their own or adapted them from older systems. Another important calendar for the books is that of the [[Hobbit]]s: the '''''Shire Calendar''''' and the '''''Shire Reckoning'''''. The Shire Reckoning (S.R.) starts with the colonisation of the [[Shire (Middle-earth)|Shire]] in T.A. 1601 as year one. The Shire Calendar and Shire Reckoning was used in the Shire and in [[Breeland]].<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien, ''The Lord of the Rings'', Appendix D</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

== See also ==
*[[:Category:Middle-earth]], [[List of Lord of the Rings-related articles|Lists of Middle-earth entries]]
*[[Middle-earth locations]], [[Middle-earth objects]]
*[[Tolkien's languages and scripts]]

{{Middle-earth}}
[[Category:Middle-earth| ]]

Eru Ilúvatar

2015-02-23T20:46:03Z

ScottH35: Basic article on Eru.

'''Eru Ilúvatar''', often just "Eru" is the supreme deity in [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s fantasy world of [[Middle-earth]]. He is introduced in the first chapter of [[The Silmarillion]].

==Meaning==
In Quenya, Eru means "The One", or "He that is Alone" and Ilúvatar signifies "Father of All".<ref>Tolkien, J. R. R. (1993), Christopher Tolkien, ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-68092-1</ref>

==Eru as creator==
In the beginning Eru created the [[Ainu (Middle-earth)|Ainur]]
, angelic beings, who assisted him in singing the "Music of the Ainur" which created the universe. All life is given by Eru, an ability that he alone holds. All other life must be accepted by him to have free will. Along with the Ainur, Eru also created [[Elf (Middle-earth)|elves]] and man, earning them the nickname "Children of Ilúvatar".

After the creation of the universe Eru mostly ceased to engage in the world. Several times Eru intervened directly in the affairs of the world. He drowned [[Númenor]] and removed [[Aman]] from the sphere of the earth. He also intervened to resurrect [[Gandalf]] after his fight with the [[Balrog]].

==References==
<References/>

== See also ==
*[[:Category:Middle-earth]], [[List of Lord of the Rings-related articles|Lists of Middle-earth entries]]
*[[Middle-earth locations]], [[Middle-earth objects]]
*[[Tolkien's languages and scripts]]
*[[Ainu (Middle-earth)|Ainur]]

{{Middle-earth}}
[[Category:Middle-earth| ]]

Aman

2015-02-23T20:32:45Z

ScottH35: Added wikilinks

'''Aman''' is a fictional place in [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s fantasy world. Frequently referred to as the "Undying Lands," "the "Blessed Realm," or simply "West," Aman is home to the [[Ainu (Middle-earth)#The Valar|Valar]] and the three kindred of [[Elf (Middle-earth)|elves]]. Aman is separate from the Tolkien world of [[Middle-earth]] where ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' take place. The history of Aman is detailed in the ''[[Silmarillion]]''.

==History==
The continent Aman was created as a home for the Valar after the destruction of Almaren by [[Morgoth|Melkor]].<ref>Tolkien, J. R. R. (1977), Christopher Tolkien, ed., The Silmarillion, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-25730-1</ref> The Valar raised a mountain range, known as the Pelóri, in the East to isolate Aman from the rest of the world. Enchanted islands were placed as a barrier to prevent travelers from reaching the continent from Middle Earth. After the Númenóreans attempted to reach Aman and attain immortality, [[Eru]] removed the continent from the face of the earth so that few could reach it. Travel into the west was made impossible except for those that know the way.

Aman was home to the Two Trees of Valinor before Ungoliant destroyed them with the help of Melkor.

==Inhabitants==
Aman is home to the Valar and the three hosts of elves: The Vanyar, the Noldor, and the Teleri.

'''Valar'''
 
The Valar, literally "Powers of Arda," are angelic beings created by Eru to assist in making the world. The Valar assisted Eru in singing the song of creation and carrying out the themes after the world was created. During the ages of elves, the Valar served as protectors. There are many Valar with the most well known being Manwë, Oromë, Varda, and Melkor.
 
 
'''Vanyar'''
 
The Vanyar, literally "the fair," are the most noble of the high elves and were the first to journey to Aman. Little is known of the Vanyar as they never left Aman after arriving.
 
 
'''Noldor'''
 
The Noldor, literally "those with knowledge," are the second of the high elf clans. They are sometimes referred to as the "Deep Elves" due to their vast knowledge and thirst for evermore knowledge. There were renowned for their skills. After the slaying of Finwë, the bulk of the Noldor swore to avenge his death. The first kinslaying, the murder of one elf by another, and the migration to Middle-Earth occurred. For this the Valar banished the Noldor who had left. This banishment was pardoned at the end of the [[First Age (Middle-earth)#Chronology|First Age]] though some refused.
 
 
'''Teleri'''
 
The Teleri, literally "those who came last" are the third of the high elf clans to arrive in Aman. The Teleri settled outside of the Pelóri and became seamen, earning them the nickname "sea elves". After the slaying of Finwë, many Teleri were killed in the first kinslaying by the Noldor.
 
 
'''Others'''
 
Special dispensations were made for others to travel to Aman. [[Gandalf]], [[Frodo Baggins]], [[Bilbo Baggins]], [[Samwise Gamgee]], and [[Gimli]] were among those were were allowed to travel to the Undying Lands due to their deeds.

==References==
<References/>

== See also ==
*[[:Category:Middle-earth]], [[List of Lord of the Rings-related articles|Lists of Middle-earth entries]]
*[[Middle-earth locations]], [[Middle-earth objects]]
*[[Tolkien's languages and scripts]]

{{Middle-earth}}
[[Category:Middle-earth| ]]

Númenor

2015-02-23T20:24:56Z

ScottH35: /* History */ Added wikilink to Aman

[[Image:Numenor map.jpg|thumb|350px|A map of Númenor in the Second Age.]]
'''Númenor''' is a fictional island in [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]] world. It was an island west of Middle-earth in the [[Middle-earth chronology|Second Age]], inhabited by Men, and with a history reminiscent of [[Atlantis]]. The '''''Akallabêth''''' is the story of Númenor's history and Downfall.<ref name="silakallabeth">J. R. R. Tolkien, ''The Silmarillion'', ''Akallabêth''</ref>

== Geography ==
Númenor was a great island in the Seas west of Middle-earth, in the shape of a five-pointed star. In the middle of the island was the mountain '''Meneltarma''', which was a sacred place for the Númenóreans. The land was divided into six regions, one in each "star-arm" and one in the middle. The regions were '''Forostar''' ("Northlands"), '''Andustar''' ("Westlands"), '''Hyarnustar''' ("Southwestlands"), '''Hyarrostar''' ("Southeastlands"), '''Orrostar''' ("Eastlands"), and the central region '''Mittalmar''' ("Inlands"). In eastern Mittalmar was the region '''Arandor''' ("Kingsland"), which was under the direct rule of the King. The capital city '''Armenelos''' lay in Arandor, as well as the haven '''Rómenna'''.

Some of the many names of Númenor were '''Westernesse''', '''''Númenórë''''' ([[Quenya]], the long form of ''Númenor'') and '''''Anadûnê''''' ([[Adûnaic]]), both meaning "West-land"; '''''Andor''''' (Quenya) and '''''Yôzâyan''''' (Adûnaic), which both mean "the Land of the Gift". Later it was also called '''''Atalantë''''' (Quenya) and '''''Akallabêth''''' (Adûnaic), both meaning "the Downfallen". The inhabitants of Númenor were usually called the '''Númenóreans''' or '''Men of the West'''.

== History ==
At the beginning of the Second Age the island was given to the Edain, the human peoples who had helped the [[Quendi|Elves]] in the wars against [[Morgoth]] during the [[First Age (Middle-earth)|First Age]]. The first Númenórean King was Elros Tar-Minyatur, brother of [[Elrond]]. Númenor prospered into a wealthy and sophisticated nation, especially known for their seafaring. Númenor established colonies on the shores of Middle-earth, from [[Eriador]] to [[Harad]] in the far south. They also assisted the Elves in their wars against [[Sauron]].

In the later part of the Second Age, many Númenóreans became jealous of the Elves and became hostile to the Elves and Valar. The people were divided into two fractions, the '''''Elendili''''' ("Elf-friends"), also called the '''Faithful''' because of their loyalty to the Elves and the West, and the '''King's Men''' who rejected the West. Toward the end of the Age the King Tar-Palantir returned Númenor to the old ways of the Faithful for a time. Although his daughter Míriel was supposed to succeed him, his nephew Ar-Pharazôn usurped the throne after Tar-Palantir's death. Ar-Pharazôn landed with a great fleet at Umbar and marched to [[Mordor]], where [[Sauron]] surrendered to him, and returned with the King to Númenor. Sauron over time corrupted Ar-Pharazôn so he became worse than any before him, hunting the Elendili and worshipping [[Melkor]]. At last Ar-Pharazôn built the greatest fleet the world had seen, and sailed to [[Aman]] to wage war on the Valar. As a result and punishment, the island Númenor sank into the Sea. The remaining Elendili had been warned before, and escaped the Downfall of Númenor. Led by Elendil and his sons, they sailed to Middle-earth, where they established the Dúnedain kingdoms of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. Remnants of the King's Men continued in the southern colonies on the coast of [[Harad]], who became known as the ''Black Númenóreans'', who in times to come were loyal to Sauron and enemies of Gondor.

== See also ==
* [[Arnor]], [[Gondor]]
* [[Middle-earth locations]]

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

{{Middle-earth}}
[[Category:Middle-earth]]

Ainu (Middle-earth)

2015-02-23T20:24:08Z

ScottH35: Added wikilink to Aman.

'''Ainur''' (Singular '''Ainu''') are fictional spiritual beings from [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth|Middle-earth legendarium]]. The Ainur were the first beings created by Eru Ilúvatar. The word ''Ainur'' is from the [[Quenya]] language, and translates as "Holy Ones".

As the first creation and servants of God, Eru Ilúvatar, the Ainur can be seen as similar to the [[Angel]]s of [[Christianity]].<ref>"The cycles begin with a cosmogonical myth: the Music of the Ainur. God and the Valar (or powers: Englished as gods) are revealed. These latter are as we should say angelic powers, whose function is to exercise delegated authority in their spheres (of rule and government, not creation, making or re-making)." ''The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien'', #131</ref>

In the beginning the Ainur came from Eru Ilúvatar. After the creation of the world, Eä, some of the Ainur enterend into it, while the others stayed outside. Those of the Ainur that entered into Eä are known as '''Valar''' and '''Maiar'''. The Valar are a small group of those that were the most powerful and who became the leaders of the Ainur in Eä. The Maiar are those that were less powerful, and are great but uncounted in number. The Valar and Maiar were able to clothe themselves in any physical form they wished, and often took forms resembling the Children of Ilúvatar, the [[Quendi|Elves]] and Men. Many of them took a great part in the shaping the world, and most of them have some part of creation or craft especially dear to them, of which they are guardians.

Some of the Ainur became corrupted and stood against Eru and his order of things, among them [[Morgoth]] and [[Sauron]].

== The Valar ==
The '''Valar''' ([[Quenya]] "the Powers", Singular '''Vala''') are the most powerful of the Ainur that entered into Eä. At the beginning there were fifteen of them. But the Vala [[Melkor]] became corrupted and worked against the others, and was cast out of their ranks; he was later known as [[Morgoth]]. The remaining fourteen Valar are divided equally into seven male "Lords of the Valar" and seven female "Queens of the Valar"; the female Valar are also called '''Valier''' (Singular '''Valië'''). The Valar reside in [[Aman]].

The Lords of the Valar were: Manwë Súlimo, Ulmo, Aulë, Oromë, Mandos (Námo), Lórien (Irmo), and Tulkas. The Valier were: Varda Elentári (Elbereth Gilthoniel), Yavanna Kementári, Nienna, Estë, Vairë, Vána, and Nessa.

The '''Aratar''' ([[Quenya]]: "Exalted") are the eight most powerful of the Valar. The brothers Lórien and Mandos are together known as the '''Fëanturi''' ("Masters of Spirits").

== The Maiar ==
The '''Maiar''' ([[Quenya]] "the Beautiful", Singular '''Maia''') are lesser Ainur that entered into Eä. Their number is unknown. Many Maiar live as followers to one of the Valar.

Among those of the Maiar that later followed the Vala [[Morgoth]] were [[Sauron]] and the [[Balrog]]s.

=== Istari ===
The '''Istari''' ([[Quenya]] "Wise Ones", singular '''Istar''') are a group of Maiar that came to Middle-earth in the [[Middle-earth chronology|Third Age]]. Among the peoples of Middle-earth they were often called "'''Wizards'''", and the individual Istari also became known by many names. They were sent to help and guide the peoples of Middle-earth in their struggles against [[Sauron]].

The Istari arrived in Middle-earth in the eleventh century of the Third Age. They appeared in the physical form of old men, and were bound and limited by this form, although they still kept some of the knownledge and power of their true selves.

The Istari were Curumo ([[Saruman]]), Olórin ([[Gandalf]]), Aiwendil (Radagast), and the '''Blue Wizards'''. While the former stayed mostly in the west of Middle-earth, the Blue Wizards went into the far east. It is unknown what became of them, but they probably failed or were themselves corrupted.

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

{{Middle-earth}}
[[Category:Middle-earth]]

Ent

2015-02-23T20:22:45Z

ScottH35: Cleanup

'''Ents''' are a fictional people in [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]] stories. They appear prominently in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]: The Two Towers'', represented primarily by [[Treebeard]].

Ents are large tree-like beings. They were made by the [[Valië]] [[Yavanna Kementári]] as protectors of the forests and plants, earning them the name "shepherds of trees". Ents have been alive in Middle-earth at least since the [[Middle-earth chronology|First Age]]. The [[Elf (Middle-earth)|Elves]] also had part in teaching the Ents. The Ent's language is [[Entish]], which is rather long-winded, and therefore seldom used to say anything.
Female Ents are called '''Entwives'''. As they had different likes, the male Ents stayed in the wild forests, while the Entwives preferred open gardens. The Entwives cultivated their gardens, and also taught the young peoples of Men about agriculture. Later the Entwives were lost, as after Sauron had made war, the Ents could not find them anymore.

Ents appear in the ''[[Silmarillion]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. In the latter, [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] and [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] escape [[Saruman]]'s [[Orc (Middle-earth)|orcs]] and into [[Fangorn Forest]], where they meet the Ent [[Treebeard]], master of Fangorn Forest.

{{Middle-earth}}
[[Category:Middle-earth]]

User:ScottH35

2015-02-23T20:20:30Z

ScottH35:

Aman

2015-02-23T20:07:14Z

ScottH35: Created a page on Aman to complete the LOTR places category. I'll continue to work on it.

'''Aman''' is a fictional place in [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s fantasy world. Frequently referred to as the "Undying Lands," "the "Blessed Realm," or simply "West," Aman is home to the [[Valar]] and the three kindred of elves. Aman is separate from the Tolkien world of [[Middle-earth]] where ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' take place. The history of Aman is detailed in the ''[[Silmarillion]]''.

==History==
The continent Aman was created as a home for the Valar after the destruction of Almaren by Melkor.<ref>Tolkien, J. R. R. (1977), Christopher Tolkien, ed., The Silmarillion, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-25730-1</ref> The Valar raised a mountain range, known as the Pelóri, in the East to isolate Aman from the rest of the world. Enchanted islands were placed as a barrier to prevent travelers from reaching the continent from Middle Earth. After the Númenóreans attempted to reach Aman and attain immortality, Eru removed the continent from the face of the earth so that few could reach it. Travel into the west was made impossible except for those that know the way.

Aman was home to the Two Trees of Valinor before Ungoliant destroyed them with the help of Melkor.

==Inhabitants==
Aman is home to the Valar and the three hosts of elves: The Vanyar, the Noldor, and the Teleri.

'''Valar'''
 
The Valar, literally "Powers of Arda," are angelic beings created by Eru to assist in making the world. The Valar assisted Eru in singing the song of creation and carrying out the themes after the world was created. During the ages of elves, the Valar served as protectors. There are many Valar with the most well known being Manwë, Oromë, Varda, and Melkor.
 
 
'''Vanyar'''
 
The Vanyar, literally "the fair," are the most noble of the high elves and were the first to journey to Aman. Little is known of the Vanyar as they never left Aman after arriving.
 
 
'''Noldor'''
 
The Noldor, literally "those with knowledge," are the second of the high elf clans. They are sometimes referred to as the "Deep Elves" due to their vast knowledge and thirst for evermore knowledge. There were renowned for their skills. After the slaying of Finwë, the bulk of the Noldor swore to avenge his death. The first kinslaying, the murder of one elf by another, and the migration to Middle-Earth occurred. For this the Valar banished the Noldor who had left. This banishment was pardoned at the end of the First Age though some refused.
 
 
'''Teleri'''
 
The Teleri, literally "those who came last" are the third of the high elf clans to arrive in Aman. The Teleri settled outside of the Pelóri and became seamen, earning them the nickname "sea elves". After the slaying of Finwë, many Teleri were killed in the first kinslaying by the Noldor.
 
 
'''Others'''
 
Special dispensations were made for others to travel to Aman. Gandalf, Frodo Baggins, Bilbo Baggins, Samwise Gamgee, and Gimli were among those were were allowed to travel to the Undying Lands due to their deeds.

==References==
<References/>

== See also ==
*[[:Category:Middle-earth]], [[List of Lord of the Rings-related articles|Lists of Middle-earth entries]]
*[[Middle-earth locations]], [[Middle-earth objects]]
*[[Tolkien's languages and scripts]]

{{Middle-earth}}
[[Category:Middle-earth| ]]

User talk:ScottH35

2015-02-16T20:14:18Z

ScottH35: r

{{Welcome|ScottH35}}--[[User:Jpatt|Jpatt]] 13:27, 16 February 2015 (EST)
Hi Scott, I saw your recent edit [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Malala_Yousafzai&curid=128580&diff=1140724&oldid=1116640 here] and I'm not sure it says what you meant it to. I wasn't sure what you wanted it to say so I've not changed it but I guess it you possibly meant either 'was the winner' or for it to say 'won'. [[User:Davidspencer|Davidspencer]] 14:18, 16 February 2015 (EST)
:Thanks, I apparently missed adding "awarded". [[User:ScottH35|ScottH35]] 15:14, 16 February 2015 (EST)

Malala Yousafzai

2015-02-16T20:13:49Z

ScottH35: Added missing word

'''Malala Yousafzai''' (b. July 12, 1997) is a [[Pakistan]]i blogger and child rights activist. She is committed to maintaining the right of education for girls. On October 9, 2012 she was shoot by a [[Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan]]-death squad on her way home from school.<ref>http://frontpagemag.com/2012/frank-crimi/taliban-solution-to-bad-press-kill-journalists/</ref> After an operation she returned to school in March 2013.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/03/19/malala-yousafzai-returns-to-school-in-england-months-after-being-shot-by/</ref> In 2014 Malala was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] with Kailash Satyarthi.<ref>http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2014/yousafzai-facts.html</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Taliban]]
[[Category:Sakharov laureates]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Peace]]

User:ScottH35/Typos

2015-02-16T18:28:36Z

ScottH35: Blanked the page

User:ScottH35/Typos

2015-02-16T18:26:07Z

ScottH35: List of common typos

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