Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Marquis de Sade

2008-11-27T14:34:23Z

TonyR:

[[Image:115523-004-FA619CA3.jpg|thumb|right|251px| The perverse and cruel atheist Marquis de Sade in prison, 18th century line engraving.]]
Donatien Alphonse François, '''Marquis de Sade''' (1740-1814) was an infamous French [[aristocrat]] and [[author]] of heavily [[philosophy|philosophical]] [[pornography]], as well as more traditional [[essays]] on [[philosophy]].
[[Sadism]], a [[paraphilia]] in which pleasure is derived from inflicting pain or seeing pain being inflicted on others, is named after him. The debauched lifestyle of the Marquis de Sade caused him to have periods of imprisonment. <ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A676190</ref> Marquis de Sade was an [[atheism|atheist]]. <ref>http://www.trivia-library.com/a/biography-of-famous-atheist-marquis-de-sade.htm</ref>

His books featured [[murder]], [[torture]], [[blasphemy]] and grotesque, [[violent]], and [[ritualistic]] sex. His more major works remain banned in many countries to the present day, even though some of them have been highly influential; ''Juliet'', a book released early in his career, has been imitated right up until the present, most recently by [[radical feminism|radical feminist]] [[Andrea Dworkin]].

''[[The 120 Days of Sodom]]'', perhaps his most notorious book, was written by the Marquis whilst imprisoned in the [[Bastille]], where he witnessed daily executions from his window during the [[Reign of Terror]]. This book was adapted by controversial director [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]] in that director's final and most radically offensive film.<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0073650/</ref> The last years of the Marquis' life were spent in an [[insanity|insane]] [[asylum]], though the reasons for this vary depending on the source. His years in the asylum have been dramatised in the critically-acclaimed play (and later film) ''Marat/Sade'',<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0180073/</ref> as well as in the dramatic film ''Quills''.<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0180073/</ref>

His work was largely banned in the [[USA]] until the relaxation of obscenity laws in the 1950s and 1960s.

===References===

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sade, Marquis de}}

[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:French People]]

Cheese

2008-11-27T14:30:56Z

TonyR: /* Hard cheeses */

[[Image:Cheese.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Blue Stilton, a fine traditional English cheese.]]

'''Cheese''' is a solidified dairy product. Cheese making starts with the solidification of milk proteins, usually by the addition of [[rennet]] (a mixture of [[enzyme]]s) or an edible acid, which produces [[curds]]. For most types of cheese, the curds are separated from the liquid, the [[whey]], and then [[aging|aged]], sometimes for many years. Salt is also often an ingredient in cheese recipes.

==Sources Used to Make Cheese==

Most cheese is made from [[cow]]'s [[milk]], although technically, any large [[mammal]]'s milk can be used. Some common sources of milk for making cheese other than cows include:

*[[Goat]] milk (e.g. Chevre cheese)
*[[Sheep]] milk (e.g. Roquefort)
*[[Yak]] milk.
*[[Buffalo]] milk

==Cheese History==

[[France]] is especially renowned as a cheese producer, and their president [[Charles de Gaulle]] famously said : "How can a country with 300 different kinds of cheese agree on anything?". However, many French cheeses are made from unpasteurized milk and their transport across international borders is therefore forbidden for health reasons owing to potentially toxic bacterium ''listeria''. Physicians recommend that the cheeses should not be consumed by [[pregnancy|pregnant]] women or young children. Certain French cheeses (such as Epoisses) are so smelly to keep up the urban legend that their carriage is banned even on French [[public transport]].

It is most likely that the invention of cheesemaking was a way of preserving excess milk for leaner times.

==Varieties==

There are literally thousands of varieties of cheese made in the world today. The best selection with more than thousand varieties is offered in the Kaufhaus des Westen, Berlin, Germany [http://www.kadewe-berlin.de/kaese_engl.php]. Some well known varieties are:

===Hard cheeses===
*Cheddar (A hard red, yellow or white cheese, originally from the [[England|English]] West country (The Cheddar Gorge), but also now made worldwide in countries including [[Ireland]], [[Canada]], [[New Zealand]], and [[Scotland]])
*Parmesan ([[Italy|Italian]] very hard cheese.)
*Romano (Another [[Italy|Italian]] hard cheese)
*Gouda ([[Netherlands|Dutch]] cheese, with a yellow wax rind.)
*Monterey Jack ([[America]]n.)
*Mozzarella (A very soft white cheese from [[Italy]], in some places it is still made the traditional way, with buffalo milk.)
*Emmenthal (A [[Switzerland|Swiss]] cheese, characterized by large holes.)
*Cheshire (A hard red or white cheese, more crumbly than Cheddar with a salty taste. Made in [[Cheshire]] or North Shropshire. Mrs Appleby's Cheshire has won international renown.)

===Blue cheeses===
*Blue Stilton ([[England|English]] crumbly blue cheese, a non-blue variety also exists.)
*Roquefort (The [[France|French]] king of blue cheeses, made from sheep's milk in a cave.)
*Cheshire Blue (Mild blue cheese with a salty flavour)

===Soft cheeses===
*Feta (Soft and crumbly [[Greece|Greek]] sheep's or mixture of sheep's and goat's milk cheese)
*Brie (a [[France|French]] soft cheese, not particularly smelly.)
*Camembert (a [[France|French]] soft cheese, fairly smelly.)
*Muenster (a [[France|French]] soft cheese)
*Cottage cheese (a very runny soft curd cheese).
*Cream cheese (a mild soft white cheese)
* Neufchâtel (a [[France|French]] soft and crumbly)

===Synthetic cheeses===
*American or processed cheese, a very mild [[ersatz]] cheddar with a smooth texture, often delivered by unusual methods, such as in cans, as strings, or as a spray. Though considered by many connoisseurs to have an unpleasantly chemical or plasticy taste and no significant texture, its very low cost had lead to its use as a 'generic' cheese for snacks, fast-food, burgers, or any meal in which a cheese is used to enhance another element of a meal rather than form a more significant taste.

==Non-cheese cheeses==

Head cheese, known as brawn in the [[UK]] and by other names in other parts of the world, is made from meat taken from the head of an animal - pigs, calves and cows are used - that might otherwise remain uneaten for aesthetic reasons. It sometimes includes meat from other normally unappetizing areas such as the feet or organs. The meat is chopped or shredded and set in [[gelatine]]. It is usually eaten cold or at room temperature as a luncheon meat. In the southern states of the [[US]] this is sometimes also known as sousemeat and pickled in vinegar.

[[Lemon]] cheese is another name for lemon curd in the [[UK]]. Fruit cheeses are sometimes made with other citrus fruit.

==Cheese in Culture==

In [[England]], the traditional sport of [[cheese-rolling]] remains locally popular. [http://www.cheese-rolling.co.uk/]

[[James McIntyre]], a [[Canadian]] poet, was fond of writing [[poems]] and [[ode]]s to cheese. This is not because he thought the subject was funny, or ironic. Rather, McIntyre saw cheese production in [[Canada]] as a [[symbol]] of the strong growth in the Canadian [[economy]]. Many people today find his works quite humorous, but McIntyre's "[[Ode on the Mammoth Cheese]]" is considered by most poetry [[scholars]] not only his best work, but his ultimate achievement.

The original family name of comedian [[John Cleese]] was Cheese, but was changed to Cleese by his father. Cleese is famous, of course, for playing the frustrated customer in the Cheese Shop sketch on the ''[[Monty Python|Monty Python's Flying Circus]]'' television show.

Cheese is considered by some as a palliative for various internal diseases.

In the animated series ''Wallace & Gromit'', cheese plays an important role. Not only is Wensleydale cheese their favorite variety but in ''A Grand Day Out'' they visit the moon because it is made of cheese.

==Cheese Gallery==

<gallery>
Image:Allgauer Bergkäse cheese.jpg|Allgauer Bergkäse cheese.
Image:Stravecchio Parmesan cheese.jpg|Antigo Stravecchio Parmesan cheese.
Image:Beaufort d'Alpage Cheese.jpg|Beaufort d'Alpage cheese.
Image:Bel Paese Cheese.jpg|Bel Paese cheese.
Image:Cheese.jpg|Blue Stilton cheese.
Image:Brie Cheese.jpg|Brie cheese.
Image:Couronne Brie Cheese.jpg|Couronne Brie cheese.
Image:Dorset Blue Vinny Cheese.jpg|Dorset Blue Vinny cheese
Image:Emmi Emmentaler cheese.jpg|Emmi Cave Aged Emmentaler cheese.
Image:Emmi Gruyère Cheese.jpg|Emmi Cave Aged Gruyère cheese.
Image:Lancashire Cheese.jpg|Lancashire cheese.
Image:Limberger cheese.jpg|Limberger cheese.
Image:Mozzarella Cheese.jpg|Mozzarella cheese.
Image:White Cheddar Cheese.jpg|White Cheddar cheese.
</gallery>

[[Category:Dairy products]]
[[Category:Food and Drink]]

Caparison

2008-11-27T14:25:43Z

TonyR:

[[Image:Caparison.jpg|thumb|500px|A modern horse in reenactment costume. We may have to guess what the colours were. Surviving cloth died in Mediaeval times has faded.]]
The armor and tack which a [[Knight]]'s horse wore into battle.
[[category:history]]

Battle of the Falkland Islands

2008-11-27T14:21:58Z

TonyR:

The '''Battle of the Falkland Islands''' was a naval engagement between [[British]] ships and a [[German]] cruiser squadron in the first year of [[World War I]], which ended in victory for the British.

After the British defeat at the [[Battle of Coronel]], First Sea Lord Sir John Fisher sent the [[battlecruiser]]s HMS Invincible and HMS Inflexible south under Vice-Admiral Sir John Sturdee. In addition, the cruisers Cornwall, Kent, Bristol, and ''Caernarvon'' were ordered from their stations in the area to defend the [[Falkland Islands]], where Fisher believed the Germans were going to strike next. The light cruiser HMS ''Glasgow'', veteran of the [[Battle of Coronel]], and the old battleship ''Canopus'' were already there.

Fisher had guessed right. After replenishing his ships off [[Chile]], Admiral Graf von Spee rounded the [[Cape Horn]] early in December and came in sight of the Falklands on December 8. His squadron was comprised of the armored cruisers ''Scharnhorst'' and ''Gneisnau'' and the light cruisers ''Leipzig'', ''Dresden'', and ''Nurembug''. Thinking the British facilities to be only lightly defended, the German ships attacked.

Sailing towards the islands, the ships came under fire from the ''Canopus''. The British [[cruisers]] entered the area soon after, and von Spee reoriented his ships for a running battle, hoping to out-maneuver the opposing ships. Once von Spee had committed his forces, the [[battlecruiser]]s emerged from a covering smoke screen. Von Spee realized he had fallen into a trap, and attempted to escape. The battlecruisers opened fire at 1255 hours. Realizing that escape was impossible, von Spee detached his light cruisers, which kept on racing south. The ''Scharnhorst'' and ''Gneisnau'' engaged the battlecruisers, but Sturdee had the edge in speed and gun range, and was able to conduct most of the battle outside the range of the German guns. Three hours after engaging, the ''Scharnhorst'' sank with all hands, including Admiral von Spee, and the ''Gneisnau'' sank an hour and a half later, leaving behind some 200 survivors out of a crew of over 750.

Meanwhile, the Kent, Cornwall, and Glasgow continued chasing the other German ships. The ''Kent''’s crew pushed her engines to the limit, and caught up with the ''Nuremburg'', sinking her at 1930 hours. The ''Cornwall'' and ''Glasgow'' came within range of the ''Leipzig'' at 2030 hours, and finally sank her at 2323. Only the ''Dresden'' escaped.

The battle resulted in the destruction of most of Germany’s remaining commerce raiders, and the rest were eliminated soon afterwards. On March 14, 1915 the ''Dresden'' would be caught off the coast of Chile and crippled by the ''Kent'' and the ''Glasgow'', forcing her crew to scuttle her. After that, the German campaign against British trade was carried out exclusively by [[U-boat]]s and auxiliary cruisers.

The battlecruisers ''Invincible'' and ''Inflexible'' later saw action in the [[Battle of Jutland]], the ''Invincible'' being lost in that engagement.

==See also==
*[[Falklands War]]

==Sources==
*''The World’s Great Battleships'', by Robert Jackson, Thunder Bay Press, 2000
*''A History of War at Sea'', by Helmut Pemsel, Naval Institute Press, 1975

==Links==
*[http://www.worldwar1.co.uk/falkland.html Battle of the Falkland Islands]
*[http://www.gwpda.org/naval/corfalkp.htm Battles of Coronel and the Falklands -- A Pictorial Look]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Falkland Islands, Battle of the}}
[[Category:World War I Battles]]