Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Meat

2019-08-13T18:19:41Z

TiffaF: add Duck and Goose

'''Meat''' refers to [[animal]] [[tissue]], especially that which is consumed as [[food]]. There are various kinds of meat, classified by the animal from which they come. Animal meat provides humans with all the needed proteins.
Fish is not normally classified as meat. Whale meat is, as whales are mammals, not fish.

==== Most common meats ====
The following are the main meats consumed in the [[Western World]] (Europe and North America).
* [[Beef]] (meat from a [[cow]])
* [[Pork]] (meat from a [[pig]]). [[Ham]] is a name for cured pork.
* [[Chicken]] meat.
* [[Lamb]] (meat from a lamb or [[sheep]]).

==== Less common meats ====
The following are eaten less commonly in the Western World. Only on special occasions or only in certain areas.
* [[Turkey (bird)|Turkey]]
* [[Duck]]
* [[Goose]]
* [[Rabbit]]
* [[Horse meat]]
* [[Ostrich]]
* [[Kangaroo]]
* [[Deer]], including Reindeer

==== Game ====
Game is meat produced from wild animals, not frmed animals. the term has been extended to include animals which are normally wild, but are farmed, for example deer.

==== White and red meat ====
Meat can also be classified as "white" or "red". chicken and Turkey are White meats, beef is a red meat.Some meats, such as ham and pork resist such strict classification.

==== Other meanings ====
Meat is also used in English expressions to mean ''the important material''. To "get to the meat" of a topic means to arrive at the important points. Other foods are often used in this way, such as "the [[pith]] of the matter" or also "chew the fat."

In Early Modern English, such as that of the King James Bible or Shakespeare, the word is used to refer to food generally.

==See also==
* [[Food storage]]
* [[Preservation (food)]]
* [[Dehydration]]
* [[Canning]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Food Terms]]
[[Category:Food Preservation]]
[[Category:Food and Drink]]
[[Category:Food]]
[[Category:Food Storage]]
[[Category:Survivalism]]
[[Category:Permaculture]]
[[Category:Meat]]
[[Category:Biology]]

Meat

2019-08-12T18:38:04Z

TiffaF: Add types of meat.

'''Meat''' refers to [[animal]] [[tissue]], especially that which is consumed as [[food]]. There are various kinds of meat, classified by the animal from which they come. Animal meat provides humans with all the needed proteins.
Fish is not normally classified as meat. Whale meat is, as whales are mammals, not fish.

==== Most common meats ====
The following are the main meats consumed in the [[Western World]] (Europe and North America).
* [[Beef]] (meat from a [[cow]])
* [[Pork]] (meat from a [[pig]]). [[Ham]] is a name for cured pork.
* [[Chicken]] meat.
* [[Lamb]] (meat from a lamb or [[sheep]]).

==== Less common meats ====
The following are eaten less commonly in the Western World. Only on special occasions or only in certain areas.
* [[Turkey (bird)|Turkey]]
* [[Rabbit]]
* [[Horse meat]]
* [[Ostrich]]
* [[Kangaroo]]
* [[Deer]], including Reindeer

==== Game ====
Game is meat produced from wild animals, not frmed animals. the term has been extended to include animals which are normally wild, but are farmed, for example deer.

==== White and red meat ====
Meat can also be classified as "white" or "red". chicken and Turkey are White meats, beef is a red meat.Some meats, such as ham and pork resist such strict classification.

==== Other meanings ====
Meat is also used in English expressions to mean ''the important material''. To "get to the meat" of a topic means to arrive at the important points. Other foods are often used in this way, such as "the [[pith]] of the matter" or also "chew the fat."

In Early Modern English, such as that of the King James Bible or Shakespeare, the word is used to refer to food generally.

==See also==
* [[Food storage]]
* [[Preservation (food)]]
* [[Dehydration]]
* [[Canning]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Food Terms]]
[[Category:Food Preservation]]
[[Category:Food and Drink]]
[[Category:Food]]
[[Category:Food Storage]]
[[Category:Survivalism]]
[[Category:Permaculture]]
[[Category:Meat]]
[[Category:Biology]]

Meat

2019-08-12T18:37:15Z

TiffaF: Add types of meat.

'''Meat''' refers to [[animal]] [[tissue]], especially that which is consumed as [[food]]. There are various kinds of meat, classified by the animal from which they come. Animal meat provides humans with all the needed proteins.
Fish is not normally classified as meat. Whale meat is, as whales are mammals, not fish.

==== Most common meats ====
The following are the main meats consumed in the [[Western World]] (Europe and North America).
* [[Beef]] (meat from a [[cow]])
* [[Pork]] (meat from a [[pig]]). [[Ham]] is a name for cured pork.
* [[Chicken]] meat.
* [[Lamb]] (meat from a lamb or [[sheep]]).

==== Less common meats ====
The following are eaten less commonly in the Western World. Only on special occasions or only in certain areas.
* [[Turkey (bird)|Turkey]]
* [[Rabbit]]
* [[Horse meat]]
* [[Ostrich]]
* [[Kangaroo]]
* [[Deer]], including Reindeer

==== Game ====
Game is meat produced from wild animals, not frmed animals. the term has been extended to include animals which are normally wild, but are farmed, for example deer.

==== White and red meat ====
Meta can also be classified as "white" or "red". chicken and Turkey are White meats, beef is a red meat.Some meats, such as ham and pork resist such strict classification.

==== Other meanings ====
Meat is also used in English expressions to mean ''the important material''. To "get to the meat" of a topic means to arrive at the important points. Other foods are often used in this way, such as "the [[pith]] of the matter" or also "chew the fat."

In Early Modern English, such as that of the King James Bible or Shakespeare, the word is used to refer to food generally.

==See also==
* [[Food storage]]
* [[Preservation (food)]]
* [[Dehydration]]
* [[Canning]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Food Terms]]
[[Category:Food Preservation]]
[[Category:Food and Drink]]
[[Category:Food]]
[[Category:Food Storage]]
[[Category:Survivalism]]
[[Category:Permaculture]]
[[Category:Meat]]
[[Category:Biology]]

INF Treaty

2019-08-12T18:16:19Z

TiffaF: Add link to treaty text. Treaty limits are in Km, not miles.

The '''Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty''', or INF Treaty for short, called for the [[United States of America|United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]] to eliminate all nuclear-armed ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles that could travel between 500 and 5500 Km (approx 310–3400 miles). It also called for them to abandon all methods of maintaining and developing these missiles. This treaty decreased the number of nuclear weapons. It was signed by the Soviet General Secretary [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] on December 8, 1987 and President [[Ronald Reagan]] on January 15, 1988.

This treaty signed by [[Ronald Reagan]], is seen as a landmark Cold War agreement that helped to both bring Congress and the Presidency into a unification.{{fact}}

==External links==
*[https://2009-2017.state.gov/t/avc/trty/102360.htm#text Text of the treaty]

[[Category:Treaties]]

Conservapedia:Desk/afd

2019-02-16T19:06:12Z

TiffaF: Add "Port Prince Edward"

* [[Polyphymnia]] (test)
* [[Crystal Lake Street Hockey League]] (this article seems extremely un-notable and it has no sources)
* [[Port Prince Edward]] - This article is total fiction. It claims "Port Prince Edward is the capital city of [[Rockall]]", however Rockall is an uninhabited rock in the middle of the Atlantic (see article on [[Rockall]]). This article (Port Prince Edward) has existed as "fake news" since 2007!

Walmart

2018-08-29T18:49:02Z

TiffaF: Typo

[[File:New Walmart logo.gif|right|thumb|250px|The Wal-Mart logo and slogan]]

'''Wal-Mart''' is America's largest private employer,<ref>[[Christian Science Monitor]]. [http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0219/p01s04-usec.html Wal-Mart: world's largest company]</ref> running a chain of department stores. The company was founded by [[Sam Walton]] in Arkansas in 1962. Walton was a [[Christian]] and tried to make his store pro-family. The current Wal-Mart CEO is Lee Scott. Wal-Mart also owns the "Sam's Club" chain of wholesale stores and the "Asda" chain of superstores across the [[United Kingdom]].
It is headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas.

Wal-Mart is America's premier example of free market economics

* when Wal-Mart opens its supercenters—variety plus grocery stores—in a community, the average grocery prices in that community fall by 13 percent. Even the people who don't shop at Wal-Mart benefit from its presence. [http://americandreamcoalition.org/automobility/automobility.html]

Wal-Mart is often the subject of criticism for allegedly paying low [[wage]]s with insufficient [[fringe benefit|health benefits]] and allegedly forcing "Mom and Pop" stores out of business. It was also criticized for supporting [[homosexuality]]<ref>[http://www.gay.com/news/article.html?2006/08/21/4 "Wal-Mart launches gay-friendly initiative" August 21, 2006]</ref> and for not dispensing [[abortion]] inducing drugs at its pharmacies. The company's defenders reply that Wal-Mart tries to uphold a family value system and is a well-known provider of decent employment and affordable merchandise across America and the rest of the world. Wal-Mart's wages average significantly higher than minimum wage, which may explain why nearly 2 million people choose to work for Wal-Mart.

It has also been criticized for selling imports of products manufactured in [[China]]<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/walmart/secrets/wmchina.html Is Wal-Mart good for America?]</ref> despite the fact that most other retailers also sell Chinese imports. Wal-Mart has asked Premiere Radio Networks not to air its commercials during [[Rush Limbaugh|The Rush Limbaugh Show]].<ref>[http://thinkprogress.org/media/2012/03/12/442673/141-companies-advertisng-rush-limbaugh/?mobile=nc Thinkprogress.org]</ref>

==Wal-Mart in the U.K.==
Wal-Mart entered the U.K. in 1999 following its purchase of the Asda supermarket chain, taking over around 300 stores which remain under the Asda brand name. Wal-Mart's performance, however, has failed to meet Wall Street's expectations, and its 16% share of British grocery spending has not changed over the last eight years, partly because of the company's inability to pursue its usual expansion strategy of oversaturating markets. In the United States Wal-Mart has driven its growth by building massive superstores that dwarf all of a town's existing businesses combined and that are spaced relatively close together across a region. This strategy has enabled Wal-Mart to overwhelm local economies and force out tens of thousands of small businesses through overdevelopment.
[[Image:Asda.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The company's U.K. logo]]
Wal-Mart has had more difficulty employing this tactic in the U.K. due to the legislation known as "Planning Policy Statement 6" (''PPS6''), which requires local governments to keep retail development in town centers and to limit retail development on the outskirts unless there is a clear, well-defined need.<ref>''Planning Policy Statement 6: Planning for Town Centres'' [http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/england/professionals/en/1020432884848.html Planning Portal]. Accessed 22 January 2008</ref> Wal-Mart has lobbied heavily for the removal of the "needs test".

In 2006 Asda-Wal-Mart were ordered to pay £850,000 for breaking U.K. law by offering illegal inducements to workers to quit a trade union. Around 340 drivers and warehouse staff at a distribution depot in the north-east of England were offered a 10% pay rise if they left the union. The members rejected the offer. A court established that the legislation had been breached and the company was ordered to pay every worker at the depot £2,500 each in compensation.<ref>''Asda fined for trying to make workers quit union'' [http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2006/feb/11/supermarkets.tradeunions The Guardian], 11 February 2006. Accessed 22 January 2008</ref>

In December 2007 Asda-Wal Mart was one of several companies that were fined over £116 million after admitting that they fixed the price of milk, cheese and butter in a scandal estimated to have cost U.K. consumers about £270 million.<ref>''Supermarkets fined for price fixing'' [http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2007/dec/08/supermarkets.asda The Guardian], 8 December 2007. Accessed 22 January 2008</ref>

==Political contributions==
Wal-Mart Stores Incorporated and its employees generally favor Republican candidates in terms of campaign contributions. In 2012, 53% of donations from the company (including employees) went to Republican candidates, vs. 47% to Democrats. 100% of major contributions from Wal-Mart Pharmacy associates went to Republican candidates in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/totals.php?id=D000000367&cycle=2012|title=Wal-Mart Stores: Totals|accessdate=2012-12-05|work=Opensecrets.org|publisher=The Center for Responsive Politics}}</ref>

==External links==
[[File:Walmart.jpg|200px|right]]
*[http://www.walmartstores.com Corporate website]
*[http://www.walmart.com Wal-Mart retail website]
*[http://www.samsclub.com Sam's Club website]
*[http://www.asda.co.uk ASDA website]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Companies]]
[[Category:Retail]]
[[Category:Pro Second Amendment]]
[[Category:Conservative Organizations]]

Walmart

2018-08-29T18:48:13Z

TiffaF: Correct amounts to what it says in the references. In the UK they use £, not $

[[File:New Walmart logo.gif|right|thumb|250px|The Wal-Mart logo and slogan]]

'''Wal-Mart''' is America's largest private employer,<ref>[[Christian Science Monitor]]. [http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0219/p01s04-usec.html Wal-Mart: world's largest company]</ref> running a chain of department stores. The company was founded by [[Sam Walton]] in Arkansas in 1962. Walton was a [[Christian]] and tried to make his store pro-family. The current Wal-Mart CEO is Lee Scott. Wal-Mart also owns the "Sam's Club" chain of wholesale stores and the "Asda" chain of superstores across the [[United Kingdom]].
It is headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas.

Wal-Mart is America's premier example of free market economics

* when Wal-Mart opens its supercenters—variety plus grocery stores—in a community, the average grocery prices in that community fall by 13 percent. Even the people who don't shop at Wal-Mart benefit from its presence. [http://americandreamcoalition.org/automobility/automobility.html]

Wal-Mart is often the subject of criticism for allegedly paying low [[wage]]s with insufficient [[fringe benefit|health benefits]] and allegedly forcing "Mom and Pop" stores out of business. It was also criticized for supporting [[homosexuality]]<ref>[http://www.gay.com/news/article.html?2006/08/21/4 "Wal-Mart launches gay-friendly initiative" August 21, 2006]</ref> and for not dispensing [[abortion]] inducing drugs at its pharmacies. The company's defenders reply that Wal-Mart tries to uphold a family value system and is a well-known provider of decent employment and affordable merchandise across America and the rest of the world. Wal-Mart's wages average significantly higher than minimum wage, which may explain why nearly 2 million people choose to work for Wal-Mart.

It has also been criticized for selling imports of products manufactured in [[China]]<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/walmart/secrets/wmchina.html Is Wal-Mart good for America?]</ref> despite the fact that most other retailers also sell Chinese imports. Wal-Mart has asked Premiere Radio Networks not to air its commercials during [[Rush Limbaugh|The Rush Limbaugh Show]].<ref>[http://thinkprogress.org/media/2012/03/12/442673/141-companies-advertisng-rush-limbaugh/?mobile=nc Thinkprogress.org]</ref>

==Wal-Mart in the U.K.==
Wal-Mart entered the U.K. in 1999 following its purchase of the Asda supermarket chain, taking over around 300 stores which remain under the Asda brand name. Wal-Mart's performance, however, has failed to meet Wall Street's expectations, and its 16% share of British grocery spending has not changed over the last eight years, partly because of the company's inability to pursue its usual expansion strategy of oversaturating markets. In the United States Wal-Mart has driven its growth by building massive superstores that dwarf all of a town's existing businesses combined and that are spaced relatively close together across a region. This strategy has enabled Wal-Mart to overwhelm local economies and force out tens of thousands of small businesses through overdevelopment.
[[Image:Asda.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The company's U.K. logo]]
Wal-Mart has had more difficulty employing this tactic in the U.K. due to the legislation known as "Planning Policy Statement 6" (''PPS6''), which requires local governments to keep retail development in town centers and to limit retail development on the outskirts unless there is a clear, well-defined need.<ref>''Planning Policy Statement 6: Planning for Town Centres'' [http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/england/professionals/en/1020432884848.html Planning Portal]. Accessed 22 January 2008</ref> Wal-Mart has lobbied heavily for the removal of the "needs test".

In 2006 Asda-Wal-Mart were ordered to pay £850,000 for breaking U.K. law by offering illegal inducements to workers to quit a trade union. Around 340 drivers and warehouse staff at a distribution depot in the north-east of England were offered a 10% pay rise if they left the union. The members rejected the offer. A court established that the legislation had been breached and the company was ordered to pay every worker at the depot almost £2,500 each in compensation.<ref>''Asda fined for trying to make workers quit union'' [http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2006/feb/11/supermarkets.tradeunions The Guardian], 11 February 2006. Accessed 22 January 2008</ref>

In December 2007 Asda-Wal Mart was one of several companies that were fined over £116 million after admitting that they fixed the price of milk, cheese and butter in a scandal estimated to have cost U.K. consumers about £270 million.<ref>''Supermarkets fined for price fixing'' [http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2007/dec/08/supermarkets.asda The Guardian], 8 December 2007. Accessed 22 January 2008</ref>

==Political contributions==
Wal-Mart Stores Incorporated and its employees generally favor Republican candidates in terms of campaign contributions. In 2012, 53% of donations from the company (including employees) went to Republican candidates, vs. 47% to Democrats. 100% of major contributions from Wal-Mart Pharmacy associates went to Republican candidates in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/totals.php?id=D000000367&cycle=2012|title=Wal-Mart Stores: Totals|accessdate=2012-12-05|work=Opensecrets.org|publisher=The Center for Responsive Politics}}</ref>

==External links==
[[File:Walmart.jpg|200px|right]]
*[http://www.walmartstores.com Corporate website]
*[http://www.walmart.com Wal-Mart retail website]
*[http://www.samsclub.com Sam's Club website]
*[http://www.asda.co.uk ASDA website]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Companies]]
[[Category:Retail]]
[[Category:Pro Second Amendment]]
[[Category:Conservative Organizations]]

Christopher Columbus

2018-06-07T14:51:24Z

TiffaF: Genoa was not in Italy when Columbus was born

[[Image:columbus.jpg|thumb|Christopher Columbus]]
'''Christopher Columbus''' (1451-1506) was an Italian explorer hired by Spain to reach Asia in 1491; instead he discovered a continent, and in four voyages explored the [[West Indies]] from 1492 to 1502. His discovery resulted in Europeans exploring and settling the Americas, and Columbus became both a symbol of the new world and an iconic hero for the age of exploration.

As conservative historian Wilcomb Washburn explains, if Columbus had not discovered the New World, the process of European discovery might have been very different. Rather than standing as a symbol of inexorable forces, Columbus is better seen as a representative of the spirit of inquiry, Christian religious zeal, and the notable achievements of Western Civilization.<ref>Wilcomb E. Washburn, "Columbus: Agent Of The Inevitable?" ''Continuity'' 1992 (16): 57-63. 0277-1446</ref>

==Early career==
Columbus (Cristoforo Colombo in Italian; Cristobal Colon in Spanish) was born in [[Genoa]] (then an independent republic) in 1451. His father was a weaver, tavern keeper, and political appointee. Christopher was uneducated; he learned to read and write as an adult. Then he read widely. Genoa was a great seaport for the Mediterranean. He became a [[sailor]] and traveled widely in the Mediterranean and Atlantic. Sometime in the mid-1470s, he settled in Portugal, joining the colony of Italian merchants in Lisbon, a [[cosmopolitan]] city at the center of Portuguese maritime activity in the Atlantic. He married into a prominent family in Lisbon, but his wife died soon after their son, Diego, was born in 1480. Columbus was a master mariner and adventurer, and a devout Catholic who saw religious goals in converting the Asians. He now had connections to the Portuguese court, important ties to Madeira and Porto Santo islands, and at least some wealth.

For centuries, Asia's lucrative commodities, such as spices, had brought European traders overland. That route was now closed and by the 1480s Portugal took the lead in opening ocean routes to Asia, sailing south around Africa into the Indian Ocean, using superb navigational aids they had invented, maps they kept secret, and excellent ships. products directly.

Hearing many tales of legendary Atlantic voyages and rumors of land to the west of Madeira and the Azores, he studied books and maps. Columbus became convinced that Asia could be reached by sailing due west from Europe. Columbus's ideas about the size of the world and a westward route to Asia probably evolved piecemeal. His conjectures were based on discoveries of islands in the Atlantic (the Canaries, the Azores, the Cape Verdes, the Madeiras), rumors of additional islands, findings of unusual plant material and even human bodies drifting in from the western ocean, and by wide reading in academic geography, including ''Imago mundi'' (Image of the World) by the French theologian Pierre d' Ailly and the ''Geographia'' the ancient scientist Ptolemy.<ref>The people Columbus dealt with all knew the earth was round.</ref>
[[File:PUERTO de Palos.jpg|thumb|left|Port of Palos in Spain; painting by Evaristo Domínguez.]]
He accepted Marco Polo's erroneous location for Japan—as 1,500 miles east of China—and Ptolemy's underestimation of the circumference of the Earth. Therefore, he concluded, Japan was about 3,000 miles to the west of Portugal—which was barely within the extreme range of existing ships. In 1484, Columbus sought support for an exploratory voyage from King John II of Portugal, but he was rejected. The Portuguese believed it was too far for their ships.

In 1485 Columbus went to Spain, where he spent seven years trying to get support from Queen [[Isabella I]] of Castile. She favored his cause and provided a salary. Once Spain was unified in 1492, Isabella and her husband King Ferdinand of Aragon were ready to fund a major voyage. The moderate cost would be offset by spectacular returns, they figured. They promised to grant Columbus noble status and the titles of admiral, viceroy, and governor-general for any islands or mainland areas he discovered. The office of admiral would give Columbus the right to judge disputes that arose in commercial matters, that of viceroy would make him the personal representative of the monarch, and that of governor-general would enable him to act as supreme civil and military authority.

==First Voyage==
Isabella furnished him with three ships ([[The Niña]], [[The Pinta]] and The [[Santa Maria]]). Leaving August 3, 1492, from the port of Palos, he sailed for months without sight of land while his crew was becoming increasingly disillusioned with the voyage believing themselves to be sailing towards their deaths; they began plotting mutiny.

[[Image:Christopher-columbus.jpg|thumb|250px|October 12, 1492]]
Finally they came to land in the West Indies (October 12, 1492). When they explored a little they found the native Arawaks to be friendly and wrote such in his diary: "They offered to share with anyone, and when you ask for something, they never say no."

They found many new things that no European had ever seen before. Columbus thought he had landed in India, so he called the native people "Indians" - a designation which remains common to this very day. As they prepared to return to [[Spain]] the Santa Maria ran aground on a coral reef and could not be repaired. Further establishing the kindness of the Arawaks, Columbus noted that the they were so kind, that after the shipwreck, the Arawaks labored for hours to save his cargo, and were so honest that not one thing was missing. Columbus saw the shipwreck as a sign from God and established a trading outpost he called Navidad (after the Christmas holiday).

However he still had the Nina and Pinta, and so he took most of his crew up the Windward Passage and onward to Spain. The king and queen were amazed by the colorful birds and strange foods that Columbus brought with him. Columbus was then called Admiral.

[[File:News1492.jpg|thumb|400px|News of Columbus' discovery spread across Europe with the republication of his Letter of March, 1493]]

==Second Voyage==
When Columbus sailed back to the new world in 1493, he found no sign of Navidad or of his crew. It is unknown what became of the crew, but one widely believed theory is the local Indian population grew tired of being harassed for gold and killed the sailors. Columbus then built a new settlement called Isabella (after the queen), then left it in the charge of his brother Diego and went exploring. He was puzzled that his maps of the east did not match with what he had seen. When he reached modern day [[Cuba]] he believed that this was the mainland and forced his crew to swear that it was. He also discovered [[Jamaica]] shortly afterwards. On his second voyage Columbus was able to sail back exactly to the same place as on his first voyage, despite poor navigating techniques of the time period. Some attribute this fact to divine providence.

==Third Voyage==
[[Image:Sm skyline.gif|thumb|left|Modern replica of the ''Santa Maria'']]
In 1498, Columbus left Spain with 17 ships carrying 1,200 colonists. He explored [[Trinidad]], [[Tobago]], [[Grenada]] and the coast of [[Venezuela]].

When he returned to Isabella he found it in a state of confusion that he was unable to control. Because there was no gold he sent 500 Indians to Spain as slaves against the will of the king and queen. This brought much ridicule on Columbus. He sailed back to Spain to defend himself and the king and queen refused to furnish him with the necessary ships for continued exploration for three years.
{{clear}}

==Fourth Voyage==
When rumors of the confusion in Isabella reached Spain the king and queen sent Francisco de Bobadilla to investigate. Bobadilla arrested Columbus and his brother in the name of the crown, took charge of Isabella forcefully and sent them back to Spain. Columbus begged for one more chance to explore “Asia”. The monarchs gave him four broken down ships. His fleet was beaten with storms and he was forced to give up his last journey. He started back for Spain, but his ships were on the verge of collapse and he was forced to stay at Jamaica. He sent one of his crew to Isabella in a canoe to get rescue ships. Seven months later the ships came and took him back to Spain.


==Death==
[[Image:Rabida.jpg|thumb|Santa María de la Rábida, Palos de la Frontera, Huelva, Spain.]]
Columbus died in Spain at the age of 55. He still believed he had reached Asia at the time. The notion that Columbus died in poverty and relative anonymity is a myth. Although not wealthy, he was living comfortably (economically speaking). Physically, he was in pain from severe arthritis.

It is also a myth that Columbus proved that the world was round. Europeans had known for centuries that the world was round. Columbus's disagreement with the experts was that he thought that the Earth was much smaller, and that he had enough supplies to sail to India.

==The Memory of Columbus==
Columbus has remained since the quest for independence a malleable and durable American symbol. Although ignored during most of the colonial period, he was, during the 1760s-1890s, interpreted and reinterpreted to fit our national character and used to mold a collective identity. This progress can be traced over three periods: as Columbia (an allegorical figure symbolizing liberty); as Columbus (an individual masculine explorer who sanctioned [[Manifest Destiny]]); and as Columbianism, a late-19th century patriotic symbol involving cultural and political hegemony and various ethnic and religious identities. During this evolution of "discovering" Columbus, a significant amount of material culture surfaced in American art, monuments, coinage, and in various civic events. This led to a multiple set of uses of Columbus as a model or official icon by various organizations to help shape their identities. The discovery of Columbus also grew as new methods of communication and the development of various media in the visual arts replaced the oral tradition and elementary school prose of the 18th century. This adaption of Columbus as a national symbol created conflicting contexts for many, such as Protestants ignoring Columbus's Catholicism. All three periods signify steps in the nation's search for self-identity.<ref>Thomas J. Schlereth, "Columbia, Columbus, And Columbianism." ''Journal of American History'' 1992 79(3): 937-968. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2080794 in JSTOR]</ref>
[[File:Cordero Colon ante los reyes catolicos.jpg|thumb|Christopher Columbus at the court of the Spanish Catholic Kings by [[Juan Cordero]].]]
In the 19th century the works of historians [[Washington Irving]], [[George Bancroft]], and [[William Prescott]] created the scholarly foundations for American celebration of Columbus's achievements. Irving created a highly romantic description of Columbus's landing in ''A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus'' (1828). 19th century American painters and graphic artists conjured up romantic images to match those found in the book. The image portrayed in Irving's book and by the artists shows Columbus finding a sparsely populated virgin land inhabited by lightly clothed "savages" to whom he introduced a "superior" culture and the blessings of Christianity. The mythical image also claims that Columbus planted the seeds of future American economic prosperity.

Americans celebrated Columbus's discovery of the New World and built numerous monuments to him in the late 19th century. The city of Columbus, Ohio was established in 1812. In addition, cities and towns, streets and health facilities, libraries, universities, schools, and in modern times sport teams bearing his name are symbols of his American stature. [[Columbus Day]], is a national holiday in the United States, proclaimed so in 1937 by President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], primarily at the behest of [[Catholic]]s and the fast growing [[Italian]] immigrant community who wanted a national holiday of celebration.

By the quincentenary celebration of his discovery in 1992, Columbus stood accused of genocide and ecocide. Columbus Day became controversial in the 1970s, as a matter of white guilt regarding the mistreatment of Native Americans. The main accuser was Colorado professor [[Ward Churchill]] (who was fired in 2007 for academic misconduct and falsifying history); he compared Columbus to Nazi Holocaust sponsor [[Heinrich Himmler]], pointing to the genocidal outcome of Columbus's brutal practices in the Caribbean.

Columbus did return to Spain with a number of Indian slaves, and that slave labor was used in his quest for gold. Native populations died out primarily because of exposure to new Old World diseases.<ref>http://www.history.com/content/columbusday/holiday-history History of Columbus Day</ref>

Leftist protesters of the 1992 quincentennial celebrations of frequently used the term "genocide" to describe European treatment of the Indians, but they never defined genocide or provided sound evidence that Europeans practiced genocide. Historians should recognize the legitimate emotional source of these complaints, but counsel against the use of moral blackmail by groups who have something to gain from characterizing European treatment of Indians as genocidal. Historians should work to destroy "maleficent myths" about the past and expose complex origins of "current fortunes and misfortunes" without holding the descendants of those who wronged other peoples accountable for the deeds of their ancestors.<ref>James Axtell, "The Moral Dimensions of 1492," ''Historian'' 1993 56(1): 17-28. 0018-2370</ref>

Besides the District of Columbia, and the province of British Columbia (Canada), numerous cities are named after Columbus, notably in Georgia, Mississippi, New Mexico, and Ohio.

===Legacy of Columbus===
Columbus was a devout Christian, according to the teachings of Spanish church at the time. A fact that is often downplayed and ignored is that he was rumored to never have sworn—something unusual for a sailor at that time. On his ship his shipmates would frequently engage in religious worship. After his death it was thought he should have been named a saint for bringing the Christian faith to half the known world while Spain sent thousands of missionaries to the America's. It is because of Columbus that Latin American has the highest number of professing Christians.<ref>http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/1992/issue35/3502.html</ref>

Thanks to the left-wing history book ''A People's History of the United States'' by communist [[Howard Zinn]], however, Columbus had been falsely demonized by anti-American scholars as being a slave-trader, a mass-murderer against Native Americans, and a man who, were he alive in the current age, would have been tried for crimes against humanity.

==Further reading==
* Bedini Silvio A., ed. ''Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia'' (1991); 787pp articles by 350 scholars; a major resource
** Bedini Silvio A. '' Christopher Columbus and the Age of Exploration'' (1998); 824pp encyclopedia
* Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe. ''Columbus: And the Conquest of the Impossible'' (2nd ed. 2001), 128pp; good, short, scholarly
* Morison, Samuel Eliot. '' Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus‎'' (1942), 691pp; the best biography; written by an eminent conservative historian [http://www.amazon.com/Admiral-Ocean-Sea-Christopher-Columbus/dp/0316584789/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1243893419&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Phillips, Carla Rahn. ''The Worlds of Christopher Columbus‎'' (1993) 340 pages, excellent popular biography
* [http://www.questia.com/library/history/european-history/europe-1400-1789/christopher-columbus.jsp online books about Columbus]
* Taviani, Paolo Emilio. ''Columbus, The Great Adventure: His Life, His Times, and His Voyages'' (1991), by the leading Italian expert
* Watts, Pauline Moffitt. "Prophecy and Discovery: On the Spiritual Origins of Christopher Columbus's 'Enterprise of the Indies'". ''American Historical Review'', Vol. 90, No. 1 (Feb., 1985), pp. 73–102; emphasizes complex religious motivations [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1860749 in JSTOR]
* Wilford, John Noble. ''The Mysterious History of Columbus: An Exploration of the Man, the Myth, the Legacy'' (1991), the best popular biography; very well written

===Historiography===
* Axtell, James. "Columbian Encounters: 1992-1995." ''William And Mary Quarterly'' 1995 52(4): 649-696. [http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/rev/AXTELL-1.HTML online edition]; [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2947042 also in JSTOR], leading scholar reviews the major publications
* Axtell, James. "The Moral Dimensions of 1492," ''Historian'' 1993 56(1): 17-28. 0018-2370
* Bushman, Claudia L. ''America Discovers Columbus: How an Italian Explorer Became an American Hero.'' (1992). 217 pp.
* Davidson, Miles H. ''Columbus Then and Now: A Life Reexamined.'' (1997). 609 pp.
* Sale, Kirkpatrick. ''The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy.'' (1990). 453 pp. nasty attack from the Left
* Schlereth, Thomas J. "Columbia, Columbus, And Columbianism." ''Journal of American History'' 1992 79(3): 937-968. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2080794 in JSTOR]
* Summerhill, Stephen J. and John Alexander Williams. ''Sinking Columbus: Contested History, Cultural Politics, and Mythmaking during the Quincentenary.'' (2000). 219 pp.
* [http://www.nypl.org/research/chss/grd/resguides/columbus/print.html additional bibliography]

== See also ==

*[[Ethnic Groups Gallery]]

==External links==
* [http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/ extensive collection of articles about Columbus]
*[http://www.mariner.org/educationalad/ageofex/columbus.php from Mariner's Museum]

== References ==
<references/>
{{DEFAULTSORT:Columbus, Christopher}}
{{Nb_explorers}}

[[Category:European History]]
[[Category:Colonial America]]
[[Category:Spanish Empire]]
[[Category:Age of Exploration]]
[[Category:Italian People]]

List of instances of armed citizens stopping active shooters

2018-05-28T20:06:41Z

TiffaF: The train was in France, not Belgium. That is why the trial was there. CNN got it wrong.

This article is a '''list of instances of armed citizens stopping active shooters''' in which mass shootings or elements of mass shootings were involved.

==Spree killers and mass killings==
The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] defines "mass killings as "three or more killings in a single incident".<ref name="natrev">[https://www.nationalreview.com/2018/05/fbi-active-shooter-data-shows-importance-of-armed-citizens/ New FBI Data on Active Shooters Shows the Importance of Armed Citizens], ''National Review'' May 25, 2018</ref> A spree killer is someone who kills two or more victims in a short time, in multiple locations.<ref name="wikipedia">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spree_killer (definition in Wikipedia)]</ref>

==Incidents in which an armed citizen stopped an active shooter==
The following lists incidents of armed citizens stopping a shooter. Some gun control advocates describe these as "a lucky break";<ref name="volokh_analysis">[https://reason.com/volokh/2018/05/14/civilians-with-guns-intervening-in-activ ''The Volokh Conspiracy'' articls] reason.com/volokh/2018/05/14/civilians-with-guns-intervening-in-activ, describing claims of "a lucky break"</ref> however, it stretches credibility that such an armed confrontation would be pre-planned.

(The following lists do not include instances in which the "armed citizen" is the actual shooter committing suicide.)

The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] stated:
<blockquote>Armed and unarmed citizens engaged the shooter [during the 2016-2017 time frame] in 10 incidents. They safely and successfully ended the shootings in eight of those incidents. Their selfless actions likely saved many lives. 
The enhanced threat posed by active shooters and the swiftness with which active shooter incidents unfold support the importance of preparation by law enforcement officers and citizens alike.<ref name="fbi_report">[https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/active-shooter-incidents-us-2016-2017.pdf Active Shooter Incidents in the United States in 2016 and 2017], ''report'', US Dept. of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation (.pdf)</ref></blockquote>

===United States===
According to the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]], in 2016-17, In 10 incidents, citizens confronted the shooter. In eight of those incidents, one or more citizens safely and successfully acted to end the shooting.<ref name="fbi_report" />

====The following is a partial list describing citizens engaging active shooters:====

* Oklahoma City, OK, May 24, 2018 - Two armed men, Carlos Nazario and Bryan Wittle (who did not know each other), gunned down a shooter Thursday at in Louie's Grill & Bar, Oklahoma City, killing Alexander C. Tilghman, an attacker who had struck three people inside the restaurant from a position outside the front door of the restaurant.<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/24/us/oklahoma-city-shooting/index.html Armed bystanders kill shooter at Oklahoma City restaurant], ''CNN'' May 25, 2018</ref>

* Rockledge, FL, November 17, 2017 - Robert Lorenzo Bailey, Jr., armed with a handgun, allegedly began shooting in the parking lot of Schlenker Automotive in Rockledge,. The manager of the auto repair shop and an employee, both possessing valid CDW permits, exchanged gunfire with the shooter. One person was killed; one was wounded. The shooter, shot twice during the exchange, was held at gunpoint by the manager until law enforcement arrived and took him into custody.<ref>[http://spacecoastdaily.com/2017/12/schlenkers-automotive-suspected-shooter-robert-bailey-indicted-by-brevard-grand-jury-on-first-degree-murder-charge/ Schlenker’s Automotive Suspected Shooter Robert Bailey Indicted By Brevard Grand Jury On First-Degree Murder Charge] ''Space Coast Daily'', December 19, 2017</ref><ref name="fbi_report" />

* ''Sutherland Springs shooting'' - First Baptist Church in Sutherland Springs, TX, November 5, 2017 - Devin Patrick Kelley, 26, armed with a rifle, exited his vehicle and began shooting outside the First Baptist Church in Sutherland Springs, Texas. He then entered the church and continued shooting at members of the congregation. The shooter exited the church and was confronted by a citizen who possessed a valid firearms permit. The citizen shot the shooter twice, causing the shooter to drop his rifle and flee the scene in his vehicle. The armed citizen, together with the owner of a pickup truck, pursued the shooter. The chase ended when the shooter’s vehicle struck a road sign and overturned. Twenty-six people were killed; 20 were<ref name="fbi_report" />

* Clearlake Oaks, CA, October 23, 2017 - Alan Ashmore, armed with a shotgun and a handgun, allegedly began firing into several homes and a vehicle in Clearlake Oaks, California, killing two people, including his father, and wounding one. Another person was wounded while fleeing out of a residence window. The shooter then shot and wounded a responding law enforcement officer before fleeing in his vehicle. The shooter drove to a nearby gas station and exchanged gunfire with the attendant, who possessed a CDW permit. The shooter fled the scene in his vehicle and drove to another gas station where he fired more shots. The shooter then drove to a nearby winery and shot at some employees before surrendering to law enforcement officers after a short vehicle pursuit. The entire incident lasted about 30 minutes. Two people were killed; three were wounded (including one law enforcement officer and one person who sustained injuries incidental to the incident). The shooter was apprehended by law enforcement.<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/US/motive-mystery-deadly-california-shooting-spree-killed/story?id=50678695 abcnews.go.com, October 24, 2017]</ref> ''Note: The citizen involvement appears to be limited to the gas station. The shooter was thwarted at the station, but not stopped there.''

* Antioch, TN, September 24, 2017 - Emanuel Kidega Samson, armed with two handguns, allegedly began shooting in the parking lot of the Burnette Chapel Church of Christ in Antioch. After killing one person, the shooter entered the church and shot six people. A church usher who attempted to subdue the shooter was pistol-whipped. During the altercation, the shooter accidentally shot himself. While the shooter was preoccupied, the citizen, who possessed a valid firearms permit, retrieved a handgun from his car and held the shooter at gunpoint until law enforcement arrived. One person was killed; seven were wounded.<ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nashville-church-shooting-robert-caleb-engle-emanuel-samson/ Nashville church usher praised for confronting accused gunman in deadly shooting], ''CBS News'', September 25, 2017</ref>

* Burnette Chapel Church of Christ - On September 24, 2017, at 11:15 a.m., Emanuel Kidega Samson, 25, armed with two handguns, allegedly began shooting in the parking lot of the Burnette Chapel Church of Christ in Antioch, Tennessee. After killing one person, the shooter entered the church and shot six people. A citizen who attempted to subdue the shooter was pistol-whipped. During the altercation, the shooter accidently shot himself. While the shooter was preoccupied, the citizen, who possessed a valid firearms permit, retrieved a handgun from his car and held the shooter at gunpoint until law enforcement arrived. One person was killed; seven were wounded. The shooter was apprehended by law enforcement.<ref name="fbi_report" />

* Zona Caliente Sports Bar, Arlington, TX, May 3, 2017 - James Jones walked inside the Zona Caliente Sports Bar, started yelling and then allegedly shot and killed Cesar Perez. An armed CDW permit holder then shot Jones. Police stated that Jones had another semiautomatic pistol with a filed-off serial number, and two knives on him.<ref>[https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/good-samaritan-kills-active-shooter-texas-sports-bar-police-n755136 'Good Samaritan' Kills Active Shooter in Texas Sports Bar: Police], NBC News, May 4, 2017</ref>

* Townville SC, September 28, 2016 - Townville Elementary School playground, Jesse Dewitt Osborne, 14, armed with a handgun, allegedly began shooting at the Townville Elementary School playground. Prior to the shooting, the shooter, a former student, killed his father at their home. Two people were killed, including one student; three were wounded, one teacher and two students. A volunteer firefighter, who possessed a CDW permit, restrained the shooter until law enforcement officers arrived and apprehended him.<ref>[http://www.wyff4.com/article/mother-of-teen-suspect-in-townville-shooting-releases-statement/7147275 www.wyff4.com, Sep 30, 2016]</ref>

* Logan Square, Chicago - On April 17, 2015, an Uber driver shot Everardo Custodio, who firing into a crowd. The driver pulled out a handgun and fired six shots at Custodio, hitting him several times. Responding officers found Custodio lying on the ground, bleeding. No other injuries were reported.<ref>[http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-uber-driver-shoots-gunman-met-0420-20150419-story.html ''Chicago Tribune'' story, April 20, 2015</ref>

* Falah Barber Shop, Philadelphia - March 22, 2015 - After unnamed gunman opened fire on customers and barbers at the barber shop following an argument, a legal gun permit carrier outside heard the gunfire, ran into the shop and took out his own gun. He then opened fire, striking the first gunman once in the chest. Philadelphia Police Captain Frank Llewellyn stated, "He responded and I guess he saved a lot of people in there."<ref>[https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Man-Shot-in-the-Chest-Inside-West-Philly-Barbershop-297176271.html ''NBC News, Philadelphia'', Mar 22, 2015]</ref>
* Fitzgerald Hospital, Media, PA - July 24, 2014 - Psychiatric patient Richard Plotts who killed his caseworker — and grazed his psychiatrist. The psychiatrist, Dr. Lee Silverman, fired back, stopping the gunman.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/us/2014/07/26/official-suspect-in-deadly-hospital-shooting-had-lengthy-history-gun-arrests.html ''Fox News'' July 26, 2014], citing Associated Press</ref>

* Clackamas Mall Shooting - December 11, 2012, Clackamas Town Center, OR (Portland area) - Jacob Roberts shot two people and injured another before shooting himself. Nick Meli, with a CDW permit and carrying a Glock 22, confronted Roberts but did not fire because of a bystander in the line of fire. At that point Roberts retreated and committed suicide.<ref>[http://www.oregonlive.com/clackamascounty/index.ssf/2012/12/clackamas_town_center_shooting_61.html Clackamas Town Center shooting: 22 minutes of chaos and terror as a gunman meanders through the mall], ''Oregonlive - The Oregonian'', December 15, 2012</ref> ''Note: It is unclear whether Roberts killed himself because he was confronted by Nick Mili.
* Parker Middle School dance shooting - Edinboro, PA April 24, 1998 - At a school dance held at Nick’s Place banquet hall, Andrew Wurst murdered a science teacher, John Gillette, and wounded two classmates. The owner of the banquet hall confronted Wurst with a shotgun, and ordering Wurst to put his weapon down.<ref>[http://criminal-justice.iresearchnet.com/crime/school-violence/andrew-wurst/ ''Andrew Wurst''], ''Criminal Justice Research''</ref><ref>[http://journaltimes.com/news/national/warning-signs-ignored/article_79ca5fc8-f1dd-512e-ab3d-6eda1671a681.html Warning signs ignored], ''The Journal Times'', Apr 27, 1998</ref> The dance theme was, "Had the Time of My Life".

* Plymouth, Pa. - September 9, 2012 - William Allabaugh killed one man and wounded another following an argument over Allabaugh being ejected from a bar. Allabaugh then approached a bar manager and Mark Ktytor and reportedly pointed his gun at them; Ktytor, who had a concealed-carry license, then shot Allabaugh.<ref>[http://citizensvoice.com/news/police-plymouth-homicide-suspect-shot-by-patron-1.1370815 ''The Citizen's Voice'' September 10, 2012]</ref>

* Ocala, FA, July 13, 2012 - 71-year-old man saved the lives of many at Palms Internet Cafe. When robbers entered the cafe with weapons, Samuel Williams pulled out his gun and scared off the suspects.<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/US/florida-man-71-shoots-alleged-robbers-internet-cafe/story?id=16800859 ABC News, July 18, 2012</ref><ref name="washtimes_listicle">[https://www.washingtontimes.com/multimedia/collection/good-guy-gun-stopped-bad-guy-gun/ 11 times a good guy with a gun stopped a bad guy, saving lives], ''Washington Times'' slideshow listicle</ref>

* Spartanburg, S.C. - March 25, 2012 - Jesse Gates went to his church armed with a shotgun and kicked in a door. But Aaron Guyton, who had a concealed-carry license, drew his gun and pointed it at Gates, and other parishioners then disarmed Gates.<ref>[http://www.foxcarolina.com/story/17251517/churchgoers-subdue-gunman-at-spartanburg-church ''Fox Carolina'' March 25, 2012]</ref>

* Atlanta - 2009 -Calvin Lavant and Jamal Hill broke into an apartment during a party and forced everyone to the floor. After they gathered various valuables, and separated the men and the women, and Lavant said to Hill, "we are about to have sex with these girls, then we are going to kill them all," and began "discussing condoms and the number of bullets in their guns." At that point, Sean Barner, a Marine who was attending Georgia State as part of the Marine Enlisted Commissioning Education Program, managed to get to the book bag he brought to the party; took out his gun; shot and scared away Hill; went into the neighboring room, where Lavant was about to rape one of the women; was shot at by Lavant, and shot back and hit Lavant, who then ran off and later died of his injuries. One of the women was shot and wounded in the shootout. The reporter estimates that it seemed very likely that Lavant and Hill would have killed (as well as raped) some or all of the partygoers had they not been stopped. Barner was a Marine, but was acting as a civilian, and carrying a gun as a civilian and had a CDW permit.<ref name="wapost_volokhconspiracy">[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2015/10/03/do-civilians-with-guns-ever-stop-mass-shootings/ Washington Post ''The Volokh Conspiracy'' October 3, 2015], Eugene Volokh</ref>

* Winnemucca, NV 2008 - Ernesto Villagomez was shot and killed by a patron with a CDW permit, after having killed two people and wounded two others in a bar filled with 300 people. The killings were apparently related to a family argument, so the shooter's intentions regarding other patrons were unclear.<ref name="wapost_volokhconspiracy" />

* Arvada and New Life Church shootings - Arvada and Colorado Springs, CO, December 9, 2007 - On December 9, 2007, Matthew Murray killed two and injured two at ''Youth With a Mission'' training center in Arvada, Colorado. While police were trying to track Murry, Murry went to New Life Church in Colorado Springs, killing two and injured three. It is unclear whether Murry was carrying 1000 rounds of ammunition as a peace offering. At New Life Church volunteer security worker, Jeanne Assam ran toward the line of fire, killing the shooter.<ref name="washtimes_listicle" /><ref>[https://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/6-shot-at-new-life-church-gunman-2-churchgoers-dead "''Denver 7''" Dec 10, 2007] </ref>

* Pearl High, Pearl Mississippi - October 1, 1997 - Luke Woodham killed his mother by stabbing, and then proceded to Pearl High School. He walked into Pearl High's commons, an enclosure created by the school's buildings. He then took a .30-.30 rifle from beneath his trench coat and opened fire, wounding seven schoolmates and killing two. He was subdued by assistant principal Joel Myrick, who pulled a .45-cal. pistol from his car and ordered the gunman to the ground. At that point, Woodham is reported to have said, "Mr. Myrick, I was the guy who gave you the discount on the pizza the other night."<ref>[http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,136736,00.html Mississippi Gothic], Time (time.com), June 24, 2001</ref>

===Canada===
(none found)

===France===
Thalys train, Amsterdam to Paris, 21 August 2015 - Ayoub El Khazzani, armed with an AKM (Modernized Kalashnikov) rifle, with 270 rounds, and a pistol was subdued by Damien A., a French banker, Mark Moogalian (French, U.S.), Chris Norman (UK), Anthony Sadler (U.S.), Alek Skarlatos (U.S.), Oregon Army National Guard Specialist, and Spencer Stone (U.S.), USAF, and an off-duty French train driver. <ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2015/08/21/europe/france-train-shooting/index.html 2 members of U.S. military stop Islamist attacker on train in Belgium]''CNN'', January 8, 2018</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Thalys_train_attack Wikipedia article on Thalys train attack]</ref> ''Note: The people who stopped the terrorist were not armed (until the terrorist "loaned" them his gun), but the idea is that citizens did in fact stop the attacker without waiting for the police to arrive.''

==Incidents in which an armed security guard or designated security individual stopped an active shooter==

* Freeman High School - On September 13, 2017, at 10:00 a.m., Caleb Sharpe, 15, armed with a rifle and a pistol, allegedly began shooting at Freeman High School in Rockford, Washington, where he was a student. One student was killed; three students were wounded. A school employee confronted the shooter, ordered him to the ground, and held him there until law enforcement arrived and took him into custody.<ref name="fbi_report" />

* Gateway, CO, July 30, 2017 - Rick Whited, armed with a handgun, allegedly began shooting from his truck at passing cars along Highway 141 in Gateway, Colorado. No one was killed; no one was wounded. The shooter exchanged gunfire with two Gateway Canyons General Store security officers before fleeing the scene.<ref name="fbi_report" />

* [[Garland, Texas shooting|''Garland, Texas shooting'']] (May 3, 2015) - In Garland, Texas, two gunmen opened fire outside of a Prophet Mohammed cartoon drawing contest in 2015 held by [[Pamela Geller]] at the Curtis Culwell Center, which was the venue of earlier jihadist conference. The two attackers were killed by police and security, preventing participants at the event from being killed. (May 3, 2015)<ref name="washtimes_listicle" /> An undercover FBI agent who was investigating terrorism at the venue, but apparently did not participate in stopping the attack. Norman, Sadler, Skarlatos, and Stone were awarded Knights of the Legion of Honour (Chevaliers de la Légion d'honneur) by French president François Hollande.<ref>[https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix/2017/02/10/records-undercover-fbi-agent-near-garland-terror-attack/97740354/ Records: Undercover FBI agent was at Garland, Texas, attack] azcentral.com (feb. 10, 2017)</ref>

* Moore, OK, September 24, 2014 - Alton Nolen was charged with first-degree murder in the gruesome beheading of a Vaughan Foods worker. His rampage was halted by Mark Vaughan, a reserve sheriff’s deputy and the company’s chief operating officer, who used his personal firearm to wound Nolen.<ref name="washtimes_listicle" />

* Atlanta, January 31, 2013 - A shooter opened fire at Prince Middle School in Atlanta, Georgia. However, after wounding only one student, the suspect was disarmed by an armed guard who was stationed at the school.<ref>https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/31/us/georgia-student-shot/index.html CNN, February 1, 2013]</ref><ref name="washtimes_listicle" />
* ''Colorado Springs Church shootings'' December 9, 2007 - Matthew Murray, killed two people early Sunday at a missionary training center near Denver and had killed two teenage sisters in the parking lot at New Life Church. New Life Church guard, Jeanne Assam shot Murray. The shooter politely assisted Jeanne Assam by shooting himself twice after being shot by Assam.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/12/us/12brfs-GUNMANKILLED_BRF.html?fta=y&pagewanted=print&_r=0 ''New York Times'' December 12, 2007]</ref>

==Incidents in which a shooter is believed to have planned an attack but retreated as a result of the presence of armed citizens==

These are naturally difficult to identify. Most reports are derived from confessions or investigations following an attack elsewhere.

===United States===

* ''Pulse Nightclub Shooting'' (June 12, 2016), Omar Mir Seddique Mateen, 29, armed with a rifle and a handgun, began shooting patrons inside Pulse nightclub in Orlando, Florida. After a 3 hour delay,<ref name="pulsedelay">[https://www.fbi.gov/contact-us/field-offices/tampa/news/press-releases/investigative-update-regarding-pulse-nightclub-shooting Investigative Update Regarding Pulse Nightclub Shooting], fbi.gov, June 20, 2016</ref> a police SWAT team exchanged gunfire with the shooter, killing the shooter. On the night of the shooting, Mateen had originally targeted Disney Springs club, near Epcot Center at about 10 PM (June 11). Based on evidence presented during a trial of Marteen's wife (in which she was acquitted), prior to going to the Pulse Nightclub, Mateen abandoned the Disney Springs attack when several uniformed police officers were at the location. Marteen then proceeded to EVE Orlando club at 12:55 AM (June 12), but left six minutes later in the face of "heavy police presence". He then used his phone to search "downtown orlando nightclubs", and proceeded to arrive at Pulse at 1:37 AM.<ref name="orlandosentinal">[http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/pulse-orlando-nightclub-shooting/os-omar-mateen-cell-records-night-of-pulse-shooting-20180305-story.html Pulse shooter visited Disney, another club in hours before attack, widow's defense says], ''Orlando Sentinal'' (March 5, 2018)</ref> At the time, the ''Pulse Nightclub Shooting'' was widely described as targeting [[Homosexuality|homosexuals]], but at least initially, Marteen did not realize his target was a gay bar, as he is reported to have asked a security guard at the club where all the women were just before he started shooting.<ref>[https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/4/5/17202026/pulse-shooting-lgbtq-trump-terror-hate New evidence shows the Pulse nightclub shooting wasn’t about anti-LGBTQ hate], ''Vox'' article, Apr 5, 2018</ref>

* Multiple Locations in Clearlake Oaks, California - On October 23, 2017, at 11:23 a.m., Alan Ashmore, 61, armed with a shotgun and a handgun, allegedly began firing into several homes and a vehicle in Clearlake Oaks, California, killing two people, including his father, and wounding one. Another person was wounded while fleeing out of a residence window. The shooter then shot and wounded a responding law enforcement officer before fleeing in his vehicle. The shooter drove to a nearby gas station and exchanged gunfire with the vendor, who possessed a valid firearms permit. The shooter fled the scene in his vehicle and drove to another gas station where he fired more shots. The shooter then drove to a nearby winery and shot at some employees before surrendering to law enforcement officers after a short vehicle pursuit. The entire incident lasted about 30 minutes. Two people were killed; three were wounded (including one law enforcement officer and one person who sustained injuries incidental to the incident). The shooter was apprehended by law enforcement.<ref name="fbi_report" /> Of note, the gas station attendant was unable to stop the shooter, but the shooter fled the scene, which is why this incident is cited here.

===Canada===
(none found)

===Israel===
Israeli civilian communities in the "West Bank" territories (Judea and Samaria) are known to include armed civilians. Terrorists rarely attempt to infiltrate these communities.

==Incidents involving fewer than three potential victims==
(This section also includes incidents in which the armed attacker's intent was not clear; e.g., the interruption of an armed robbery.)

* Blanchard, OK, Dec. 31, 2011 - Sarah McKinley, an 18-yearold mother saved the life of herself and her baby in Blanchard. There, a knife-wielding intruder was attempting to enter Sarah McKinley's mobile home shortly after her husband died of lung cancer in 2012. After breaking in, McKinley used a shotgun to stop the intruders, killing one suspect and scaring the other intruder off.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2082716/Sarah-McKinley-Teen-mom-shoots-dead-intruder-Justin-Shane-Martin-looking-prescription-drugs.html Teen widow who shot dead home invader who 'wanted her late 58-year-old husband's meds' WON'T face charges], ''Daily Mail'', 6 January 2012.</ref>
* A 69-year-old grandmother protected herself and her home in Alabama in 2010. After hearing a burglar break into her house, Ethel Jones fired three shots, wounding and scaring off the intruder, who was later arrested by police.<ref name="washtimes_listicle" />
* In 2012, a 14-year-old boy saved himself and his younger siblings after an armed intruder entered their home. After breaking into the home and pointing a gun at the 14, 12, and 8-year-olds, the 14-year-old fired, placing the intruder in the hospital and saving his family.<ref name="washtimes_listicle" />
* A pregnant mother of two saved herself and her children after two intruders entered her home in Ashtabula, Ohio. After refusing to let the two intruders in, they broke down her back door. As they proceeded up her stairs, the shot at them, hitting one intruder and scaring them both off until police arrived.<ref name="washtimes_listicle" />
* A would-be robber was shot in 2006 by an employee at Media Madhouse in Indiana. After the suspect entered the building holding a gun on an employee and demanding money, a second employee jumped into action and shot the suspect, saving both employees and customers.<ref name="washtimes_listicle" />
* 72-year-old Jan Cooper saved her life and the life of her 85-year-old World War II veteran husband, who is confined to a wheelchair. In 2013, a man was breaking into the Cooper's Southern California home, when the grandmother fired one shot from her .357 Magnum Smith and Wesson revolver, which scared the burglar off.<ref name="washtimes_listicle" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Second Amendment topics}}
[[Category:Gun Control]]
[[Category:Gun Free Zones]]
[[Category:Second Amendment]]

United States passport

2018-05-10T16:49:41Z

TiffaF: Add: See also

A '''United States passport''' is a [[Passport|legal document]] and form of identification issued by the [[United States Department of State]]. It is one of the most powerful passports issued in the world, allowing holders to enter 118 countries without a visa as of 2018.<ref>https://www.passportindex.org/byRank.php</ref>

This passport is exclusively issued to U.S. citizens and nationals, and this includes those who hold [[dual citizenship]], who would have a passport from another country in addition to the U.S. passport. One can receive a passport book, which can be used in all places the US passport can be used, or a passport card which is only valid within [[North America]].

In June 2010, then-Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]] issued a policy change that allows transsexual people to list the opposite gender from their biological one on U.S. passports.<ref>https://transequality.org/press/releases/victory-state-department-changes-passport-policy</ref> This policy has yet to be rolled back by the [[Trump Administration]], due in large part to former Secretary of State [[Rex Tillerson]] failing to do so.

==See also==
* [[Passport]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:United States Government]]

Foreign policy

2018-03-01T19:37:58Z

TiffaF: Spelling

'''Foreign policy''' is the policy which national governments adopt in relation to their dealings with other nations. They use diplomacy and warfare to achieve their goals.

==See also==
* [[American foreign policy]]
* [[List of military strategies and concepts]]

[[Category:Political Terms]]
[[Category:Diplomacy]]
[[Category:Military Strategies and Concepts]]

Soccer

2018-02-15T19:27:19Z

TiffaF: They don't use points in football, they have goals.

[[Image:2010 World Cup.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Pictured is [[Miroslav Klose]], a star Polish-born player competing for the highly ranked German team, during the 2010 World Cup]]
'''Soccer''' is a sport played with a round ball generally played using the player's feet.
In soccer, players are not allowed to intentionally touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, with the exception of goalkeepers in a penalty area. The object of the game is to kick the ball into the opposing team's goal; the team with the most goals at the end of the 90 minute game is the winner. If both teams at the end of two 45 minute periods are level on goals, the result is a draw, or the teams may rematch or play a period of extra time and penalty kicks to force a result.
Outside the USA, it is generally called "football" (Spanish: ''fútbol'').

Soccer is a popular sport for children and adults alike:
*As Stephen H. Webb wrote at First Things last year, to contemporary American parents, "Baseball is too intimidating, football too brutal, and basketball takes too much time to develop the required skills ... Soccer is the perfect antidote to television and video games. It forces kids to run and run, and everyone can play their role, no matter how minor or irrelevant to the game."<ref name=media-goal />

==Origins==

The word ''soccer'' derived in England as slang for "Association Football",.<ref>[http://london.usembassy.gov/rss/transcripts/worldcup2006a.html] ''US Embassy, London''</ref> Football games have been popular in [[England]] since the [[Middle Ages]], but the modern game of soccer derives from formalizations of the rules during the mid nineteenth century which came from the universities of England. The [[Football Association]] (FA) was founded in 1863 and continues to be the game's governing body within the [[UK]]. "Association Football" (later shortened to soccer) meant the version of football approved by the Football Association's rules. The rules were published at [[Cambridge University]] in 1847, as many private schools were playing each other with different rules.

==Rules of the Game==
[[Image:Soccer pitch.gif|right|thumb|300px|left|Dimensions of a soccer pitch]]
The game is played between two teams of 11 players (10 out-field players and one goalkeeper each). In official play, there are two 45 [[minute]] halves separated by a break known as half-time which according to the rules of the game must last less than 20 minutes. Unlike most sports, the clock does not always stop when the ball is not in play. When the ball is knocked out of bounds or a penalty is committed, the clock runs continuously. If a player is injured then the [[referee]] makes up that lost time by adding minutes onto the end of the half. This is known as [[stoppage]] or injury time. If both scores are even at the end of regulation time, the game is usually declared a draw. However, in knockout cup games, there is often an additional period of play consisting of two 15-minute halves. In some competitions, the first goal in this period (golden goal) wins the game. If the scores are still level, the result is decided with a [[penalty shootout]]. The set of rules used in soccer are called the [[Laws of the Game]].

The game is played on a [[grass]] (or artificial grass) pitch with dimensions 90–120 m (100-130 yards) in length and 45–90 m (50-100 yards) in width.
<ref>[http://www.fifa.com/documents/fifa/laws/LOTG2006_e.pdf FIFA Laws of the Game 2006] ''Official FIFA website''</ref>
A goal is scored when the ball is propelled into the opposition net. The side scoring the most goals is the winner. Infringements include playing the ball with any part of the body other than the feet or head; pushing or blocking an opposing player and stepping outside the playing area while the ball is in play.

Accuracy in kicking is very important to make sure that one can kick the ball around opponents, manage it in tight spaces, and make long passes to other players in better positions. Expert players have trained to kick from a variety of angles, both forward and back and to the side, and also to use their chests and heads to maneuver a high-flying ball.

==Soccer Around the World==
[[Image:800px-Soccer goalkeeper.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Goalkeeper leaping to make a save]]
It is the most popular [[team sport]] in the world, described by the legendary Brazilian player, [[Pele]], as "The Beautiful Game". Its governing body is [[FIFA]] (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). In most countries it is the most popular sport or at least among the most popular (the [[United States]] being a notable exception). Though it is often not a high-scoring game, its popularity comes from the often dramatic saves from goalkeepers and incredible shots from skilled players in attempts to score a goal. In the United States soccer was associated with communism during the Thirties, as several communist organizations used soccer in an attempt to recruit recent European immigrants to their cause.

Every four years there is an international competition known as the [[World Cup]], where countries send their best players to compete for the title of best national soccer team. Every four years in Europe there is the European Championship in June and July when the leagues finish which is a 16 team competition for members of UEFA, the European governing body. Each other continent also has a competition, such as the African Nations Cup, which is every two years in January.

Many soccer fans are extremely passionate about their favorite teams, traveling to other countries to support them. Several countries have had problems controlling over-excited fans, with the crowd sometimes spilling onto the pitch, fighting with themselves, disliked referees and even players. [[England]] once had a poor reputation from its soccer [[hooligan]]s who got into drunken fistfights with fans of other teams. This situation has largely changed, with much better behavior at English football matches and considerably increased violence in several other countries, especially [[Italy]].

In most European countries each large town will have at least one football team who play in leagues, which last August to May in most of Europe but March to October in others. Unlike most American sports, the top teams in each league go up a league to be replaced by the last teams in the league above. The top teams in the top division of each European country enter the UEFA Champions League, a league and knockout competition played on Tuesdays and Wednesdays around the season.

==Diving (Cheating)==

Soccer is well known as a sport for cheats. Players will often exaggerate or completely fake infringements or injuries in order to win penalty kicks. While there are penalties for deliberately faking a fall, the benefits far outweigh the risks in such a low-scoring game and players are encouraged by their coaches and fans to try and win un-just free kicks. There have been numerous highly controversial instances of high level games being decided by such acts, such as the recent opening game of the 2014 World Cup.

==Great Players==

* [[Ferenc Puskas]], a forward for [[Real Madrid]] and [[Hungary]] in the 1950s, introduced 'total football' and destroyed the old-fashioned English team of the time.
* [[Lev Yashin]] of the USSR in the 1960s is reputed to be the best-ever goalkeeper.
* [[Pele]], [[Brazil]]ian player active from 1956-1974, often considered to be the greatest soccer player to ever kick the ball.
* [[Alfredo di Stéfano]], [[Argentinia]]n midfielder who played for [[Real Madrid]]. considered by Maradona to be the greatest.
* [[Bobby Moore]], captain of England in the 1966 World Cup Finals and one of the finest ever centre-back.
* [[George Best]], of [[Manchester United]] and [[Northern Ireland]] in the 1960s, was possibly the best player never to have played in the World Cup Finals.
* [[Franz Beckenbauer]] played for [[West Germany]] in the 1960s and 70s. Defenders rarely gain the limelight in football but Beckenbauer's performances against the great teams of England in 1970 and Holland in 1974 were exceptional.
* [[Johann Cruyff]], captain of Holland in 1974 and 1978: why his Dutch team's brand of Total Football never won them the World Cup is an enduring mystery. Began the rebuilding of Barcelona when he became their manager and his ethos and style of play remains to this day.
* [[Diego Maradona]], [[Argentinia]]n midfielder of the 1980s, often mentioned alongside Pele as one of the greatest.
* [[Zinedine Zidane]], [[French]] player, he had won almost every trophy and competition his team had competed in. Retired shortly after headbutting an Italian a World Cup final match in 2006. Is the current manager of [[Real Madrid]] where he has lead them to back-to-back [[Champions League]] titles for the first time in the competition's history.
* [[Cristiano Ronaldo]], a [[Portuguese]] contemporary player for [[Real Madrid]]. Considered one of the all-time greats not just for [[Real Madrid]] but in all of football.
* [[Lionel Messi]], [[Argentina]]n forward, currently plays for [[Barcelona]].
* [[Claude Makélélé]], [[French]] holding midfield player. While not generally thought of as one of the best players of all time, his style of play revolutionised the midfield. Breaking up attacks, playing simple football and allowing the more attacking players to play without as many defensive duties.
* [[Gianluigi Buffon]], [[Italian]] goalkeeper who has played over 650 league games, played in 3 [[World Cup]]s (was selected for the 1998 World Cup but never played), and considered one of the best goalkeepers to have ever graced the game.
* [[George Weah]], [[Liberian]] striker who is regarded as one of the best players to have come from [[Africa]]. The first African player to be named World Player of the Year.

==Criticisms==

[[Matthew Philbin]] faults the media for using soccer to undercut [[American exceptionalism]] and muses:

* Soccer requires comparatively little from children but the ability to run after the ball - the risk of failure for anyone except maybe the goal keeper is zero. Even the strong chance that any given game will end in a tie makes it attractive for parents reluctant to impart life's difficult lessons to young kids.<ref name=media-goal>[http://newsbusters.org/blogs/matthew-philbin/2010/06/09/media-make-selling-soccer-goal#ixzz2gO2g6g35 Media Make Selling Soccer a Goal] - Matthew Philbin - June 9, 2010</ref>

==A note on terminology==
[[File:Coach Jurgen Klinsmann in 2008.JPG|thumb|Coach Jurgen Klinsmann.]]
{{football meaning}} In many other languages, a [[phonics|phonetic]] equivalent to the English word "football," such as the Portuguese word "futbol" is used to denote the sport. Calcio is the term used in Italy, as it is the Italian word for ''football''

==See also==
* [[Essay:Soccer and socialism]]
* [[Abby Wambach]]
* [[A-League]]
* [[British Inventions]]
* [[:Category:American Inventions]]
* [[:Category:British Inventions]]

[[Category:England]]
[[Category:Inventions]]
[[Category:British History]]
[[Category:British Inventions]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Links==
*[http://newsbusters.org/blogs/matthew-philbin/2010/06/09/media-make-selling-soccer-goal Media Make Selling Soccer a Goal]

[[Category:Sports]]
[[Category:Football Soccer]]
[[Category:Soccer]]

Zurich

2012-11-30T21:05:53Z

TiffaF: A little bit more detail

'''Zurich''' (German spelling: ''Zürich'') is the largest city in [[Switzerland]] and is a cultural hub of business and commerce within the nation.

Zurich is situated in the relatively flat Swiss plateau, north of the Alps. It is on Lake Zurich (German: ''Zürichsee'') at the point where the river Limmat exits the lake. Zurich also has Switzerland's largest and main international airport, and the largest rail station in Switzerland (''Zürich Hauptbahnhof'', abbreviated as: ''Zürich HB'') which has 2900 departures daily.
Zurich has an extensive public transport network of suburban trains ("''S-Bahn''"), trams and buses. Over half of commuting journeys within the city use public transport and only 17% using cars.

Zurich is a common stop for international travelers.

The population of Zürich is approximately 390 000, of which 30% are not Swiss citizens<ref>http://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/content/prd/de/index/ueber_das_departement/medien/medienmitteilungen/2012/maerz/120301.html "The city of Zurich has grown to 390 000 inhabitants". Press release from the city of Zurich, March 2012.</ref>.

==References==
<References/>

[[Category:Swiss Cities and Towns]]

Zurich

2012-11-30T20:27:38Z

TiffaF: Add german spelling

'''Zurich''' (German spelling: ''Zürich'') is the largest city in [[Switzerland]] and is a cultural hub of business and commerce within the nation. It is a common stop for international travelers and most of its residents are not Swiss citizens.

[[Category:Swiss Cities and Towns]]

Zürich

2012-11-30T20:26:21Z

TiffaF: Create as re-direct to Zurich

#REDIRECT [[Zurich]]

Passport

2012-11-30T20:24:02Z

TiffaF: Minor improvements.

A passport is an identity document used for international travel.

A passport certifies the holder's identity, the holder's nationality (usually) and gives the holder the right to leave and re-enter a country. A passport is issued to the holder by the government of the [[Nation state|country]] of which he or she is a [[citizen]].
* It is the ultimate identity document, as it is backed up by a government.
* The right to leave and re-enter one's own country is regarded as a Human Right in most countries. But, in order to exercise this right, you must be able to prove you are a citizen of a country. A passport is a document which proves you are a citizen.
* Without the right to re-enter your own country (for example, as proved by a passport), it is unlikely any other country would let you in as they might not be able to get you out of the country.

== History ==
Passports began in Europe in the middle ages. The name comes from the French, a "port" is a city gate, and a passport was originally a pass to leave a city and travel to another city. In other languages the name for a passport translates as "travel pass".
The passport system died out in Europe during the 19th century, as the increases in travel brought by the industrial revolution and railways made it unenforceable.
Passports were re-introduced during the [[World War I|First World War]] as a way to stop enemy spies entering a country. After the First World War the system was made permanent.

== Modern Passports ==
Passport standards are agreed internationally. Modern passport are to a common standard, have sophisticated anti-forgery markings and include a chip containing the holders details to aid in preventing forgery.

Passports contain pages which can be stamped at border crossings. The stamp is used as a record of where and when a person enters or leaves a country, and provides a check that they do not stay longer than allowed. Each country has its own rules, and may or may not stamp a passport. Commonly countries do not stamp the passports of their own citizens. Countries may also make agreements where they do not put limits on each others citizens staying, and therefore do not stamp passports. In some cases where countries issue national Identity Cards, these are accepted by mutual agreement in Lieu of passports, for example between [[European Union|EU]] countries.

Until the mid 1990's (exact date varies by country) it was possible for a wife to be included on her husband's passport, and for children to be included on their parent's passports. This is no longer the case, and everyone, including new born babies, must have their own passport.

As a government-issued photo identification, passports can serve other purposes requiring identification, such as boarding an airplane or purchasing alcohol.

In the U.S., passports are issued by the State Department and can be obtained at local post offices. Long delays of several months are common, but there are private services in Washington that for a fee will cut through the red tape and obtain a passport for a customer in a day or two.

== Visas ==
A Visa is a document issued by a country authorising you to enter and / or leave that country.

In some cases in order to enter a country, as well as a having a passport from your own government, you need to get first get permission from your destination country's government in the form of a visa. This can be either a stamp in your passport or a separate document. Visas are typically obtained from the country's embassy before starting your journey.

A visa is usually for a specific purpose, for example a tourist visa, a student visa, or a work and residence permit.

[[Category:Diplomacy]]

Geneva

2012-11-29T23:49:11Z

TiffaF:

'''Geneva''' (French: ''Genève'') is the second-largest city in [[Switzerland]], situated at the western end of Lake Geneva, close to the border with [[France]]. It has a population of 185,000 (metropolitan area: 960,000).

Geneva was the home of the Protestant reformer [[John Calvin]] and became known as 'the Protestant Rome'. At this time it became an independent city state, which was able to resist attempts by the Kingdom of Savoy to annex it in the early seventeenth century. In 1815 it became a part of Switzerland.

The first of the [[Geneva Convention]]s governing the conduct of war were signed in the city in 1864. Since then it has served as the headquarters of many peace-related and humanitarian organisations, including the [[Red Cross|International Red Cross]] and (between 1919 and 1946) the [[League of Nations]]. It is also the European headquarters of the [[United Nations]], and HQ of many of its subsidiary organisations including the [[World Health Organization]].

[[Category:Swiss Cities and Towns]]

Cheese

2012-11-29T23:47:48Z

TiffaF: /* Sources Used to Make Cheese */

[[Image:Tillamook Cheese.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Tillamook Colby and Cheddar, American cheeses.]]

'''Cheese''' is a solidified dairy product. Cheese making starts with the solidification of milk proteins, usually by the addition of [[rennet]] (a mixture of [[enzyme]]s) or an edible acid, which produces [[curds]]. For most types of cheese, the curds are separated from the liquid, the [[whey]], and then [[aging|aged]], sometimes for many years. Salt is also often an ingredient in cheese recipes.

==Sources Used to Make Cheese==

Most cheese is made from [[cow]]'s [[milk]], although technically, any large [[mammal]]'s milk can be used. Some common sources of milk for making cheese other than cows include:

*[[Goat]] milk (e.g. Chèvre cheese, chèvre is French for goat)
*[[Sheep]] milk (e.g. Roquefort)
*[[Yak]] milk.
*[[Buffalo]] milk

==Cheese History==

[[France]] is especially renowned as a cheese producer, and their president [[Charles de Gaulle]] famously said : "How can a country with 300 different kinds of cheese agree on anything?". Many cheeses are made from unpasteurized milk and their import into the USA forbidden for health reasons owing to potentially toxic bacterium ''listeria''. Physicians recommend that the cheeses should not be consumed by [[pregnancy|pregnant]] women or young children. Certain French cheeses (such as Epoisses) are so smelly to keep up the urban legend that their carriage is banned even on French [[public transport]].

It is most likely that the invention of cheesemaking was a way of preserving excess milk for leaner times.

==Varieties==

There are literally thousands of varieties of cheese made in the world today. The best selection with more than thousand varieties is offered in the Kaufhaus des Westen, Berlin, Germany [http://www.kadewe-berlin.de/kaese_engl.php]. Some well known varieties are:

===Hard cheeses===
*Cheddar (A hard red, yellow or white cheese, originally from the [[England|English]] West country (The Cheddar Gorge), but also now made worldwide in countries including [[Ireland]], [[Canada]], [[New Zealand]], and [[Scotland]])
*Parmesan ([[Italy|Italian]] very hard cheese.)
*Romano (Another [[Italy|Italian]] hard cheese)
*Gouda ([[Netherlands|Dutch]] cheese, with a yellow wax rind.)
*Monterey Jack ([[America]]n.)
*Mozzarella (A very soft white cheese from [[Italy]], in some places it is still made the traditional way, with buffalo milk.)
*Emmentaler (A [[Switzerland|Swiss]] cheese, characterized by large holes.)
*Gruyère (A flavorful [[Switzerland|Swiss]] cheese which is very dry and hard, somewhat like Parmesan)
*Cheshire (A hard red or white cheese, more crumbly than Cheddar with a salty taste. Made in [[Cheshire]] or North Shropshire. Mrs Appleby's Cheshire has won international renown.)

===Blue cheeses===
*Blue Stilton ([[England|English]] crumbly blue cheese, a non-blue variety also exists.)
*Roquefort (The [[France|French]] king of blue cheeses, made from sheep's milk in a cave.)
*Cheshire Blue (Mild blue cheese with a salty flavour)

===Soft cheeses===
*Feta (Soft and crumbly [[Greece|Greek]] sheep's or mixture of sheep's and goat's milk cheese)
*Brie (a [[France|French]] soft cheese, not particularly smelly.)
*Camembert (a [[France|French]] soft cheese, fairly smelly.)
*Muenster (a [[France|French]] soft cheese)
*Cottage cheese (a very runny soft curd cheese).
*Cream cheese (a mild soft white cheese)
* Neufchâtel (a [[France|French]] soft and crumbly)

===Synthetic cheeses===
*American or processed cheese, a very mild [[ersatz]] cheddar with a smooth texture, often delivered by unusual methods, such as in cans, as strings, or as a spray. Though considered by many connoisseurs to have an unpleasantly chemical or plasticy taste and no significant texture, its very low cost had lead to its use as a 'generic' cheese for snacks, fast-food, burgers, or any meal in which a cheese is used to enhance another element of a meal rather than form a more significant taste.

==Non-cheese cheeses==

Head cheese, known as brawn in the [[UK]] and by other names in other parts of the world, is made from meat taken from the head of an animal - pigs, calves and cows are used - that might otherwise remain uneaten for aesthetic reasons. It sometimes includes meat from other normally unappetizing areas such as the feet or organs. The meat is chopped or shredded and set in [[gelatine]]. It is usually eaten cold or at room temperature as a luncheon meat. In the southern states of the [[US]] this is sometimes also known as sousemeat and pickled in vinegar.

[[Lemon]] cheese is another name for lemon curd in the [[UK]]. Fruit cheeses are sometimes made with other citrus fruit.

==Cheese in Culture==

In [[England]], the traditional sport of [[cheese-rolling]] remains locally popular. [http://www.cheese-rolling.co.uk/]

[[James McIntyre]], a [[Canadian]] poet, was fond of writing [[poems]] and [[ode]]s to cheese. This is not because he thought the subject was funny, or ironic. Rather, McIntyre saw cheese production in [[Canada]] as a [[symbol]] of the strong growth in the Canadian [[economy]]. Many people today find his works quite humorous, but McIntyre's "[[Ode on the Mammoth Cheese]]" is considered by most poetry [[scholars]] not only his best work, but his ultimate achievement.

The original family name of comedian [[John Cleese]] was Cheese, but was changed to Cleese by his father. Cleese is famous, of course, for playing the frustrated customer in the Cheese Shop sketch on the ''[[Monty Python|Monty Python's Flying Circus]]'' television show.

Cheese is considered by some as a palliative for various internal diseases.

In the animated series ''Wallace & Gromit'', cheese plays an important role. Not only is Wensleydale cheese their favorite variety but in ''A Grand Day Out'' they visit the moon because it is made of cheese.

==Cheese Gallery==

<gallery>
Image:Allgauer Bergkäse cheese.jpg|Allgäuer Bergkäse cheese.
Image:Stravecchio Parmesan cheese.jpg|Antigo Stravecchio Parmesan cheese.
Image:Beaufort d'Alpage Cheese.jpg|Beaufort d'Alpage cheese.
Image:Bel Paese Cheese.jpg|Bel Paese cheese.
Image:Cheese.jpg|Blue Stilton cheese.
Image:Brie Cheese.jpg|Brie cheese.
Image:Couronne Brie Cheese.jpg|Couronne Brie cheese.
Image:Dorset Blue Vinny Cheese.jpg|Dorset Blue Vinny cheese
File:The Edam cheese flc.jpg|The Edam.
Image:Emmi Emmentaler cheese.jpg|Emmi Cave Aged Emmentaler cheese.
Image:Emmi Gruyère Cheese.jpg|Emmi Cave Aged Gruyère cheese.
Image:Lancashire Cheese.jpg|Lancashire cheese.
Image:Limberger cheese.jpg|Limberger cheese.
Image:Mozzarella Cheese.jpg|Mozzarella cheese.
Image:White Cheddar Cheese.jpg|White Cheddar cheese.
</gallery>

<references/>

[[Category:Dairy products]]
[[Category:Food and Drink]]

Cheese

2012-11-29T23:45:33Z

TiffaF: Unpasteurized cheeses are not banned in all countries. Unpasteurised cheese are made in many countries, not just France.

[[Image:Tillamook Cheese.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Tillamook Colby and Cheddar, American cheeses.]]

'''Cheese''' is a solidified dairy product. Cheese making starts with the solidification of milk proteins, usually by the addition of [[rennet]] (a mixture of [[enzyme]]s) or an edible acid, which produces [[curds]]. For most types of cheese, the curds are separated from the liquid, the [[whey]], and then [[aging|aged]], sometimes for many years. Salt is also often an ingredient in cheese recipes.

==Sources Used to Make Cheese==

Most cheese is made from [[cow]]'s [[milk]], although technically, any large [[mammal]]'s milk can be used. Some common sources of milk for making cheese other than cows include:

*[[Goat]] milk (e.g. Chevre cheese)
*[[Sheep]] milk (e.g. Roquefort)
*[[Yak]] milk.
*[[Buffalo]] milk

==Cheese History==

[[France]] is especially renowned as a cheese producer, and their president [[Charles de Gaulle]] famously said : "How can a country with 300 different kinds of cheese agree on anything?". Many cheeses are made from unpasteurized milk and their import into the USA forbidden for health reasons owing to potentially toxic bacterium ''listeria''. Physicians recommend that the cheeses should not be consumed by [[pregnancy|pregnant]] women or young children. Certain French cheeses (such as Epoisses) are so smelly to keep up the urban legend that their carriage is banned even on French [[public transport]].

It is most likely that the invention of cheesemaking was a way of preserving excess milk for leaner times.

==Varieties==

There are literally thousands of varieties of cheese made in the world today. The best selection with more than thousand varieties is offered in the Kaufhaus des Westen, Berlin, Germany [http://www.kadewe-berlin.de/kaese_engl.php]. Some well known varieties are:

===Hard cheeses===
*Cheddar (A hard red, yellow or white cheese, originally from the [[England|English]] West country (The Cheddar Gorge), but also now made worldwide in countries including [[Ireland]], [[Canada]], [[New Zealand]], and [[Scotland]])
*Parmesan ([[Italy|Italian]] very hard cheese.)
*Romano (Another [[Italy|Italian]] hard cheese)
*Gouda ([[Netherlands|Dutch]] cheese, with a yellow wax rind.)
*Monterey Jack ([[America]]n.)
*Mozzarella (A very soft white cheese from [[Italy]], in some places it is still made the traditional way, with buffalo milk.)
*Emmentaler (A [[Switzerland|Swiss]] cheese, characterized by large holes.)
*Gruyère (A flavorful [[Switzerland|Swiss]] cheese which is very dry and hard, somewhat like Parmesan)
*Cheshire (A hard red or white cheese, more crumbly than Cheddar with a salty taste. Made in [[Cheshire]] or North Shropshire. Mrs Appleby's Cheshire has won international renown.)

===Blue cheeses===
*Blue Stilton ([[England|English]] crumbly blue cheese, a non-blue variety also exists.)
*Roquefort (The [[France|French]] king of blue cheeses, made from sheep's milk in a cave.)
*Cheshire Blue (Mild blue cheese with a salty flavour)

===Soft cheeses===
*Feta (Soft and crumbly [[Greece|Greek]] sheep's or mixture of sheep's and goat's milk cheese)
*Brie (a [[France|French]] soft cheese, not particularly smelly.)
*Camembert (a [[France|French]] soft cheese, fairly smelly.)
*Muenster (a [[France|French]] soft cheese)
*Cottage cheese (a very runny soft curd cheese).
*Cream cheese (a mild soft white cheese)
* Neufchâtel (a [[France|French]] soft and crumbly)

===Synthetic cheeses===
*American or processed cheese, a very mild [[ersatz]] cheddar with a smooth texture, often delivered by unusual methods, such as in cans, as strings, or as a spray. Though considered by many connoisseurs to have an unpleasantly chemical or plasticy taste and no significant texture, its very low cost had lead to its use as a 'generic' cheese for snacks, fast-food, burgers, or any meal in which a cheese is used to enhance another element of a meal rather than form a more significant taste.

==Non-cheese cheeses==

Head cheese, known as brawn in the [[UK]] and by other names in other parts of the world, is made from meat taken from the head of an animal - pigs, calves and cows are used - that might otherwise remain uneaten for aesthetic reasons. It sometimes includes meat from other normally unappetizing areas such as the feet or organs. The meat is chopped or shredded and set in [[gelatine]]. It is usually eaten cold or at room temperature as a luncheon meat. In the southern states of the [[US]] this is sometimes also known as sousemeat and pickled in vinegar.

[[Lemon]] cheese is another name for lemon curd in the [[UK]]. Fruit cheeses are sometimes made with other citrus fruit.

==Cheese in Culture==

In [[England]], the traditional sport of [[cheese-rolling]] remains locally popular. [http://www.cheese-rolling.co.uk/]

[[James McIntyre]], a [[Canadian]] poet, was fond of writing [[poems]] and [[ode]]s to cheese. This is not because he thought the subject was funny, or ironic. Rather, McIntyre saw cheese production in [[Canada]] as a [[symbol]] of the strong growth in the Canadian [[economy]]. Many people today find his works quite humorous, but McIntyre's "[[Ode on the Mammoth Cheese]]" is considered by most poetry [[scholars]] not only his best work, but his ultimate achievement.

The original family name of comedian [[John Cleese]] was Cheese, but was changed to Cleese by his father. Cleese is famous, of course, for playing the frustrated customer in the Cheese Shop sketch on the ''[[Monty Python|Monty Python's Flying Circus]]'' television show.

Cheese is considered by some as a palliative for various internal diseases.

In the animated series ''Wallace & Gromit'', cheese plays an important role. Not only is Wensleydale cheese their favorite variety but in ''A Grand Day Out'' they visit the moon because it is made of cheese.

==Cheese Gallery==

<gallery>
Image:Allgauer Bergkäse cheese.jpg|Allgäuer Bergkäse cheese.
Image:Stravecchio Parmesan cheese.jpg|Antigo Stravecchio Parmesan cheese.
Image:Beaufort d'Alpage Cheese.jpg|Beaufort d'Alpage cheese.
Image:Bel Paese Cheese.jpg|Bel Paese cheese.
Image:Cheese.jpg|Blue Stilton cheese.
Image:Brie Cheese.jpg|Brie cheese.
Image:Couronne Brie Cheese.jpg|Couronne Brie cheese.
Image:Dorset Blue Vinny Cheese.jpg|Dorset Blue Vinny cheese
File:The Edam cheese flc.jpg|The Edam.
Image:Emmi Emmentaler cheese.jpg|Emmi Cave Aged Emmentaler cheese.
Image:Emmi Gruyère Cheese.jpg|Emmi Cave Aged Gruyère cheese.
Image:Lancashire Cheese.jpg|Lancashire cheese.
Image:Limberger cheese.jpg|Limberger cheese.
Image:Mozzarella Cheese.jpg|Mozzarella cheese.
Image:White Cheddar Cheese.jpg|White Cheddar cheese.
</gallery>

<references/>

[[Category:Dairy products]]
[[Category:Food and Drink]]

Passport

2012-11-29T23:39:10Z

TiffaF: Expansion.

A passport is an identity document used for international travel.

A passport certifies the holder's identity, the holder's nationality (usually) and gives the holder the right to leave and re-enter a country.
* It is the ultimate identity document, as it is backed up by a government.
* The right to leave and re-enter one's own country is regarded as a Human Right in most countries. But, in order to exercise this right, you must be able to prove you are a citizen of a country. A passport is a document which proves you are a citizen.
* Without the right to re-enter your own country (for example, as proved by a passport), it is unlikely any other country would let you in as they might not be able to get you out of the country.

== History ==
Passports began in Europe in the middle ages. The name comes from the French, a "port" is a city gate, and a passport was originally a pass to leave a city and travel to another city. In other languages the name for a passport translates as "travel pass".
The passport system died out in Europe during the 19th century, as the increases in travel brought by the industrial revolution and railways made it unenforceable.
Passports were re-introduced during the [[World War I|First World War]] as a way to stop enemy spies entering a country. After the First World War the system was made permanent.

== Modern Passports ==
Passport standards are agreed internationally. Modern passport are to a common standard, have sophisticated anti-forgery markings and include a chip containing the holders details to aid in preventing forgery.

Passports contain pages which can be stamped at border crossings. The stamp is used as a record of when a person enters or leaves a country, and provides a check that they do not stay longer than allowed. Each country has its own rules, and may or may not stamp a passport. Commonly countries do not stamp the passports of their own citizens. Countries may also make agreements where they do not put limits on each others citizens staying, and therefore do not stamp passports. In some cases where countries issue national Identity Cards, these are accepted by mutual agreement in Lieu of passports, for example between [[European Union|EU]] countries.

As a government-issued photo identification, passports can serve other purposes requiring identification, such as boarding an airplane or purchasing alcohol.

In the U.S., passports are issued by the State Department and can be obtained at local post offices. Long delays of several months are common, but there are private services in Washington that for a fee will cut through the red tape and obtain a passport for a customer in a day or two.

== Visas ==
A Visa is a document issued by a country authorising you to enter that country. A visa is usually for a specific purpose, for example a tourist visa, a student visa, or a work and residence permit.
In some cases in order to enter a country, as well as a having a passport from your own government, before starting your journey you need to get first get permission from the countries government in the form of a visa. This can be either a stamp in your passport or a separate document. Visas are typically obtained from the country's embassy before starting your journey.

[[Category:Diplomacy]]

Champagne

2012-11-29T23:00:20Z

TiffaF: Typos

[[Image:Champagne.jpg|right|Champagne]]
'''Champagne''' is a [[wine]] produced in the Champagne region of north-east [[France]]. Champagne is famous for the sparkling white wine produced using the method invented in Champagne called ''méthode champenoise''. Champagne also produces small quantities of non-sparkling and red wines.

There is a dispute over the use of the name "Champagne". French law, and that of many other countries, only permits use of the name "Champagne" for wines produced in Champagne. in the [[USA]] and some other countries, "Champagne" is used as a generic name for any sparkling wine.

A similar sparkling wine produced in Spain is [[Cava]].
[[Category:Alcoholic Beverages]][[Category:Luxury]]

Champagne

2012-11-29T22:57:35Z

TiffaF: Clarify ambiguous use of term "Champagne".

[[Image:Champagne.jpg|right|Champagne]]
'''Champagne''' is [[wine]] produced the Champagne region of north-east [[France]]. Champagne is famous for the sparkling white wine produced using the method invented in Champagne called ''méthode champenoise''. Champagne also produces small quantities of non-sparkling and red wines.

There is a dispute over the use of the name "Champagne". French law, and that of many other countries, only permits use of the name "Champagne" for wines produced in Champagne. in the [[USA]] and some other countries, "Champagne" is used as a generic name for any sparkling wine.

A similar sparkling wine produced in Spain is [[Cava]].
[[Category:Alcoholic Beverages]][[Category:Luxury]]