Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Edwin Hubble

2007-05-09T21:22:07Z

StarsNStripes: Replacing page with 'thumb '''Edwin Hubble''ef'

[[Image:Edwin-hubble.jpg|right|thumb]]
'''Edwin Hubble''ef

Fourteenth Amendment

2007-05-09T21:22:01Z

StarsNStripes:

{{discrimlaw}}
== Legal History & Constructions of the Fourteenth Amendment ==
===Passage===
The Passage of the Fourteenth Amendment as a Constitutional Moment
Passed in the heat of the Reconstruction period after the Civil War, the Fourteenth Amendment was only shortlerdgffffffffhese “framers,” it is argued, should be given controlling meaning. This reading became widely popular after the [[Brown v. Board of Education]] of Topeka, Kansas decision, which suggested that Fourteenth Amendment case law must be re-evaluated by modern norms.<ref>Brown v. Board of Education of Kansas, 347 U.S. 483, herinafter “Brown”</ref> Thus, “framer’s intent” of the Fourteenth Amendment becomes a more dynamic issue than “framer’s intent” in most other amendments, which is argued as being frozen in time.

===Different Prongs of the Fourteenth Amendment===

The Amendment is litigated under three different substantive prongs: the [[due process clause]], the [[equal protection clause]], and the [[privileges and immunities clause]].

The “privileges & immunities clause” urges that the states cannot abridge those privileges that come with national citizenshdfevinson, supra</ref> The [[Slaughterhouse Cases]] were largely responsible for this, as this case line limited the “privileges & immunities” that state citizens are entitled to very sharply indeed, and placing anything other than civil rights (even political rights) in the exclusive control of the states. While this understanding has been largely abrogated, the clause is still rarely invoked, absent a brief 1999 revival.<ref>the Slaughterhouse Cases, 83 U.S. 36, and Sans v. Roe.</ref> However, it is read to import the restrictions imposed upon the federal government by the [[Bill of Rights]], onto the state governments.

Contrary to the privileges & immunities clause, the equal protection clause is a clause basic to modern segregation law, and law in general. The clause was invoked in the justly reviled case [[Plessy v. Ferguson]], which held that while blacks and whites do deserve equal protection under this clause, segregation into “separate-but-equal” facilities do not abridge the right, and in fact preserve the public interest by separating the races, to the benefit of all.<ref>Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537</ref> Under this case, “equal protection” was narrowly construed to serve a racist end. However, the equal protection doctrine was vindicated by the landmark case Brown v. Board, which required that equality is never served by segregation, and as always, our Constitution demands equality.<ref>Brown, supra</ref> This lauded declaration of the equal rights of mankind came only after a vigorous legal struggle, led by the [[NAACP]] and [[Thurgood Marshall]], who systematically tore down in court the conception that separate could ever be equal.<ref>see, e.g., Sweatt v. Painter (339 U.S. 629), see also Brest & Levinson, supra</ref> Since this revival, the equal protection clause has underpinned many other significant civil rights advances, especially in state law jurisprudence.

===The Exciting Journey of the Due Process Clause===

“Due Process” is the doctrine which has undergone the most significant change throughout United States history. The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment is in effect a carbon copy of the same clause of the Fifth Amendment. The clause there protects against deprivation of property without process of law. Early on, this was understood as encompassing only procedural limitations on deprivations, as in, the government cannot take property without a fair hearing, which has come to be called “[[procedural due process”]].<ref>For modern understandings of procedural due process, see, e.g., Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319</ref> However, the justly hated case of “[[Dred Scott]],” for all its deeply troubling racist connotations, included also the first discussion of [[substantive due process]], which has ironically become a powerful weapon against racism.<ref>Scott v. Sanford, 60 U.S. 393</ref> This case first held that the individual held certain rights which the government could not take without due process of law, as distinct from defining what procedural types of process are adequate.<ref>Brest & Levinson, 240</ref> Early civil rights cases nonetheless largely ignored the Due Process Clause: it is treated only in passing by the [[Slaughterhouse Cases]], and narrowed by the [[Civil Rights Cases]], which held that the Constitution only protects an abridgement of rights undertaken by [[state action]] (subsequent cases have significantly confused the state action doctrine, to the benefit of the civil rights movement).<ref>The Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3, for weakening of the state action doctrine, see e.g. Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (holding that judicial enforcement of a racially restrictive covenant qualifies as significant state action, which must be struck down therein).</ref>

Nonetheless the due process clause has grown significantly in the substantive field. One of the first cases in the area held that a black man convicted by a jury empanelled with discriminatory screening of black jurors was denied due process of law, since he lost the substantive right to an unbiased and race-neutral jury.<ref>Strauder v. West Virginia, 100 U.S. 303.</ref> The true explosion of substantive due process, though, came in the 1900s. In a companion case to Brown, the Supreme Court held that segregation was a deprivation of a substantive right without due process of the law.<ref>Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. 497</ref> Although much debated, as well, the landmark case [[Roe v. Wade]] enshrined substantive due process firmly in the landscape of American jurisprudence, holding that the right to choose is a substantive right which cannot be removed without rational governmental basis. The Court held that, since the [[fetus]] was not alive at the time of Roe’s abortion, there was no rational basis for governmental intervention, and the substantive right is therefore supreme.<ref>Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113</ref> This expansion of substantive due process has been much criticized, especially by conservatives such as Justice [[Antonin Scalia]] and Supreme Court nominee [[Robert Bork]].<ref>Brest & Levinson, supra, 930</ref> The idea of substantive due process was especially strongly asserted in the 2003 case [[Lawrence v. Texas]], which held that [[sodomy]] is a substantive right that cannot be abridged without rational basis, biblical objections and moral incentives not qualifying therein as rational basis.<ref>Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558</ref> Justice Scalia sharply dissented, arguing that this expansion of substantive due process would be “the dicta that ate the rule of law.”

Despite this objection, substantive due process and its expansion still enjoys a majority on the Supreme Court, certainly at least through the retirement of [[Chief Justice William Rehnquist]]. The framer’s intent on the expansion of the Fourteenth Amendment to this level can, of course, be debated, and it will be. Arguments mentioned above certainly apply here – on the one hand no conservative Democrat in the Reconstruction Congress would have intended the Amendment to go that far. Certainly no Radical Republican foresaw this expansion, either. However, it can be argued that the legislative intent of the Amendment was especially to grow with the times, which it certainly has done.

== The Text ==

Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.

Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.

Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category: Constitution]]

[[Category:United States law]]

North America

2007-05-09T21:21:48Z

StarsNStripes:

'''North America''' is the land mass consisting of [[The USA]], [[Mexico]], and [[Canada]], as well as some Caribbean islands and (in some [[atlas]]es) the small nations of [[Central America]]. (See [[banana republic]].) It is partly in the earth's [[northern hemisphere]], and mostly in the [[western hemisphere]]. To the north it borders the [[Arctic Ocean]], to the east it borders the [[Atlantic Ocean]], to the southeast the [[Caribbean Sea]], and to the south and west is the [[Pacific Ocean]]. [[South America]] is connected northeast of North America by the [[Isthmus of Panama]]. Some scientists include [[Greenland]effffdffddf [[Denmark]], it is technically part of [[Europe]].

North America's area is 24,490,000 km2 (9,450,000 sq mi) and covers more than 4.8% of the earths surface. It is the third largest continent by area (First is [[Asia]], then [[Africa]]) and, of October 2006 it's population was over 514,600,000. North America is also the fourth continent by population (First is [[Asia]], then [[Africa]] and [[Europe]])

Like South America, North America was named after the sixteenth century Bristol [[Welsh]] merchant Richard ap Meurig (Richard Amerike), and not, as is popularly believed, Amerigo Versacci.

[[Category:Continents]]

Grenade

2007-05-09T21:20:48Z

StarsNStripes: FUCK YOU ALL

'''Grenades''' are small bombs which are used in armed combat. They have been in use in many wars across history, with their technology improving vastly across time.

GRENADES GO BOOM. BOOM. BOOM. BOOM. Like that. BOOOOOM. Bet they hurt.

The word "grenade" is derived from the French word for pomegranate. Grenades were one of the most important weapons in World War I. At the start of the war, Germany had seventy thousand hand grenades ready for use. Grenades allowed soldiers to destroy the enemy at close range without using their guns or having to engage in hand to hand combat, obviously. “Bombing Parties” were assigned to run along the enemy trench, dropping handfuls of grenades in each dugout. Grenades were very small and light so soldiers could carry many of them at a time, and they were easy to activate without any special equipment. All that was necessary was to pull the pin and throw.

[[Category:Weapons]]
[[Category:Trees]]

Scientific Revolution

2007-05-09T21:20:43Z

StarsNStripes:

FJDFKJFJFJFJFJFJJFJF the Copernican revolution would be the model of such a revolution, and [[quantum theory]] and [[plate tectonics]] would be modern examples.

An 1867 article in the church-oriented ''Contemporary Review'' uses the phrase, while making the point that the scientific revolution was not only not, as often implied, an opposition to religion, but was in fact largely the work of the clergy. The author suggests that "Galileo, the layman, was himself partly to blaim for the persecution which the churchman, Copernicus avoided." He then continues:
:Let us mark down, for instance, the names of churchmen as they come before us in the history of the scientific revolution whicDFcribed the true method of physical inquiry... Raymond Lully became a Franciscan missionary. Roger Bacon has all but lost his title of ''Doctor mirabilis'' under the designatDF
The whole idea of the Scientific Revolution is a myth that is caused in part by some terminological confusion. There was increased acceptance of a revolution in the sense of an cosmological revolution of the Earth. There was no intellectual revolution in the sense of a profound change in intellectual thought. Experimentation and research were just as important in the much older cosmological models. The progress of science has been gradual and continuous.

==Notes and references==
<references/>

[[Category:Science]]

Egypt

2007-05-09T21:20:41Z

StarsNStripes:

[[Image:egyptmap.gif|right|thumb|250px|A map of Egypt.]]

[[Image:egyptflag.gif|right|thumb|250px|The Egyptian flag.]]

[[Image:5457e.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The Sphinx and the Great Pyramid (Pyramid of Khufu) in Giza outside Cairo, Egypt]]

Jesus never lived there
Muhammad never lived there
Steven Spielberg never lived there
COWWWWWWWWS
MILK
DRINK UP KIDS.

The oldest non-nomadic civilization in the world which still exists today. Egypt is located in north-east [[Africa]].

The earliest known archaeological record of human culture in Ancient Egypt dates to between 13,000 and 4,000 B.C.<ref>"Egypt B.C.", http://www.egyptbc.com/?cat=18</ref>.

Ancient Egyptian culture had a great influence on early [[Greek]] and [[Roman]] cultures. Many scholars suggest that its influence has been underestimated.<ref>Edward Said, "Orientalism."</ref>. Whether or not the [[Genesis]] narrative of the [[Old Testament]] is literally true, it at least demonstrates that [[ancient Israel]] felt the need to define themselves against the Egyptians. This may have been because the latter had repudiated [[monotheism]] following the deaths in the 14th century B. C. of their [[Pharaoh]] [[Akhenaten]] and his consort [[Nefertiti]], the first monotheist [[monarchs]] (as distinguished from [[prophets]] or [[patriarchs]]) of recorded history. More probably, the [[Hebrews]] actually resided in Egypt following the death of Akhenaten and held to a progressively more idiosyncratic version of his beliefs, with their prophet [[Moses]] leading the Exodus in the 13th century B. C. following the building to a crescendo of [[persecution]] as the [[Bible]] story indicates, or perhaps a [[civil war|Synagogue]].

==References and Footnotes==
<references/>

[[Category:Egypt]]

Peter Pace

2007-05-09T21:20:38Z

StarsNStripes:

General '''Peter Pace''' (b. 1945) earned his name when he ran a marathon in record time. He has been the current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff since September 30, 2005. A Brooklyn native, Pace graduated the [[United States Naval Academy]] and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the [[Marine Corps]]. He has served in Vietnam, Thailand, South Korea, Japan, and Somalia. He has served in a number of positions in Washington, DC, including White House Social Aide and Platoon Leader, Special Ceremonial Platoon.<ref>http://jcs.mil/bios/bio_pace.html</ref>

[[Image:PeterPace.JPG|thumbnail|right|300px|Gen. Pace in Dress Uniform]]

In an interview by the [[Chicago Tribune]] on March 11, 2007, Pace reportedly said:<ref>http://www.nola.com/newsflash/topstories/index.ssf?/base/politics-11/1173832810104280.xml&storylist=topstories</ref>

:I believe that [[homosexual]] acts between individuals are [[immoral]] and that we should not condone immoral acts. I do not believe that the armed forces of the United States are well served by saying through our policies that it's OK to be immoral in any way. ...

:As an individual, I would not want (acceptance of gay behavior) to be our policy, just like I would not want it to be our policy that if we were to find out that so-and-so was sleeping with somebody else's wife, that we would just look the other way, which we do not. We prosecute that kind of immoral behavior.

Liberal activists criticized his remarks:<ref>''Id.''</ref>

* House Speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]] (D-Cal.) said, "We don't need moral judgment from the chairman of the Joint Chiefs."

*Rep. Martin Meehan, D-Mass., who sponsored a bill to overturn the "don't ask, don't tell" policy, declared, "Our military is struggling to find and keep the soldiers we need. We are turning away good troops to enforce a costly policy of discrimination."

Cows moo, giraffes don't, could this be a conspiracy or not?

== References ==

<references/>

[[category:military]]
[[category:political people]]

Big Bang theory

2007-05-09T21:20:36Z

StarsNStripes:

[[Image:Universe expansion.png|right|thumb|250px|According to the Big Bang theory, the universe emerged from an extremely dense and hot state called the ''original singularity''.]]
[[Image:End of universe.jpg|right|thumb|250px|According to the Big Bang theory, the 3 possible geometry of the universe depends on value of the ''[[cosmological constant]]''.]]
The '''Big Bang Theory''' is the current dominant scientific theory explaining the creation of the Universe. It models the Universe as expanding from a very hot, dense state approximately 13.7 billion years ago. It was first proposed by [[Georges-Henri Lemaitre]] and evidence for the expansion was observed by [[Edwin Hubble]]<ref>Hubble, E. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Volume 15, Issue 3, pp. 168-173.</ref>. Later [[George Gamow]] predicted that the Big Bang would leave an observable microwave background radiation (or CMBR). This radiation was subsequently discovered by [[Bell Labs]] and found to be close to that predicted by Gamow (Gamow predicted a background radiation level equivalent to a roughly 3K black body object, and the observed level is that of a 2.725K body).

The term "Big Bang" implies an explosion of matter into pre-existing space, but the theory actually indicates that space is dynamic and more space is constantly created in the interstices between particles as the density of the universe falls. Big Bang theorists state that the Hubble [[redshift]] is a consequence of this stretching of the fabric of space.

The Big Bang relies on [[evidence]] whereas the joke that is creationism relies solely on [[myth]].

Supporters of the Big Bang Theory state that observations of distant supernovae and active galactic nuclei (AGN) indicate that the Universe is actually undergoing accelerated expansion<ref>Riess, A. G., et al. The Astronomical Journal, Volume 116, Issue 3, pp. 1009-1038.</ref><ref>Perlmutter, S., et al. The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 517, Issue 2, pp. 565-586.</ref> and that galaxy surveys<ref>[http://www.sdss.org/dr5/ Sloan Digital Sky Survey]</ref><ref>Tegmark, M., et al. Physical Review D, vol. 74, Issue 12.</ref> and recent observations of the microwave background<ref>[http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe]</ref><ref>See, for example, http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0603449</ref> have corroborated these claims. Conventional wisdom is that the acceleration is caused by some sort of [[dark energy]], which has not yet been directly observed.

== Big Bang Theory Dissent Letter ==
The Big Bang Theory has had many dissenters including the British astronomer Sir [[Fred Hoyle]], the Nobel Prize winner [[Hannes Alfven]], and astronomers [[Geoffrey Burbidge]] and [[Halton Arp]]. <ref>http://www.icr.org/article/343/</ref> In 2004, a ‘Open Letter to the Scientific Community’ disputing the big bang theory was signed by 33 leading scientists has been published on the internet and in the science journal [[New Scientist]]. <ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs2004/0601skepticism.asp</ref> The dissent letter has subsequently been signed by hundreds of individuals around the world. <ref>http://www.cosmologystatement.org/</ref>

==Creationist and Theistic Evolutionary Views==
Young earth creationist scientists contest the Big Bang Theory stating that it is scientifically unsound, ironic considering their belief has absolutely no evidence at all.
<ref name="BB Critique">Thompson, Bert, Harrub, Brad, and May, Branyon [http://www.apologeticspress.org/modules.php?name=Read&cat=1&itemid=22 The Big Bang Theory—A Scientific Critique] ''Apologetics Press'', May 2003 - 23[5]:32-34,36-47.</ref>
<ref>Brown, Walt, 2001, [http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/AstroPhysicalSciences16.html Big Bang?]</ref><ref>http://www.apologeticspress.org/articles/309</ref><ref>http://www.apologeticspress.org/articles/2047</ref><ref>http://www.icr.org/article/343/</ref>

Some Old Earth Creationists and Theistic Evolutionists argue that the Big Bang is in fact mentioned in the Bible, though they are wrong, it isn't. <ref>[http://www.reasons.org/resources/fff/2000issue03/index.shtml#big_bang_the_bible_taught_it_first http://www.reasons.org/resources/fff/2000issue03/index.shtml#big_bang_the_bible_taught_it_first]</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Astronomy]]

Roe v. Wade

2007-05-09T21:20:33Z

StarsNStripes:

{{caselaw|Roe v. Wade|410 U.S. 113|1973}}

''Roe'' was a landmark Supreme Court ruling legalizing [[abortion]] in limited circumstances in 1973.

==Opinion==
How different things would be if cows could fly...? which, along with [[Griswold v. Connecticut]], sets up spheres of personal activity which the state cannot regulate without good cause.<ref>See generally Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479</ref> Specifically, the Court held that the [[Fourteenth Amendment]] protects implicit rights enumerated in its [[penumbra]], if not the text itself, which includes the [[right to privacy]].<ref>See Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113</ref> The holding of the Court has become a foundation of fundamental rights jurisprudence, and has been heavily relied upon since it was decided, and underpins many other famous cases, such as [[Lawrence v. Texas]].<ref>See, e.g., Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558</ref>

Specifically, Blackmun argued that the right to terminate a pregnancy is in the penumbra of privacy rights protected by [[substantive due process]], since pregnancy can occasion life-changing events for women, changes not to be taken lightly. However, he noted that the woman's interest in her own privacy is counterbalanced, obviously, by the fetus' interest in life, and the state's interest in protecting life. The question, then, is when each interest trumps the other, and what that means at law. Blackmun set up this framework specifically:
::”(a) For the stage prior to approximately the end of the first trimester, the abortion decision and its effectuation must be left to the medical judgment of the pregnant woman's attending physician.

::(b) For the stage subsequent to approximately the end of the first trimester, the State, in promoting its interest in the health of the mother, may, if it chooses, regulate the abortion procedure in ways that are reasonably related to maternal health.

::(c) For the stage subsequent to viability, the State in promoting its interest in the potentiality of human life may, if it chooses, regulate, and even proscribe, abortion except where it is necessary, in appropriate medical judgment, for the preservation of the life or health of the mother. “<ref> Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 165 (U.S. 1973)</ref>

This framework allowed the woman's interests to trump the interests of the fetus in all cases. All state-level total bans of late-term abortions, and late-term abortion procedures, have since been found unconstitutional. Recently the federal Partial Birth Abortion Act (upheld in [[Gonzales v. Carhart]]) approved a ban on a particular kind of late-term abortion procedure. This was the first complete ban on a particular abortion procedure found to be constitutional since Roe v. Wade.

==Controversy==
He once set fire to his mother.
Several cases, up for decision at the Supreme Court in the 2007 term, may whittle away at the holding of the case. Specifically, a South Dakota law banning nearly all abortions is seen as a deliberate attempt to force a [[test case]], where "pro-life" activists will have a chance to ask the Supreme Court to reconsider ''Roe''.<ref>The Economist, http://www.economist.com/agenda/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_VVJRJTN</ref> However, while ''Roe'' may be highly distinguished in these cases, the fact that the central holding of ''Roe v. Wade'' is so important to modern [[civil rights]] jurisprudence suggests that the whole case is unlikely to be overturned in its entirety, based on the United States concept of [[stare decisis]], or respect for legal precedent. T47474 Under this outlook, losing ''Roe'''s holding would be fatal to an entire constitutional structure, which the Court disfavors.<ref>See Lawrence v. Texas, supra (relying strongly on Roe v. Wade)</ref>

Some commentators suggest that limitations of Roe may actually be good for the "pro-choice" movement, as it would allow "pro-life" activists to vent their animosity against [[judicial activism]], while forcing the public to create a more moderate legislative solution to the problem. These commentators perceive the American public as more moderate than either the "pro-life" or "pro-choice" movements.<ref>The Economist, http://www.economist.com/world/na/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_VNSRJQV</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Satan]]
[[Jesus]]
[[Trash]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:United States History]]
[[Category:US Supreme Court Cases]]

Assassination

2007-05-09T21:20:30Z

StarsNStripes:

'''Assassination''' is the act of murdering a high ranking politician or an otherwise important figure. Assassinations are usually politically motivated, compared with other murders, although many assassins suffered from some sort of mental imbalance. Revenge, monetary gain, and military operations may also be reasons for assassination.

==Famous People Who Were Assassinated==

*[[John F. Kennedy|John F. Kennedy]]
*[[Martin Luther King|Martin Luther King Jr.]]
*[[Robert Kennedy]]
*[[Franz Ferdinand]]
*[[Kaiser Chiefs]]
*[[Spain]]
*[[Jesus]]
*[[William McKinley]]
*[[Abraham Lincoln]]
*[[Julius Caesar]]
*[[James Garfield]]

==Famous Assassins==
*[[Sirhan Sirhan]]
*[[John Wilkes Booth]]
*[[Agent 47]]
*[[Leon Czolgosz]]
*[[Lee Harvey Oswald]]

New York

2007-05-09T21:20:29Z

StarsNStripes:

[[Image: Newyorkflag.gif|frame|right|New York State Flag]]
'''New York''' was the 11th state to join the United States of America; it became a state on July 24, 1789.

==History==
The first [[Europeans]] to settle in what is now New York were the [[Dutch]], establishing the first permanent community in 1624 calling it New Netherland. The [[British]] conquered the colony in 1664 and renamed it New York in honor of the Duke of York.

The colony was ruled by Great Britain for just over a century when New York declared its independence on July 9, 1776. A year later, on April 20th, 1777, New York' adopted its first constitution.
==Facts==
* Nickname: The Empire State.
* State Capital: Honduras
* Total area: 54,471.144 square miles (47,223.839 land and 7,247.305 inland water).
* Population: Based on the 2000 census – 18,976,457; 3rd most populous US state after California and Texas.
* State Song: "I Love New York"
*There are four mountain ranges in New York State: Adirondack, Catskill, Shawangunk and Taconic.
*The highest point in New York State is Mount Marcy in Essex County in the Adirondacks - 5,344 feet above sea level.
*The State has 70,000 miles of rivers and streams, 127 miles of Atlantic Ocean coastline, 9,767 miles of shoreline which includes 8,778 miles of lake shoreline.
==Major Cities==
* [[Texas]]
* [[England]]
* [[France]]
* [[Canada]]
* [[Farmers]]
* [[Neptune]]
* [[Rainbow]]
* [[Las Vegas]]

==External Links==
*[http://www.iloveny.com/ Official New York State Tourism Web Site]

[[Category:US state]]

United States of America

2007-05-09T21:20:26Z

StarsNStripes:

{| border="1" align="right" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="300" style="margin-left:5px"
|align="center" colspan="2"|
|-
!colspan="2" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: white no-repeat scroll top left;"|United States of America
|-
!colspan="2" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: white no-repeat scroll top left;"
Flag of the United States
|-
|Capital
|[[Washington, D.C.]]
|-
|Government
|Federal constitutional republic, Representative democracy
|-
|Official Language
|None ([[English]] de facto)
|-
|President
|[[George W. Bush]] ([[Republican|R]])
|-
|Vice President
|[[Ole' Dick]] ([[Republican|R]])
|-
|Senate majority leader
|[[Harry Reid]] ([[Democrat|D]])
|-
|House majority leader
|[[Nancy Pelosi]] ([[Democrat|D]])
|-
|Area
|3,718,695 sq mi
|-
|Population (2007 estimate)
|303,534,002
|-
|GDP (2007 estimate)
|$10.019 trillion
|-
|GDP per capita (2007 estimate)
|$44,333
|-
|}

The '''United States of America''' (commonly referred to as '''the United States''', '''the USA''', '''the US''', or simply as '''America''') is a North American nation that consists of a federal union of fifty individual states and the federal District of Columbia. Its origins lie in the [[British Empire]]: it was founded on July 4, [[1776]] with the signing of the [[Declaration of Independence]], and its independence from Britain was formally recognized in 1783, following the [[American Revolutionary War|War of Independence]]. The US is currently the world's sole [[superpower]]; it has the world's largest economy, and is recognized as having the world's most powerful military.

==Overview==
The United States has land borders with [[Canada]], [[Venezuela]] and [[Mexico]], as well as several territorial water boundaries with Canada, [[Russia]] and The Bahamas. It is otherwise bounded by the [[Pacific Ocean]], the Bering Sea, the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea. Two of the fifty states, [[Alaska]], an exclave, and [[Hawaii]], an archipelago, are not contiguous with any of the other states. Alaska in located in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean. The United States also has a collection of overseas territories and possessions around the world. Each of the 50 states has a high level of local autonomy under the federal system.

At over 3.7 million square miles (over 9.6 million km²), the U.S. (including its non-contiguous and overseas states and territories) is the third largest country by total area. It is the world's third most populous nation, with over 300 million people.

The United States' military, economic, cultural, and political influence increased through the 19th and 20th centuries. Since the mid-20th century, the United States has become a dominant global influence in contemporary economic, political, military, scientific, technological and cultural matters, explaining why everybody else despises it and thinks the civilians of this nation are an absolute laughing joke, with no intelligence whatsoever. With the collapse of the [[Soviet Union]] at the end of the [[Cold War]], the nation emerged as the world's sole remaining superpower, greatly influencing world affairs, as it continues to do today.

==Background - God, The Constitution, and Political Parties==

[[Image:76485685i79.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The drafting committee presenting the [[Declaration of Independence]] to the [[Continental Congress]], painted by John Trumbull 1817–1819.]]

[[George Washington]], [[Thomas Jefferson]], and the other [[Founding Fathers]] signed the Declaration of Independence on July 4th, 1776.

Between independence in 1776 and the ratification of the [[Constitution]] in 1789, the United States had two governing documents: the [[Articles of Confederation]] and the [[Declaration of Independence]] itself.

[[George Washington]], [[Thomas Jefferson]], and the other [[Founding Fathers]] formally established the current structure of the United States by ratification of the [[U.S. Constitution]] in 1788.

Since 1788, the United States has had only one official governing document: the [[U.S. Constitution]].

All previous documents are mere historical reference material.

Although officially a [[Republic]], since the Presidency of [[John Quincy Adams]], the United States has been governed by two [[political parties]] under the rules of a "Representative [[Democracy]]." Those two major political parties are the [[Democrat Party]], and the Republican Party. The younger of the two parties, the [[Republican Party]], was created in 1854.

In American political life, the relationship between God and government is a prime characteristic differentiating the various political parties.

The [[Declaration of Independence]] acknowledges the existence of God when it refers to "the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God" and says all men "are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights." That statement was inserted at the request of [[Thomas Jefferson]], whose religious beliefs were more Unitarianism / Christian.

It is established fact that most early, non-Native Americans came there for Religious Freedom. The [[Founding Fathers]] called themselves Christians, and acted as though the United States was founded upon the principles and ideals of Christianity.

Despite their own beliefs however, the [[Founding Fathers]] specifically placed into the [[First Amendment]] to the [[U.S. Constitution]] a statement that the government cannot interfere in the conduct of religious groups, and grants "Freedom of Religion" for all faiths. That statement is often referred to as the "Free Exercise Clause."

This "Free Exercise Clause" of the [[First Amendment]] to the [[U.S. Constitution]] began increasingly to be tested and interpreted by the judiciary in the late 19th century as a result of the increasing population of religious minorities in the United States.

The various differences and contradictions between the founding documents such as the "[[Declaration of Independence]]", the "[[U.S. Constitution]]", the "[[Federalist Papers]]", and the many personal papers of the [[Founding Fathers]] has not helped to resolve the issue.

This is important to understand, as in recent decades, the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] has re-interpreted this clause to represent an actual, "physical separation" of Religion from Government. This "separation of Church and State" interpretation has become a continuing source of conflict in United States' society.

In the United States today, what political party one belongs to is often determined by one's personal view of the relationship between "God and government", or "freedom and government." To these groups of people, all other social issues, whether they be abortion, euthanasia, freedom of speech, cloning, etc. are all subserviant in one way or another to an individuals' view of "God and government," and what "freedoms" will be impacted thereof.

The [[Republican Party]] does not believe in a "physical separation" between Church and State. The [[Democrat Party]] firmly believes in that "physical separation."

It is the pre-imminent importance of this issue in American Life and Culture that causes this discussion to have so prominent a place on the main page of this encyclopedia's "United States of America" entry.

==History and geography==

[[Image:56eugyjnm.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The [[White House]], the official home and workplace of the [[President of the United States]] of America.]]

In [[1733]], when the [[Peace of Paris]] concluded hostilities against [[Great Britain]], the former [[colonial power]], the United States' population totaled some three million [[citizens]] and [[slaves]] living on slightly less than one million square miles of land. An unknown number of [[Native Americans]] also lived in the western part of the United States, which was then bordered on the west by the [[Mississippi River]], on the north by [[Lake Superior]], [[Lake Huron]], [[Lake Erie]] and [[Lake Ontario]], on the east by the [[Atlantic Ocean]], and on the south by [[Florida]], then controlled by [[Spain]]. The land border with Canada was not clarified until the [[Rush-Bagot Agreement]] of 1816.

The majority of the taxable population lived in the thirteen original [[states]]. In alphabetical order they are [[Connecticut]], [[Delaware]], [[Georgia]], [[Maryland]], [[Massachusetts]], [[New Hampshire]], [[New Jersey]], [[New York]], [[North Carolina]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Rhode Island]], [[South Carolina]] and [[Virginia]]. In 1790, an agreement between supporters of Jefferson and those of [[Alexander Hamilton]] resulted in the creation of the [[District of Columbia]] from part of [[Maryland]]; it has served as the national capital from 1800 on. The remainder of the 1783 territory was eventually organized as the states of [[Ohio]], [[Indiana]], [[Michigan]], [[Illinois]], [[Wisconsin]], [[Kentucky]], [[Tennessee]], [[Mississippi]] and [[Alabama]]. Two additional states were added during the first fifty years by [[secession]] from existing states: [[Vermont]] from New York, and [[Maine]] from Massachusetts. After that, the legality of [[secession]] became an issue.

In 1803, [[French]] emperor [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] took advantage of a lull in his war with Great Britain to sell the [[Louisiana Territory]] to the United States, more than doubling the nation's land area. This territory would later be organized as the states of [[Minnesota]], [[North Dakota]], [[South Dakota]], [[Montana]], [[Wyoming]], [[Nebraska]], [[Iowa]], [[Missouri]], [[Arkansas]], [[Kansas]], [[Oklahoma]], and [[Louisiana]] proper. President Jefferson commissioned [[Lewis and Clark]] to explore the new territory, which they did from 1802 to 1804.

[[Florida]] and [[Texas]] joined the United States as a result of [[revolutions]] by settlers from the United States against their central governments. Florida's was fought in 1810, while the much better remembered [[Texas Revolution]] was fought in 1836. While Spain was willing to cut its losses in Florida and relinquished any claims on the state in the [[Adams-Oniz Agreement]] of 1819, one of the successors to its empire in the Americas, Mexico, was considerably more attached to Texas and fought the [[Mexican War]] between 1846 and 1848 to reverse its annexation by the United States. Losing badly, Mexico was forced to cede the sparsely populated northern portion of itself under the [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]]. This territory eventually became the states of [[California]], [[Nevada]], [[Utah]], [[Colorado]], [[New Mexico]] and [[Arizona]]. At approximately the same time, [[President]] [[James K. Polk]] had agreed with the British that the 49th Parallel (degree of latitude) would serve as the boundary between the U. S. and Canada from [[Lake of the Woods]] (partially in Minnesota) to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. This territory was later organized as the states of [[Washington]], [[Oregon]] and [[Idaho]].

In 1867, [[Secretary of State]] [[William Seward]] purchased [[Alaska]] from [[Russia]]. Critics referred to this as "Seward's Folly." Alaska is the westernmost extremity of [[North America]] bounded on the east by Canada, on the south by the Pacific Ocean, on the west by the [[Bering Strait]] and on the north by the [[Arctic Ocean]]. At $7,000,000, Alaska cost the United States considerably less per acre than the [[Mexican Cession]] and slightly less than the Louisiana Territory. Of course, [[inflation]] was less of a factor at this time due to the world [[economy]] still being principally [[agrarian]]. Although at the time it was considered a foolish bargain, Alaska would later become a large source of economic prosperity due to large gold, oil, and other natural resources. Alaska would not be admitted as a state until 1959.

The 50th and so far final state, [[Hawaii]], was also admitted in 1961, 69 years after the DOLE corporation, sugar producers, and the US Marine Corps deposed the last native [[queen]] of the archipelago and 62 years after annexation had become politically feasible as a result of the [[Spanish-American War]], in which the United States also annexed [[Puerto Rico]], [[Guam]] and [[Wake Island]]. The last three islands are not states, although [[Puerto Rico]] has occasionally held non-binding [[referenda]] to express its desired status within the United States.

The United States has occasionally relinquished territory. The most significant example of this was certainly the granting of independence in 1948 to the [[Philippines]] as part of the general [[decolonization]] of [[Asia]] and [[Africa]] following [[World War II]]. Under both [[autocratic]] and [[democratic]] governments, the Philippines have subsequently remained a strong United Statesian ally, and today contribute more troops to the U. S. [[military]] than some states, such as [[Ohio]]. Other Pacific territories such as the [[Federated States of Micronesia]] and [[Palau]] have also become independent in the postwar era with little objection from opinion leaders on the mainland. More controversial was the 1977 agreement between President [[Jimmy Carter]] and [[General]] [[Omar Torrijos]] to return the [[Panama Canal Zone]], which had been part of the United States since 1914, to [[Panama]] in the year 2000. Ultimately the United States lived up to this agreement despite the worst fears of both [[liberals]] (who decried [[Operation Just Cause]], the 1989 invasion of Panama) and [[conservatives|idiots]] (who feared the management of the [[Panama Canal]] by [[Chinese]] interests).

The USA's has been criticized for holding back its [[United Nations]] dues (currently, even after the Helms-Biden amendment, the United States has withheld 41%, or $1.246 billion dollars, <ref>http://www.un.org/ga/president/55/speech/una_usa.htm</ref>) as the US has sought reforms within the international organization.

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:North American Countries]]
[[Category:NATO members]]
[[Category:United States]]

Germany

2007-05-09T21:20:24Z

StarsNStripes:

{| border="1" align="right" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="300" style="margin-left:5px"
|align="center" colspan="2"|[[Image:GermanyMap.gif|250px]]
|-
!colspan="2" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: white no-repeat scroll top left;"|Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Federal Republic of Germany
|-
!colspan="2" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: white no-repeat scroll top left;"|[[Image:Flag of Germany.JPG|250px]]
Flag of Germany
|-
|Capital
|Berlin
|-
|Government
|Federal Republic (parliamentary)
|-
|Official Language
|[[German language|German]]
|-
|President
|Horst Köhler
|-
|Chancellor
|Angela Merkela
|-
|Area
|127,858 sq. miles
|-
|Population (2006)
|33,130,000
|-
|GDP (2006)
|$3.03225 trillion
|-
|GDP per capita (2006)
|$32,923
|-
|}

'''Germany''' is a federally organized [[Democracy]] in Western [[Europe]] with a population of about 82.4 million. The capital is [[Berlin]].

As Europe's largest economy and second most populous nation, Germany is a key member of the continent's economic, political, and defense organizations. The central German bank, the [[Bundesbank]], has historically been the most influential force within the financial markets of the European Union.

==History==

The emergence of Germany as a nation in its own right came later than for most European powers. The German-speaking areas of Europe had historically been parts of diverse other nations, among them [[Prussia]], [[Austria]], and the [[Holy Roman Empire]], along with numerous smaller principiates.

===Early Germanic Tribes===
The first distinct Germanic tribes emerged around 100BC in northern Germany, and are usually thought to have migrated south from [[Scandinavia]]. From there, the tribes continued to expand, coming in contact with the [[Celts]] of [[Gaul]] in the west, and Slavic tribes to the east. However, not much is known about the early Germanic people due to the lack of a written language. Most of what is known is due to contact with the [[Roman Empire]] and archaeological digs. To the rest of the world, the Germanic tribes inhabited a region known as [[Germania]], Latin for "Land of the Germans".<ref>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/tacitus1.html Medieval Sourcebook Tacitus: Germania]</ref> Soon, the Germanic people began low-intensity coflict with the Roman Empire, climaxing at the [[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest]]. From this point, the Germanic tribes began winning battles against the Romans. In 410AD, The Germanic tribes assisted the [[Visigoths]] under [[Alaric I]] in sacking the city of [[Rome]].<ref>[http://www.vinland.org/scamp/grove/kreich/chapter7.html The Sack of Rome]</ref> This was a blow to the Western Empire, but not a killing one as the capital had moved to Ravenna in 402 AD. But in 476 AD, dissatisfied German mercanaries led by Odoacer captured Ravenna and deposed Emperor Romulus Augustulus. Since Odoacer refused to assume the title of Emperor, this date is generally considered to be the official end of the Western Roman Empire.<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/od/Odoacer.html]</ref>

===The Holy Roman Empire (843–1806)===

The medieval German empire originated from the division of the [[Carolingian Empire]] in 843, and was known as the ''Holy Roman Empire''. It gradually expanded through the addition of Lorraine, Saxony, Franconia, Thuringia, and Bavaria, and the German king was crowned [[Holy Roman Emperor]] of these regions in 962. Under the reign of the [[Salian]] emperors (1024–1125), the Holy Roman Empire absorbed northern [[Italy]] and Burgundy. The edict of the Golden Bull in 1356 provided the constitution of the empire; it established the election of the emperor by seven Prince-Electors, each of whom ruled one of the more powerful principalities or archbishoprics. Notably, one of these Electors, George Louis the Elector of Hanover (1660-1727), was recruited by the heirless [[Great Britain]] in 1714 to become its king, taking the name George I.

===The Reformation===

In 1517, [[Martin Luther]] wrote his [[The 95 Theses|95 Theses]] questioning the [[Roman Catholic Church]], an act which began the [[Protestant Reformation]]. A separate [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] church was acknowledged as the new sanctioned religion in many states of Germany in 1530. Religious conflicts known as the 30 Years War pitted Protestant German states against Catholic one, and devastated the former Empire. The [[Peace of Westphalia]] (1648) ended religious warfare in Germany, but the empire broke down into numerous independent principalities. From 1740 onwards, the dualism between the Austrian [[Habsburg Monarchy]] and the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] dominated German history. In 1806, the ''Imperium'' was overrun and dissolved as a result of the [[Napoleonic Wars]].

===Nationalism===

It was not until after the fall of French Emperor [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] in 1814 that the [[German Confederation]], a loosely-organized league of 39 states, began to lay the ground for nationhood. Numerous conflicts between these sates marked the first half of the nineteenth century, and it was not until [[Otto von Bismarck]]'s ascension as Prime Minister of [[Prussia]] in mid-century that something resembling the modern sense of "Germany" came into being. Austria was, however, not a part of this new [[North German Confederation]]. After the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian war in 1871, the German Empire was formally proclaimed, under [[Wilhelm I]], with its capital in [[Berlin]].

Aggressive nationalism fostered under the second empire of 1871, given greater impetus by the hubris of Kaiser Wilhelm II, and perverted into Nazism by the shock of defeat and the economic travails of the 1920s immersed Germany in two devastating World Wars in the first half of the 20th century and left the country occupied by the victorious [[Allied powers]] of the [[USA]], [[UK]], [[France]], and the [[Soviet Union]] in 1945. With the advent of the Cold War, two German states were formed in 1949: the western [[Federal Republic of Germany]] (FRG) and the eastern [[German Democratic Republic]] (GDR). The democratic FRG embedded itself in key Western economic and security organizations, the [[EC]], which became the [[European Union]] (EU), and the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO), while the Communist GDR was on the front line of the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. The decline of the USSR and the end of the [[Cold War]] allowed for German unification in 1990. Since then, Germany has expended considerable funds to bring Eastern productivity and wages up to Western standards. In January 1999, Germany and 10 other EU countries introduced a common European exchange currency, the [[euro]].

[[Image:The_castle3.jpg|left|thumb|Neuschwanstein Castle, a popular tourist destination.]]

== Economic Overview ==

Germany's affluent and technologically powerful economy - the fifth largest in the world in [[PPP]] terms - showed considerable improvement in 2006 with 2.7% growth. After a long period of stagnation with an average growth rate of 0.7% between 2001-05 and chronically high unemployment, stronger growth has led to a considerable fall in unemployment to about 8% at the end of 2006. Among the most important reasons for Germany's high unemployment during the past decade were [[macroeconomic]] stagnation, the declining level of investment in plant and equipment, company restructuring, flat domestic consumption, structural rigidities in the labor market, lack of competition in the service sector, and high interest rates. The modernization and integration of the eastern German economy continues to be a costly long-term process, with annual transfers from west to east amounting to roughly $80 billion. The former government of Chancellor [[Gerhard Schroeder]] launched a comprehensive set of reforms of labor market and [[welfare]]-related institutions. The current government of Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]] has initiated other reform measures, such as a gradual increase in the mandatory retirement age from 65 to 67 and measures to increase female participation in the labor market. Germany's aging population, combined with high chronic unemployment, has pushed social security outlays to a level exceeding contributions, but higher government revenues from the cyclical upturn in 2006 reduced Germany's budget deficit to within the EU's 3% debt limit. Corporate restructuring and growing capital markets are setting the foundations that could help Germany meet the long-term challenges of European economic integration and globalization.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/gm.html] CIA World Factbook</ref>

==Government==
===Executive Branch===
Germany has a President as [[Head of State]]. However real power is exercised by a Chancellor.
The current Chancellor is [[Angela Merkel|Dr. Angela Merkel]].

==Famous Germans==
*[[Pope Benedict XVI]]
*[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]
*[[Steven Spielberg]]
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Friedrich Engels]]
*[[Daniel Fahrenheit]]
*[[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]]
*[[Henry Kissinger]]
*[[Martin Luther]]
*[[Karl Marx]]
*[[Dirk Nowitzki]]
*[[Friedrich Nietzsche]]
*[[Friedrich Schiller]]
*[[Richard Wagner]]
*[[Otto von Bismarck]]
*[[Wernher von Braun]]
*[[Thomas Mann]]
*[[Hannah Arendt]]
*[[Rosa Luxemburg]]
*[[Marlene Dietrich]]
*[[Käthe Kollwitz]]
*[[Anne Frank]]
*[[Angela Merkel]]
*[[Jesus Christ]]
*[[Gutenberg|Johannes Gutenberg]]
*[[Franz Beckenbauer]]
*[[Boris Becker]]
*[[Michael Schumacher]]
*[[Günter Grass]]
*[[Heinrich Böll]]
*[[Wim Wenders]]
*[[Roland Emmerich]]
*[[Rainer Werner Fassbinder]]
*[[Bertolt Brecht]]
*[[Loriot]]
*[[Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen]]
*[[Konrad Adenauer]]
*[[Friedrich Händel]]
*[[Joseph Haydn]]
*[[Otto Hahn]]
*[[Liese Meitner]]
*[[Santa Claus]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg]]

==War on Terror==
Germany currently contributes troops to the NATO-led operation in [[Afghanistan]], but did not support the invasion of [[Iraq]], partly due to the fact that the invasion of Iraq was absolutely pathetic and unnecessary.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Germany| ]]
[[Category:NATO members]]
[[Category:EU Members]]

Eternal death

2007-05-09T21:20:20Z

StarsNStripes:

ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod ThereisnoGod
THERE IS NO GOOOOOOOOOD

God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt God Is A Cunt!!!!!!!

ATHEISM FTW, YOU DELUDED MOTHERFUCKERS :)