https://www.conservapedia.com/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Topsecrete 2026-10-21T12:53:34Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.35.14 https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Jesus_Christ&diff=384475 2008-02-04T19:10:22Z

<p>Topsecrete: Jesus in Islam</p> <hr /> <div>==Atheists denying existence of historical Jesus?==<br /> <br /> I seriously challenge this and would like to see some evidence for it. As the article correctly notes, the historical evidence for the life of Jesus of Nazareth is very good. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 06:08, 22 February 2007 (EST)<br /> :Go look at the section on wikipedia discussing the historicity of Jesus. This is the typical secular/humanist/evolutionist/atheist pap. [[User:FightPerniciousSwarm|FightPerniciousSwarm]] 21:47, 30 December 2007 (EST)<br /> <br /> Atheists do not deny the historical person.... in fact, quite the opposite. Atheists tend to believe that, someone who is remembered by so much oral and textual history, must've been a real person. However, just like the characters of Homer's Illiad, simply because someone was real, does not make them progeny of any deity. In fact, evidence proving Jesus was a real, historical person only conflicts with ideas that he could magically heal the sick, walk on water, turn water to wine, etc. In other words, it is those who believe Jesus had supernatural powers that do the most disservice to his historical persona. Were everyone to claim that Jesus was an excellent preacher with some incredibly great ideas, no one would argue his existence! --[[User:Newsdan|Newsdan]] 14:39, 19 June 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> As an athiest, I do deny the existence of historical Jesus. But only because every shred of &quot;proof&quot; has been found to be either false, or so vague that it cannot be interpreted as actual proof. Most make references to &quot;Christ&quot; which is was common title, &quot;the anoited one,&quot; not a name. --[[User:Niffed|Niffed]] 23:38, 21 October 2007 (EDT)<br /> ----<br /> <br /> The article still says &quot;Occasionally someone denies the existence of Jesus, but few scholars take this seriously.&quot; No source is cited. ''Who,'' exactly, denies the existence of an historical Jesus of Nazareth? If this belief is widely held someone, somewhere ought to have published something about it and the publication ought to be cited. <br /> <br /> There's no need to introduce this section with a straw man. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 21:24, 4 March 2007 (EST)<br /> <br /> :Want confirmation of this? Go to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ#Historicity this section of Wikipedia's article on Jesus]. It's true that some people deny his existence. It's not a widely held belief; it's only held by a small, and I do emphasize ''small'', minority. [[User:Scorpionman|Scorpionman]] 11:17, 7 March 2007 (EST)<br /> <br /> ::If you think there is a small minority of people in the world that deny the existence of Jesus then you need to get out of the house a bit more.<br /> <br /> ::When using Wikipedia as confirmation of a fact, I try to follow the trail of cited sources. In this case, the trail leads to Wikipedia's article on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus Historicity of Jesus], thence to a footnote, which quotes the source as saying<br /> <br /> :::The nonhistoricity thesis has always been controversial, and it has consistently failed to convince scholars of many disciplines and religious creeds. ... Biblical scholars and classical historians now regard it as effectively refuted.&quot; - Robert E. Van Voorst, Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2000), p. 16.<br /> <br /> ::I don't think &quot;Biblical scholars and classical historians now regard it as effectively refuted&quot; supports the statement that &quot;a small minority [of scholars] argue that Jesus never existed as a historical figure...&quot; Neither of the Wikipedia articles names any scholars, or anyone else, who hold that Jesus of Nazareth was not a real figure in history.<br /> <br /> ::I still will think it's a straw man unless someone produces some reasonably mainstream, reasonably modern examples of people challenging the historicity of Jesus. Wikipedia's neutrality policy says you can include &quot;facts about opinions&quot; when the opinions are ''reasonably'' widely held. I think the idea of there not being an historical Jesus of Nazareth is so rarely held that it is not worth mentioning. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 11:48, 7 March 2007 (EST)<br /> ::: I think you have serious defintional issues here that may alter whether or not this is at all a commonly held view. For example, do we mean that Jesus is a figure made up out of whole cloth? I don't think anyone seriously argues for that. Do we mean that he is a historical figure but many details of other preachers at the time got glommed onto his life-story? Many more would agree with this. Do we mean that Jesus is a compilation of the lives of a variety of people from that time period and one of their names happened to stick? I think you would get a lot for this last one. So when denying historicity you need to be very careful what you mean. [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] 14:15, 7 March 2007 (EST)<br /> <br /> :::: OK. Originally I was commenting on the phrase &quot;Many atheists claim that there is no evidence of Jesus outside the Bible.&quot; That has since been softened to &quot;Occasionally someone denies the existence of Jesus.&quot; I was, indeed, interpreting this to mean &quot;invented in whole cloth.&quot;<br /> <br /> :::: If the article were editable I'd propose simply excising the sentence &quot;Occasionally someone denies the existence of Jesus, but few scholars take this seriously&quot; since I don't see that it adds anything to the section. Presumably a finished section would make it clear which details of the Gospel accounts are widely accepted by scholars as historical and which are debated. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 12:40, 11 March 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> :::::The evidence presented so far in the article is hardly compelling. It needs to be expanded, or the assertion that &quot;few scholars take this seriously&quot; will need to be qualified. --[[User:John|John]] 22:52, 12 March 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ::Whether there are or are not people who question the historical existence of Jesus is not as important to this article as is the fact that there is no citation of where this claim comes from. Scorpionman, if you are suggesting I should go to Wikipedia to check the information, then what use does this Conservapedia article have in the first place? --[[User:GarbageMan|GarbageMan]] 10:14 5 April 2007 (CST)<br /> <br /> Even we Atheists and Jews do not deny the '''existence''' of Jesus, merely the idea that he was the son of God.<br /> <br /> There are other conservative religious perspectives as well, could the article be expanded to include those? In particular Muslims accept the existance of Jesus as a Prophet but deny that he is the son of God. <br /> --[[User:AGivenVoice|AGivenVoice]] 20:04, 3 August 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> I am an Atheist. I believe in Jesus. I just don't believe he was a deity. [[User:AnAtheist|AnAtheist]] 20:08, 3 August 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> There is no independent (i.e., non-Christian) evidence of the existence of Jesus because he was not well known during his life. Roman and Jewish scholars who wrote about him long after his death relied on Christians sources for his existence. However, I cannot see why this should matter, since this is a matter of faith. --[[User:The Four Deuces|The Four Deuces]] 17:36, 8 October 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> <br /> There is no evidence that jesus was anything other than a man other than one book, the bible which could very well have been a collection of childrens stories used to teach morals.<br /> <br /> == Locked ==<br /> <br /> Can someone unlock this article? It needs more information. [[User:Scorpionman|Scorpionman]] 11:21, 7 March 2007 (EST)<br /> <br /> ::Apparently... the key to unlocking this page is true faith.<br /> <br /> The very fact that this article is locked means I'm leaving this website and never returning again.<br /> <br /> ::You Legend<br /> <br /> :::Some one needs to unlock this page if it is on the main page: Lets all improve these articles. --[[User:Will N.|Will N.]] 09:17, 3 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> Funny how this page is locked depsite conservapedia asking for people to edit it. &lt;small&gt;previous unsigned comment added by&lt;/small&gt; [[User:Wikipediaisbetter]]<br /> :Funny how Wikipedia's article is also locked... They are better exactly how..? [[User:Fox|Fox]] 10:11, 25 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> Jesus is a pretty popular object of vandalism, I say keep it locked and people can propose changes here. That is one of the reasons for talk pages. --[[User:BenjaminS|Ben]] &lt;sub&gt;[[User Talk:BenjaminS|Talk]]&lt;/sub&gt; 10:58, 25 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> == Josephus ==<br /> <br /> The line about Josephus is misleading and false. No doubt you refer to the &quot;Testimoniam Flavianum,&quot; in which Josephus trumpets Jesus as the messiah for one paragraph, and then moves on. It's worth noting that the TF is not believed by any serious scholars, and has been shown to be a forgery added by medieval monks... note that this does *NOT* undercut the importance of Jesus at all! He was barely known in his time, and the fact that Josephus wouldn't write about him is unsurprising. Josephus was known to be an anti-revolutionary who hated all the messianic figures of his time, and won his fame by being the lone Jew to decry them...&lt;ref&gt;http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~humm/Topics/JewishJesus/josephus.html&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Worth mentioning? ==<br /> Excuse me, but do you think it's worth mentioning that Jesus was probably Jewish? He merely provided the foundation of Christianity.<br /> <br /> : Jewish? ''Jewish''? He was the Son of God, for pete's sake (sorry, nearly used the other, rather more obvious expression)! Haven't you seen all those pictures of him with the fair hair and blue eyes? And so, with Joseph not being his father an' all, he can only have been ''half''-Jewish at best, can he? (pardon my irony!) So it's no wonder, is it, that, thanks largely to Paul, the poor Jews can't make head or tail of what Christians have managed to do with him - let alone with ''their'' scriptures!--[[User:Petrus|Petrus]] 12:55, 13 March 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ::Wouldn't that be racist? --[[User:Luke-Jr|Luke-Jr]] 13:02, 13 March 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> :No. Just taking the p... out of racists! Irony. British thing. Don't worry your head about it! (''Of course'' the man was Jewish!). --[[User:Petrus|Petrus]] 13:44, 13 March 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ::Having been born in that part of the world, the Roman province of Palestine, he more likely had semitic features was short (everyone was short at the time), olive skinned with dark hair. Plus, he observed Passover, and read in the synagogue. [[User:Vjay|Vjay]] 22:23, 14 December 2007 (EST)<br /> <br /> ::Matrilineal descent is what counts, I believe. [[User:Tsumetai|Tsumetai]] 13:00, 13 March 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> :That's funny - I could have sworn that Matthew traces his descent through his father (or rather through the man who allegedly wasn't his father in the first place) while Luke does the same, but citing an incompatible number of generations and entirely different names! (pardon my irony again!) --[[User:Petrus|Petrus]] 13:11, 13 March 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ::The two theories are:<br /> ::1) St. Joseph was adopted, and one lineage is legal heritage<br /> ::2) One lineage is that of Our Lady, and the other of St. Joseph<br /> ::--[[User:Luke-Jr|Luke-Jr]] 13:13, 13 March 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> Well, you'd have thought they'd have said so, then, wouldn't you? Especially as they both say it's through Joseph, and there are far more generations in the one than in the other! (Honestly, the squirming that goes on to try and justify Christian dogma in the face of what the scriptures actually say!) ;) --[[User:Petrus|Petrus]] 13:44, 13 March 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Christ ==<br /> <br /> Is this page locked? I thought that perhaps one should add, after explaining that &quot;Jesus&quot; is the Greek form of the Hebrew name &quot;Joshua,&quot; that &quot;Christ&quot; comes from the Greek &quot;christos,&quot; meaning &quot;the annointed one&quot;<br /> <br /> [[User:Boethius|Boethius]] 18:35, 13 March 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> :Absolutely. Or rather that ''christos'' is the Greek translation of Hebrew ''mashiach'', meaning 'anointed' and thus '[[Messiah]]' (and not, of course, Joshua's surname!!). Ironic, isn't it, that we know the two names mainly through the 'enemy' Greek culture that faithful Hebrews were most anxious to combat at the time? --[[User:Petrus|Petrus]] 07:18, 14 March 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> == Christ the Redeemer?? ==<br /> <br /> <br /> Er...I find it a little bizarre to have a photo, and not a very good one of the Christ the Redeemer sculpture in Brazil as the only picture on this article.<br /> <br /> '''A NOTE TO THE ADMINS:''' Why are so many essential articles locked? If someone wanted to v-andalise an article on Jesus they'd do it on Wikipedia where they'd get more airtime. This article is so woefully inadequate it's almost laughable. What about the teachings of Jesus, summarised? What about, oh, the prophets of the old testament foretelling his coming? What about the revelation of God's character through the old testament brought to fruition in Christ?<br /> <br /> If you want to lock these articles, fine, I don't care. But make sure they're up to scratch before you do so. Otherwise you'll just drive people away like our friend earlier. [[User:Dallas|Dallas]] 07:54, 16 March 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> :Help for this article is on the way, so be patient! :) [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 21:56, 16 March 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==The name Jesus==<br /> <br /> I came across some interesting information, which I've summarised here. If anybody who can edit this page would like to put it in, others might also find it interesting.<br /> <br /> Considering that Christianity is 2000 years old, the name Jesus for Jesus Christ is not a very old word in English. In Old English he was called hæland “saviour”, from the Proto-Germanic root hailjan “to heal, to save”. <br /> <br /> After the Norman conquest, the French form Iesu or Iesus was adopted. This derived from Latin Iosus, which the Romans adopted from the Greek Iesous. The Greeks derived the name from the late Hebrew or Aramaic name Yoshua, today’s version of which is “Joshua”. The earlier Aramaic form was Jehoshua (Y’hoshua) or Joshua., deriving from Hebrew Jah, short for Jahweh, and Aramaic y’shuoh meaning “salvation”. The name thus meant “Jah is salvation”. Both Joshua and Jehoshua were common names in the time of Jesus.<br /> <br /> In 16th century written English both Iesu and Iesus were used, for example in Tyndale’s New Testament of 1526. J did not replace I until the 17th century and the form with the final s became common in the 18th century. <br /> <br /> In Middle English documents, Jesus was often written IHS, an abbreviation of Greek IHSOYS (Iesous). However, in spoken English between the 11th and 17th centuries, the letter I could sound like either an I or a J, so the pronunciation of Iesus was similar to today’s sound. Welsh still retains the Iesu form but pronounces it “yessy”. <br /> <br /> http://www.takeourword.com/Issue068.html<br /> <br /> [[User:Britinme|Britinme]] 3.51 24 March 2007<br /> <br /> :''Very'' interesting, but, alas, factual - so it doesn't have much chance of being included here! --[[User:Petrus|Petrus]] 11:19, 25 March 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Birth of Christ ==<br /> <br /> Just curious, especially considering how big a deal the A.D./C.E. thing is here, but why is there no mention of Christs Birthdate? Would think its sort of important given how much attention you've been heeding it. Best Scholarly guess seems to be late September in 05 B.C., which is odd I think, since that not only would grammatically read as him being born five years before he was born (a lesser miracle?) but also would imply that A.D. and C.E. are equally, inaccurately, based on the date of Christ's birth, with only A.D. claiming as much, and incorrectly at that.<br /> <br /> The date would have been around Sept. 15 or 16 of 5 b.c., going by the signs in the heavens and the lunar cycle, and adjusting it to a Roman calendar date. The important thing to remember is that Yahshua was FULFILLING TORAH, thus, 'the day of his DEATH is better than the day of his birth', meaning we should continue in observing PASSOVER. 'Do this in remembrance of me...' --[[User:Witnessnbr1|Witnessnbr1]] 14:20, 14 October 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==Case for Christ==<br /> <br /> I am reinserting the reference to ''Case for Christ''. It is not a &quot;book review&quot; to mention the book in one or two sentences. In fact, I think Conservapedia should serve as a jumping off point to further research on subjects, and that book is in itself a jumping off point to further research. [[User:MountainDew|MountainDew]] 01:11, 10 April 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Name of page==<br /> <br /> This ought to be Jesus Christ, not just Jesus. [[User:MountainDew|MountainDew]] 03:20, 10 April 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> Well from what I understand Christ is a [[Messiah|title]] not part of a name. It would be like renaming the George W. Bush article to President George W. Bush. If you're worried about someone typing in Jesus Christ and not able to get to the article that's not happening as Jesus Christ redirects to Jesus. [[User:Sulgran|Sulgran]] 03:33, 10 April 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> :*Sulgran, it is a highly secular idea of what it means. His name is '''Jesus Christ''' to hundreds of millions of people throughout the World. I don't think some online encyclopedia has a right to truncate his name. As Christians, we hold to these basic tenets: <br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;<br /> Our Core Values<br /> <br /> #'''1. We praise Jesus Christ as Lord and savior always'''.<br /> #2. Help others in their time of need, the lost, hungry and weak.<br /> #3. Spread the good news about the Kingdom of Heaven.<br /> #4. Love God the Father with all of our hearts, mind, body, and soul. <br /> &lt;/blockquote&gt; --~ [[User:TK|TK]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:TK|MyTalk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 07:18, 10 April 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> <br /> ::5. 5. And ignore all the other 600-odd commandments, apart from:<br /> ::6. 6. Be insufferably smug at all times. <br /> <br /> :In that case, we should refer to 'King David Christ', too, since he called himself that (in the Hebrew, ''mashiach'') throughout the Psalms. But it wasn't his name, any more than it was Jesus's. The word is a ''Greek translation'', of all things! (But then, to be fair, so is 'Jesus'!). --[[User:Petrus|Petrus]] 12:29, 10 April 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ::Indeed. Christ is an honorific, not a name. In fact, his name was actually Yeshua[[User:Daemon|Daemon]] 12:28, 14 April 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> :*Well, we are not for everyone. --~ [[User:TK|TK]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:TK|MyTalk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 09:55, 15 April 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> As a sysop, I decided that readers looking for information on [[Jesus]] would be better served if they found it in [[Jesus Christ]]. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] 13:06, 17 April 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> 'Christ' simply means 'anointed', like in Daniel, 'an anointed one'. His name should be Yahshua of Nazareth, as He was never a GREEK. --[[User:Witnessnbr1|Witnessnbr1]] 14:23, 14 October 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> == Due to article improvement drive I am unprotecting this article. Please watch for vandals ==<br /> <br /> Due to article improvement drive I am unprotecting this article. Please watch for vandals. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] 00:08, 29 April 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> :It looks like it has been locked again. There are a few ignorant spelling errors I would like to correct. [[User:MontyZuma|MontyZuma]] 19:09, 2 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==Simple Logic?==<br /> <br /> I don't see how this phrase:<br /> <br /> :&quot;Why would Jesus voluntarily submit to a crucifixion unless it was to be followed by a resurrection?&quot;<br /> <br /> is an example of simple logic. There could be any number of reasons why he would submit to his execution. I don't think even Christian's think he only did it to prove that he would be resurrected. He submitted to be executed simply because it would wash away the sins of man. This statement should be removed. [[User:MatteeNeutra|MatteeNeutra]] 12:58, 29 April 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> Surely Jesus while on Earth was a man born of woman and both feared and felt pain as a man would. Saying he went willingly because he knew he would rise again surely cheapens the sacrifice he made for us. He gave his life willingly and with great suffering for us without knowing what would become of him and, in this, made the most selfless sacrifice in all of history.<br /> <br /> I am not a theologian but I would like to see a scholar of the Bible (as supposed to a simple follower like me) look at what I've suggested and see if the Bible supports this. I always believed that the human aspect of him made the sacrifice all the greater (and the sadder as such a great man died to such mockery and in such pain). --[[User:Trashbat|Trashbat]] 19:17, 2 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> :This statement was put in again (although under a different guise). I removed it as it is neither logic, or the reason Jesus was crucified. [[User:MatteeNeutra|MatteeNeutra]] 18:35, 11 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> == The top picture should be on the right more so the top text can be on the left ==<br /> <br /> The top picture should be on the right more so the text can be on the left. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] 19:16, 1 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> ::Nevermind i fixed it. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] 19:17, 1 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> *LOL...its okay for the pic to be on the left, as it was originally. ;-) --[[User:TK|&lt;small&gt;Sysop-&lt;/small&gt;TK]] &lt;sub&gt;[[User_talk:TK|/MyTalk]]&lt;/sub&gt; 19:27, 1 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ::TK, i certainly don't want to get into a edit war over something trivial. But people do read from left to right and at first I missed the upper text. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] 19:39, 1 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> How can there be an edit war if you're the only person editing? [[User:Sterile|Sterile]] 20:16, 3 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> == Unprotection ==<br /> <br /> Glad to see you unprotected the article for the &quot;Article improvement drive&quot;. I would make some edits but need to hit the sack. [[User:Ian St John|Ian St John]] 19:00, 10 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> == Other people in the Bible name Jesus ==<br /> <br /> While this is interesting, it's not appropriate for an article on Jesus Christ, which itself can get rather long. I did include a brief acknowledgement of Joshua and Messiah in the opening paragraph so your additions in regard to Jesus Christ are not lost. I hope this makes sense to you. Thanks [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 16:26, 14 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> == Lead ==<br /> I wrote a new lead. I hope its not to bold, but I wanted to get the point about just who Jesus is right upfront. [[User:Lostcaesar|Lostcaesar]] 20:10, 14 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> :While I am a Christian, I'm still thinking perhaps we should start with the words &quot;In Christian theology&quot;, before your new lead. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 02:34, 15 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> *Learn together, please don't fall for the realitivists here. This is a Christian, Conservative encyclopedia. Ignore those wanting neutral statements, okay? --[[User:TK|&lt;small&gt;Sysop-&lt;/small&gt;TK]] &lt;sub&gt;[[User_talk:TK|/MyTalk]]&lt;/sub&gt; 06:23, 15 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> :Can you objectively, empirically demonstrate the claim that Christ was born of a virgin, was the incarnation of God and, through dying, absolved the sins of his believers past, present and future? Its perfectly fine to believe this, sure, but to claim it as outright fact is wrong, and not simply because the only source for these grand claims is the Bible (a book which contains within it numerous self-contradictory and inaccurate passages, but thats another discussion) but also that to attempt to pin him down as a concrete character defies the various interpretations which have lead to the factioning of the church based on different eschatologies. Different christian religions all see christ in different lights. Some believe he was a miracle worker, some a philosopher/teacher, some see him as a pure man of God and some as God himself. <br /> :Don't get me wrong, TK, I'm fully in favor of an un-neutral encyclopedia that promotes a specific &quot;Christian, Conservative&quot; narrative by selectively cherrypicking evidence and ignoring context to suggest as fact things that are not necessarily the case, and certainly the article can stay such as it is, offending the intellectual sensibilities of people like Thomas Jefferson and Ben Franklin who saw truth in Christ's teachings but had &quot;doubts as to his divinity,&quot; by committing the intellectual dishonesty of stating these things as outright fact which only cite one text as the source for these extraordinary claims. <br /> :I just think though that if beliefs are going to be stated as fact that CPedia needs to come out front and decide which particular kind of christianity its going to promote as singularly true. Which particular protestant reformations will CPedia then be in a position to declare as false? Which Catholic sects? Methodism? Lutheranism? Mormonism? Making an &quot;un-neutral&quot; statement does get that snowball rolling after all, and if you've decided, TK, that neutrality is a bad thing, then riddle me this: Which conservapedia contributors... no... which CPedia Sysops will have the fun to find that the CPedia says their particular belief in Christ is outright wrong? I would really like to know. You all going to vote on which religion is &quot;true&quot; are you? I mean clearly here &quot;true&quot; is decided by the ideaology of the sysops as a group, and its not very likely that you all go to the exact same church, so who is it, specifically, who gets to have their Christian faith called false here? Inquiring minds want to know.<br /> :--[[User:RexMundane|Rex Mundane]] 12:27, 15 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> ::I think you got off on a tangent there. The majority of practicing Christians would have no trouble with the portrayal of Jesus put forth by Lostcaesar; there's no need to identify every variant and condition to the point where gridlock trumps common sense. And saying only one text is cited for Jesus is like taking all of the works of ancient Greece and putting them in one volume, then saying there's only one source that discusses ancient Greece. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 02:24, 16 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> :I apologize if I was unclear. I realize that there is archeological evidence that Jesus existed, but the problem isn't whether he lived or not. Its his divinity. The only source for such a claim is a selection of specific accounts of his life (others who witnessed him do not mention miracles, as an example) of which there is no supporting evidence. The only you can say about his divinity, therefore, is that the bible claims it to be so and that people believe it. Stating it as manifest fact simply because the majority agrees would be like, if the majority were also Star Trek fans, saying that Capt. James T Kirk is a real person. Facts are not democratic and demand quantification.<br /> :My other problem with &quot;majority&quot; being used to argue the stament of beliefs as fact in this sense is that you admit there are a minority of Christians (myself among them) who do not necessarily believe in the divinity of Christ. Say then that another section goes up in the article about how He should be worshipped then. Do you populate that section with the majority religion at the expense of the others? Say Catholicism over Protestantism? Then that majority further divides over reformations and yields another majority, which then divides over another issue and then another, and before long you have Russian Nesting dolls, each being a majority, until the &quot;minorities&quot; put together outnumber the &quot;majorities&quot; 10 to 1. <br /> :When you allow lapsed standards for statements of fact such as this merely on the basis of it being the opinion of the majority, you get exactly that situation in the long run. I notice, of course, that if a liberal were to make a similar unverifiable, intellectually dishonest claim on this site, he'd be hunted down with dogs. For consistancy's sake, for legitimacy's sake, and not least of all for Christ's sake, the only thing that should be said as fact about Christ's divinity is that the bible claims it to be so.--[[User:RexMundane|Rex Mundane]] 11:38, 16 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ::''Here they crucified him, and with him two others--one on each side and Jesus in the middle. Pilate had a notice prepared and fastened to the cross. It read: &quot;Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews.&quot; ...The chief priests of the Jews protested to Pilate, &quot;Do not write 'The King of the Jews,' but that this man claimed to be king of the Jews.&quot;'' (John 19:18-19, 21)<br /> ::What will we write? &quot;Jesus is the Son of God&quot;, or &quot;some claim he said that he was the Son of God.&quot; ? [[User:Lostcaesar|Lostcaesar]] 12:40, 16 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> :I think the best and simplest thing to say is some variant of &quot;According to the Bible, Jesus was the son of god, born of a virgin, etc.&quot; since I agree the bible is the most pivotal reference for alot of the history attributed to him. The important thing to realize is that, and I dont mean this to be as condescenting as it might sound, but Jesus here is basically a character in a book, and as such since the only real source for the bulk of the extraordinary claims is that same book, the very simple quantifier &quot;According to the bible...&quot; used sparingly just to establish that context would, I think, be the best course of action. Fair?--[[User:RexMundane|Rex Mundane]] 13:41, 16 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ::Sorry to follow you here, RexMundane, I'll cease with this observation. I generally agree with your modest tone here, and do not take offense. I would like to add one clarification, though. While the Bible is most often published in a single book, it is actually a collection of books (or scrolls), letters, etc. The phrasing &quot;According to the Bible...&quot; seems to ickypedian to me. This is a conservative encyclopedia. I am not sure we need to cite the source of the statement in line, but perhaps we do. I don't think conservapedia is about doubting the historocity of Jesus. Am I wrong? [[User:HeartOfGold|HeartOfGold]] 15:57, 16 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> :Well the claim of Jesus's divinity though is entirely based on the aggregate statements made by the bible. I agree that there was a Jesus, that significant events in the story of his life, as recanted in the bible, have been verified by archeological record, and it is entirely honest to say as much. Claiming he was born of a virgin, is the son of God, etc., however rather demands a quantifier since it is, and I say this recognizing this as a &quot;christian&quot; cyclopedia, only a claim being made by one source (I am here refering to the selection of texts in the bible as a single group) and significant as that source is to discussing the nature of Jesus, I maintain that it is wrong to say these things as objective fact when, outside of the claims made by that one source, there is no other empirical proof to say that, for instance, the ressurection was a real event. If the event exists, basically, only as an event in the story the Bible tells, that should be made explicit. <br /> :As I say, I consider myself a christian in a sort of Thomas Jefferson sense, and don't require him to have been supernatural or even for the bible to have been accurate in order to be able to glean moral lessons from the story of his life. I realize that my opinion is not as important as the bible's in this regard, certainly as far as conveying the story of Christ, but the important thing is that the story is, basically, the bible's version. An important version to be sure, but it does a disservice to not make that clear, I rather think. Given too how I don't actually see how saying something like &quot;The Bible says Jesus was X&quot; instead of simply &quot;Jesus was X&quot; in any way changes a persons interpretation of Christ or his story in any significant way. I'm not saying to call it a lie, just to acknowledge that the primary basis for the claims is the bible itself.--[[User:RexMundane|Rex Mundane]] 17:21, 16 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> ::Jesus' divinity is known by revelation, making it a fact that we can be certain about. If you wish to talk about sources, a section would be appropriate, where we can talk about the witness of the Bible, the Church Fathers, and any of the many miracles wrought in his name in the two thousand years since his resurrection. But, just as we would not qualify every statement about Julius Caesar being emperor of Rome, we should not qualify what we say about the Son of God. [[User:Lostcaesar|Lostcaesar]] 19:42, 16 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> :The distinction is that Ceaser being the emperor of rome is not disputed by anyone, whereas the nature of the divinity of Christ, even among Christians, is under dispute. &quot;Jesus' divinity is known by revelation,&quot; only to those who know it, not to everyone. Among even people who believe in the truth of his teachings there are legitimate arguments as to whether or not the account of the bible regarding the virgin birth, miracles, etc., is true, or even necessary. All I'm asking for is that such statements of divinity which historians and christians themselves have disagreements on simply be clarified as being the bible's account. Saying its not necessary simply because the majority of christians believe in it sends us down the rabbit hole of deciding which religion is &quot;true&quot; by majority as well. I'm sorry, please help me here, why is there such opposition to simply adding the phrase &quot;According to the Bible&quot; once or twice?--[[User:RexMundane|Rex Mundane]] 10:23, 17 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> :I agree with Rex. Stating that Jesus *is* the Son of God unequivocally leaves Conservapedia in the position of endorsing Christianity as objectively true, when in fact this isn't verifiable, and the majority of people on earth are not Christian. A statement saying &quot;According to the Bible&quot; or &quot;According to the Christian faith&quot; as a preface would make this more objective. [[User:JohnSmith|JohnSmith]] 13:11, 21 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> ::1) This is a Christian encyclopedia. 2) While you may not think it is 'verifiable', others are not obliged to agree with this conclusion or approach. 3) Truth is not determined by mere popular whimsy, ergo the number of Christians is not directly relevant, though the position of the faith as the plurality, or near plurality position amongst different religions ought to give cause to reevaluate your position, even if you continue with the assumption that sheer number is directly relevant. [[User:Lostcaesar|Lostcaesar]] 16:34, 21 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> :::1) No, it isn't a Christian encyclopedia; it's a conservative encyclopedia QED. Not all conservatives are Christians, and even if they were it wouldn't make the question of Christ's divinity any more or less objectively verifiable. 2) It isn't just me that believes that the question of Christ's divinity is unverifiable. Such a question is one of faith, not of science, and as such is purely subjective. You may personally believe that Christ is your Lord and Savior, and noone is suggesting that you should believe otherwise, but you should recognize that this position can't be objectively proven. 3) I'm not making an argumentum ad populum, I'm simply pointing out that Conservapedia should not be in the business of claiming that one religion is true over all others, and it's sheer hubris to do otherwise. [[User:JohnSmith|JohnSmith]] 11:39, 22 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> ::::You sound as if you consider your statement (2) to be &quot;objectively verifiable&quot;, since you give no argument for it other than to repeat the assertion. Whatever the case, what is &quot;objectively verifiable&quot; is that the frontpage contains a Daily Bible Verse. Please example this [http://www.christianpost.com/article/20070306/26179_Conservapedia_Challenges_%27Anti-Christian%27_Wiki.htm useful text]. [[User:Lostcaesar|Lostcaesar]] 13:06, 22 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> :::::Regardless of the opinion of the Christian Post, the stated purpose of this website is to provide a counterpoint to perceived liberal bias in Wikipedia, not to advance Christianity as the only true religion. There are a great many non-Christian conservatives. If you haven't guessed by now, you're speaking to one. With regards to verifiability, the fact is that the entire basis upon which the divinity of Christ rests is the Bible itself, which is not an objective source, it's a work of faith. I appreciate that you have a strong faith, but just as Wikipedia is not a soapbox, Conservapedia should not be one either. To claim that one religion is true over all others rather than to give a dispassionate overview of the facts surrounding those religions is to stop being an encyclopedia, and to start being a tract. To state &quot;Christians believe Christ to be the Son of God&quot; is a fact which can be proven. To state &quot;Christ is the Son of God&quot; may or may not be true, but cannot be proven independant of the Bible. This in and of itself violates Conservapedia commandment 1. [[User:JohnSmith|JohnSmith]] 14:12, 22 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ::The Gospels and the testimonies and facts along centuries are &quot;objectively verifiable&quot;. They are holly books and facts as well as scientifically truth as other history book are according to History science. What you have to remember is that men are undoubtedly flash and soul. Make your statements using both and you will see as John the Apostle teched, the love that is there and that is a reality objectively verifiable. Any man can be a witness of that simple truth. --[[User:Joaquín Martínez]], [[User talk:Joaquín Martínez|talk]] 14:25, 22 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> :::The Bible may be held by some to be holy, but that view isn't held by all (indeed, it's only held by a minority of the world's population). Other holy texts do not claim that Jesus was the son of God. Conservapedia should not be in the business of stating that one holy text is true and others are false, because this is a matter of faith, not fact. [[User:JohnSmith|JohnSmith]] 16:27, 22 May 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> == Jesus was Jewish! ==<br /> <br /> Jesus was Jewish... his personal religious beliefs are central to a belief in him, yet this article makes no mention of what Jesus believed. This glaring omission can only be seen as an effort to force history into alignment with current ideals. {{unsigned|Newsdan}}<br /> <br /> :That's a little harsh. Yes, Yeshua was Jewish. And as the site grows I'm sure the article will come to reflect this. This is a fairly new site, Newsdan - it didn't appear fully formed and perfect :) [[Image:User Fox.png]] [[User:Fox|Fox]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Fox|talk]]|[[Special:Contributions/Fox|contribs]])&lt;/small&gt; 14:34, 19 June 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ::Like most of us did not know he was a Jew. There is nothing wrong with him being Jewish, nothing!--[[User:Will N.|Will N.]] 14:36, 19 June 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> Will... the problem is that the article is locked, and yet was done so without adding this fact. --[[User:Newsdan|Newsdan]] 14:42, 19 June 2007 (EDT)<br /> :You can use this talk section to preview to the sysops anything you'd like to add. [[Image:User Fox.png]] [[User:Fox|Fox]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Fox|talk]]|[[Special:Contributions/Fox|contribs]])&lt;/small&gt; 14:44, 19 June 2007 (EDT)<br /> :I'd suggest providing the wording you would like to see included and where this placement would occur. As Fox has stated, the sysops are more than happy to see that constructive edits are included. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 14:49, 19 June 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ::Jesus was ethnically Jewish, but he came to fulfill the Jewish faith, thereby founding the Christian Church. [[User:Lostcaesar|Lostcaesar]] 17:22, 19 June 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> I would have to counter the thought above about 'founding the christian church'. The christian church was formed to save its own butt from the persecution of the Jews. Then, it started to worship what it wanted to worship to separate themselves further(such as xmas and esthar), thus further STRAYING FROM THE TRUTH, and bringing man to what it is right now, a spiritual mess. That said, scripture PREDICTED that this would happen in Hosea 6:1-2. Man has been ripped apart for 2 days(2000 years), and the healing is about to begin.--[[User:Witnessnbr1|Witnessnbr1]] 14:30, 14 October 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> == Introductory Paragraph ==<br /> <br /> This article has a real problem. Many people question the divinity of Jesus Christ. The opening section of this article should state &quot;According to the Christian faith...&quot;<br /> <br /> To state as fact that Jesus Christ was and is the Son of God has no place in the main article and has no business being in an encyclopedia. This article should be unlocked and appropiate changes made to make this article neutral.<br /> <br /> The owners and administrators are doing great harm to this website and their positions by allowing their personal opinions to enter into the articles. Credibility, readership and contributions cannot be maintained by allowing non-neutral articles.<br /> <br /> Personal, religious and political opinions should be expressed outside the main body of articles.<br /> <br /> :You're not an authority on all things encyclopedic, are you? [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 18:29, 19 June 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> :::You're new here aren't you...--[[User:Elamdri|Elamdri]] 18:31, 19 June 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> Yes I am new, and I am learning. However, the first thing I did was read the rules, especially rule#5 which states that personal opinions are not allowed in articles. The beginning of this article breaks rule #5. Clearview 15:46 6/19/07<br /> <br /> :Are you sure that Jesus Christ being the Son of God and the Savior is personal opinion? Is it your personal opinion that He's not? [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 18:48, 19 June 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> :::Ok before a big fight breaks out, Clearview, just keep in mind that while the site says that no personal opinion is allowed, the site owner and most of the administrators here view the Bible as irrefutable fact and while you may disagree, refuting that is only going to get you banned. If you have an idealogical issue with that, then I suggest that you either try to repress it when editing, or perhaps try another wiki, as making edits that refute the divinity of Jesus are only going to result in a ban.--[[User:Elamdri|Elamdri]] 18:58, 19 June 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> First, I never stated my position on the divinity of Christ so please do not assume what I believe. Second, my suggestion that the article be introduced by stating that the Christan faith holds that Christ is divine does not refute any fact. Third, belief in Christ does not require fact, only faith &quot;Blessed are those who believe yet do not see&quot;. Clearview 16:32PST 6/19/07.<br /> :Well, first, we had trolls and vandals come in who picked the CP commandments as the first thing they complained about in general, and articles about the Bible specifically. Second, you are not an authority as to what constitutes the structure and layout of an encyclopedia. Third, the changes that you have insisted be made pertaining to Jesus and Judaism articles constitute a violation of commandment #5, because, like it or not, it is your personal opinion and beliefs as to the subject. Therefore it will not be changed. [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 21:46, 19 June 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> <br /> ::Hi, I would like to point out that the phrase &quot;According to Christian faith....&quot; does not state a personal opinion. Maybe you could make it something like &quot;For all Christians...&quot;? So it does not sound as questioning, but still pays respect to the fact that people of other/no faith don't view Jesus of Nazareth as the son of god and their savior. --lhb 02:53, 15 Sept 2007<br /> <br /> :::First, I think Karajou owes an apology to all of us, and especially to Clearview, for acting obnoxiously. What gives you authority to say that anyone, including yourself and me, is or is not an expert in what constitutes the structure and layout of an encyclopedia. Then the argument was used that &quot;the changes that you have insisted be made pertaining to Jesus and Judaism articles constitute a violation of commandment #5 because, like it or not, it is your personal opinion and beliefs as to the subject.&quot; I think we all agree that religion is a controversial topic. Therefore, it is important to consider all points of view on religion, including those who believe in Jesus Christ as a spiritual leader and those who believe in him as a historical figure with no spiritual background or even those who do not believe he existed at all. Karajou does not understand that saying that Jesus is believed by Christians is a completely neutral way of addressing the topic. Therefore, the article is as fair as possible because Christians who do believe in Christ have their arguments mentioned. Those who do not believe in Christ have their views acknowledged because the article states that Christ's divinity is believed by only some people. Karajou stated that &quot;Are you sure that Jesus Christ being the Son of God and the Savior is personal opinion? Is it your personal opinion that He's not?&quot; It most certainly is a personal opinion, and that he is not is also a personal opinion. While the article may completely focus on one side of this opinion, it needs some form of disclaimer in the opening paragraph to explain that Jesus and his divinity is not a universally accepted truth. --[[User:Eb12|Eb12]] 18:42, 12 January 2008 (EST)<br /> <br /> == Teachings of Jesus ==<br /> <br /> Why does the article have no section about the teachings of Jesus? --[[User:The Four Deuces|The Four Deuces]] 17:39, 8 October 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> :Good question! Why don't you work on it at [[The Gospels]]? --[[User:Joaquín Martínez]], [[User talk:Joaquín Martínez|talk]] 17:57, 8 October 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> We should add a section about how the teachings of Jesus are applied today, especially be liberals using his words to incorrectly support their agenda.<br /> <br /> Ex. Welfare (compassion)<br /> <br /> Gay Marriage (acceptance)<br /> <br /> Capital punishment (thou shall not murder)<br /> <br /> This will make the article more practical and informative. Thanks for the consideration! [[User:Lukecorlando|Lukecorlando]] 23:36, 28 October 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> == &quot;Jesus Christ is the only Son of God who...&quot; ==<br /> <br /> Please consider changing to &quot;Jesus Christ is the only ''begotten'' Son of God who...&quot; for Ge 6:2 talks about other &quot;sons of God.&quot; <br /> <br /> {{cquote|Ge 6:2 That the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives of all which they chose.}}<br /> <br /> I appreciate it. [[User:FightPerniciousSwarm|FightPerniciousSwarm]] 21:43, 30 December 2007 (EST)<br /> <br /> == Category removal ==<br /> <br /> Please remove the categories: Christianity, Trinity, Christian History, Religion, Biblical persons, and Divine Beings. They are all supercategories of [[:Category:Jesus]]. Also, it would be nice if you could sort the Jesus article at the top, by doing thus: &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Category:Jesus|]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;. [[User:TheEvilSpartan|TheEvilSpartan]] 15:39, 7 January 2008 (EST)<br /> <br /> == Jesus in Islam ==<br /> <br /> i will further expand the article by adding the Islamic view of Jesus as the Massaiah and a prophit, i will also start a new article about the issue</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Allah&diff=380217 2008-01-25T21:43:10Z

<p>Topsecrete: </p> <hr /> <div>[[Image:Allah.png|thumb|right|200px|&quot;Allah&quot; in simple [[Arabic language|Arabic]] calligraphy. As with many religions, an image depicting God is strictly forbidden.]]<br /> The word '''Allah''' (الله) is the [[Arabic]] term for [[God]] and also believed to be related to the hebrew term [[Elohim]]. &lt;br&gt; <br /> In [[Islam]], Allah is the essential personal name of God and comprises all His Beautiful Names (the [[99 Names of God]]). When Allah is said, the One, the Supreme Being, the Creator, the Owner, the Sustainer, the All-Powerful, the All-Knowing, the All-Encompassing, whose Names and Attributes are manifested in creation, comes to mind. This term also refers to His absolute Oneness as well as His having no internal defect or external partner.<br /> In [[Arabic]], the name is composed of four letters, ا ل ل ه (or Alif Lam Lam Ha) which when brought together make الله. [[Arab]] [[Christians]] believe that Allah consists of the Father, Son and Spirit, that together constitutes complete Allah.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Christianity and Jewdaism ==<br /> The word Allah is used by Arab christians hroughout the middle east, it is also used by Arab jews mostly residing in Yemen.<br /> <br /> == Takbeer (Glorification of God) ==<br /> Takbeer (تَكْبِير) (Glorification of God), is the common way muslims give glory to God, the wording it self is Allahu-Akbar &quot;الله أكبر&quot; and translates to God is greater. it is a very common practice in Islam and is essential to the Islamic call of prayer ([[Athan]])<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Islam]]<br /> [[Category:Divine Beings]]</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Allah&diff=380207 2008-01-25T21:30:42Z

<p>Topsecrete: extending the article</p> <hr /> <div>Isn't Arabic read right-to-left? Perhaps the article should mention that? I'd do it now but I'm not sure.[[User:Rob Pommer| Cracker]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User_talk:Rob_Pommer|talk]]&lt;/sub&gt;<br /> <br /> How is the fact that Arabic is read from right to left relevant to the article on Allah? It should be included in an article on Arabic.<br /> <br /> == extending the article ==<br /> <br /> I will extend the article to bring more comprehensive understandin<br /> i will also remove the information that said Allah was the word for the moon god due to the absence of a citation and the apsence of proof</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=F-15_Eagle&diff=368529 2008-01-12T00:03:27Z

<p>Topsecrete: /* See also */</p> <hr /> <div>The [[Boeing]] '''F-15 Eagle''' is an all-weather tactical fighter, developed by the [[United States Air Force]] to establish and maintain air superiority during combat missions. Originally designed by McDonnell Douglas, prior to its merger with Boeing. First flight of the original F-15A occurred in 1972. <br /> <br /> [[Image:f15_12.jpg|right|thumb]]<br /> <br /> Powered by two Pratt &amp; Whitney F100-PW-220/229 turbofan engines with a combined thrust of over 50,000 pounds, the F-15 has a top speed of greater than Mach 2.5.<br /> <br /> In early 1975, an F-15A designated &quot;Streak Eagle&quot; broke eight time-to-climb world records. It attained an altitude of 98,425 feet in just under 3 and a half minutes from brake release at takeoff and coasted to nearly 103,000 feet before beginning its descent.<br /> <br /> The Eagle entered service in 1974 with the 58th Tactical Training Wing at Luke Air Force Base in Arizona.<br /> <br /> The [[F-15E Strike Eagle]] derivative first flew in 1989, and is currently the USAF's primary fighter-bomber.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Oporators ==<br /> <br /> *[[Japan]] F-15 J/DJ/E (Built through [[Mitsubishi]])<br /> *[[Israel]] F-15 A/B/C/D<br /> *[[Saudi Arabia]] C/D<br /> *[[South Korea]] F-15 E<br /> *[[United States]] All variants including experimental models<br /> <br /> <br /> == See also==<br /> *[[USAF]]<br /> *[[F-16]]<br /> *[[F-22]]<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=102 Factsheets : F-15E Strike Eagle] - U.S. Air Force<br /> *[http://www.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=101: F-15 Eagle USAF Fact Sheet]<br /> <br /> [[Category:aircraft]]</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=F-15_Eagle&diff=368528 2008-01-12T00:03:09Z

<p>Topsecrete: </p> <hr /> <div>The [[Boeing]] '''F-15 Eagle''' is an all-weather tactical fighter, developed by the [[United States Air Force]] to establish and maintain air superiority during combat missions. Originally designed by McDonnell Douglas, prior to its merger with Boeing. First flight of the original F-15A occurred in 1972. <br /> <br /> [[Image:f15_12.jpg|right|thumb]]<br /> <br /> Powered by two Pratt &amp; Whitney F100-PW-220/229 turbofan engines with a combined thrust of over 50,000 pounds, the F-15 has a top speed of greater than Mach 2.5.<br /> <br /> In early 1975, an F-15A designated &quot;Streak Eagle&quot; broke eight time-to-climb world records. It attained an altitude of 98,425 feet in just under 3 and a half minutes from brake release at takeoff and coasted to nearly 103,000 feet before beginning its descent.<br /> <br /> The Eagle entered service in 1974 with the 58th Tactical Training Wing at Luke Air Force Base in Arizona.<br /> <br /> The [[F-15E Strike Eagle]] derivative first flew in 1989, and is currently the USAF's primary fighter-bomber.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Oporators ==<br /> <br /> *[[Japan]] F-15 J/DJ/E (Built through [[Mitsubishi]])<br /> *[[Israel]] F-15 A/B/C/D<br /> *[[Saudi Arabia]] C/D<br /> *[[South Korea]] F-15 E<br /> *[[United States]] All variants including experimental models<br /> <br /> <br /> == See also==<br /> [[USAF]]<br /> [[F-16]]<br /> [[F-22]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=102 Factsheets : F-15E Strike Eagle] - U.S. Air Force<br /> *[http://www.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=101: F-15 Eagle USAF Fact Sheet]<br /> <br /> [[Category:aircraft]]</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=F-15_Eagle&diff=368527 2008-01-12T00:01:48Z

<p>Topsecrete: added oporators</p> <hr /> <div>The [[Boeing]] '''F-15 Eagle''' is an all-weather tactical fighter, developed by the [[United States Air Force]] to establish and maintain air superiority during combat missions. Originally designed by McDonnell Douglas, prior to its merger with Boeing. First flight of the original F-15A occurred in 1972. <br /> <br /> [[Image:f15_12.jpg|right|thumb]]<br /> <br /> Powered by two Pratt &amp; Whitney F100-PW-220/229 turbofan engines with a combined thrust of over 50,000 pounds, the F-15 has a top speed of greater than Mach 2.5.<br /> <br /> In early 1975, an F-15A designated &quot;Streak Eagle&quot; broke eight time-to-climb world records. It attained an altitude of 98,425 feet in just under 3 and a half minutes from brake release at takeoff and coasted to nearly 103,000 feet before beginning its descent.<br /> <br /> The Eagle entered service in 1974 with the 58th Tactical Training Wing at Luke Air Force Base in Arizona.<br /> <br /> The [[F-15E Strike Eagle]] derivative first flew in 1989, and is currently the USAF's primary fighter-bomber.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Oporators ==<br /> <br /> *[[Japan]] F-15 J/DJ/E (Built through [[Mitsubishi]])<br /> *[[Israel]] F-15 A/B/C/D<br /> *[[Saudi Arabia]] C/D<br /> *[[South Korea]] F-15 E<br /> *[[United States]] All variants including experimental models<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=102 Factsheets : F-15E Strike Eagle] - U.S. Air Force<br /> *[http://www.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=101: F-15 Eagle USAF Fact Sheet]<br /> <br /> [[Category:aircraft]]</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:F-16&diff=368525 2008-01-11T23:49:28Z

<p>Topsecrete: how do you add flags</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == expanded ==<br /> i expanded and added models and cited the information. and removed the statement saying its a singal seat. F-16 B/D/F/BM are all 2 seat models<br /> <br /> == how do you add flags ==<br /> <br /> i want to add small flags of operators. what should i do?</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=F-16&diff=364424 2008-01-05T00:00:53Z

<p>Topsecrete: </p> <hr /> <div>[[Image:F-16.JPG‎ |thumb||]]<br /> The '''F-16 Fighting Falcon''', multirole fighter aircraft. There are several versions serving in 24 air forces; with over 4000 of the aircraft produced, the F-16 is one of the most successful modern fighters. The Falcon has scored a number of times in combat, being active in [[Israeli]] bombing raids of Iraqi [[nuclear power]] plants in 1981.&lt;ref&gt;Raid on the Sun, by Rodger W. Clarke, 2004&lt;/ref&gt; The aircraft is known for excellent [[dogfight]]ing maneuverability.<br /> <br /> == F-16 Models ==<br /> *F-16 A/B (Block 1-20): Early models, used by many airforces most have been updated to MLU. <br /> *F-16 C/D (Block 20-50): [[USAF]] modern version, used by sveral air forces and are more advanced engines and avionics. (<br /> *F-16 E/F (Block 60):Exclusivly built for the [[United Arab Emirates]], one of the most advanced F-16 in the world.<br /> *F-16 I (Block 52): Also know as Sufa, built for the [[Israeli airforce]].<br /> *F-16 ADF (Air defense fighter): advanced upgrades for the USAF for the specific reason of interciption of soviet bombers, Used also by the [[Royal Jordanian Airforce]]<br /> *F-16 MLU (Mid Life Update): Program to bring the early F-16s to a standard Block 50+ charachteristics. Used by the Royal Netherlands Air Force, the Belgian Air Force, the Royal Jordanian air force, the Pakistan Air Force, the Royal Danish Air Force, the Royal Norwegian Air Force and the Portuguese Air Force.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Oporators ==<br /> *[[Bahrain]] (22)<br /> *[[Belgium]] (90) <br /> *[[Chile]] (28)<br /> *[[Denmark]] (48)<br /> *[[Egypt]] (220)<br /> *[[Grease]] (131 + 30 on order)<br /> *[[Jordan]] (58)<br /> *[[Indonesia]] (12; Plans to upgrade their F-16A/B to F-16C/D)<br /> *[[Israel]] (243)<br /> *[[Italy]] (34; Leased from USAF)<br /> *[[Netherlands]] (82+18 in storage, later sold to Chile and Jordan)<br /> *[[Norway]] (74 delivered, 57 in service as of 2007)<br /> *[[Oman]] (12)<br /> *[[Pakistan]] (34 + 44 on order + Further option for 36) <br /> *[[poland]] (48)<br /> *[[Portugal]] (45)<br /> *[[Singapore]] (62)<br /> *[[Taiwan]] (150)<br /> *[[South Korea]] (171; KF-16C/D built under license by)<br /> *[[Thailand]] (61)<br /> *[[Turkey]] (270) (all built under TAI) <br /> *[[United Arab Emirates ]] (80)<br /> *[[USA]] (1,245), some later sold to other countries<br /> *[[Venezuela]] (24) (have the least advanced f-16s of all users)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> *[http://www.f-16.net F-16.net Extensive and up-to-date Fighting Falcon resource]<br /> *[http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/f16/index.html F-16 page on LockheedMartin.com]<br /> [[Category:Aircraft]]</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=F-16&diff=364420 2008-01-04T23:55:55Z

<p>Topsecrete: /* Oporators */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Image:F-16.JPG‎ |thumb||]]<br /> The '''F-16 Fighting Falcon''', multirole fighter aircraft. There are several versions serving in 24 air forces; with over 4000 of the aircraft produced, the F-16 is one of the most successful modern fighters. The Falcon has scored a number of times in combat, being active in [[Israeli]] bombing raids of Iraqi [[nuclear power]] plants in 1981.&lt;ref&gt;Raid on the Sun, by Rodger W. Clarke, 2004&lt;/ref&gt; The aircraft is known for excellent [[dogfight]]ing maneuverability.<br /> <br /> == F-16 Models ==<br /> *F-16 A/B (Block 1-20): Early models, used by many airforces most have been updated to MLU. <br /> *F-16 C/D (Block 20-52): [[USAF]] modern version, used by sveral air forces and are more advanced engines and avionics. (Block 52 Sufa)is in use with the [[Israeli airforce]].<br /> *F-16 E/F (Block 60):Exclusivly built for the [[United Arab Emirates]], one of the most advanced F-16 in the world.<br /> *F-16 ADF (Air defense fighter): advanced upgrades for the USAF for the specific reason of interciption of soviet bombers, Used also by the [[Royal Jordanian Airforce]]<br /> *F-16 MLU (Mid Life Update): Program to bring the early F-16s to a standard Block 50+ charachteristics. Used by the Royal Netherlands Air Force, the Belgian Air Force, the Royal Jordanian air force, the Pakistan Air Force, the Royal Danish Air Force, the Royal Norwegian Air Force and the Portuguese Air Force.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Oporators ==<br /> *[[Bahrain]] (22)<br /> *[[Belgium]] (90) <br /> *[[Chile]] (28)<br /> *[[Denmark]] (48)<br /> *[[Egypt]] (220)<br /> *[[Grease]] (131 + 30 on order)<br /> *[[Jordan]] (58)<br /> *[[Indonesia]] (12; Plans to upgrade their F-16A/B to F-16C/D)<br /> *[[Israel]] (243)<br /> *[[Italy]] (34; Leased from USAF)<br /> *[[Netherlands]] (82+18 in storage, later sold to Chile and Jordan)<br /> *[[Norway]] (74 delivered, 57 in service as of 2007)<br /> *[[Oman]] (12)<br /> *[[Pakistan]] (34 + 44 on order + Further option for 36) <br /> *[[poland]] (48)<br /> *[[Portugal]] (45)<br /> *[[Singapore]] (62)<br /> *[[Taiwan]] (150)<br /> *[[South Korea]] (171; KF-16C/D built under license by)<br /> *[[Thailand]] (61)<br /> *[[Turkey]] (270) (all built under TAI) <br /> *[[United Arab Emirates ]] (80)<br /> *[[USA]] (1,245), some later sold to other countries<br /> *[[Venezuela]] (24) (have the least advanced f-16s of all users)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> *[http://www.f-16.net F-16.net Extensive and up-to-date Fighting Falcon resource]<br /> *[http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/f16/index.html F-16 page on LockheedMartin.com]<br /> [[Category:Aircraft]]</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=F-16&diff=364419 2008-01-04T23:55:03Z

<p>Topsecrete: /* Oporators */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Image:F-16.JPG‎ |thumb||]]<br /> The '''F-16 Fighting Falcon''', multirole fighter aircraft. There are several versions serving in 24 air forces; with over 4000 of the aircraft produced, the F-16 is one of the most successful modern fighters. The Falcon has scored a number of times in combat, being active in [[Israeli]] bombing raids of Iraqi [[nuclear power]] plants in 1981.&lt;ref&gt;Raid on the Sun, by Rodger W. Clarke, 2004&lt;/ref&gt; The aircraft is known for excellent [[dogfight]]ing maneuverability.<br /> <br /> == F-16 Models ==<br /> *F-16 A/B (Block 1-20): Early models, used by many airforces most have been updated to MLU. <br /> *F-16 C/D (Block 20-52): [[USAF]] modern version, used by sveral air forces and are more advanced engines and avionics. (Block 52 Sufa)is in use with the [[Israeli airforce]].<br /> *F-16 E/F (Block 60):Exclusivly built for the [[United Arab Emirates]], one of the most advanced F-16 in the world.<br /> *F-16 ADF (Air defense fighter): advanced upgrades for the USAF for the specific reason of interciption of soviet bombers, Used also by the [[Royal Jordanian Airforce]]<br /> *F-16 MLU (Mid Life Update): Program to bring the early F-16s to a standard Block 50+ charachteristics. Used by the Royal Netherlands Air Force, the Belgian Air Force, the Royal Jordanian air force, the Pakistan Air Force, the Royal Danish Air Force, the Royal Norwegian Air Force and the Portuguese Air Force.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Oporators ==<br /> *[[Bahrain]] (22)<br /> *[[Belgium]] (90) <br /> *[[Chile]] (28)<br /> *[[Denmark]] (48)<br /> *[[Egypt]] (220)<br /> *[[Grease]] (131 + 30 on order)<br /> *[[Jordan]] (58)<br /> *[[Indonesia]] (12; Plans to upgrade their F-16A/B to F-16C/D)<br /> *[[Israel]] (243)<br /> *[[Italy]] (34; Leased from USAF)<br /> *[[Netherlands]] (82+18 in storage, later sold to Chile and Jordan)<br /> *[[Norway]] (74 delivered, 57 in service as of 2007)<br /> *[[Oman]] (12)<br /> *[[Pakistan]] (34 + 44 on order + Further option for 36) <br /> *[[poland]] (48)<br /> *[[Portugal]] (45)<br /> *[[Singapore]] (62)<br /> *[[Taiwan]] (150)<br /> *[[South Korea]] (171; KF-16C/D built under license by)<br /> *[[Thailand]] (61)<br /> *[[Turkey]] (270) (all built under TAI) <br /> *[[United Arab Emarates]] (80)<br /> *[[USA]] (1,245), some later sold to other countries<br /> *[[Venezuela]] (24) (have the least advanced f-16s of all users)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> *[http://www.f-16.net F-16.net Extensive and up-to-date Fighting Falcon resource]<br /> *[http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/f16/index.html F-16 page on LockheedMartin.com]<br /> [[Category:Aircraft]]</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=F-16&diff=364417 2008-01-04T23:53:48Z

<p>Topsecrete: /* Oporators */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Image:F-16.JPG‎ |thumb||]]<br /> The '''F-16 Fighting Falcon''', multirole fighter aircraft. There are several versions serving in 24 air forces; with over 4000 of the aircraft produced, the F-16 is one of the most successful modern fighters. The Falcon has scored a number of times in combat, being active in [[Israeli]] bombing raids of Iraqi [[nuclear power]] plants in 1981.&lt;ref&gt;Raid on the Sun, by Rodger W. Clarke, 2004&lt;/ref&gt; The aircraft is known for excellent [[dogfight]]ing maneuverability.<br /> <br /> == F-16 Models ==<br /> *F-16 A/B (Block 1-20): Early models, used by many airforces most have been updated to MLU. <br /> *F-16 C/D (Block 20-52): [[USAF]] modern version, used by sveral air forces and are more advanced engines and avionics. (Block 52 Sufa)is in use with the [[Israeli airforce]].<br /> *F-16 E/F (Block 60):Exclusivly built for the [[United Arab Emirates]], one of the most advanced F-16 in the world.<br /> *F-16 ADF (Air defense fighter): advanced upgrades for the USAF for the specific reason of interciption of soviet bombers, Used also by the [[Royal Jordanian Airforce]]<br /> *F-16 MLU (Mid Life Update): Program to bring the early F-16s to a standard Block 50+ charachteristics. Used by the Royal Netherlands Air Force, the Belgian Air Force, the Royal Jordanian air force, the Pakistan Air Force, the Royal Danish Air Force, the Royal Norwegian Air Force and the Portuguese Air Force.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Oporators ==<br /> *[[Bahrain]] (22)<br /> *[[Belgium]] (90) <br /> *[[Chile]] (28)<br /> *[[Denmark]] (48)<br /> *[[Egypt]] (220)<br /> *[[Grease]] (131 + 30 on order)<br /> *[[Jordan]] (58)<br /> *[[Indonesia]] (12; Plans to upgrade their F-16A/B to F-16C/D)<br /> *[[Israel]] (243)<br /> *[[Italy]] (34; Leased from USAF)<br /> *[[Netherlands]] (82+18 in storage, later sold to Chile and Jordan)<br /> *[[Norway]] (74 delivered, 57 in service as of 2007)<br /> *[[Oman]] (12)<br /> *[[Pakistan]] (34 + 44 on order + Further option for 36) <br /> *[[poland]] (48)<br /> *[[Portugal]] (45)<br /> *[[Singapore]] (62)<br /> *[[Tiwan]] (150)<br /> *[[South Korea]] (171; KF-16C/D built under license by)<br /> *[[Thailand]] (61)<br /> *[[Turkey]] (270) (all built under TAI) <br /> *[[UAE]] (80)<br /> *[[USA]] (1,245), some later sold to other countries<br /> *[[Venzuela]] (24) (have the least advanced f-16s of all users)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> *[http://www.f-16.net F-16.net Extensive and up-to-date Fighting Falcon resource]<br /> *[http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/f16/index.html F-16 page on LockheedMartin.com]<br /> [[Category:Aircraft]]</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Conservapedia:Image_upload_requests/Archive_1&diff=364414 2008-01-04T23:50:17Z

<p>Topsecrete: </p> <hr /> <div>= Requests ('''anyone''') =<br /> <br /> &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;== [[Intended page for insertion of image]]==&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;* [link to image] with any explanation or comments if necessary. Sign with four tildes.&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;<br /> <br /> ==[[Virginia Tech]]==<br /> <br /> I have a handful of images that I have contributed at Commons that I would love to have included in the VT article and am willing to relicense as needed for Conservapedia's needs so they can be used in the Tech article:<br /> <br /> * [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Virginia_Tech_Main_Eggleston_Hall.jpg] - our campus in the fall<br /> * [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Virginia_Tech_War_Memorial_Chapel_sunset.jpg] - a photo of our chapel<br /> * [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:2006_Clemson_at_Virginia_Tech_celebration.jpg] - after a football game<br /> * [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:VirginiaTech-CorpsofCadets-Marching.jpg] - our Corps of Cadets<br /> * [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:2007_Virginia_Tech_massacre_candlelight_vigil.jpg] - this one is NOT a photo I took, but the author released it into the public domain - this is a photo of the prayer vigil after the shootings a couple of months back.<br /> <br /> Thank you. --[[User:BigDT|BigDT]] 14:04, 17 June 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> :Here you go. [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Special%3ALog&amp;type=upload&amp;user=RobS&amp;page=] [[User:RobS|RobS]] 15:38, 17 June 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==[[Joseph McCarthy]]==<br /> <br /> &lt;strike&gt;* [http://www.conservapedia.com/images/d/d1/160px-Joseph_McCarthy.jpg] Since there are no pics of Senator McCarthy, I think this image would be appropriate. I just have to figure out the code to use this. Any thoughts on placement or anything else would be appreciated. Thank you. [[User:Scorpio|Scorpio]] 17:35, 18 June 2007 (EDT)&lt;/strike&gt; Resolved [[Image:User Fox.png]] [[User:Fox|Fox]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Fox|talk]]|[[Special:Contributions/Fox|contribs]])&lt;/small&gt; 21:26, 26 June 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==[[SS-4]]/[[Cuban Missile Crisis]]==<br /> [http://mskreuz.googlepages.com/ss-4_missile2.jpg] A SS-4 MRBM on parade in Moscow - This image cane from [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/photos.htm here], but there's lots copies available. I believe this would be in the public domain, as it was taken by U.S. Government people in Moscow at that time. [[User:Mskreuz|Mskreuz]] 19:28, 24 June 2007 (EDT)<br /> :Uploaded [[:Image:Ss-4 missile2.jpg]] [[Image:User Fox.png]] [[User:Fox|Fox]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Fox|talk]]|[[Special:Contributions/Fox|contribs]])&lt;/small&gt; 21:25, 26 June 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==[[Cuban Missile Crisis]]==<br /> [http://mskreuz.googlepages.com/r_anderson.jpg] Major Rudolph Anderson - This particular image came from ''Eyeball To Eyeball'' by Dino Brugioni, but I'm not sure if this is public domain or fair use. I'm thinking it'd be public domain, but I'm not positive. [[User:Mskreuz|Mskreuz]] 21:00, 26 June 2007 (EDT)<br /> :Uploaded [[:Image:R Anderson.jpg]] [[Image:User Fox.png]] [[User:Fox|Fox]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Fox|talk]]|[[Special:Contributions/Fox|contribs]])&lt;/small&gt; 21:23, 26 June 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==[[Virginia Tech]]==<br /> <br /> I have a handful of images that I have contributed at Commons that I would love to have included in the VT article and am willing to relicense as needed for Conservapedia's needs so they can be used in the Tech article:<br /> <br /> * [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Virginia_Tech_Main_Eggleston_Hall.jpg] - our campus in the fall<br /> * [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Virginia_Tech_War_Memorial_Chapel_sunset.jpg] - a photo of our chapel<br /> * [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:2006_Clemson_at_Virginia_Tech_celebration.jpg] - after a football game<br /> * [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:VirginiaTech-CorpsofCadets-Marching.jpg] - our Corps of Cadets<br /> * [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:2007_Virginia_Tech_massacre_candlelight_vigil.jpg] - this one is NOT a photo I took, but the author released it into the public domain - this is a photo of the prayer vigil after the shootings a couple of months back.<br /> <br /> ==[[Frank Lloyd Wright]]==<br /> <br /> #&lt;strike&gt;[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Frank_lloyd_wright.jpg Portrait]&lt;/strike&gt; [[:Image:Frank Lloyd Wright.jpg]]<br /> #&lt;strike&gt;[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Guggenheim_museum_exterior.jpg Guggenheim]&lt;/strike&gt; [[:Image:Guggenheim museum exterior.jpg]]<br /> #&lt;strike&gt;[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:FallingwaterWright.jpg Fallingwater]&lt;/strike&gt; [[:Image:FallingwaterWright.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Could this page be added to the error message for image upload requests rather than just saying &quot;The action you have requested is limited to users in one of the groups &quot;Sysops&quot;, &quot;Upload&quot;. I'm sure many editors do not know of its existence. [[User:BrianCo|BrianCo]] 19:46, 6 July 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==[[Antonio Gaudi]]==<br /> <br /> #&lt;strike&gt;[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Antoni_gaudi.jpg Portrait]&lt;/strike&gt; [[:Image:Antoni Gaudi.jpg]]<br /> #&lt;strike&gt;[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Sagrada_Familia.JPG Cathedral Sagrada Familia]&lt;/strike&gt; [[:Image:Sagrada Familia.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==[[United States Flag Code]]==<br /> #&lt;s&gt;An image of the United States flag being flown&lt;/s&gt; -- Image:Capflags.jpg<br /> #&lt;s&gt;An image of the US flag being flown with other flags, ideally one that had it both below the UN flag and above other flags, for illustrating how flags are ordered on a pole&lt;/s&gt; -- Image:Pole3d.gif AND Image:Pole3e.gif<br /> #A picture of someone removing their cap for the Pledge of Allegiance<br /> <br /> *Couldn't find the last one. --[[User:TK|&lt;small&gt;Sysop-&lt;/small&gt;TK]] &lt;sub&gt;[[User_talk:TK|/MyTalk]]&lt;/sub&gt; 15:04, 17 July 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==[[Chalk]]==<br /> #&lt;strike&gt;[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Four_of_the_Seven_Sisters.jpg Sussex coast]&lt;/strike&gt; [[:Image:Four of the Seven Sisters.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==[[Mario Lanza]]==<br /> *[&lt;s&gt;http://www.flickr.com/photos/hagoody/539195516/ Hollywood Walk of Fame Recording Star&lt;/s&gt;] --© 2007 Copyright Hollywood Chamber of Commerce, Inc. All rights reserved<br /> *[&lt;s&gt;http://www.flickr.com/photos/46947731@N00/629799304/ South Philadelphia Mural]&lt;br&gt;[[User:NewYork1956|NewYork1956&lt;/s&gt;]] 14:32, 17 July 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> * MarioLanza_Mural.jpg‎ AND-- Lanza1.jpg<br /> <br /> Done. --[[User:TK|&lt;small&gt;Sysop-&lt;/small&gt;TK]] &lt;sub&gt;[[User_talk:TK|/MyTalk]]&lt;/sub&gt; 14:40, 17 July 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> Thanks! However, I will removing the one placed in the article because his costume in that picture made him look like an idiot and makes his already controversial career look like a joke.&lt;br&gt;[[User:NewYork1956|NewYork1956]] 02:14, 18 July 2007 (EDT)<br /> :Actually if we're going to use a closeup of the Philadelphia mural, I think the ''Otello'' painting is better ([http://www.flickr.com/photos/sarcasmo/4586608/ ''Otello'' painting]). Please add it too!&lt;br&gt;[[User:NewYork1956|NewYork1956]] 02:17, 18 July 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==[[Enrico Caruso]]==<br /> All images of him are in public domain as he died in 1921.<br /> *[http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~san/caruso7.jpg The great tenor Enrico Caruso]<br /> [[User:NewYork1956|NewYork1956]] 02:55, 18 July 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> *Image:Caruso7.jpg <br /> --[[User:TK|&lt;small&gt;Sysop-&lt;/small&gt;TK]] &lt;sub&gt;[[User_talk:TK|/MyTalk]]&lt;/sub&gt; 03:52, 18 July 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==[[Venezuela]]==<br /> I think these images of the flag and the coat of arms of Venezuela could be added to the article of that country. The images belong to the website of the Venezuelan government and for this I believe they are in public domain.<br /> <br /> *&lt;strike&gt;[http://www.gobiernoenlinea.ve/images/bandera-grande.jpg] Flag of Venezuela.&lt;/strike&gt;[[:Image:Flag of Venezuela.jpg]]<br /> *&lt;strike&gt;[http://www.gobiernoenlinea.ve/images/escudonacional-grande.jpg] Coat of arms of Venezuela.&lt;/strike&gt;[[:Image:Venezuela coat of arms.jpg]]<br /> <br /> --[[User:juanmanuelarcia|'''&lt;font color=&quot;#999900&quot;&gt;Juan&lt;font color=&quot;#110099&quot;&gt;manuel&lt;font color=&quot;#990011&quot;&gt;arcia&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''']] 12:08;18 July 2007 (UTC)<br /> ::Uploaded. [[Image:User Fox.png]] [[User:Fox|Fox]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Fox|talk]]|[[Special:Contributions/Fox|contribs]])&lt;/small&gt; 12:20, 18 July 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==Lanza==<br /> I think the ''Otello'' painting is better ([http://www.flickr.com/photos/sarcasmo/4586608/ ''Otello'' painting]) than the other one. Please add it too!&lt;br&gt;[[User:NewYork1956|NewYork1956]] 02:17, 18 July 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> :Uploaded at [[:Image:Mario lanza otello.jpg]] [[Image:User Fox.png]] [[User:Fox|Fox]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Fox|talk]]|[[Special:Contributions/Fox|contribs]])&lt;/small&gt; 17:42, 18 July 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==[[User:Jinkas]]==<br /> *&lt;strike&gt;[http://img515.imageshack.us/img515/8601/img1737gf1.jpg] &lt;/strike&gt;- Photo of myself while backpacking, for use on my user page. I don't know if it's possible for me to use the image as hosted on Imageshack, but I'm happy to do that instead of cluttering CP's image database if it is possible. [[User:Jinkas|Jinkas]] 12:25, 19 July 2007 (EDT)<br /> :Uploaded at [[:Image:User Jinkas.jpg]] [[Image:User Fox.png]] [[User:Fox|Fox]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Fox|talk]]|[[Special:Contributions/Fox|contribs]])&lt;/small&gt; 14:07, 19 July 2007 (EDT)<br /> ::Thanks. [[User:Jinkas|Jinkas]] 14:56, 19 July 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==Images of Sharia Law==<br /> <br /> There are a number of pictures regarding the barbaric muslim practices of sharia law which would better be explained in a picture. The first picture is the preparation of a woman after being accused by her husband of infidelity. <br /> <br /> *&lt;strike&gt;[http://thereligionofpeace.com/index_files/Tehran-stoning.jpg] &lt;/strike&gt;- Photo of woman about to be stoned to death as proscribed by Islamic Law<br /> <br /> Note that although infidelity is a sin -it is through Christ's death that we obtain forgiveness and not this.<br /> <br /> I realize that this may not be politically correct. Please let me know. <br /> <br /> -Thanks<br /> <br /> [[User:ChristianFaith|ChristianFaith]] 15:08, 20 July 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==[[Banana]]==<br /> * &lt;s&gt;[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Banana.png] As you can see this image is from Wikimedia Commons, but I am the author of it, so it is OK. If you wish I can post a confirmation of this from my Commons account. [[User:Mschel|Mschel]] 10:23, 30 August 2007 (EDT)<br /> ::OK, here is a smaller file. [http://img.villagephotos.com/p/2007-7/1268669/Bananas.jpg] --[[User:Mschel|Mschel]] 11:31, 30 September 2007 (EDT)&lt;/s&gt;<br /> :::Done! --[[User:Mschel|Mschel]] 14:52, 30 September 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==[[Leaf]]==<br /> * &lt;s&gt;[http://img.villagephotos.com/p/2007-7/1268669/ZelkovaLeaves2.JPG] My own work. --[[User:Mschel|Mschel]] 11:58, 30 August 2007 (EDT)&lt;/s&gt; Done! Thanks TK. --[[User:Mschel|Mschel]] 11:22, 30 September 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==[[Dana Perino]]==<br /> * &lt;s&gt;[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Dana_perino_white_house_press_briefing.png] Fair use image of Dana Perino. [[User:Jinkas|Jinkas]] 15:56, 31 August 2007 (EDT)&lt;/s&gt;<br /> :*No longer necessary, Tash took care of things on his own. [[User:Jinkas|Jinkas]] 20:28, 31 August 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==[[Macro Photography]]==<br /> *&lt;s&gt;[http://img.villagephotos.com/p/2007-7/1268669/Nail.JPG] An example of macro photography. --[[User:Mschel|Mschel]] 15:45, 30 September 2007 (EDT)&lt;/s&gt;<br /> ::Done! [[User:Mschel|Mschel]] 10:03, 1 October 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==[[Depth of field]]==<br /> &lt;s&gt;[http://img.villagephotos.com/p/2007-7/1268669/SmallDOF.jpg] An image with a very small [[depth of field]]. --[[User:Mschel|Mschel]] 18:41, 6 October 2007 (EDT)<br /> :* Done! SmallDOF.jpg --&lt;font color=&quot;#1E90FF&quot; face=&quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;&gt;[[User:TK|şŷŝôρ-₮K]]&lt;/font&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;DC143C&quot;&gt;[[User_Talk:TK|/Ṣρёаќǃ]]&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 18:59, 6 October 2007 (EDT)&lt;/s&gt;<br /> <br /> ==[[Baseball ball]]==<br /> &lt;s&gt;[http://img.villagephotos.com/p/2007-7/1268669/Baseball.jpg] A more detailed and higher quality image that I think would work better then the current one. It is a little rough around the edge, but unless you use it at full size, you can not tell. [[User:Mschel|Mschel]] 20:54, 14 October 2007 (EDT)<br /> :[http://www.conservapedia.com/Image:Baseball.jpg Done]. [[User:GregLarson | Greg]] 20:57, 14 October 2007 (EDT)&lt;/s&gt;<br /> <br /> ==[[Shutter speed]]==<br /> &lt;s&gt;[http://img.villagephotos.com/p/2007-7/1268669/LowShutter.jpg] An image that is intentionally blurry to illustrate one of the possible disadvantages of low shutter speed. --[[User:Mschel|Mark]] [[User_talk:Mschel|(Mschel)]] 17:45, 21 October 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> <br /> == [[king abdullah]] of jordan==<br /> need an image of the king<br /> <br /> <br /> == Royal Jordanian air force ==<br /> <br /> Need a picture of the insignia and jordanian f-16<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> :[http://www.conservapedia.com/Image:LowShutter.jpg Done] --[[User:BethanyS|Ilisia(aka: Beth)]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:BethanyS|Talk2'''ME''']]&lt;/sup&gt; 10:35, 22 October 2007 (EDT)&lt;/s&gt;</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=F-16&diff=364411 2008-01-04T23:47:09Z

<p>Topsecrete: </p> <hr /> <div>[[Image:F-16.JPG‎ |thumb||]]<br /> The '''F-16 Fighting Falcon''', multirole fighter aircraft. There are several versions serving in 24 air forces; with over 4000 of the aircraft produced, the F-16 is one of the most successful modern fighters. The Falcon has scored a number of times in combat, being active in [[Israeli]] bombing raids of Iraqi [[nuclear power]] plants in 1981.&lt;ref&gt;Raid on the Sun, by Rodger W. Clarke, 2004&lt;/ref&gt; The aircraft is known for excellent [[dogfight]]ing maneuverability.<br /> <br /> == F-16 Models ==<br /> *F-16 A/B (Block 1-20): Early models, used by many airforces most have been updated to MLU. <br /> *F-16 C/D (Block 20-52): [[USAF]] modern version, used by sveral air forces and are more advanced engines and avionics. (Block 52 Sufa)is in use with the [[Israeli airforce]].<br /> *F-16 E/F (Block 60):Exclusivly built for the [[United Arab Emirates]], one of the most advanced F-16 in the world.<br /> *F-16 ADF (Air defense fighter): advanced upgrades for the USAF for the specific reason of interciption of soviet bombers, Used also by the [[Royal Jordanian Airforce]]<br /> *F-16 MLU (Mid Life Update): Program to bring the early F-16s to a standard Block 50+ charachteristics. Used by the Royal Netherlands Air Force, the Belgian Air Force, the Royal Jordanian air force, the Pakistan Air Force, the Royal Danish Air Force, the Royal Norwegian Air Force and the Portuguese Air Force.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Oporators ==<br /> *Bahrain (22)<br /> *Belgium (90) <br /> *Chile (28)<br /> *Denmark (48)<br /> *Egypt (220)<br /> *Grease (131 + 30 on order)<br /> *Jordan (58)<br /> *Indonesia (12; Plans to upgrade their F-16A/B to F-16C/D)<br /> *Israel (243)<br /> *Italy (34; Leased from USAF)<br /> *Netherlands (82+18 in storage, later sold to Chile and Jordan)<br /> *Norway (74 delivered, 57 in service as of 2007)<br /> *Oman (12)<br /> *Pakistan (34 + 44 on order + Further option for 36) <br /> *poland (48)<br /> *Portugal (45)<br /> *Singapore (62)<br /> *Tiwan (150)<br /> *South Korea (171; KF-16C/D built under license by)<br /> *Thailand (61)<br /> *Turkey (270) (all built under TAI) <br /> *UAE (80)<br /> *USA (1,245), some later sold to other countries<br /> *Venzuela (24) (have the least advanced f-16s of all users)<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> *[http://www.f-16.net F-16.net Extensive and up-to-date Fighting Falcon resource]<br /> *[http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/f16/index.html F-16 page on LockheedMartin.com]<br /> [[Category:Aircraft]]</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=F-16&diff=364405 2008-01-04T23:38:13Z

<p>Topsecrete: </p> <hr /> <div>[[Image:F-16.JPG‎ |thumb||]]<br /> The '''F-16 Fighting Falcon''', multirole fighter aircraft. There are several versions serving in 24 air forces; with over 4000 of the aircraft produced, the F-16 is one of the most successful modern fighters. The Falcon has scored a number of times in combat, being active in [[Israeli]] bombing raids of Iraqi [[nuclear power]] plants in 1981.&lt;ref&gt;Raid on the Sun, by Rodger W. Clarke, 2004&lt;/ref&gt; The aircraft is known for excellent [[dogfight]]ing maneuverability.<br /> <br /> == F-16 Models ==<br /> *F-16 A/B (Block 1-20): Early models, used by many airforces most have been updated to MLU. <br /> *F-16 C/D (Block 20-52): [[USAF]] modern version, used by sveral air forces and are more advanced engines and avionics. (Block 52 Sufa)is in use with the [[Israeli airforce]].<br /> *F-16 E/F (Block 60):Exclusivly built for the [[United Arab Emirates]], one of the most advanced F-16 in the world.<br /> *F-16 ADF (Air defense fighter): advanced upgrades for the USAF for the specific reason of interciption of soviet bombers, Used also by the [[Royal Jordanian Airforce]]<br /> *F-16 MLU (Mid Life Update): Program to bring the early F-16s to a standard Block 50+ charachteristics. Used by the Royal Netherlands Air Force, the Belgian Air Force, the Royal Jordanian air force, the Pakistan Air Force, the Royal Danish Air Force, the Royal Norwegian Air Force and the Portuguese Air Force.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Oporators ==<br /> *{{BHR}}: [[Royal Bahraini Air Force]] (22)<br /> *{{BEL}}: [[Belgian Air Force]] (90) original order 116 (96 single- and 20 two-seaters), additional order of 44 in 1988 (40 single- and 4 two-seaters) reduced to 90 (72 in use 18 spare)<br /> *{{CHI}}: [[Chilean Air Force]] (28)<br /> *{{DEN}}: [[Royal Danish Air Force]] (48)<br /> *{{EGY}}: [[Egyptian Air Force]] (220)<br /> *{{GRE}}: [[Hellenic Air Force]] (131 + 30 on order)<br /> *{{JOR}}: [[Royal Jordanian Air Force]] (58)<br /> *{{IDN}}: [[Indonesian Air Force]] (12; Plans to upgrade their F-16A/B to F-16C/D variants and also plan to replace their F-5E/F by F-16C/D as an option.&lt;ref&gt;ANGKASA No.07 Edisi April 2007 (page 15)&lt;/ref&gt;)<br /> *{{ISR}}: [[Israeli Air Force]] (243)<br /> *{{ITA}}: [[Aeronautica Militare|Italian Air Force]] (34; Leased from USAF)<br /> *{{NLD}}: [[Royal Netherlands Air Force]] (82+18 in storage, sold to Chile and Jordan)<br /> *{{NOR}}: [[Royal Norwegian Air Force]] (74 delivered, 57 in service as of 2007)<br /> *{{OMA}}: [[Royal Air Force of Oman]] (12)<br /> *{{PAK}}: [[Pakistan Air Force]] (34 + 44 on order + Further option for 36) [http://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article14.html]<br /> *{{POL}}: [[Polish Air Force]] (48)<br /> *{{POR}}: [[Portuguese Air Force]] (45)<br /> *{{SIN}}: [[Republic of Singapore Air Force]] (62)<br /> *{{ROC-TW}}: [[Republic of China Air Force]] (150)<br /> *{{KOR}}: [[Republic of Korea Air Force]] (171; KF-16C/D built under license by [[Korean Aerospace Industries]])<br /> *{{THA}}: [[Royal Thai Air Force]] (61)<br /> *{{TUR}}: [[Turkish Air Force]] (270) (All built under license by [[Turkish Aerospace Industries]]) <br /> *{{UAE}}: [[United Arab Emirates Air Force]] (80)<br /> *{{USA}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> *[http://www.f-16.net F-16.net Extensive and up-to-date Fighting Falcon resource]<br /> *[http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/f16/index.html F-16 page on LockheedMartin.com]<br /> [[Category:Aircraft]]</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:F-16&diff=364400 2008-01-04T23:34:03Z

<p>Topsecrete: New page: == expanded == i expanded and added models and cited the information. and removed the statement saying its a singal seat. F-16 B/D/F/BM are all 2 seat models</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == expanded ==<br /> i expanded and added models and cited the information. and removed the statement saying its a singal seat. F-16 B/D/F/BM are all 2 seat models</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=F-16&diff=364399 2008-01-04T23:32:30Z

<p>Topsecrete: added citations and added model information</p> <hr /> <div>[[Image:F-16.JPG‎ |thumb||]]<br /> The '''F-16 Fighting Falcon''', multirole fighter aircraft. There are several versions serving in 24 air forces; with over 4000 of the aircraft produced, the F-16 is one of the most successful modern fighters. The Falcon has scored a number of times in combat, being active in [[Israeli]] bombing raids of Iraqi [[nuclear power]] plants in 1981.&lt;ref&gt;Raid on the Sun, by Rodger W. Clarke, 2004&lt;/ref&gt; The aircraft is known for excellent [[dogfight]]ing maneuverability.<br /> <br /> == F-16 Models ==<br /> *F-16 A/B (Block 1-20): Early models, used by many airforces most have been updated to MLU. <br /> *F-16 C/D (Block 20-52): [[USAF]] modern version, used by sveral air forces and are more advanced engines and avionics. (Block 52 Sufa)is in use with the [[Israeli airforce]].<br /> *F-16 E/F (Block 60):Exclusivly built for the [[United Arab Emirates]], one of the most advanced F-16 in the world.<br /> *F-16 ADF (Air defense fighter): advanced upgrades for the USAF for the specific reason of interciption of soviet bombers, Used also by the [[Royal Jordanian Airforce]]<br /> *F-16 MLU (Mid Life Update): Program to bring the early F-16s to a standard Block 50+ charachteristics. Used by the Royal Netherlands Air Force, the Belgian Air Force, the Royal Jordanian air force, the Pakistan Air Force, the Royal Danish Air Force, the Royal Norwegian Air Force and the Portuguese Air Force.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> *[http://www.f-16.net F-16.net Extensive and up-to-date Fighting Falcon resource]<br /> *[http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/f16/index.html F-16 page on LockheedMartin.com]<br /> [[Category:Aircraft]]</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:King_Abdullah_II&diff=364392 2008-01-04T23:16:41Z

<p>Topsecrete: New page: == name== should it change to king abdullah rather than just abdullah</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == name==<br /> should it change to king abdullah rather than just abdullah</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=King_Abdullah_II&diff=364390 2008-01-04T23:14:07Z

<p>Topsecrete: </p> <hr /> <div>[[Image:Abdullah2.jpg|thumb|right]] <br /> King Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein the [[Hashemite]] &quot;الملك عبدالله الثاني ابن الحسين&quot;, the king of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. he succeeded his father [[king Hussien]], after his death in 1999. Like his father, he is a popular in Jordan and an ally of the united states and Britain.<br /> <br /> == Education and career ==<br /> King Abdullah studied in the United States in his early years, and later on attended [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]] and graduated to serve in the Jordanian military. He rose to become Major General in the army, and was responsible for creating soccom for the jordanian special forces.<br /> <br /> <br /> == King ==<br /> King Abdullah became king after his father passed away in february of 1999. Kng hussein decided to make him crown prince several weeks before he passed. King abdullah carrid on a pro economic/democracy reform policy and military modernization policy. He spoke before congress on march of 2007, and spoke about the importance of peace in the middle east.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> <br /> *[http://www.kingabdullah.jo/ Official website of his majesty King Abdullah II]</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=King_Abdullah_II&diff=364389 2008-01-04T23:13:33Z

<p>Topsecrete: </p> <hr /> <div>[[Image:Abdullah2.jpg|right]] <br /> King Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein the [[Hashemite]] &quot;الملك عبدالله الثاني ابن الحسين&quot;, the king of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. he succeeded his father [[king Hussien]], after his death in 1999. Like his father, he is a popular in Jordan and an ally of the united states and Britain.<br /> <br /> == Education and career ==<br /> King Abdullah studied in the United States in his early years, and later on attended [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]] and graduated to serve in the Jordanian military. He rose to become Major General in the army, and was responsible for creating soccom for the jordanian special forces.<br /> <br /> <br /> == King ==<br /> King Abdullah became king after his father passed away in february of 1999. Kng hussein decided to make him crown prince several weeks before he passed. King abdullah carrid on a pro economic/democracy reform policy and military modernization policy. He spoke before congress on march of 2007, and spoke about the importance of peace in the middle east.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> <br /> *[http://www.kingabdullah.jo/ Official website of his majesty King Abdullah II]</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=King_Abdullah_II&diff=364388 2008-01-04T23:11:54Z

<p>Topsecrete: </p> <hr /> <div>[[Image:Image:Abdullah2.jpg|right]] <br /> King Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein the [[Hashemite]] &quot;الملك عبدالله الثاني ابن الحسين&quot;, the king of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. he succeeded his father [[king Hussien]], after his death in 1999. Like his father, he is a popular in Jordan and an ally of the united states and Britain.<br /> <br /> == Education and career ==<br /> King Abdullah studied in the United States in his early years, and later on attended [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]] and graduated to serve in the Jordanian military. He rose to become Major General in the army, and was responsible for creating soccom for the jordanian special forces.<br /> <br /> <br /> == King ==<br /> King Abdullah became king after his father passed away in february of 1999. Kng hussein decided to make him crown prince several weeks before he passed. King abdullah carrid on a pro economic/democracy reform policy and military modernization policy. He spoke before congress on march of 2007, and spoke about the importance of peace in the middle east.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> <br /> *[http://www.kingabdullah.jo/ Official website of his majesty King Abdullah II]</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=King_Abdullah_II&diff=364387 2008-01-04T23:11:23Z

<p>Topsecrete: </p> <hr /> <div>[[Image:Image:Abdullah2.jpg|thumb|right|]] <br /> King Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein the [[Hashemite]] &quot;الملك عبدالله الثاني ابن الحسين&quot;, the king of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. he succeeded his father [[king Hussien]], after his death in 1999. Like his father, he is a popular in Jordan and an ally of the united states and Britain.<br /> <br /> == Education and career ==<br /> King Abdullah studied in the United States in his early years, and later on attended [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]] and graduated to serve in the Jordanian military. He rose to become Major General in the army, and was responsible for creating soccom for the jordanian special forces.<br /> <br /> <br /> == King ==<br /> King Abdullah became king after his father passed away in february of 1999. Kng hussein decided to make him crown prince several weeks before he passed. King abdullah carrid on a pro economic/democracy reform policy and military modernization policy. He spoke before congress on march of 2007, and spoke about the importance of peace in the middle east.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> <br /> *[http://www.kingabdullah.jo/ Official website of his majesty King Abdullah II]</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=King_Abdullah_II&diff=364370 2008-01-04T22:50:50Z

<p>Topsecrete: created the page</p> <hr /> <div>King Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein the [[Hashemite]] &quot;الملك عبدالله الثاني ابن الحسين&quot;, the king of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. he succeeded his father [[king Hussien]], after his death in 1999. Like his father, he is a popular in Jordan and an ally of the united states and Britain.<br /> <br /> == Education and career ==<br /> King Abdullah studied in the United States in his early years, and later on attended [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]] and graduated to serve in the Jordanian military. He rose to become Major General in the army, and was responsible for creating soccom for the jordanian special forces.<br /> <br /> <br /> == King ==<br /> King Abdullah became king after his father passed away in february of 1999. Kng hussein decided to make him crown prince several weeks before he passed. King abdullah carrid on a pro economic/democracy reform policy and military modernization policy. He spoke before congress on march of 2007, and spoke about the importance of peace in the middle east.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> <br /> *[http://www.kingabdullah.jo/ Official website of his majesty King Abdullah II]</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Conservapedia:Image_upload_requests/Archive_1&diff=364365 2008-01-04T22:49:18Z

<p>Topsecrete: </p> <hr /> <div>= Requests ('''anyone''') =<br /> <br /> &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;== [[Intended page for insertion of image]]==&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;* [link to image] with any explanation or comments if necessary. Sign with four tildes.&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;<br /> <br /> ==[[Virginia Tech]]==<br /> <br /> I have a handful of images that I have contributed at Commons that I would love to have included in the VT article and am willing to relicense as needed for Conservapedia's needs so they can be used in the Tech article:<br /> <br /> * [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Virginia_Tech_Main_Eggleston_Hall.jpg] - our campus in the fall<br /> * [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Virginia_Tech_War_Memorial_Chapel_sunset.jpg] - a photo of our chapel<br /> * [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:2006_Clemson_at_Virginia_Tech_celebration.jpg] - after a football game<br /> * [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:VirginiaTech-CorpsofCadets-Marching.jpg] - our Corps of Cadets<br /> * [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:2007_Virginia_Tech_massacre_candlelight_vigil.jpg] - this one is NOT a photo I took, but the author released it into the public domain - this is a photo of the prayer vigil after the shootings a couple of months back.<br /> <br /> Thank you. --[[User:BigDT|BigDT]] 14:04, 17 June 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> :Here you go. [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Special%3ALog&amp;type=upload&amp;user=RobS&amp;page=] [[User:RobS|RobS]] 15:38, 17 June 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==[[Joseph McCarthy]]==<br /> <br /> &lt;strike&gt;* [http://www.conservapedia.com/images/d/d1/160px-Joseph_McCarthy.jpg] Since there are no pics of Senator McCarthy, I think this image would be appropriate. I just have to figure out the code to use this. Any thoughts on placement or anything else would be appreciated. Thank you. [[User:Scorpio|Scorpio]] 17:35, 18 June 2007 (EDT)&lt;/strike&gt; Resolved [[Image:User Fox.png]] [[User:Fox|Fox]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Fox|talk]]|[[Special:Contributions/Fox|contribs]])&lt;/small&gt; 21:26, 26 June 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==[[SS-4]]/[[Cuban Missile Crisis]]==<br /> [http://mskreuz.googlepages.com/ss-4_missile2.jpg] A SS-4 MRBM on parade in Moscow - This image cane from [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/photos.htm here], but there's lots copies available. I believe this would be in the public domain, as it was taken by U.S. Government people in Moscow at that time. [[User:Mskreuz|Mskreuz]] 19:28, 24 June 2007 (EDT)<br /> :Uploaded [[:Image:Ss-4 missile2.jpg]] [[Image:User Fox.png]] [[User:Fox|Fox]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Fox|talk]]|[[Special:Contributions/Fox|contribs]])&lt;/small&gt; 21:25, 26 June 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==[[Cuban Missile Crisis]]==<br /> [http://mskreuz.googlepages.com/r_anderson.jpg] Major Rudolph Anderson - This particular image came from ''Eyeball To Eyeball'' by Dino Brugioni, but I'm not sure if this is public domain or fair use. I'm thinking it'd be public domain, but I'm not positive. [[User:Mskreuz|Mskreuz]] 21:00, 26 June 2007 (EDT)<br /> :Uploaded [[:Image:R Anderson.jpg]] [[Image:User Fox.png]] [[User:Fox|Fox]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Fox|talk]]|[[Special:Contributions/Fox|contribs]])&lt;/small&gt; 21:23, 26 June 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==[[Virginia Tech]]==<br /> <br /> I have a handful of images that I have contributed at Commons that I would love to have included in the VT article and am willing to relicense as needed for Conservapedia's needs so they can be used in the Tech article:<br /> <br /> * [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Virginia_Tech_Main_Eggleston_Hall.jpg] - our campus in the fall<br /> * [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Virginia_Tech_War_Memorial_Chapel_sunset.jpg] - a photo of our chapel<br /> * [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:2006_Clemson_at_Virginia_Tech_celebration.jpg] - after a football game<br /> * [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:VirginiaTech-CorpsofCadets-Marching.jpg] - our Corps of Cadets<br /> * [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:2007_Virginia_Tech_massacre_candlelight_vigil.jpg] - this one is NOT a photo I took, but the author released it into the public domain - this is a photo of the prayer vigil after the shootings a couple of months back.<br /> <br /> ==[[Frank Lloyd Wright]]==<br /> <br /> #&lt;strike&gt;[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Frank_lloyd_wright.jpg Portrait]&lt;/strike&gt; [[:Image:Frank Lloyd Wright.jpg]]<br /> #&lt;strike&gt;[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Guggenheim_museum_exterior.jpg Guggenheim]&lt;/strike&gt; [[:Image:Guggenheim museum exterior.jpg]]<br /> #&lt;strike&gt;[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:FallingwaterWright.jpg Fallingwater]&lt;/strike&gt; [[:Image:FallingwaterWright.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Could this page be added to the error message for image upload requests rather than just saying &quot;The action you have requested is limited to users in one of the groups &quot;Sysops&quot;, &quot;Upload&quot;. I'm sure many editors do not know of its existence. [[User:BrianCo|BrianCo]] 19:46, 6 July 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==[[Antonio Gaudi]]==<br /> <br /> #&lt;strike&gt;[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Antoni_gaudi.jpg Portrait]&lt;/strike&gt; [[:Image:Antoni Gaudi.jpg]]<br /> #&lt;strike&gt;[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Sagrada_Familia.JPG Cathedral Sagrada Familia]&lt;/strike&gt; [[:Image:Sagrada Familia.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==[[United States Flag Code]]==<br /> #&lt;s&gt;An image of the United States flag being flown&lt;/s&gt; -- Image:Capflags.jpg<br /> #&lt;s&gt;An image of the US flag being flown with other flags, ideally one that had it both below the UN flag and above other flags, for illustrating how flags are ordered on a pole&lt;/s&gt; -- Image:Pole3d.gif AND Image:Pole3e.gif<br /> #A picture of someone removing their cap for the Pledge of Allegiance<br /> <br /> *Couldn't find the last one. --[[User:TK|&lt;small&gt;Sysop-&lt;/small&gt;TK]] &lt;sub&gt;[[User_talk:TK|/MyTalk]]&lt;/sub&gt; 15:04, 17 July 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==[[Chalk]]==<br /> #&lt;strike&gt;[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Four_of_the_Seven_Sisters.jpg Sussex coast]&lt;/strike&gt; [[:Image:Four of the Seven Sisters.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==[[Mario Lanza]]==<br /> *[&lt;s&gt;http://www.flickr.com/photos/hagoody/539195516/ Hollywood Walk of Fame Recording Star&lt;/s&gt;] --© 2007 Copyright Hollywood Chamber of Commerce, Inc. All rights reserved<br /> *[&lt;s&gt;http://www.flickr.com/photos/46947731@N00/629799304/ South Philadelphia Mural]&lt;br&gt;[[User:NewYork1956|NewYork1956&lt;/s&gt;]] 14:32, 17 July 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> * MarioLanza_Mural.jpg‎ AND-- Lanza1.jpg<br /> <br /> Done. --[[User:TK|&lt;small&gt;Sysop-&lt;/small&gt;TK]] &lt;sub&gt;[[User_talk:TK|/MyTalk]]&lt;/sub&gt; 14:40, 17 July 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> Thanks! However, I will removing the one placed in the article because his costume in that picture made him look like an idiot and makes his already controversial career look like a joke.&lt;br&gt;[[User:NewYork1956|NewYork1956]] 02:14, 18 July 2007 (EDT)<br /> :Actually if we're going to use a closeup of the Philadelphia mural, I think the ''Otello'' painting is better ([http://www.flickr.com/photos/sarcasmo/4586608/ ''Otello'' painting]). Please add it too!&lt;br&gt;[[User:NewYork1956|NewYork1956]] 02:17, 18 July 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==[[Enrico Caruso]]==<br /> All images of him are in public domain as he died in 1921.<br /> *[http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~san/caruso7.jpg The great tenor Enrico Caruso]<br /> [[User:NewYork1956|NewYork1956]] 02:55, 18 July 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> *Image:Caruso7.jpg <br /> --[[User:TK|&lt;small&gt;Sysop-&lt;/small&gt;TK]] &lt;sub&gt;[[User_talk:TK|/MyTalk]]&lt;/sub&gt; 03:52, 18 July 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==[[Venezuela]]==<br /> I think these images of the flag and the coat of arms of Venezuela could be added to the article of that country. The images belong to the website of the Venezuelan government and for this I believe they are in public domain.<br /> <br /> *&lt;strike&gt;[http://www.gobiernoenlinea.ve/images/bandera-grande.jpg] Flag of Venezuela.&lt;/strike&gt;[[:Image:Flag of Venezuela.jpg]]<br /> *&lt;strike&gt;[http://www.gobiernoenlinea.ve/images/escudonacional-grande.jpg] Coat of arms of Venezuela.&lt;/strike&gt;[[:Image:Venezuela coat of arms.jpg]]<br /> <br /> --[[User:juanmanuelarcia|'''&lt;font color=&quot;#999900&quot;&gt;Juan&lt;font color=&quot;#110099&quot;&gt;manuel&lt;font color=&quot;#990011&quot;&gt;arcia&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''']] 12:08;18 July 2007 (UTC)<br /> ::Uploaded. [[Image:User Fox.png]] [[User:Fox|Fox]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Fox|talk]]|[[Special:Contributions/Fox|contribs]])&lt;/small&gt; 12:20, 18 July 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==Lanza==<br /> I think the ''Otello'' painting is better ([http://www.flickr.com/photos/sarcasmo/4586608/ ''Otello'' painting]) than the other one. Please add it too!&lt;br&gt;[[User:NewYork1956|NewYork1956]] 02:17, 18 July 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> :Uploaded at [[:Image:Mario lanza otello.jpg]] [[Image:User Fox.png]] [[User:Fox|Fox]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Fox|talk]]|[[Special:Contributions/Fox|contribs]])&lt;/small&gt; 17:42, 18 July 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==[[User:Jinkas]]==<br /> *&lt;strike&gt;[http://img515.imageshack.us/img515/8601/img1737gf1.jpg] &lt;/strike&gt;- Photo of myself while backpacking, for use on my user page. I don't know if it's possible for me to use the image as hosted on Imageshack, but I'm happy to do that instead of cluttering CP's image database if it is possible. [[User:Jinkas|Jinkas]] 12:25, 19 July 2007 (EDT)<br /> :Uploaded at [[:Image:User Jinkas.jpg]] [[Image:User Fox.png]] [[User:Fox|Fox]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:Fox|talk]]|[[Special:Contributions/Fox|contribs]])&lt;/small&gt; 14:07, 19 July 2007 (EDT)<br /> ::Thanks. [[User:Jinkas|Jinkas]] 14:56, 19 July 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==Images of Sharia Law==<br /> <br /> There are a number of pictures regarding the barbaric muslim practices of sharia law which would better be explained in a picture. The first picture is the preparation of a woman after being accused by her husband of infidelity. <br /> <br /> *&lt;strike&gt;[http://thereligionofpeace.com/index_files/Tehran-stoning.jpg] &lt;/strike&gt;- Photo of woman about to be stoned to death as proscribed by Islamic Law<br /> <br /> Note that although infidelity is a sin -it is through Christ's death that we obtain forgiveness and not this.<br /> <br /> I realize that this may not be politically correct. Please let me know. <br /> <br /> -Thanks<br /> <br /> [[User:ChristianFaith|ChristianFaith]] 15:08, 20 July 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==[[Banana]]==<br /> * &lt;s&gt;[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Banana.png] As you can see this image is from Wikimedia Commons, but I am the author of it, so it is OK. If you wish I can post a confirmation of this from my Commons account. [[User:Mschel|Mschel]] 10:23, 30 August 2007 (EDT)<br /> ::OK, here is a smaller file. [http://img.villagephotos.com/p/2007-7/1268669/Bananas.jpg] --[[User:Mschel|Mschel]] 11:31, 30 September 2007 (EDT)&lt;/s&gt;<br /> :::Done! --[[User:Mschel|Mschel]] 14:52, 30 September 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==[[Leaf]]==<br /> * &lt;s&gt;[http://img.villagephotos.com/p/2007-7/1268669/ZelkovaLeaves2.JPG] My own work. --[[User:Mschel|Mschel]] 11:58, 30 August 2007 (EDT)&lt;/s&gt; Done! Thanks TK. --[[User:Mschel|Mschel]] 11:22, 30 September 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==[[Dana Perino]]==<br /> * &lt;s&gt;[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Dana_perino_white_house_press_briefing.png] Fair use image of Dana Perino. [[User:Jinkas|Jinkas]] 15:56, 31 August 2007 (EDT)&lt;/s&gt;<br /> :*No longer necessary, Tash took care of things on his own. [[User:Jinkas|Jinkas]] 20:28, 31 August 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==[[Macro Photography]]==<br /> *&lt;s&gt;[http://img.villagephotos.com/p/2007-7/1268669/Nail.JPG] An example of macro photography. --[[User:Mschel|Mschel]] 15:45, 30 September 2007 (EDT)&lt;/s&gt;<br /> ::Done! [[User:Mschel|Mschel]] 10:03, 1 October 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ==[[Depth of field]]==<br /> &lt;s&gt;[http://img.villagephotos.com/p/2007-7/1268669/SmallDOF.jpg] An image with a very small [[depth of field]]. --[[User:Mschel|Mschel]] 18:41, 6 October 2007 (EDT)<br /> :* Done! SmallDOF.jpg --&lt;font color=&quot;#1E90FF&quot; face=&quot;Comic Sans MS&quot;&gt;[[User:TK|şŷŝôρ-₮K]]&lt;/font&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;DC143C&quot;&gt;[[User_Talk:TK|/Ṣρёаќǃ]]&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 18:59, 6 October 2007 (EDT)&lt;/s&gt;<br /> <br /> ==[[Baseball ball]]==<br /> &lt;s&gt;[http://img.villagephotos.com/p/2007-7/1268669/Baseball.jpg] A more detailed and higher quality image that I think would work better then the current one. It is a little rough around the edge, but unless you use it at full size, you can not tell. [[User:Mschel|Mschel]] 20:54, 14 October 2007 (EDT)<br /> :[http://www.conservapedia.com/Image:Baseball.jpg Done]. [[User:GregLarson | Greg]] 20:57, 14 October 2007 (EDT)&lt;/s&gt;<br /> <br /> ==[[Shutter speed]]==<br /> &lt;s&gt;[http://img.villagephotos.com/p/2007-7/1268669/LowShutter.jpg] An image that is intentionally blurry to illustrate one of the possible disadvantages of low shutter speed. --[[User:Mschel|Mark]] [[User_talk:Mschel|(Mschel)]] 17:45, 21 October 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> <br /> == [[king abdullah]] of jordan==<br /> need an image of the king<br /> <br /> <br /> :[http://www.conservapedia.com/Image:LowShutter.jpg Done] --[[User:BethanyS|Ilisia(aka: Beth)]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:BethanyS|Talk2'''ME''']]&lt;/sup&gt; 10:35, 22 October 2007 (EDT)&lt;/s&gt;</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Royal_Jordanian_Airforce&diff=363107 2008-01-02T21:56:29Z

<p>Topsecrete: New page: == photos == i need an administrator to help me upload pictures for this article</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == photos ==<br /> i need an administrator to help me upload pictures for this article</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Royal_Jordanian_Airforce&diff=363033 2008-01-02T20:02:22Z

<p>Topsecrete: New page: == Royal Jordanian Airforce == The Royal Jordanian air force is the air ambrella for all the Jordanian military, it's main role is to protect land forces and keep control over the airspace...</p> <hr /> <div>== Royal Jordanian Airforce ==<br /> The Royal Jordanian air force is the air ambrella for all the Jordanian military, it's main role is to protect land forces and keep control over the airspace of the kingdom.<br /> <br /> == Aircraft Used ==<br /> The RJAF uses fighters from the west, in the early days RJAF used british built Hawker Hunters. In modern days the RJAF uses, mainly American fighter jets like the [[F-16]] and French built Mirages.<br /> here are some of the fighters currently in use <br /> <br /> *[[F-16]] Fighting falcon (58) MLU and ADF types<br /> *[[Mirage F1]] C/E<br /> *[[F-5]] Tiger II E/f (Used for training)<br /> *[[CASA C-101 Aviojet]] (Used for training)<br /> <br /> <br /> == Helicopters ==<br /> <br /> *[[Bell AH-1 Cobra]]<br /> *[[Eurocopter Cougar]]<br /> *[[Kamov Ka-226|Kamov Ka-226 Hoodlum]]<br /> *[[UH-60 Blackhawk]]<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> *[http://www.rjaf.gov.jo/ Official Site of the Royal Jordanian Air Force]</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Jordan&diff=363026 2008-01-02T19:43:58Z

<p>Topsecrete: /* Defence */</p> <hr /> <div>'''Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan ''' &quot;المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية&quot; also know as Jordan &quot;الأردنّ&quot; is a constitutional monarchy in the [[Middle East]]. It borders [[Syria]] to the north, [[Saudi Arabia]] to the southwest, [[Iraq]] to the east, and [[Israel]] and the palestinian territories (west bank) to the west. Along with Israel, Jordan borders the [[Dead Sea]]. <br /> <br /> ==People==<br /> Jordanians are Arabs, except for a few small communities of Circassians, Armenians, and Kurds who have adapted to Arab culture. The official language is Arabic, but English is used widely in commerce and government. About 70% of Jordan's population is urban; less than 6% of the rural population is nomadic or semi-nomadic. Most of the population lives where rainfall can support agriculture. Approximately 1.7 million registered Palestinian refugees and other displaced persons reside in Jordan, most as citizens. <br /> *Population (2006, per IMF): 5.63 million. <br /> *Religions (est.): Sunni Muslim 94%, Christian 6%, <br /> *Languages: Arabic (official), English. <br /> *Education (2006, according to Jordan's Department of Statistics): Literacy--90.9%.and is the highest in the Arab world.<br /> *Health (2003): Infant mortality rate--19/1,000. Life expectancy--71 yrs.<br /> *Ethnic groups: Mostly Arab but small communities of Circassians, Armenians, and Kurds. <br /> *Work force (1.3 million, of which 260 thousand are registered guest workers): public sector 17%, services 36%, manufacturing 20%, education 12%, health and social services 10%, primary industries 5%.<br /> *Unemployment rate (2006): 13% of economically active Jordanians.<br /> <br /> ==Government==<br /> Jordan is a constitutional monarchy based on the constitution promulgated on January 8, 1952. Executive authority is vested in the King and his Council of Ministers. The King signs and executes all laws. His veto power may be overridden by a two-thirds vote of both houses of the National Assembly. He appoints and may dismiss all judges by decree, approves amendments to the constitution, declares war, and commands the armed forces. Cabinet decisions, court judgments, and the national currency are issued in his name. The King, who may dismiss other cabinet members at the prime minister's request, appoints the council of ministers, led by a prime minister. The cabinet is responsible to the Chamber of Deputies on matters of general policy and can be forced to resign by a two-thirds vote of &quot;no confidence&quot; by that body. <br /> <br /> Legislative power rests in the bicameral National Assembly. The number of deputies in the current Chamber of Deputies is 110, with a number of seats reserved for various religions, ethnicities, and women. The Chamber, elected by universal suffrage to a 4-year term, is subject to dissolution by the King. The King appoints the 55-member Senate for a 4-year term. Parliamentary elections are scheduled to be held in the fall of 2007.<br /> <br /> The constitution provides for three categories of courts--civil, religious, and special. Administratively, Jordan is divided into 12 governorates, each headed by a governor appointed by the King. They are the sole authorities for all government departments and development projects in their respective areas. <br /> <br /> ===Principal Government Officials=== <br /> *Chief of State--King Abdullah bin al-Hussein II<br /> *Prime Minister--Nader Al-Thahabi<br /> *Minister of Defense--Nader Al-Thahabi<br /> *Foreign Minister--Abdelelah al-Khatib<br /> *Ambassador to the UN--Charge d'affaires Bashir Zubi<br /> <br /> ===Political Conditions===<br /> King Hussein ruled Jordan from 1953 to 1999, surviving a number of challenges to his rule, drawing on the loyalty of his military, and serving as a symbol of unity and stability for both the East Bank and Palestinian communities in Jordan. In 1989 and 1993, Jordan held free and fair parliamentary elections. Controversial changes in the election law led Islamist parties to boycott the 1997 elections. King Hussein ended martial law in 1991 and legalized political parties in 1992. <br /> <br /> King Abdullah II succeeded his father Hussein following the latter's death in February 1999. Abdullah moved quickly to reaffirm Jordan's peace treaty with Israel and its relations with the U.S. Abdullah, during his first year in power, refocused the government's agenda on economic reform. <br /> <br /> Jordan's continuing structural economic difficulties, burgeoning population, and more open political environment led to the emergence of a variety of political parties. Moving toward greater independence, Jordan's Parliament has investigated corruption charges against several regime figures and has become the major forum in which differing political views, including those of political Islamists, are expressed. In June 2001, the King dissolved Parliament. Parliamentary elections were held in June 2003, and municipal elections were held in July 2003. The King appointed the former Prime Minister, Marouf Bakhit, in December 2005. Bakhit and his cabinet have set as their goal the continued legislative implementation of a ten-year reform plan, known as the National Agenda, drafted by a royal commission in 2005. The King also charged the new cabinet with strengthening Jordan's security following the November 2005 suicide hotel bombings in Amman that killed 60. New elections took place in 2007 in both the governates and the parliment, and the new primeminister Mr. [[Nader Al-Thahabi]] was apointed in November 2007.<br /> <br /> ===Foreign Relations===<br /> Jordan has consistently followed a pro-Western foreign policy and traditionally has had close relations with the United States. These relations were damaged by support in Jordan for Iraq during the first Gulf war. Although the Government of Jordan stated its opposition to the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait, popular support for Iraq was driven by Jordan's Palestinian community, which favored Saddam as a champion against Western supporters of Israel. <br /> <br /> Following the first Gulf war, Jordan largely restored its relations with Western countries through its participation in the Middle East peace process and enforcement of UN sanctions against Iraq. Relations between Jordan and the Gulf countries improved substantially after King Hussein's death. Following the fall of the Iraqi regime, Jordan has played a pivotal role in supporting the restoration of stability and security to Iraq. The Government of Jordan has facilitated the training of over 50,000 Iraqi police cadets at a Jordanian facility near Amman. <br /> <br /> Jordan signed a nonbelligerency agreement with Israel (the Washington Declaration) in Washington, DC, on July 25, 1994. Jordan and Israel signed a historic peace treaty on October 26, 1994, witnessed by President Clinton, accompanied by Secretary Christopher. The U.S. has participated with Jordan and Israel in trilateral development discussions in which key issues have been water-sharing and security; cooperation on Jordan Rift Valley development; infrastructure projects; and trade, finance, and banking issues. Jordan also participates in multilateral peace talks. Jordan belongs to the UN and several of its specialized and related agencies, including the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and World Health Organization (WHO). Jordan also is a member of the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), Nonaligned Movement, and Arab League. <br /> <br /> Since the outbreak of the Intifada in September 2000, Jordan has worked to maintain lines of communication between the Israelis and the Palestinians to counsel moderation and to return the parties to negotiations of outstanding permanent status issues. <br /> <br /> During summer 2006, Jordan provided considerable relief supplies to Lebanon and has supported U.S. efforts to generate international security assistance for Lebanese national forces.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Defence ==<br /> The [[Jordanian armed forces]] are among the most profesional in the region, the military has a tradiditional stucture. <br /> *[[Royal Jordanian land forces]]<br /> *[[Royal Jordanian Airforce]]<br /> *[[Royal jordanian Navy]]<br /> *[[Royal Jordanian special forces]]<br /> The Jordanian military is one of the most reliable in the rgion with modern weaponry from the Unites States, Britain and Russia, and has had a great role in peace keeping and counter terrorism missions throughout the world.<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> Jordan is a small country with limited natural resources. The country is currently exploring ways to expand its limited water supply and use its existing water resources more efficiently, including through regional cooperation. Jordan also depends on external sources for the majority of its energy requirements. During the 1990s, its crude petroleum needs were met through imports from neighboring Iraq. Since early 2003, oil has been provided by some Gulf Cooperation Council member countries. In addition, a natural gas pipeline from Egypt to Jordan through the southern port city of Aqaba is now operational. The pipeline has reached northern Jordan and construction to connect it to Syria and beyond is underway. <br /> <br /> Under King Abdullah, Jordan has undertaken a program of economic reform. The government has taken the initiative to gradually eliminate fuel subsidies, pass legislation targeting corruption, and begin tax reform. It has also worked to liberalize trade, gaining access to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2000, signing an Association Agreement with the European Union (EU) in 2001, and securing the first bilateral Free Trade Agreement between the U.S. and an Arab country in 2001. Since 2000, exports of light manufactured products, principally textiles and garments manufactured in the Qualifying Industrial Zones (QIZ) that enter the United States tariff and quota free, have been driving economic growth. Jordan exported $6.9 million in goods to the U.S. in 1997, when two-way trade was $395 million; according to the U.S. International Trade Commission, it exported $1.42 billion in 2006, with two-way trade at $2.07 billion. <br /> <br /> The Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the United States that went into effect in December 2001 will phase out duties on nearly all goods and services by 2010. The agreement also provides for more open markets in communications, construction, finance, health, transportation, and services, as well as strict application of international standards for the protection of intellectual property. In 1996, Jordan and the United States signed a civil aviation agreement that provides for &quot;open skies&quot; between the two countries, and a U.S.-Jordan treaty for the protection and encouragement of bilateral investment entered into force in 2003.<br /> <br /> Such developments hold considerable promise for diversifying Jordan's economy away from its traditional reliance on exports of phosphates and potash, overseas remittances, and foreign aid. The government has emphasized the information technology (IT) and tourism sectors as other promising growth sectors. The low tax and low regulation Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZ) is considered a model of a government-provided framework for private sector-led economic growth. <br /> <br /> Jordan is classified by the World Bank as a &quot;lower middle income country.&quot; The per capita GDP, as reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), was $2,533 for 2006. According to Jordan's Department of Statistics, 13% of the economically active Jordanian population residing in Jordan was unemployed in 2006. Education and literacy rates and measures of social well-being are relatively high compared to other countries with similar incomes. Jordan's population growth rate has declined in recent years and is currently 2.3% as reported by the Jordanian government. One of the most important factors in the government's efforts to improve the well-being of its citizens is the macroeconomic stability that has been achieved since the 1990s. The rate of inflation in 2006 was 6.3%; the currency has been stable with an exchange rate fixed to the U.S. dollar since 1995 at JD 0.708-0.710 to the dollar. In 2006, Jordan significantly reduced its debt to GDP ratio to 73.2% of GDP.<br /> <br /> While pursuing economic reform and increased trade, Jordan's economy will continue to be vulnerable to external shocks and regional unrest. Without calm in the region, economic growth seems destined to stay below its potential. <br /> *Total GDP (2005): $27.96 billion <br /> *Nominal GDP (2006): $14.3 billion.<br /> *Annual real growth rate (2006): 6.4%. <br /> *Per capita GDP (2006): $2,533.<br /> *Natural resources: Phosphate, potash. <br /> *Agriculture: Products--fruits, vegetables, wheat, olive oil, barley, olives. Land--10% arable; 5% cultivated. <br /> *Industry (26.5% of GDP in 2006): Types--phosphate mining, manufacturing, electricity and water; cement and petroleum production, and construction. <br /> *Trade: Exports (2006)--$5.17 billion: phosphates, potash, garments, fertilizers, pharmaceutical products, agricultural products. Major markets--U.S., Iraq, India, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E., Syria, Israel, Kuwait. Imports (2006)--$11.46 billion: crude petroleum and derivatives, vehicles, machinery and equipment, cereals, fabrics and textiles. Major suppliers-- Saudi Arabia (mainly crude oil and derivatives), EU, China, U.S., Egypt, South Korea, Japan, Turkey.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The land that became Jordan is part of the richly historical [[Fertile Crescent]] region. Around 2000 B.C., Semitic [[Amorites]] settled around the [[Jordan River]] in the area called [[Canaan]]. Subsequent invaders and settlers included [[Hittites]], [[Egyptians]], [[Israelites]], [[Assyrians]], [[Babylonians]], [[Persians]], [[Greeks]], [[Romans]], Arab [[Muslims]], Christian [[Crusaders]], [[Mamelukes]], [[Ottoman Turks]], and, finally, the [[British]]. At the end of [[World War I]], the [[League of Nations]] awarded the territory now comprising Israel, Jordan, the [[West Bank]], [[Gaza]], and [[Jerusalem]] to the United Kingdom as the mandate for [[Palestine]] and [[Transjordan]]. In 1922, the British divided the mandate by establishing the semiautonomous Emirate of Transjordan, ruled by the Hashemite Prince Abdullah, while continuing the administration of Palestine under a British High Commissioner. The mandate over Transjordan ended on May 22, 1946; on May 25, the country became the independent Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. It ended its special defense treaty relationship with the United Kingdom in 1957. <br /> <br /> Transjordan was one of the Arab states which moved to assist Palestinian nationalists opposed to the creation of Israel in May 1948, and took part in the warfare between the Arab states and the newly founded State of Israel. The armistice agreements of April 3, 1949 left Jordan in control of the West Bank and provided that the armistice demarcation lines were without prejudice to future territorial settlements or boundary lines. <br /> <br /> In 1956, the country gained it's full indipendence from the British and became the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan to include those portions of Palestine annexed by [[King Abdullah I]]. While recognizing Jordanian administration over the West Bank, the United States maintained the position that ultimate sovereignty was subject to future agreement. <br /> <br /> Jordan signed a mutual defense pact in May 1967 with Egypt, and it participated in the [[Six Day War|June 1967 war]] against Israel. During the war, Israel gained control of the West Bank and all of Jerusalem. In 1989, Jordan renounced all claims to the West Bank but retained an administrative role pending a final settlement, and its 1994 treaty with Israel allowed for a continuing Jordanian role in Muslim holy places in Jerusalem. The U.S. Government considers the West Bank to be territory occupied by Israel and believes that its final status should be determined through direct negotiations among the parties concerned on the basis of [[UN]] [[Security Council Resolution 242|Security Council Resolutions 242]] and [[Security Council Resolution 338|338]]. <br /> <br /> In 1968, the Israeli army attacked the area in western Jordan to hit [[fedayeen]] controled areas and to take control of the Salt hights in central Jordan, a battle erupted in the Jordanian valley between the Israeli troops and the Jordanian army, which led the Israelis to withraw from the area.<br /> <br /> The 1967 war led not only to a loss of a huge part of land under Jordan's control (the West Bank), but also a dramatic increase in the number of Palestinians living in the remainder of Jordan due to an inclusion of refugees. Its Palestinian refugee population--700,000 in 1966--grew by another 300,000 from the West Bank. The period following the 1967 war saw an upsurge in the power and importance of Palestinian resistance elements (fedayeen) in Jordan. The heavily armed fedayeen constituted a growing threat to the sovereignty and security of the Hashemite state, and open fighting erupted in June 1970. <br /> <br /> No fighting occurred along the 1967 Jordan River cease-fire line during the October 1973 Arab-Israeli war, but Jordan sent a brigade to Syria to fight Israeli units on Syrian territory. Jordan did not participate in the Gulf war of 1990-91. In 1991, Jordan agreed, along with Syria, Lebanon, and Palestinian representatives, to participate in direct peace negotiations with Israel sponsored by the U.S. and Russia. It negotiated an end to hostilities with Israel and signed a peace treaty in 1994. Jordan has since sought to remain at peace with all of its neighbors.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> * [[Black September]]<br /> <br /> ==External Links==<br /> * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jo.html The World Fact Book]<br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;width: 100%; background:transparent; border: 2px solid #000099;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;<br /> !colspan=2 style=&quot;width: 100%; text-align: center; background-color: #000088; color: white; &quot;|'''Copyright Details'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color: #000088; color:white;&quot;|License:<br /> |style=&quot; background-color: none;&quot;| &lt;small&gt;This work is in the [[Public Domain]] in the United States because it is a work of the United States Federal Government under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the U.S. Code&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot; background-color: #000088; color:white;&quot;|Source:<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: none;border-top: 2px solid black&quot;| &lt;small&gt;File available from the {{{1|[[United States Federal Government]] [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3464.htm]&lt;/small&gt;}}}. <br /> |}<br /> [[Category:Middle Eastern Countries]]</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Jordan&diff=363025 2008-01-02T19:43:29Z

<p>Topsecrete: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan ''' &quot;المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية&quot; also know as Jordan &quot;الأردنّ&quot; is a constitutional monarchy in the [[Middle East]]. It borders [[Syria]] to the north, [[Saudi Arabia]] to the southwest, [[Iraq]] to the east, and [[Israel]] and the palestinian territories (west bank) to the west. Along with Israel, Jordan borders the [[Dead Sea]]. <br /> <br /> ==People==<br /> Jordanians are Arabs, except for a few small communities of Circassians, Armenians, and Kurds who have adapted to Arab culture. The official language is Arabic, but English is used widely in commerce and government. About 70% of Jordan's population is urban; less than 6% of the rural population is nomadic or semi-nomadic. Most of the population lives where rainfall can support agriculture. Approximately 1.7 million registered Palestinian refugees and other displaced persons reside in Jordan, most as citizens. <br /> *Population (2006, per IMF): 5.63 million. <br /> *Religions (est.): Sunni Muslim 94%, Christian 6%, <br /> *Languages: Arabic (official), English. <br /> *Education (2006, according to Jordan's Department of Statistics): Literacy--90.9%.and is the highest in the Arab world.<br /> *Health (2003): Infant mortality rate--19/1,000. Life expectancy--71 yrs.<br /> *Ethnic groups: Mostly Arab but small communities of Circassians, Armenians, and Kurds. <br /> *Work force (1.3 million, of which 260 thousand are registered guest workers): public sector 17%, services 36%, manufacturing 20%, education 12%, health and social services 10%, primary industries 5%.<br /> *Unemployment rate (2006): 13% of economically active Jordanians.<br /> <br /> ==Government==<br /> Jordan is a constitutional monarchy based on the constitution promulgated on January 8, 1952. Executive authority is vested in the King and his Council of Ministers. The King signs and executes all laws. His veto power may be overridden by a two-thirds vote of both houses of the National Assembly. He appoints and may dismiss all judges by decree, approves amendments to the constitution, declares war, and commands the armed forces. Cabinet decisions, court judgments, and the national currency are issued in his name. The King, who may dismiss other cabinet members at the prime minister's request, appoints the council of ministers, led by a prime minister. The cabinet is responsible to the Chamber of Deputies on matters of general policy and can be forced to resign by a two-thirds vote of &quot;no confidence&quot; by that body. <br /> <br /> Legislative power rests in the bicameral National Assembly. The number of deputies in the current Chamber of Deputies is 110, with a number of seats reserved for various religions, ethnicities, and women. The Chamber, elected by universal suffrage to a 4-year term, is subject to dissolution by the King. The King appoints the 55-member Senate for a 4-year term. Parliamentary elections are scheduled to be held in the fall of 2007.<br /> <br /> The constitution provides for three categories of courts--civil, religious, and special. Administratively, Jordan is divided into 12 governorates, each headed by a governor appointed by the King. They are the sole authorities for all government departments and development projects in their respective areas. <br /> <br /> ===Principal Government Officials=== <br /> *Chief of State--King Abdullah bin al-Hussein II<br /> *Prime Minister--Nader Al-Thahabi<br /> *Minister of Defense--Nader Al-Thahabi<br /> *Foreign Minister--Abdelelah al-Khatib<br /> *Ambassador to the UN--Charge d'affaires Bashir Zubi<br /> <br /> ===Political Conditions===<br /> King Hussein ruled Jordan from 1953 to 1999, surviving a number of challenges to his rule, drawing on the loyalty of his military, and serving as a symbol of unity and stability for both the East Bank and Palestinian communities in Jordan. In 1989 and 1993, Jordan held free and fair parliamentary elections. Controversial changes in the election law led Islamist parties to boycott the 1997 elections. King Hussein ended martial law in 1991 and legalized political parties in 1992. <br /> <br /> King Abdullah II succeeded his father Hussein following the latter's death in February 1999. Abdullah moved quickly to reaffirm Jordan's peace treaty with Israel and its relations with the U.S. Abdullah, during his first year in power, refocused the government's agenda on economic reform. <br /> <br /> Jordan's continuing structural economic difficulties, burgeoning population, and more open political environment led to the emergence of a variety of political parties. Moving toward greater independence, Jordan's Parliament has investigated corruption charges against several regime figures and has become the major forum in which differing political views, including those of political Islamists, are expressed. In June 2001, the King dissolved Parliament. Parliamentary elections were held in June 2003, and municipal elections were held in July 2003. The King appointed the former Prime Minister, Marouf Bakhit, in December 2005. Bakhit and his cabinet have set as their goal the continued legislative implementation of a ten-year reform plan, known as the National Agenda, drafted by a royal commission in 2005. The King also charged the new cabinet with strengthening Jordan's security following the November 2005 suicide hotel bombings in Amman that killed 60. New elections took place in 2007 in both the governates and the parliment, and the new primeminister Mr. [[Nader Al-Thahabi]] was apointed in November 2007.<br /> <br /> ===Foreign Relations===<br /> Jordan has consistently followed a pro-Western foreign policy and traditionally has had close relations with the United States. These relations were damaged by support in Jordan for Iraq during the first Gulf war. Although the Government of Jordan stated its opposition to the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait, popular support for Iraq was driven by Jordan's Palestinian community, which favored Saddam as a champion against Western supporters of Israel. <br /> <br /> Following the first Gulf war, Jordan largely restored its relations with Western countries through its participation in the Middle East peace process and enforcement of UN sanctions against Iraq. Relations between Jordan and the Gulf countries improved substantially after King Hussein's death. Following the fall of the Iraqi regime, Jordan has played a pivotal role in supporting the restoration of stability and security to Iraq. The Government of Jordan has facilitated the training of over 50,000 Iraqi police cadets at a Jordanian facility near Amman. <br /> <br /> Jordan signed a nonbelligerency agreement with Israel (the Washington Declaration) in Washington, DC, on July 25, 1994. Jordan and Israel signed a historic peace treaty on October 26, 1994, witnessed by President Clinton, accompanied by Secretary Christopher. The U.S. has participated with Jordan and Israel in trilateral development discussions in which key issues have been water-sharing and security; cooperation on Jordan Rift Valley development; infrastructure projects; and trade, finance, and banking issues. Jordan also participates in multilateral peace talks. Jordan belongs to the UN and several of its specialized and related agencies, including the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and World Health Organization (WHO). Jordan also is a member of the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), Nonaligned Movement, and Arab League. <br /> <br /> Since the outbreak of the Intifada in September 2000, Jordan has worked to maintain lines of communication between the Israelis and the Palestinians to counsel moderation and to return the parties to negotiations of outstanding permanent status issues. <br /> <br /> During summer 2006, Jordan provided considerable relief supplies to Lebanon and has supported U.S. efforts to generate international security assistance for Lebanese national forces.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Defence ==<br /> The [[Jordanian armed forces]] are among the most profesional in the region, the military has a tradiditional stucture. <br /> [[Royal Jordanian land forces]]<br /> [[Royal Jordanian Airforce]]<br /> [[Royal jordanian Navy]]<br /> [[Royal Jordanian special forces]]<br /> The Jordanian military is one of the most reliable in the rgion with modern weaponry from the Unites States, Britain and Russia, and has had a great role in peace keeping and counter terrorism missions throughout the world.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> Jordan is a small country with limited natural resources. The country is currently exploring ways to expand its limited water supply and use its existing water resources more efficiently, including through regional cooperation. Jordan also depends on external sources for the majority of its energy requirements. During the 1990s, its crude petroleum needs were met through imports from neighboring Iraq. Since early 2003, oil has been provided by some Gulf Cooperation Council member countries. In addition, a natural gas pipeline from Egypt to Jordan through the southern port city of Aqaba is now operational. The pipeline has reached northern Jordan and construction to connect it to Syria and beyond is underway. <br /> <br /> Under King Abdullah, Jordan has undertaken a program of economic reform. The government has taken the initiative to gradually eliminate fuel subsidies, pass legislation targeting corruption, and begin tax reform. It has also worked to liberalize trade, gaining access to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2000, signing an Association Agreement with the European Union (EU) in 2001, and securing the first bilateral Free Trade Agreement between the U.S. and an Arab country in 2001. Since 2000, exports of light manufactured products, principally textiles and garments manufactured in the Qualifying Industrial Zones (QIZ) that enter the United States tariff and quota free, have been driving economic growth. Jordan exported $6.9 million in goods to the U.S. in 1997, when two-way trade was $395 million; according to the U.S. International Trade Commission, it exported $1.42 billion in 2006, with two-way trade at $2.07 billion. <br /> <br /> The Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the United States that went into effect in December 2001 will phase out duties on nearly all goods and services by 2010. The agreement also provides for more open markets in communications, construction, finance, health, transportation, and services, as well as strict application of international standards for the protection of intellectual property. In 1996, Jordan and the United States signed a civil aviation agreement that provides for &quot;open skies&quot; between the two countries, and a U.S.-Jordan treaty for the protection and encouragement of bilateral investment entered into force in 2003.<br /> <br /> Such developments hold considerable promise for diversifying Jordan's economy away from its traditional reliance on exports of phosphates and potash, overseas remittances, and foreign aid. The government has emphasized the information technology (IT) and tourism sectors as other promising growth sectors. The low tax and low regulation Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZ) is considered a model of a government-provided framework for private sector-led economic growth. <br /> <br /> Jordan is classified by the World Bank as a &quot;lower middle income country.&quot; The per capita GDP, as reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), was $2,533 for 2006. According to Jordan's Department of Statistics, 13% of the economically active Jordanian population residing in Jordan was unemployed in 2006. Education and literacy rates and measures of social well-being are relatively high compared to other countries with similar incomes. Jordan's population growth rate has declined in recent years and is currently 2.3% as reported by the Jordanian government. One of the most important factors in the government's efforts to improve the well-being of its citizens is the macroeconomic stability that has been achieved since the 1990s. The rate of inflation in 2006 was 6.3%; the currency has been stable with an exchange rate fixed to the U.S. dollar since 1995 at JD 0.708-0.710 to the dollar. In 2006, Jordan significantly reduced its debt to GDP ratio to 73.2% of GDP.<br /> <br /> While pursuing economic reform and increased trade, Jordan's economy will continue to be vulnerable to external shocks and regional unrest. Without calm in the region, economic growth seems destined to stay below its potential. <br /> *Total GDP (2005): $27.96 billion <br /> *Nominal GDP (2006): $14.3 billion.<br /> *Annual real growth rate (2006): 6.4%. <br /> *Per capita GDP (2006): $2,533.<br /> *Natural resources: Phosphate, potash. <br /> *Agriculture: Products--fruits, vegetables, wheat, olive oil, barley, olives. Land--10% arable; 5% cultivated. <br /> *Industry (26.5% of GDP in 2006): Types--phosphate mining, manufacturing, electricity and water; cement and petroleum production, and construction. <br /> *Trade: Exports (2006)--$5.17 billion: phosphates, potash, garments, fertilizers, pharmaceutical products, agricultural products. Major markets--U.S., Iraq, India, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E., Syria, Israel, Kuwait. Imports (2006)--$11.46 billion: crude petroleum and derivatives, vehicles, machinery and equipment, cereals, fabrics and textiles. Major suppliers-- Saudi Arabia (mainly crude oil and derivatives), EU, China, U.S., Egypt, South Korea, Japan, Turkey.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The land that became Jordan is part of the richly historical [[Fertile Crescent]] region. Around 2000 B.C., Semitic [[Amorites]] settled around the [[Jordan River]] in the area called [[Canaan]]. Subsequent invaders and settlers included [[Hittites]], [[Egyptians]], [[Israelites]], [[Assyrians]], [[Babylonians]], [[Persians]], [[Greeks]], [[Romans]], Arab [[Muslims]], Christian [[Crusaders]], [[Mamelukes]], [[Ottoman Turks]], and, finally, the [[British]]. At the end of [[World War I]], the [[League of Nations]] awarded the territory now comprising Israel, Jordan, the [[West Bank]], [[Gaza]], and [[Jerusalem]] to the United Kingdom as the mandate for [[Palestine]] and [[Transjordan]]. In 1922, the British divided the mandate by establishing the semiautonomous Emirate of Transjordan, ruled by the Hashemite Prince Abdullah, while continuing the administration of Palestine under a British High Commissioner. The mandate over Transjordan ended on May 22, 1946; on May 25, the country became the independent Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. It ended its special defense treaty relationship with the United Kingdom in 1957. <br /> <br /> Transjordan was one of the Arab states which moved to assist Palestinian nationalists opposed to the creation of Israel in May 1948, and took part in the warfare between the Arab states and the newly founded State of Israel. The armistice agreements of April 3, 1949 left Jordan in control of the West Bank and provided that the armistice demarcation lines were without prejudice to future territorial settlements or boundary lines. <br /> <br /> In 1956, the country gained it's full indipendence from the British and became the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan to include those portions of Palestine annexed by [[King Abdullah I]]. While recognizing Jordanian administration over the West Bank, the United States maintained the position that ultimate sovereignty was subject to future agreement. <br /> <br /> Jordan signed a mutual defense pact in May 1967 with Egypt, and it participated in the [[Six Day War|June 1967 war]] against Israel. During the war, Israel gained control of the West Bank and all of Jerusalem. In 1989, Jordan renounced all claims to the West Bank but retained an administrative role pending a final settlement, and its 1994 treaty with Israel allowed for a continuing Jordanian role in Muslim holy places in Jerusalem. The U.S. Government considers the West Bank to be territory occupied by Israel and believes that its final status should be determined through direct negotiations among the parties concerned on the basis of [[UN]] [[Security Council Resolution 242|Security Council Resolutions 242]] and [[Security Council Resolution 338|338]]. <br /> <br /> In 1968, the Israeli army attacked the area in western Jordan to hit [[fedayeen]] controled areas and to take control of the Salt hights in central Jordan, a battle erupted in the Jordanian valley between the Israeli troops and the Jordanian army, which led the Israelis to withraw from the area.<br /> <br /> The 1967 war led not only to a loss of a huge part of land under Jordan's control (the West Bank), but also a dramatic increase in the number of Palestinians living in the remainder of Jordan due to an inclusion of refugees. Its Palestinian refugee population--700,000 in 1966--grew by another 300,000 from the West Bank. The period following the 1967 war saw an upsurge in the power and importance of Palestinian resistance elements (fedayeen) in Jordan. The heavily armed fedayeen constituted a growing threat to the sovereignty and security of the Hashemite state, and open fighting erupted in June 1970. <br /> <br /> No fighting occurred along the 1967 Jordan River cease-fire line during the October 1973 Arab-Israeli war, but Jordan sent a brigade to Syria to fight Israeli units on Syrian territory. Jordan did not participate in the Gulf war of 1990-91. In 1991, Jordan agreed, along with Syria, Lebanon, and Palestinian representatives, to participate in direct peace negotiations with Israel sponsored by the U.S. and Russia. It negotiated an end to hostilities with Israel and signed a peace treaty in 1994. Jordan has since sought to remain at peace with all of its neighbors.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> * [[Black September]]<br /> <br /> ==External Links==<br /> * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jo.html The World Fact Book]<br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;width: 100%; background:transparent; border: 2px solid #000099;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;<br /> !colspan=2 style=&quot;width: 100%; text-align: center; background-color: #000088; color: white; &quot;|'''Copyright Details'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color: #000088; color:white;&quot;|License:<br /> |style=&quot; background-color: none;&quot;| &lt;small&gt;This work is in the [[Public Domain]] in the United States because it is a work of the United States Federal Government under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the U.S. Code&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot; background-color: #000088; color:white;&quot;|Source:<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: none;border-top: 2px solid black&quot;| &lt;small&gt;File available from the {{{1|[[United States Federal Government]] [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3464.htm]&lt;/small&gt;}}}. <br /> |}<br /> [[Category:Middle Eastern Countries]]</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Jordan&diff=362701 2008-01-02T01:48:14Z

<p>Topsecrete: /* Economy */</p> <hr /> <div>'''Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan ''' &quot;المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية&quot; also know as Jordan &quot;الأردنّ&quot; is a constitutional monarchy in the [[Middle East]]. It borders [[Syria]] to the north, [[Saudi Arabia]] to the southwest, [[Iraq]] to the east, and [[Israel]] and the palestinian territories (west bank) to the west. Along with Israel, Jordan borders the [[Dead Sea]]. <br /> <br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The land that became Jordan is part of the richly historical Fertile Crescent region. Around 2000 B.C., Semitic Amorites settled around the Jordan River in the area called Canaan. Subsequent invaders and settlers included Hittites, Egyptians, Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Arab Muslims, Christian Crusaders, Mameluks, Ottoman Turks, and, finally, the British. At the end of World War I, the League of Nations awarded the territory now comprising Israel, Jordan, the West Bank, Gaza, and Jerusalem to the United Kingdom as the mandate for Palestine and Transjordan. In 1922, the British divided the mandate by establishing the semiautonomous Emirate of Transjordan, ruled by the Hashemite Prince Abdullah, while continuing the administration of Palestine under a British High Commissioner. The mandate over Transjordan ended on May 22, 1946; on May 25, the country became the independent Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. It ended its special defense treaty relationship with the United Kingdom in 1957. <br /> <br /> Transjordan was one of the Arab states which moved to assist Palestinian nationalists opposed to the creation of Israel in May 1948, and took part in the warfare between the Arab states and the newly founded State of Israel. The armistice agreements of April 3, 1949 left Jordan in control of the West Bank and provided that the armistice demarcation lines were without prejudice to future territorial settlements or boundary lines. <br /> <br /> In 1956, the country gained it's full indipendence from te Britain and became the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan to include those portions of Palestine annexed by King Abdullah I. While recognizing Jordanian administration over the West Bank, the United States maintained the position that ultimate sovereignty was subject to future agreement. <br /> <br /> Jordan signed a mutual defense pact in May 1967 with Egypt, and it participated in the June 1967 war between Israel and the Arab states of Syria, Egypt, and Iraq. During the war, Israel gained control of the West Bank and all of Jerusalem. In 1989, Jordan renounced all claims to the West Bank but retained an administrative role pending a final settlement, and its 1994 treaty with Israel allowed for a continuing Jordanian role in Muslim holy places in Jerusalem. The U.S. Government considers the West Bank to be territory occupied by Israel and believes that its final status should be determined through direct negotiations among the parties concerned on the basis of UN Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338. <br /> <br /> In 1968, the Israeli army attacked the area in western Jordan to hit fedayeen controled areas and to take control of the Salt hights in central Jordan, a battle erupted in the Jordanian valley between the Israeli troops and the Jordanian army, which led the Israelis to withraw from the area.<br /> <br /> The 1967 war led to a dramatic increase in the number of Palestinians living in Jordan. Its Palestinian refugee population--700,000 in 1966--grew by another 300,000 from the West Bank. The period following the 1967 war saw an upsurge in the power and importance of Palestinian resistance elements (fedayeen) in Jordan. The heavily armed fedayeen constituted a growing threat to the sovereignty and security of the Hashemite state, and open fighting erupted in June 1970. <br /> <br /> No fighting occurred along the 1967 Jordan River cease-fire line during the October 1973 Arab-Israeli war, but Jordan sent a brigade to Syria to fight Israeli units on Syrian territory. Jordan did not participate in the Gulf war of 1990-91. In 1991, Jordan agreed, along with Syria, Lebanon, and Palestinian representatives, to participate in direct peace negotiations with Israel sponsored by the U.S. and Russia. It negotiated an end to hostilities with Israel and signed a peace treaty in 1994. Jordan has since sought to remain at peace with all of its neighbors.<br /> <br /> ==People==<br /> Jordanians are Arabs, except for a few small communities of Circassians, Armenians, and Kurds who have adapted to Arab culture. The official language is Arabic, but English is used widely in commerce and government. About 70% of Jordan's population is urban; less than 6% of the rural population is nomadic or semi-nomadic. Most of the population lives where rainfall can support agriculture. Approximately 1.7 million registered Palestinian refugees and other displaced persons reside in Jordan, most as citizens. <br /> *Population (2006, per IMF): 5.63 million. <br /> *Religions (est.): Sunni Muslim 94%, Christian 6%, <br /> *Languages: Arabic (official), English. <br /> *Education (2006, according to Jordan's Department of Statistics): Literacy--90.9%.and is the highest in the Arab world.<br /> *Health (2003): Infant mortality rate--19/1,000. Life expectancy--71 yrs.<br /> *Ethnic groups: Mostly Arab but small communities of Circassians, Armenians, and Kurds. <br /> *Work force (1.3 million, of which 260 thousand are registered guest workers): public sector 17%, services 36%, manufacturing 20%, education 12%, health and social services 10%, primary industries 5%.<br /> *Unemployment rate (2006): 13% of economically active Jordanians.<br /> <br /> ==Government==<br /> Jordan is a constitutional monarchy based on the constitution promulgated on January 8, 1952. Executive authority is vested in the King and his Council of Ministers. The King signs and executes all laws. His veto power may be overridden by a two-thirds vote of both houses of the National Assembly. He appoints and may dismiss all judges by decree, approves amendments to the constitution, declares war, and commands the armed forces. Cabinet decisions, court judgments, and the national currency are issued in his name. The King, who may dismiss other cabinet members at the prime minister's request, appoints the council of ministers, led by a prime minister. The cabinet is responsible to the Chamber of Deputies on matters of general policy and can be forced to resign by a two-thirds vote of &quot;no confidence&quot; by that body. <br /> <br /> Legislative power rests in the bicameral National Assembly. The number of deputies in the current Chamber of Deputies is 110, with a number of seats reserved for various religions, ethnicities, and women. The Chamber, elected by universal suffrage to a 4-year term, is subject to dissolution by the King. The King appoints the 55-member Senate for a 4-year term. Parliamentary elections are scheduled to be held in the fall of 2007.<br /> <br /> The constitution provides for three categories of courts--civil, religious, and special. Administratively, Jordan is divided into 12 governorates, each headed by a governor appointed by the King. They are the sole authorities for all government departments and development projects in their respective areas. <br /> <br /> ===Principal Government Officials=== <br /> *Chief of State--King Abdullah bin al-Hussein II<br /> *Prime Minister--Nader Al-Thahabi<br /> *Minister of Defense--Nader Al-Thahabi<br /> *Foreign Minister--Abdelelah al-Khatib<br /> *Ambassador to the UN--Charge d'affaires Bashir Zubi<br /> <br /> ===Political Conditions===<br /> King Hussein ruled Jordan from 1953 to 1999, surviving a number of challenges to his rule, drawing on the loyalty of his military, and serving as a symbol of unity and stability for both the East Bank and Palestinian communities in Jordan. In 1989 and 1993, Jordan held free and fair parliamentary elections. Controversial changes in the election law led Islamist parties to boycott the 1997 elections. King Hussein ended martial law in 1991 and legalized political parties in 1992. <br /> <br /> King Abdullah II succeeded his father Hussein following the latter's death in February 1999. Abdullah moved quickly to reaffirm Jordan's peace treaty with Israel and its relations with the U.S. Abdullah, during his first year in power, refocused the government's agenda on economic reform. <br /> <br /> Jordan's continuing structural economic difficulties, burgeoning population, and more open political environment led to the emergence of a variety of political parties. Moving toward greater independence, Jordan's Parliament has investigated corruption charges against several regime figures and has become the major forum in which differing political views, including those of political Islamists, are expressed. In June 2001, the King dissolved Parliament. Parliamentary elections were held in June 2003, and municipal elections were held in July 2003. The King appointed the former Prime Minister, Marouf Bakhit, in December 2005. Bakhit and his cabinet have set as their goal the continued legislative implementation of a ten-year reform plan, known as the National Agenda, drafted by a royal commission in 2005. The King also charged the new cabinet with strengthening Jordan's security following the November 2005 suicide hotel bombings in Amman that killed 60. New elections took place in 2007 in both the governates and the parliment, and the new primeminister Mr. [[Nader Al-Thahabi]] was apointed in November 2007.<br /> <br /> ===Foreign Relations===<br /> Jordan has consistently followed a pro-Western foreign policy and traditionally has had close relations with the United States. These relations were damaged by support in Jordan for Iraq during the first Gulf war. Although the Government of Jordan stated its opposition to the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait, popular support for Iraq was driven by Jordan's Palestinian community, which favored Saddam as a champion against Western supporters of Israel. <br /> <br /> Following the first Gulf war, Jordan largely restored its relations with Western countries through its participation in the Middle East peace process and enforcement of UN sanctions against Iraq. Relations between Jordan and the Gulf countries improved substantially after King Hussein's death. Following the fall of the Iraqi regime, Jordan has played a pivotal role in supporting the restoration of stability and security to Iraq. The Government of Jordan has facilitated the training of over 50,000 Iraqi police cadets at a Jordanian facility near Amman. <br /> <br /> Jordan signed a nonbelligerency agreement with Israel (the Washington Declaration) in Washington, DC, on July 25, 1994. Jordan and Israel signed a historic peace treaty on October 26, 1994, witnessed by President Clinton, accompanied by Secretary Christopher. The U.S. has participated with Jordan and Israel in trilateral development discussions in which key issues have been water-sharing and security; cooperation on Jordan Rift Valley development; infrastructure projects; and trade, finance, and banking issues. Jordan also participates in multilateral peace talks. Jordan belongs to the UN and several of its specialized and related agencies, including the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and World Health Organization (WHO). Jordan also is a member of the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), Nonaligned Movement, and Arab League. <br /> <br /> Since the outbreak of the Intifada in September 2000, Jordan has worked to maintain lines of communication between the Israelis and the Palestinians to counsel moderation and to return the parties to negotiations of outstanding permanent status issues. <br /> <br /> During summer 2006, Jordan provided considerable relief supplies to Lebanon and has supported U.S. efforts to generate international security assistance for Lebanese national forces.<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> Jordan is a small country with limited natural resources. The country is currently exploring ways to expand its limited water supply and use its existing water resources more efficiently, including through regional cooperation. Jordan also depends on external sources for the majority of its energy requirements. During the 1990s, its crude petroleum needs were met through imports from neighboring Iraq. Since early 2003, oil has been provided by some Gulf Cooperation Council member countries. In addition, a natural gas pipeline from Egypt to Jordan through the southern port city of Aqaba is now operational. The pipeline has reached northern Jordan and construction to connect it to Syria and beyond is underway. <br /> <br /> Under King Abdullah, Jordan has undertaken a program of economic reform. The government has taken the initiative to gradually eliminate fuel subsidies, pass legislation targeting corruption, and begin tax reform. It has also worked to liberalize trade, gaining access to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2000, signing an Association Agreement with the European Union (EU) in 2001, and securing the first bilateral Free Trade Agreement between the U.S. and an Arab country in 2001. Since 2000, exports of light manufactured products, principally textiles and garments manufactured in the Qualifying Industrial Zones (QIZ) that enter the United States tariff and quota free, have been driving economic growth. Jordan exported $6.9 million in goods to the U.S. in 1997, when two-way trade was $395 million; according to the U.S. International Trade Commission, it exported $1.42 billion in 2006, with two-way trade at $2.07 billion. <br /> <br /> The Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the United States that went into effect in December 2001 will phase out duties on nearly all goods and services by 2010. The agreement also provides for more open markets in communications, construction, finance, health, transportation, and services, as well as strict application of international standards for the protection of intellectual property. In 1996, Jordan and the United States signed a civil aviation agreement that provides for &quot;open skies&quot; between the two countries, and a U.S.-Jordan treaty for the protection and encouragement of bilateral investment entered into force in 2003.<br /> <br /> Such developments hold considerable promise for diversifying Jordan's economy away from its traditional reliance on exports of phosphates and potash, overseas remittances, and foreign aid. The government has emphasized the information technology (IT) and tourism sectors as other promising growth sectors. The low tax and low regulation Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZ) is considered a model of a government-provided framework for private sector-led economic growth. <br /> <br /> Jordan is classified by the World Bank as a &quot;lower middle income country.&quot; The per capita GDP, as reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), was $2,533 for 2006. According to Jordan's Department of Statistics, 13% of the economically active Jordanian population residing in Jordan was unemployed in 2006. Education and literacy rates and measures of social well-being are relatively high compared to other countries with similar incomes. Jordan's population growth rate has declined in recent years and is currently 2.3% as reported by the Jordanian government. One of the most important factors in the government's efforts to improve the well-being of its citizens is the macroeconomic stability that has been achieved since the 1990s. The rate of inflation in 2006 was 6.3%; the currency has been stable with an exchange rate fixed to the U.S. dollar since 1995 at JD 0.708-0.710 to the dollar. In 2006, Jordan significantly reduced its debt to GDP ratio to 73.2% of GDP.<br /> <br /> While pursuing economic reform and increased trade, Jordan's economy will continue to be vulnerable to external shocks and regional unrest. Without calm in the region, economic growth seems destined to stay below its potential. <br /> *Total GDP (2005): $27.96 billion <br /> *Nominal GDP (2006): $14.3 billion.<br /> *Annual real growth rate (2006): 6.4%. <br /> *Per capita GDP (2006): $2,533.<br /> *Natural resources: Phosphate, potash. <br /> *Agriculture: Products--fruits, vegetables, wheat, olive oil, barley, olives. Land--10% arable; 5% cultivated. <br /> *Industry (26.5% of GDP in 2006): Types--phosphate mining, manufacturing, electricity and water; cement and petroleum production, and construction. <br /> *Trade: Exports (2006)--$5.17 billion: phosphates, potash, garments, fertilizers, pharmaceutical products, agricultural products. Major markets--U.S., Iraq, India, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E., Syria, Israel, Kuwait. Imports (2006)--$11.46 billion: crude petroleum and derivatives, vehicles, machinery and equipment, cereals, fabrics and textiles. Major suppliers-- Saudi Arabia (mainly crude oil and derivatives), EU, China, U.S., Egypt, South Korea, Japan, Turkey.<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> * [[Black September]]<br /> <br /> ==External Links==<br /> * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jo.html The World Fact Book]<br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;width: 100%; background:transparent; border: 2px solid #000099;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;<br /> !colspan=2 style=&quot;width: 100%; text-align: center; background-color: #000088; color: white; &quot;|'''Copyright Details'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color: #000088; color:white;&quot;|License:<br /> |style=&quot; background-color: none;&quot;| &lt;small&gt;This work is in the [[Public Domain]] in the United States because it is a work of the United States Federal Government under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the U.S. Code&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot; background-color: #000088; color:white;&quot;|Source:<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: none;border-top: 2px solid black&quot;| &lt;small&gt;File available from the {{{1|[[United States Federal Government]] [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3464.htm]&lt;/small&gt;}}}. <br /> |}<br /> [[Category:Middle Eastern Countries]]</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Jordan&diff=362696 2008-01-02T01:45:55Z

<p>Topsecrete: /* Principal Government Officials */</p> <hr /> <div>'''Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan ''' &quot;المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية&quot; also know as Jordan &quot;الأردنّ&quot; is a constitutional monarchy in the [[Middle East]]. It borders [[Syria]] to the north, [[Saudi Arabia]] to the southwest, [[Iraq]] to the east, and [[Israel]] and the palestinian territories (west bank) to the west. Along with Israel, Jordan borders the [[Dead Sea]]. <br /> <br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The land that became Jordan is part of the richly historical Fertile Crescent region. Around 2000 B.C., Semitic Amorites settled around the Jordan River in the area called Canaan. Subsequent invaders and settlers included Hittites, Egyptians, Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Arab Muslims, Christian Crusaders, Mameluks, Ottoman Turks, and, finally, the British. At the end of World War I, the League of Nations awarded the territory now comprising Israel, Jordan, the West Bank, Gaza, and Jerusalem to the United Kingdom as the mandate for Palestine and Transjordan. In 1922, the British divided the mandate by establishing the semiautonomous Emirate of Transjordan, ruled by the Hashemite Prince Abdullah, while continuing the administration of Palestine under a British High Commissioner. The mandate over Transjordan ended on May 22, 1946; on May 25, the country became the independent Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. It ended its special defense treaty relationship with the United Kingdom in 1957. <br /> <br /> Transjordan was one of the Arab states which moved to assist Palestinian nationalists opposed to the creation of Israel in May 1948, and took part in the warfare between the Arab states and the newly founded State of Israel. The armistice agreements of April 3, 1949 left Jordan in control of the West Bank and provided that the armistice demarcation lines were without prejudice to future territorial settlements or boundary lines. <br /> <br /> In 1956, the country gained it's full indipendence from te Britain and became the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan to include those portions of Palestine annexed by King Abdullah I. While recognizing Jordanian administration over the West Bank, the United States maintained the position that ultimate sovereignty was subject to future agreement. <br /> <br /> Jordan signed a mutual defense pact in May 1967 with Egypt, and it participated in the June 1967 war between Israel and the Arab states of Syria, Egypt, and Iraq. During the war, Israel gained control of the West Bank and all of Jerusalem. In 1989, Jordan renounced all claims to the West Bank but retained an administrative role pending a final settlement, and its 1994 treaty with Israel allowed for a continuing Jordanian role in Muslim holy places in Jerusalem. The U.S. Government considers the West Bank to be territory occupied by Israel and believes that its final status should be determined through direct negotiations among the parties concerned on the basis of UN Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338. <br /> <br /> In 1968, the Israeli army attacked the area in western Jordan to hit fedayeen controled areas and to take control of the Salt hights in central Jordan, a battle erupted in the Jordanian valley between the Israeli troops and the Jordanian army, which led the Israelis to withraw from the area.<br /> <br /> The 1967 war led to a dramatic increase in the number of Palestinians living in Jordan. Its Palestinian refugee population--700,000 in 1966--grew by another 300,000 from the West Bank. The period following the 1967 war saw an upsurge in the power and importance of Palestinian resistance elements (fedayeen) in Jordan. The heavily armed fedayeen constituted a growing threat to the sovereignty and security of the Hashemite state, and open fighting erupted in June 1970. <br /> <br /> No fighting occurred along the 1967 Jordan River cease-fire line during the October 1973 Arab-Israeli war, but Jordan sent a brigade to Syria to fight Israeli units on Syrian territory. Jordan did not participate in the Gulf war of 1990-91. In 1991, Jordan agreed, along with Syria, Lebanon, and Palestinian representatives, to participate in direct peace negotiations with Israel sponsored by the U.S. and Russia. It negotiated an end to hostilities with Israel and signed a peace treaty in 1994. Jordan has since sought to remain at peace with all of its neighbors.<br /> <br /> ==People==<br /> Jordanians are Arabs, except for a few small communities of Circassians, Armenians, and Kurds who have adapted to Arab culture. The official language is Arabic, but English is used widely in commerce and government. About 70% of Jordan's population is urban; less than 6% of the rural population is nomadic or semi-nomadic. Most of the population lives where rainfall can support agriculture. Approximately 1.7 million registered Palestinian refugees and other displaced persons reside in Jordan, most as citizens. <br /> *Population (2006, per IMF): 5.63 million. <br /> *Religions (est.): Sunni Muslim 94%, Christian 6%, <br /> *Languages: Arabic (official), English. <br /> *Education (2006, according to Jordan's Department of Statistics): Literacy--90.9%.and is the highest in the Arab world.<br /> *Health (2003): Infant mortality rate--19/1,000. Life expectancy--71 yrs.<br /> *Ethnic groups: Mostly Arab but small communities of Circassians, Armenians, and Kurds. <br /> *Work force (1.3 million, of which 260 thousand are registered guest workers): public sector 17%, services 36%, manufacturing 20%, education 12%, health and social services 10%, primary industries 5%.<br /> *Unemployment rate (2006): 13% of economically active Jordanians.<br /> <br /> ==Government==<br /> Jordan is a constitutional monarchy based on the constitution promulgated on January 8, 1952. Executive authority is vested in the King and his Council of Ministers. The King signs and executes all laws. His veto power may be overridden by a two-thirds vote of both houses of the National Assembly. He appoints and may dismiss all judges by decree, approves amendments to the constitution, declares war, and commands the armed forces. Cabinet decisions, court judgments, and the national currency are issued in his name. The King, who may dismiss other cabinet members at the prime minister's request, appoints the council of ministers, led by a prime minister. The cabinet is responsible to the Chamber of Deputies on matters of general policy and can be forced to resign by a two-thirds vote of &quot;no confidence&quot; by that body. <br /> <br /> Legislative power rests in the bicameral National Assembly. The number of deputies in the current Chamber of Deputies is 110, with a number of seats reserved for various religions, ethnicities, and women. The Chamber, elected by universal suffrage to a 4-year term, is subject to dissolution by the King. The King appoints the 55-member Senate for a 4-year term. Parliamentary elections are scheduled to be held in the fall of 2007.<br /> <br /> The constitution provides for three categories of courts--civil, religious, and special. Administratively, Jordan is divided into 12 governorates, each headed by a governor appointed by the King. They are the sole authorities for all government departments and development projects in their respective areas. <br /> <br /> ===Principal Government Officials=== <br /> *Chief of State--King Abdullah bin al-Hussein II<br /> *Prime Minister--Nader Al-Thahabi<br /> *Minister of Defense--Nader Al-Thahabi<br /> *Foreign Minister--Abdelelah al-Khatib<br /> *Ambassador to the UN--Charge d'affaires Bashir Zubi<br /> <br /> ===Political Conditions===<br /> King Hussein ruled Jordan from 1953 to 1999, surviving a number of challenges to his rule, drawing on the loyalty of his military, and serving as a symbol of unity and stability for both the East Bank and Palestinian communities in Jordan. In 1989 and 1993, Jordan held free and fair parliamentary elections. Controversial changes in the election law led Islamist parties to boycott the 1997 elections. King Hussein ended martial law in 1991 and legalized political parties in 1992. <br /> <br /> King Abdullah II succeeded his father Hussein following the latter's death in February 1999. Abdullah moved quickly to reaffirm Jordan's peace treaty with Israel and its relations with the U.S. Abdullah, during his first year in power, refocused the government's agenda on economic reform. <br /> <br /> Jordan's continuing structural economic difficulties, burgeoning population, and more open political environment led to the emergence of a variety of political parties. Moving toward greater independence, Jordan's Parliament has investigated corruption charges against several regime figures and has become the major forum in which differing political views, including those of political Islamists, are expressed. In June 2001, the King dissolved Parliament. Parliamentary elections were held in June 2003, and municipal elections were held in July 2003. The King appointed the former Prime Minister, Marouf Bakhit, in December 2005. Bakhit and his cabinet have set as their goal the continued legislative implementation of a ten-year reform plan, known as the National Agenda, drafted by a royal commission in 2005. The King also charged the new cabinet with strengthening Jordan's security following the November 2005 suicide hotel bombings in Amman that killed 60. New elections took place in 2007 in both the governates and the parliment, and the new primeminister Mr. [[Nader Al-Thahabi]] was apointed in November 2007.<br /> <br /> ===Foreign Relations===<br /> Jordan has consistently followed a pro-Western foreign policy and traditionally has had close relations with the United States. These relations were damaged by support in Jordan for Iraq during the first Gulf war. Although the Government of Jordan stated its opposition to the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait, popular support for Iraq was driven by Jordan's Palestinian community, which favored Saddam as a champion against Western supporters of Israel. <br /> <br /> Following the first Gulf war, Jordan largely restored its relations with Western countries through its participation in the Middle East peace process and enforcement of UN sanctions against Iraq. Relations between Jordan and the Gulf countries improved substantially after King Hussein's death. Following the fall of the Iraqi regime, Jordan has played a pivotal role in supporting the restoration of stability and security to Iraq. The Government of Jordan has facilitated the training of over 50,000 Iraqi police cadets at a Jordanian facility near Amman. <br /> <br /> Jordan signed a nonbelligerency agreement with Israel (the Washington Declaration) in Washington, DC, on July 25, 1994. Jordan and Israel signed a historic peace treaty on October 26, 1994, witnessed by President Clinton, accompanied by Secretary Christopher. The U.S. has participated with Jordan and Israel in trilateral development discussions in which key issues have been water-sharing and security; cooperation on Jordan Rift Valley development; infrastructure projects; and trade, finance, and banking issues. Jordan also participates in multilateral peace talks. Jordan belongs to the UN and several of its specialized and related agencies, including the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and World Health Organization (WHO). Jordan also is a member of the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), Nonaligned Movement, and Arab League. <br /> <br /> Since the outbreak of the Intifada in September 2000, Jordan has worked to maintain lines of communication between the Israelis and the Palestinians to counsel moderation and to return the parties to negotiations of outstanding permanent status issues. <br /> <br /> During summer 2006, Jordan provided considerable relief supplies to Lebanon and has supported U.S. efforts to generate international security assistance for Lebanese national forces.<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> Jordan is a small country with limited natural resources. The country is currently exploring ways to expand its limited water supply and use its existing water resources more efficiently, including through regional cooperation. Jordan also depends on external sources for the majority of its energy requirements. During the 1990s, its crude petroleum needs were met through imports from neighboring Iraq. Since early 2003, oil has been provided by some Gulf Cooperation Council member countries. In addition, a natural gas pipeline from Egypt to Jordan through the southern port city of Aqaba is now operational. The pipeline has reached northern Jordan and construction to connect it to Syria and beyond is underway. <br /> <br /> Under King Abdullah, Jordan has undertaken a program of economic reform. The government has taken the initiative to gradually eliminate fuel subsidies, pass legislation targeting corruption, and begin tax reform. It has also worked to liberalize trade, gaining access to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2000, signing an Association Agreement with the European Union (EU) in 2001, and securing the first bilateral Free Trade Agreement between the U.S. and an Arab country in 2001. Since 2000, exports of light manufactured products, principally textiles and garments manufactured in the Qualifying Industrial Zones (QIZ) that enter the United States tariff and quota free, have been driving economic growth. Jordan exported $6.9 million in goods to the U.S. in 1997, when two-way trade was $395 million; according to the U.S. International Trade Commission, it exported $1.42 billion in 2006, with two-way trade at $2.07 billion. <br /> <br /> The Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the United States that went into effect in December 2001 will phase out duties on nearly all goods and services by 2010. The agreement also provides for more open markets in communications, construction, finance, health, transportation, and services, as well as strict application of international standards for the protection of intellectual property. In 1996, Jordan and the United States signed a civil aviation agreement that provides for &quot;open skies&quot; between the two countries, and a U.S.-Jordan treaty for the protection and encouragement of bilateral investment entered into force in 2003.<br /> <br /> Such developments hold considerable promise for diversifying Jordan's economy away from its traditional reliance on exports of phosphates and potash, overseas remittances, and foreign aid. The government has emphasized the information technology (IT) and tourism sectors as other promising growth sectors. The low tax and low regulation Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZ) is considered a model of a government-provided framework for private sector-led economic growth. <br /> <br /> Jordan is classified by the World Bank as a &quot;lower middle income country.&quot; The per capita GDP, as reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), was $2,533 for 2006. According to Jordan's Department of Statistics, 13% of the economically active Jordanian population residing in Jordan was unemployed in 2006. Education and literacy rates and measures of social well-being are relatively high compared to other countries with similar incomes. Jordan's population growth rate has declined in recent years and is currently 2.3% as reported by the Jordanian government. One of the most important factors in the government's efforts to improve the well-being of its citizens is the macroeconomic stability that has been achieved since the 1990s. The rate of inflation in 2006 was 6.3%; the currency has been stable with an exchange rate fixed to the U.S. dollar since 1995 at JD 0.708-0.710 to the dollar. In 2006, Jordan significantly reduced its debt to GDP ratio to 73.2% of GDP.<br /> <br /> While pursuing economic reform and increased trade, Jordan's economy will continue to be vulnerable to external shocks and regional unrest. Without calm in the region, economic growth seems destined to stay below its potential. <br /> *Nominal GDP (2006): $14.3 billion.<br /> *Annual real growth rate (2006): 6.4%. <br /> *Per capita GDP (2006): $2,533.<br /> *Natural resources: Phosphate, potash. <br /> *Agriculture: Products--fruits, vegetables, wheat, olive oil, barley, olives. Land--10% arable; 5% cultivated. <br /> *Industry (26.5% of GDP in 2006): Types--phosphate mining, manufacturing, electricity and water; cement and petroleum production, and construction. <br /> *Trade: Exports (2006)--$5.17 billion: phosphates, potash, garments, fertilizers, pharmaceutical products, agricultural products. Major markets--U.S., Iraq, India, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E., Syria, Israel, Kuwait. Imports (2006)--$11.46 billion: crude petroleum and derivatives, vehicles, machinery and equipment, cereals, fabrics and textiles. Major suppliers-- Saudi Arabia (mainly crude oil and derivatives), EU, China, U.S., Egypt, South Korea, Japan, Turkey. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> * [[Black September]]<br /> <br /> ==External Links==<br /> * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jo.html The World Fact Book]<br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;width: 100%; background:transparent; border: 2px solid #000099;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;<br /> !colspan=2 style=&quot;width: 100%; text-align: center; background-color: #000088; color: white; &quot;|'''Copyright Details'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color: #000088; color:white;&quot;|License:<br /> |style=&quot; background-color: none;&quot;| &lt;small&gt;This work is in the [[Public Domain]] in the United States because it is a work of the United States Federal Government under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the U.S. Code&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot; background-color: #000088; color:white;&quot;|Source:<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: none;border-top: 2px solid black&quot;| &lt;small&gt;File available from the {{{1|[[United States Federal Government]] [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3464.htm]&lt;/small&gt;}}}. <br /> |}<br /> [[Category:Middle Eastern Countries]]</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Jordan&diff=362695 2008-01-02T01:44:52Z

<p>Topsecrete: /* History */</p> <hr /> <div>'''Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan ''' &quot;المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية&quot; also know as Jordan &quot;الأردنّ&quot; is a constitutional monarchy in the [[Middle East]]. It borders [[Syria]] to the north, [[Saudi Arabia]] to the southwest, [[Iraq]] to the east, and [[Israel]] and the palestinian territories (west bank) to the west. Along with Israel, Jordan borders the [[Dead Sea]]. <br /> <br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The land that became Jordan is part of the richly historical Fertile Crescent region. Around 2000 B.C., Semitic Amorites settled around the Jordan River in the area called Canaan. Subsequent invaders and settlers included Hittites, Egyptians, Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Arab Muslims, Christian Crusaders, Mameluks, Ottoman Turks, and, finally, the British. At the end of World War I, the League of Nations awarded the territory now comprising Israel, Jordan, the West Bank, Gaza, and Jerusalem to the United Kingdom as the mandate for Palestine and Transjordan. In 1922, the British divided the mandate by establishing the semiautonomous Emirate of Transjordan, ruled by the Hashemite Prince Abdullah, while continuing the administration of Palestine under a British High Commissioner. The mandate over Transjordan ended on May 22, 1946; on May 25, the country became the independent Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. It ended its special defense treaty relationship with the United Kingdom in 1957. <br /> <br /> Transjordan was one of the Arab states which moved to assist Palestinian nationalists opposed to the creation of Israel in May 1948, and took part in the warfare between the Arab states and the newly founded State of Israel. The armistice agreements of April 3, 1949 left Jordan in control of the West Bank and provided that the armistice demarcation lines were without prejudice to future territorial settlements or boundary lines. <br /> <br /> In 1956, the country gained it's full indipendence from te Britain and became the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan to include those portions of Palestine annexed by King Abdullah I. While recognizing Jordanian administration over the West Bank, the United States maintained the position that ultimate sovereignty was subject to future agreement. <br /> <br /> Jordan signed a mutual defense pact in May 1967 with Egypt, and it participated in the June 1967 war between Israel and the Arab states of Syria, Egypt, and Iraq. During the war, Israel gained control of the West Bank and all of Jerusalem. In 1989, Jordan renounced all claims to the West Bank but retained an administrative role pending a final settlement, and its 1994 treaty with Israel allowed for a continuing Jordanian role in Muslim holy places in Jerusalem. The U.S. Government considers the West Bank to be territory occupied by Israel and believes that its final status should be determined through direct negotiations among the parties concerned on the basis of UN Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338. <br /> <br /> In 1968, the Israeli army attacked the area in western Jordan to hit fedayeen controled areas and to take control of the Salt hights in central Jordan, a battle erupted in the Jordanian valley between the Israeli troops and the Jordanian army, which led the Israelis to withraw from the area.<br /> <br /> The 1967 war led to a dramatic increase in the number of Palestinians living in Jordan. Its Palestinian refugee population--700,000 in 1966--grew by another 300,000 from the West Bank. The period following the 1967 war saw an upsurge in the power and importance of Palestinian resistance elements (fedayeen) in Jordan. The heavily armed fedayeen constituted a growing threat to the sovereignty and security of the Hashemite state, and open fighting erupted in June 1970. <br /> <br /> No fighting occurred along the 1967 Jordan River cease-fire line during the October 1973 Arab-Israeli war, but Jordan sent a brigade to Syria to fight Israeli units on Syrian territory. Jordan did not participate in the Gulf war of 1990-91. In 1991, Jordan agreed, along with Syria, Lebanon, and Palestinian representatives, to participate in direct peace negotiations with Israel sponsored by the U.S. and Russia. It negotiated an end to hostilities with Israel and signed a peace treaty in 1994. Jordan has since sought to remain at peace with all of its neighbors.<br /> <br /> ==People==<br /> Jordanians are Arabs, except for a few small communities of Circassians, Armenians, and Kurds who have adapted to Arab culture. The official language is Arabic, but English is used widely in commerce and government. About 70% of Jordan's population is urban; less than 6% of the rural population is nomadic or semi-nomadic. Most of the population lives where rainfall can support agriculture. Approximately 1.7 million registered Palestinian refugees and other displaced persons reside in Jordan, most as citizens. <br /> *Population (2006, per IMF): 5.63 million. <br /> *Religions (est.): Sunni Muslim 94%, Christian 6%, <br /> *Languages: Arabic (official), English. <br /> *Education (2006, according to Jordan's Department of Statistics): Literacy--90.9%.and is the highest in the Arab world.<br /> *Health (2003): Infant mortality rate--19/1,000. Life expectancy--71 yrs.<br /> *Ethnic groups: Mostly Arab but small communities of Circassians, Armenians, and Kurds. <br /> *Work force (1.3 million, of which 260 thousand are registered guest workers): public sector 17%, services 36%, manufacturing 20%, education 12%, health and social services 10%, primary industries 5%.<br /> *Unemployment rate (2006): 13% of economically active Jordanians.<br /> <br /> ==Government==<br /> Jordan is a constitutional monarchy based on the constitution promulgated on January 8, 1952. Executive authority is vested in the King and his Council of Ministers. The King signs and executes all laws. His veto power may be overridden by a two-thirds vote of both houses of the National Assembly. He appoints and may dismiss all judges by decree, approves amendments to the constitution, declares war, and commands the armed forces. Cabinet decisions, court judgments, and the national currency are issued in his name. The King, who may dismiss other cabinet members at the prime minister's request, appoints the council of ministers, led by a prime minister. The cabinet is responsible to the Chamber of Deputies on matters of general policy and can be forced to resign by a two-thirds vote of &quot;no confidence&quot; by that body. <br /> <br /> Legislative power rests in the bicameral National Assembly. The number of deputies in the current Chamber of Deputies is 110, with a number of seats reserved for various religions, ethnicities, and women. The Chamber, elected by universal suffrage to a 4-year term, is subject to dissolution by the King. The King appoints the 55-member Senate for a 4-year term. Parliamentary elections are scheduled to be held in the fall of 2007.<br /> <br /> The constitution provides for three categories of courts--civil, religious, and special. Administratively, Jordan is divided into 12 governorates, each headed by a governor appointed by the King. They are the sole authorities for all government departments and development projects in their respective areas. <br /> <br /> ===Principal Government Officials=== <br /> *Chief of State--King Abdullah bin al-Hussein II<br /> *Prime Minister--Marouf Bakhit<br /> *Minister of Defense--Marouf Bakhit<br /> *Foreign Minister--Abdelelah al-Khatib<br /> *Ambassador to the UN--Charge d'affaires Bashir Zubi <br /> <br /> ===Political Conditions===<br /> King Hussein ruled Jordan from 1953 to 1999, surviving a number of challenges to his rule, drawing on the loyalty of his military, and serving as a symbol of unity and stability for both the East Bank and Palestinian communities in Jordan. In 1989 and 1993, Jordan held free and fair parliamentary elections. Controversial changes in the election law led Islamist parties to boycott the 1997 elections. King Hussein ended martial law in 1991 and legalized political parties in 1992. <br /> <br /> King Abdullah II succeeded his father Hussein following the latter's death in February 1999. Abdullah moved quickly to reaffirm Jordan's peace treaty with Israel and its relations with the U.S. Abdullah, during his first year in power, refocused the government's agenda on economic reform. <br /> <br /> Jordan's continuing structural economic difficulties, burgeoning population, and more open political environment led to the emergence of a variety of political parties. Moving toward greater independence, Jordan's Parliament has investigated corruption charges against several regime figures and has become the major forum in which differing political views, including those of political Islamists, are expressed. In June 2001, the King dissolved Parliament. Parliamentary elections were held in June 2003, and municipal elections were held in July 2003. The King appointed the former Prime Minister, Marouf Bakhit, in December 2005. Bakhit and his cabinet have set as their goal the continued legislative implementation of a ten-year reform plan, known as the National Agenda, drafted by a royal commission in 2005. The King also charged the new cabinet with strengthening Jordan's security following the November 2005 suicide hotel bombings in Amman that killed 60. New elections took place in 2007 in both the governates and the parliment, and the new primeminister Mr. [[Nader Al-Thahabi]] was apointed in November 2007.<br /> <br /> ===Foreign Relations===<br /> Jordan has consistently followed a pro-Western foreign policy and traditionally has had close relations with the United States. These relations were damaged by support in Jordan for Iraq during the first Gulf war. Although the Government of Jordan stated its opposition to the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait, popular support for Iraq was driven by Jordan's Palestinian community, which favored Saddam as a champion against Western supporters of Israel. <br /> <br /> Following the first Gulf war, Jordan largely restored its relations with Western countries through its participation in the Middle East peace process and enforcement of UN sanctions against Iraq. Relations between Jordan and the Gulf countries improved substantially after King Hussein's death. Following the fall of the Iraqi regime, Jordan has played a pivotal role in supporting the restoration of stability and security to Iraq. The Government of Jordan has facilitated the training of over 50,000 Iraqi police cadets at a Jordanian facility near Amman. <br /> <br /> Jordan signed a nonbelligerency agreement with Israel (the Washington Declaration) in Washington, DC, on July 25, 1994. Jordan and Israel signed a historic peace treaty on October 26, 1994, witnessed by President Clinton, accompanied by Secretary Christopher. The U.S. has participated with Jordan and Israel in trilateral development discussions in which key issues have been water-sharing and security; cooperation on Jordan Rift Valley development; infrastructure projects; and trade, finance, and banking issues. Jordan also participates in multilateral peace talks. Jordan belongs to the UN and several of its specialized and related agencies, including the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and World Health Organization (WHO). Jordan also is a member of the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), Nonaligned Movement, and Arab League. <br /> <br /> Since the outbreak of the Intifada in September 2000, Jordan has worked to maintain lines of communication between the Israelis and the Palestinians to counsel moderation and to return the parties to negotiations of outstanding permanent status issues. <br /> <br /> During summer 2006, Jordan provided considerable relief supplies to Lebanon and has supported U.S. efforts to generate international security assistance for Lebanese national forces.<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> Jordan is a small country with limited natural resources. The country is currently exploring ways to expand its limited water supply and use its existing water resources more efficiently, including through regional cooperation. Jordan also depends on external sources for the majority of its energy requirements. During the 1990s, its crude petroleum needs were met through imports from neighboring Iraq. Since early 2003, oil has been provided by some Gulf Cooperation Council member countries. In addition, a natural gas pipeline from Egypt to Jordan through the southern port city of Aqaba is now operational. The pipeline has reached northern Jordan and construction to connect it to Syria and beyond is underway. <br /> <br /> Under King Abdullah, Jordan has undertaken a program of economic reform. The government has taken the initiative to gradually eliminate fuel subsidies, pass legislation targeting corruption, and begin tax reform. It has also worked to liberalize trade, gaining access to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2000, signing an Association Agreement with the European Union (EU) in 2001, and securing the first bilateral Free Trade Agreement between the U.S. and an Arab country in 2001. Since 2000, exports of light manufactured products, principally textiles and garments manufactured in the Qualifying Industrial Zones (QIZ) that enter the United States tariff and quota free, have been driving economic growth. Jordan exported $6.9 million in goods to the U.S. in 1997, when two-way trade was $395 million; according to the U.S. International Trade Commission, it exported $1.42 billion in 2006, with two-way trade at $2.07 billion. <br /> <br /> The Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the United States that went into effect in December 2001 will phase out duties on nearly all goods and services by 2010. The agreement also provides for more open markets in communications, construction, finance, health, transportation, and services, as well as strict application of international standards for the protection of intellectual property. In 1996, Jordan and the United States signed a civil aviation agreement that provides for &quot;open skies&quot; between the two countries, and a U.S.-Jordan treaty for the protection and encouragement of bilateral investment entered into force in 2003.<br /> <br /> Such developments hold considerable promise for diversifying Jordan's economy away from its traditional reliance on exports of phosphates and potash, overseas remittances, and foreign aid. The government has emphasized the information technology (IT) and tourism sectors as other promising growth sectors. The low tax and low regulation Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZ) is considered a model of a government-provided framework for private sector-led economic growth. <br /> <br /> Jordan is classified by the World Bank as a &quot;lower middle income country.&quot; The per capita GDP, as reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), was $2,533 for 2006. According to Jordan's Department of Statistics, 13% of the economically active Jordanian population residing in Jordan was unemployed in 2006. Education and literacy rates and measures of social well-being are relatively high compared to other countries with similar incomes. Jordan's population growth rate has declined in recent years and is currently 2.3% as reported by the Jordanian government. One of the most important factors in the government's efforts to improve the well-being of its citizens is the macroeconomic stability that has been achieved since the 1990s. The rate of inflation in 2006 was 6.3%; the currency has been stable with an exchange rate fixed to the U.S. dollar since 1995 at JD 0.708-0.710 to the dollar. In 2006, Jordan significantly reduced its debt to GDP ratio to 73.2% of GDP.<br /> <br /> While pursuing economic reform and increased trade, Jordan's economy will continue to be vulnerable to external shocks and regional unrest. Without calm in the region, economic growth seems destined to stay below its potential. <br /> *Nominal GDP (2006): $14.3 billion.<br /> *Annual real growth rate (2006): 6.4%. <br /> *Per capita GDP (2006): $2,533.<br /> *Natural resources: Phosphate, potash. <br /> *Agriculture: Products--fruits, vegetables, wheat, olive oil, barley, olives. Land--10% arable; 5% cultivated. <br /> *Industry (26.5% of GDP in 2006): Types--phosphate mining, manufacturing, electricity and water; cement and petroleum production, and construction. <br /> *Trade: Exports (2006)--$5.17 billion: phosphates, potash, garments, fertilizers, pharmaceutical products, agricultural products. Major markets--U.S., Iraq, India, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E., Syria, Israel, Kuwait. Imports (2006)--$11.46 billion: crude petroleum and derivatives, vehicles, machinery and equipment, cereals, fabrics and textiles. Major suppliers-- Saudi Arabia (mainly crude oil and derivatives), EU, China, U.S., Egypt, South Korea, Japan, Turkey. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> * [[Black September]]<br /> <br /> ==External Links==<br /> * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jo.html The World Fact Book]<br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;width: 100%; background:transparent; border: 2px solid #000099;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;<br /> !colspan=2 style=&quot;width: 100%; text-align: center; background-color: #000088; color: white; &quot;|'''Copyright Details'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color: #000088; color:white;&quot;|License:<br /> |style=&quot; background-color: none;&quot;| &lt;small&gt;This work is in the [[Public Domain]] in the United States because it is a work of the United States Federal Government under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the U.S. Code&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot; background-color: #000088; color:white;&quot;|Source:<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: none;border-top: 2px solid black&quot;| &lt;small&gt;File available from the {{{1|[[United States Federal Government]] [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3464.htm]&lt;/small&gt;}}}. <br /> |}<br /> [[Category:Middle Eastern Countries]]</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Jordan&diff=362692 2008-01-02T01:43:30Z

<p>Topsecrete: </p> <hr /> <div>The page for the [[2004 NFL draft]] is more detailed than the one for the entire country of Jordan. (Jacobin)<br /> <br /> Sad, isn't it? [[User:DanH|DanH]] 21:08, 15 April 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> <br /> == rewrite ==<br /> i will help rewrite the page about jordan, i will be deleting many things and adding them back and many more thins, this is not vandilism!<br /> <br /> == the page was copied from wikipedia ==<br /> <br /> i was writing the page and then i saw an entire page created. it was a copy of wikipedia.<br /> <br /> :I met [[Falak Jamaani]], the first woman ever elected to the Parliament (last month, in Washington, D.C.). --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 20:41, 1 January 2008 (EST)<br /> <br /> some editing is needed and pictures are needed as well, i ask any administrator to help me upload some photo graphs. thank you</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Jordan&diff=362682 2008-01-02T01:40:16Z

<p>Topsecrete: /* Political Conditions */</p> <hr /> <div>'''Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan ''' &quot;المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية&quot; also know as Jordan &quot;الأردنّ&quot; is a constitutional monarchy in the [[Middle East]]. It borders [[Syria]] to the north, [[Saudi Arabia]] to the southwest, [[Iraq]] to the east, and [[Israel]] and the palestinian territories (west bank) to the west. Along with Israel, Jordan borders the [[Dead Sea]]. <br /> <br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The land that became Jordan is part of the richly historical Fertile Crescent region. Around 2000 B.C., Semitic Amorites settled around the Jordan River in the area called Canaan. Subsequent invaders and settlers included Hittites, Egyptians, Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Arab Muslims, Christian Crusaders, Mameluks, Ottoman Turks, and, finally, the British. At the end of World War I, the League of Nations awarded the territory now comprising Israel, Jordan, the West Bank, Gaza, and Jerusalem to the United Kingdom as the mandate for Palestine and Transjordan. In 1922, the British divided the mandate by establishing the semiautonomous Emirate of Transjordan, ruled by the Hashemite Prince Abdullah, while continuing the administration of Palestine under a British High Commissioner. The mandate over Transjordan ended on May 22, 1946; on May 25, the country became the independent Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan. It ended its special defense treaty relationship with the United Kingdom in 1957. <br /> <br /> Transjordan was one of the Arab states which moved to assist Palestinian nationalists opposed to the creation of Israel in May 1948, and took part in the warfare between the Arab states and the newly founded State of Israel. The armistice agreements of April 3, 1949 left Jordan in control of the West Bank and provided that the armistice demarcation lines were without prejudice to future territorial settlements or boundary lines. <br /> <br /> In 1956, the country gained it's full indipendence from te Britain and became the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan to include those portions of Palestine annexed by King Abdullah I. While recognizing Jordanian administration over the West Bank, the United States maintained the position that ultimate sovereignty was subject to future agreement. <br /> <br /> Jordan signed a mutual defense pact in May 1967 with Egypt, and it participated in the June 1967 war between Israel and the Arab states of Syria, Egypt, and Iraq. During the war, Israel gained control of the West Bank and all of Jerusalem. In 1989, Jordan renounced all claims to the West Bank but retained an administrative role pending a final settlement, and its 1994 treaty with Israel allowed for a continuing Jordanian role in Muslim holy places in Jerusalem. The U.S. Government considers the West Bank to be territory occupied by Israel and believes that its final status should be determined through direct negotiations among the parties concerned on the basis of UN Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338. <br /> <br /> In 1968, the Israeli army attacked the area in western Jordan to hit fedayeen controled areas and to take control of the Salt hights in central Jordan, a battle erupted in the Jordanian valley between the Israeli troops and the Jordanian army, which led the Israelis to withraw from the area.<br /> <br /> The 1967 war led to a dramatic increase in the number of Palestinians living in Jordan. Its Palestinian refugee population--700,000 in 1966--grew by another 300,000 from the West Bank. The period following the 1967 war saw an upsurge in the power and importance of Palestinian resistance elements (fedayeen) in Jordan. The heavily armed fedayeen constituted a growing threat to the sovereignty and security of the Hashemite state, and open fighting erupted in June 1970. <br /> <br /> No fighting occurred along the 1967 Jordan River cease-fire line during the October 1973 Arab-Israeli war, but Jordan sent a brigade to Syria to fight Israeli units on Syrian territory. Jordan did not participate in the Gulf war of 1990-91. In 1991, Jordan agreed, along with Syria, Lebanon, and Palestinian representatives, to participate in direct peace negotiations with Israel sponsored by the U.S. and Russia. It negotiated an end to hostilities with Israel and signed a peace treaty in 1994. Jordan has since sought to remain at peace with all of its neighbors. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==People==<br /> Jordanians are Arabs, except for a few small communities of Circassians, Armenians, and Kurds who have adapted to Arab culture. The official language is Arabic, but English is used widely in commerce and government. About 70% of Jordan's population is urban; less than 6% of the rural population is nomadic or semi-nomadic. Most of the population lives where rainfall can support agriculture. Approximately 1.7 million registered Palestinian refugees and other displaced persons reside in Jordan, most as citizens. <br /> *Population (2006, per IMF): 5.63 million. <br /> *Religions (est.): Sunni Muslim 94%, Christian 6%, <br /> *Languages: Arabic (official), English. <br /> *Education (2006, according to Jordan's Department of Statistics): Literacy--90.9%.and is the highest in the Arab world.<br /> *Health (2003): Infant mortality rate--19/1,000. Life expectancy--71 yrs.<br /> *Ethnic groups: Mostly Arab but small communities of Circassians, Armenians, and Kurds. <br /> *Work force (1.3 million, of which 260 thousand are registered guest workers): public sector 17%, services 36%, manufacturing 20%, education 12%, health and social services 10%, primary industries 5%.<br /> *Unemployment rate (2006): 13% of economically active Jordanians.<br /> <br /> ==Government==<br /> Jordan is a constitutional monarchy based on the constitution promulgated on January 8, 1952. Executive authority is vested in the King and his Council of Ministers. The King signs and executes all laws. His veto power may be overridden by a two-thirds vote of both houses of the National Assembly. He appoints and may dismiss all judges by decree, approves amendments to the constitution, declares war, and commands the armed forces. Cabinet decisions, court judgments, and the national currency are issued in his name. The King, who may dismiss other cabinet members at the prime minister's request, appoints the council of ministers, led by a prime minister. The cabinet is responsible to the Chamber of Deputies on matters of general policy and can be forced to resign by a two-thirds vote of &quot;no confidence&quot; by that body. <br /> <br /> Legislative power rests in the bicameral National Assembly. The number of deputies in the current Chamber of Deputies is 110, with a number of seats reserved for various religions, ethnicities, and women. The Chamber, elected by universal suffrage to a 4-year term, is subject to dissolution by the King. The King appoints the 55-member Senate for a 4-year term. Parliamentary elections are scheduled to be held in the fall of 2007.<br /> <br /> The constitution provides for three categories of courts--civil, religious, and special. Administratively, Jordan is divided into 12 governorates, each headed by a governor appointed by the King. They are the sole authorities for all government departments and development projects in their respective areas. <br /> <br /> ===Principal Government Officials=== <br /> *Chief of State--King Abdullah bin al-Hussein II<br /> *Prime Minister--Marouf Bakhit<br /> *Minister of Defense--Marouf Bakhit<br /> *Foreign Minister--Abdelelah al-Khatib<br /> *Ambassador to the UN--Charge d'affaires Bashir Zubi <br /> <br /> ===Political Conditions===<br /> King Hussein ruled Jordan from 1953 to 1999, surviving a number of challenges to his rule, drawing on the loyalty of his military, and serving as a symbol of unity and stability for both the East Bank and Palestinian communities in Jordan. In 1989 and 1993, Jordan held free and fair parliamentary elections. Controversial changes in the election law led Islamist parties to boycott the 1997 elections. King Hussein ended martial law in 1991 and legalized political parties in 1992. <br /> <br /> King Abdullah II succeeded his father Hussein following the latter's death in February 1999. Abdullah moved quickly to reaffirm Jordan's peace treaty with Israel and its relations with the U.S. Abdullah, during his first year in power, refocused the government's agenda on economic reform. <br /> <br /> Jordan's continuing structural economic difficulties, burgeoning population, and more open political environment led to the emergence of a variety of political parties. Moving toward greater independence, Jordan's Parliament has investigated corruption charges against several regime figures and has become the major forum in which differing political views, including those of political Islamists, are expressed. In June 2001, the King dissolved Parliament. Parliamentary elections were held in June 2003, and municipal elections were held in July 2003. The King appointed the former Prime Minister, Marouf Bakhit, in December 2005. Bakhit and his cabinet have set as their goal the continued legislative implementation of a ten-year reform plan, known as the National Agenda, drafted by a royal commission in 2005. The King also charged the new cabinet with strengthening Jordan's security following the November 2005 suicide hotel bombings in Amman that killed 60. New elections took place in 2007 in both the governates and the parliment, and the new primeminister Mr. [[Nader Al-Thahabi]] was apointed in November 2007.<br /> <br /> ===Foreign Relations===<br /> Jordan has consistently followed a pro-Western foreign policy and traditionally has had close relations with the United States. These relations were damaged by support in Jordan for Iraq during the first Gulf war. Although the Government of Jordan stated its opposition to the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait, popular support for Iraq was driven by Jordan's Palestinian community, which favored Saddam as a champion against Western supporters of Israel. <br /> <br /> Following the first Gulf war, Jordan largely restored its relations with Western countries through its participation in the Middle East peace process and enforcement of UN sanctions against Iraq. Relations between Jordan and the Gulf countries improved substantially after King Hussein's death. Following the fall of the Iraqi regime, Jordan has played a pivotal role in supporting the restoration of stability and security to Iraq. The Government of Jordan has facilitated the training of over 50,000 Iraqi police cadets at a Jordanian facility near Amman. <br /> <br /> Jordan signed a nonbelligerency agreement with Israel (the Washington Declaration) in Washington, DC, on July 25, 1994. Jordan and Israel signed a historic peace treaty on October 26, 1994, witnessed by President Clinton, accompanied by Secretary Christopher. The U.S. has participated with Jordan and Israel in trilateral development discussions in which key issues have been water-sharing and security; cooperation on Jordan Rift Valley development; infrastructure projects; and trade, finance, and banking issues. Jordan also participates in multilateral peace talks. Jordan belongs to the UN and several of its specialized and related agencies, including the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and World Health Organization (WHO). Jordan also is a member of the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), Nonaligned Movement, and Arab League. <br /> <br /> Since the outbreak of the Intifada in September 2000, Jordan has worked to maintain lines of communication between the Israelis and the Palestinians to counsel moderation and to return the parties to negotiations of outstanding permanent status issues. <br /> <br /> During summer 2006, Jordan provided considerable relief supplies to Lebanon and has supported U.S. efforts to generate international security assistance for Lebanese national forces.<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> Jordan is a small country with limited natural resources. The country is currently exploring ways to expand its limited water supply and use its existing water resources more efficiently, including through regional cooperation. Jordan also depends on external sources for the majority of its energy requirements. During the 1990s, its crude petroleum needs were met through imports from neighboring Iraq. Since early 2003, oil has been provided by some Gulf Cooperation Council member countries. In addition, a natural gas pipeline from Egypt to Jordan through the southern port city of Aqaba is now operational. The pipeline has reached northern Jordan and construction to connect it to Syria and beyond is underway. <br /> <br /> Under King Abdullah, Jordan has undertaken a program of economic reform. The government has taken the initiative to gradually eliminate fuel subsidies, pass legislation targeting corruption, and begin tax reform. It has also worked to liberalize trade, gaining access to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2000, signing an Association Agreement with the European Union (EU) in 2001, and securing the first bilateral Free Trade Agreement between the U.S. and an Arab country in 2001. Since 2000, exports of light manufactured products, principally textiles and garments manufactured in the Qualifying Industrial Zones (QIZ) that enter the United States tariff and quota free, have been driving economic growth. Jordan exported $6.9 million in goods to the U.S. in 1997, when two-way trade was $395 million; according to the U.S. International Trade Commission, it exported $1.42 billion in 2006, with two-way trade at $2.07 billion. <br /> <br /> The Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the United States that went into effect in December 2001 will phase out duties on nearly all goods and services by 2010. The agreement also provides for more open markets in communications, construction, finance, health, transportation, and services, as well as strict application of international standards for the protection of intellectual property. In 1996, Jordan and the United States signed a civil aviation agreement that provides for &quot;open skies&quot; between the two countries, and a U.S.-Jordan treaty for the protection and encouragement of bilateral investment entered into force in 2003.<br /> <br /> Such developments hold considerable promise for diversifying Jordan's economy away from its traditional reliance on exports of phosphates and potash, overseas remittances, and foreign aid. The government has emphasized the information technology (IT) and tourism sectors as other promising growth sectors. The low tax and low regulation Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZ) is considered a model of a government-provided framework for private sector-led economic growth. <br /> <br /> Jordan is classified by the World Bank as a &quot;lower middle income country.&quot; The per capita GDP, as reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), was $2,533 for 2006. According to Jordan's Department of Statistics, 13% of the economically active Jordanian population residing in Jordan was unemployed in 2006. Education and literacy rates and measures of social well-being are relatively high compared to other countries with similar incomes. Jordan's population growth rate has declined in recent years and is currently 2.3% as reported by the Jordanian government. One of the most important factors in the government's efforts to improve the well-being of its citizens is the macroeconomic stability that has been achieved since the 1990s. The rate of inflation in 2006 was 6.3%; the currency has been stable with an exchange rate fixed to the U.S. dollar since 1995 at JD 0.708-0.710 to the dollar. In 2006, Jordan significantly reduced its debt to GDP ratio to 73.2% of GDP.<br /> <br /> While pursuing economic reform and increased trade, Jordan's economy will continue to be vulnerable to external shocks and regional unrest. Without calm in the region, economic growth seems destined to stay below its potential. <br /> *Nominal GDP (2006): $14.3 billion.<br /> *Annual real growth rate (2006): 6.4%. <br /> *Per capita GDP (2006): $2,533.<br /> *Natural resources: Phosphate, potash. <br /> *Agriculture: Products--fruits, vegetables, wheat, olive oil, barley, olives. Land--10% arable; 5% cultivated. <br /> *Industry (26.5% of GDP in 2006): Types--phosphate mining, manufacturing, electricity and water; cement and petroleum production, and construction. <br /> *Trade: Exports (2006)--$5.17 billion: phosphates, potash, garments, fertilizers, pharmaceutical products, agricultural products. Major markets--U.S., Iraq, India, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E., Syria, Israel, Kuwait. Imports (2006)--$11.46 billion: crude petroleum and derivatives, vehicles, machinery and equipment, cereals, fabrics and textiles. Major suppliers-- Saudi Arabia (mainly crude oil and derivatives), EU, China, U.S., Egypt, South Korea, Japan, Turkey. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> * [[Black September]]<br /> <br /> ==External Links==<br /> * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jo.html The World Fact Book]<br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;width: 100%; background:transparent; border: 2px solid #000099;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;<br /> !colspan=2 style=&quot;width: 100%; text-align: center; background-color: #000088; color: white; &quot;|'''Copyright Details'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color: #000088; color:white;&quot;|License:<br /> |style=&quot; background-color: none;&quot;| &lt;small&gt;This work is in the [[Public Domain]] in the United States because it is a work of the United States Federal Government under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the U.S. Code&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot; background-color: #000088; color:white;&quot;|Source:<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: none;border-top: 2px solid black&quot;| &lt;small&gt;File available from the {{{1|[[United States Federal Government]] [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3464.htm]&lt;/small&gt;}}}. <br /> |}<br /> [[Category:Middle Eastern Countries]]</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Jordan&diff=362675 2008-01-02T01:35:36Z

<p>Topsecrete: /* People */</p> <hr /> <div>'''Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan ''' &quot;المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية&quot; also know as Jordan &quot;الأردنّ&quot; is a constitutional monarchy in the [[Middle East]]. It borders [[Syria]] to the north, [[Saudi Arabia]] to the southwest, [[Iraq]] to the east, and [[Israel]] and the palestinian territories (west bank) to the west. Along with Israel, Jordan borders the [[Dead Sea]]. <br /> <br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The land that became Jordan is part of the richly historical Fertile Crescent region. Around 2000 B.C., Semitic Amorites settled around the Jordan River in the area called Canaan. Subsequent invaders and settlers included Hittites, Egyptians, Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Arab Muslims, Christian Crusaders, Mameluks, Ottoman Turks, and, finally, the British. At the end of World War I, the League of Nations awarded the territory now comprising Israel, Jordan, the West Bank, Gaza, and Jerusalem to the United Kingdom as the mandate for Palestine and Transjordan. In 1922, the British divided the mandate by establishing the semiautonomous Emirate of Transjordan, ruled by the Hashemite Prince Abdullah, while continuing the administration of Palestine under a British High Commissioner. The mandate over Transjordan ended on May 22, 1946; on May 25, the country became the independent Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan. It ended its special defense treaty relationship with the United Kingdom in 1957. <br /> <br /> Transjordan was one of the Arab states which moved to assist Palestinian nationalists opposed to the creation of Israel in May 1948, and took part in the warfare between the Arab states and the newly founded State of Israel. The armistice agreements of April 3, 1949 left Jordan in control of the West Bank and provided that the armistice demarcation lines were without prejudice to future territorial settlements or boundary lines. <br /> <br /> In 1956, the country gained it's full indipendence from te Britain and became the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan to include those portions of Palestine annexed by King Abdullah I. While recognizing Jordanian administration over the West Bank, the United States maintained the position that ultimate sovereignty was subject to future agreement. <br /> <br /> Jordan signed a mutual defense pact in May 1967 with Egypt, and it participated in the June 1967 war between Israel and the Arab states of Syria, Egypt, and Iraq. During the war, Israel gained control of the West Bank and all of Jerusalem. In 1989, Jordan renounced all claims to the West Bank but retained an administrative role pending a final settlement, and its 1994 treaty with Israel allowed for a continuing Jordanian role in Muslim holy places in Jerusalem. The U.S. Government considers the West Bank to be territory occupied by Israel and believes that its final status should be determined through direct negotiations among the parties concerned on the basis of UN Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338. <br /> <br /> In 1968, the Israeli army attacked the area in western Jordan to hit fedayeen controled areas and to take control of the Salt hights in central Jordan, a battle erupted in the Jordanian valley between the Israeli troops and the Jordanian army, which led the Israelis to withraw from the area.<br /> <br /> The 1967 war led to a dramatic increase in the number of Palestinians living in Jordan. Its Palestinian refugee population--700,000 in 1966--grew by another 300,000 from the West Bank. The period following the 1967 war saw an upsurge in the power and importance of Palestinian resistance elements (fedayeen) in Jordan. The heavily armed fedayeen constituted a growing threat to the sovereignty and security of the Hashemite state, and open fighting erupted in June 1970. <br /> <br /> No fighting occurred along the 1967 Jordan River cease-fire line during the October 1973 Arab-Israeli war, but Jordan sent a brigade to Syria to fight Israeli units on Syrian territory. Jordan did not participate in the Gulf war of 1990-91. In 1991, Jordan agreed, along with Syria, Lebanon, and Palestinian representatives, to participate in direct peace negotiations with Israel sponsored by the U.S. and Russia. It negotiated an end to hostilities with Israel and signed a peace treaty in 1994. Jordan has since sought to remain at peace with all of its neighbors. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==People==<br /> Jordanians are Arabs, except for a few small communities of Circassians, Armenians, and Kurds who have adapted to Arab culture. The official language is Arabic, but English is used widely in commerce and government. About 70% of Jordan's population is urban; less than 6% of the rural population is nomadic or semi-nomadic. Most of the population lives where rainfall can support agriculture. Approximately 1.7 million registered Palestinian refugees and other displaced persons reside in Jordan, most as citizens. <br /> *Population (2006, per IMF): 5.63 million. <br /> *Religions (est.): Sunni Muslim 94%, Christian 6%, <br /> *Languages: Arabic (official), English. <br /> *Education (2006, according to Jordan's Department of Statistics): Literacy--90.9%.and is the highest in the Arab world.<br /> *Health (2003): Infant mortality rate--19/1,000. Life expectancy--71 yrs.<br /> *Ethnic groups: Mostly Arab but small communities of Circassians, Armenians, and Kurds. <br /> *Work force (1.3 million, of which 260 thousand are registered guest workers): public sector 17%, services 36%, manufacturing 20%, education 12%, health and social services 10%, primary industries 5%.<br /> *Unemployment rate (2006): 13% of economically active Jordanians.<br /> <br /> ==Government==<br /> Jordan is a constitutional monarchy based on the constitution promulgated on January 8, 1952. Executive authority is vested in the King and his Council of Ministers. The King signs and executes all laws. His veto power may be overridden by a two-thirds vote of both houses of the National Assembly. He appoints and may dismiss all judges by decree, approves amendments to the constitution, declares war, and commands the armed forces. Cabinet decisions, court judgments, and the national currency are issued in his name. The King, who may dismiss other cabinet members at the prime minister's request, appoints the council of ministers, led by a prime minister. The cabinet is responsible to the Chamber of Deputies on matters of general policy and can be forced to resign by a two-thirds vote of &quot;no confidence&quot; by that body. <br /> <br /> Legislative power rests in the bicameral National Assembly. The number of deputies in the current Chamber of Deputies is 110, with a number of seats reserved for various religions, ethnicities, and women. The Chamber, elected by universal suffrage to a 4-year term, is subject to dissolution by the King. The King appoints the 55-member Senate for a 4-year term. Parliamentary elections are scheduled to be held in the fall of 2007.<br /> <br /> The constitution provides for three categories of courts--civil, religious, and special. Administratively, Jordan is divided into 12 governorates, each headed by a governor appointed by the King. They are the sole authorities for all government departments and development projects in their respective areas. <br /> <br /> ===Principal Government Officials=== <br /> *Chief of State--King Abdullah bin al-Hussein II<br /> *Prime Minister--Marouf Bakhit<br /> *Minister of Defense--Marouf Bakhit<br /> *Foreign Minister--Abdelelah al-Khatib<br /> *Ambassador to the UN--Charge d'affaires Bashir Zubi <br /> <br /> ===Political Conditions===<br /> King Hussein ruled Jordan from 1953 to 1999, surviving a number of challenges to his rule, drawing on the loyalty of his military, and serving as a symbol of unity and stability for both the East Bank and Palestinian communities in Jordan. In 1989 and 1993, Jordan held free and fair parliamentary elections. Controversial changes in the election law led Islamist parties to boycott the 1997 elections. King Hussein ended martial law in 1991 and legalized political parties in 1992. <br /> <br /> King Abdullah II succeeded his father Hussein following the latter's death in February 1999. Abdullah moved quickly to reaffirm Jordan's peace treaty with Israel and its relations with the U.S. Abdullah, during his first year in power, refocused the government's agenda on economic reform. <br /> <br /> Jordan's continuing structural economic difficulties, burgeoning population, and more open political environment led to the emergence of a variety of political parties. Moving toward greater independence, Jordan's Parliament has investigated corruption charges against several regime figures and has become the major forum in which differing political views, including those of political Islamists, are expressed. In June 2001, the King dissolved Parliament. Parliamentary elections were held in June 2003, and municipal elections were held in July 2003. The King appointed the current Prime Minister, Marouf Bakhit, in December 2005. Bakhit and his cabinet have set as their goal the continued legislative implementation of a ten-year reform plan, known as the National Agenda, drafted by a royal commission in 2005. The King also charged the new cabinet with strengthening Jordan's security following the November 2005 suicide hotel bombings in Amman that killed 60.<br /> <br /> ===Foreign Relations===<br /> Jordan has consistently followed a pro-Western foreign policy and traditionally has had close relations with the United States. These relations were damaged by support in Jordan for Iraq during the first Gulf war. Although the Government of Jordan stated its opposition to the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait, popular support for Iraq was driven by Jordan's Palestinian community, which favored Saddam as a champion against Western supporters of Israel. <br /> <br /> Following the first Gulf war, Jordan largely restored its relations with Western countries through its participation in the Middle East peace process and enforcement of UN sanctions against Iraq. Relations between Jordan and the Gulf countries improved substantially after King Hussein's death. Following the fall of the Iraqi regime, Jordan has played a pivotal role in supporting the restoration of stability and security to Iraq. The Government of Jordan has facilitated the training of over 50,000 Iraqi police cadets at a Jordanian facility near Amman. <br /> <br /> Jordan signed a nonbelligerency agreement with Israel (the Washington Declaration) in Washington, DC, on July 25, 1994. Jordan and Israel signed a historic peace treaty on October 26, 1994, witnessed by President Clinton, accompanied by Secretary Christopher. The U.S. has participated with Jordan and Israel in trilateral development discussions in which key issues have been water-sharing and security; cooperation on Jordan Rift Valley development; infrastructure projects; and trade, finance, and banking issues. Jordan also participates in multilateral peace talks. Jordan belongs to the UN and several of its specialized and related agencies, including the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and World Health Organization (WHO). Jordan also is a member of the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), Nonaligned Movement, and Arab League. <br /> <br /> Since the outbreak of the Intifada in September 2000, Jordan has worked to maintain lines of communication between the Israelis and the Palestinians to counsel moderation and to return the parties to negotiations of outstanding permanent status issues. <br /> <br /> During summer 2006, Jordan provided considerable relief supplies to Lebanon and has supported U.S. efforts to generate international security assistance for Lebanese national forces.<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> Jordan is a small country with limited natural resources. The country is currently exploring ways to expand its limited water supply and use its existing water resources more efficiently, including through regional cooperation. Jordan also depends on external sources for the majority of its energy requirements. During the 1990s, its crude petroleum needs were met through imports from neighboring Iraq. Since early 2003, oil has been provided by some Gulf Cooperation Council member countries. In addition, a natural gas pipeline from Egypt to Jordan through the southern port city of Aqaba is now operational. The pipeline has reached northern Jordan and construction to connect it to Syria and beyond is underway. <br /> <br /> Under King Abdullah, Jordan has undertaken a program of economic reform. The government has taken the initiative to gradually eliminate fuel subsidies, pass legislation targeting corruption, and begin tax reform. It has also worked to liberalize trade, gaining access to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2000, signing an Association Agreement with the European Union (EU) in 2001, and securing the first bilateral Free Trade Agreement between the U.S. and an Arab country in 2001. Since 2000, exports of light manufactured products, principally textiles and garments manufactured in the Qualifying Industrial Zones (QIZ) that enter the United States tariff and quota free, have been driving economic growth. Jordan exported $6.9 million in goods to the U.S. in 1997, when two-way trade was $395 million; according to the U.S. International Trade Commission, it exported $1.42 billion in 2006, with two-way trade at $2.07 billion. <br /> <br /> The Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the United States that went into effect in December 2001 will phase out duties on nearly all goods and services by 2010. The agreement also provides for more open markets in communications, construction, finance, health, transportation, and services, as well as strict application of international standards for the protection of intellectual property. In 1996, Jordan and the United States signed a civil aviation agreement that provides for &quot;open skies&quot; between the two countries, and a U.S.-Jordan treaty for the protection and encouragement of bilateral investment entered into force in 2003.<br /> <br /> Such developments hold considerable promise for diversifying Jordan's economy away from its traditional reliance on exports of phosphates and potash, overseas remittances, and foreign aid. The government has emphasized the information technology (IT) and tourism sectors as other promising growth sectors. The low tax and low regulation Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZ) is considered a model of a government-provided framework for private sector-led economic growth. <br /> <br /> Jordan is classified by the World Bank as a &quot;lower middle income country.&quot; The per capita GDP, as reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), was $2,533 for 2006. According to Jordan's Department of Statistics, 13% of the economically active Jordanian population residing in Jordan was unemployed in 2006. Education and literacy rates and measures of social well-being are relatively high compared to other countries with similar incomes. Jordan's population growth rate has declined in recent years and is currently 2.3% as reported by the Jordanian government. One of the most important factors in the government's efforts to improve the well-being of its citizens is the macroeconomic stability that has been achieved since the 1990s. The rate of inflation in 2006 was 6.3%; the currency has been stable with an exchange rate fixed to the U.S. dollar since 1995 at JD 0.708-0.710 to the dollar. In 2006, Jordan significantly reduced its debt to GDP ratio to 73.2% of GDP.<br /> <br /> While pursuing economic reform and increased trade, Jordan's economy will continue to be vulnerable to external shocks and regional unrest. Without calm in the region, economic growth seems destined to stay below its potential. <br /> *Nominal GDP (2006): $14.3 billion.<br /> *Annual real growth rate (2006): 6.4%. <br /> *Per capita GDP (2006): $2,533.<br /> *Natural resources: Phosphate, potash. <br /> *Agriculture: Products--fruits, vegetables, wheat, olive oil, barley, olives. Land--10% arable; 5% cultivated. <br /> *Industry (26.5% of GDP in 2006): Types--phosphate mining, manufacturing, electricity and water; cement and petroleum production, and construction. <br /> *Trade: Exports (2006)--$5.17 billion: phosphates, potash, garments, fertilizers, pharmaceutical products, agricultural products. Major markets--U.S., Iraq, India, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E., Syria, Israel, Kuwait. Imports (2006)--$11.46 billion: crude petroleum and derivatives, vehicles, machinery and equipment, cereals, fabrics and textiles. Major suppliers-- Saudi Arabia (mainly crude oil and derivatives), EU, China, U.S., Egypt, South Korea, Japan, Turkey. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> * [[Black September]]<br /> <br /> ==External Links==<br /> * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jo.html The World Fact Book]<br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;width: 100%; background:transparent; border: 2px solid #000099;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;<br /> !colspan=2 style=&quot;width: 100%; text-align: center; background-color: #000088; color: white; &quot;|'''Copyright Details'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color: #000088; color:white;&quot;|License:<br /> |style=&quot; background-color: none;&quot;| &lt;small&gt;This work is in the [[Public Domain]] in the United States because it is a work of the United States Federal Government under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the U.S. Code&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot; background-color: #000088; color:white;&quot;|Source:<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: none;border-top: 2px solid black&quot;| &lt;small&gt;File available from the {{{1|[[United States Federal Government]] [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3464.htm]&lt;/small&gt;}}}. <br /> |}<br /> [[Category:Middle Eastern Countries]]</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Jordan&diff=362671 2008-01-02T01:31:49Z

<p>Topsecrete: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan ''' &quot;المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية&quot; also know as Jordan &quot;الأردنّ&quot; is a constitutional monarchy in the [[Middle East]]. It borders [[Syria]] to the north, [[Saudi Arabia]] to the southwest, [[Iraq]] to the east, and [[Israel]] and the palestinian territories (west bank) to the west. Along with Israel, Jordan borders the [[Dead Sea]]. <br /> <br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The land that became Jordan is part of the richly historical Fertile Crescent region. Around 2000 B.C., Semitic Amorites settled around the Jordan River in the area called Canaan. Subsequent invaders and settlers included Hittites, Egyptians, Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Arab Muslims, Christian Crusaders, Mameluks, Ottoman Turks, and, finally, the British. At the end of World War I, the League of Nations awarded the territory now comprising Israel, Jordan, the West Bank, Gaza, and Jerusalem to the United Kingdom as the mandate for Palestine and Transjordan. In 1922, the British divided the mandate by establishing the semiautonomous Emirate of Transjordan, ruled by the Hashemite Prince Abdullah, while continuing the administration of Palestine under a British High Commissioner. The mandate over Transjordan ended on May 22, 1946; on May 25, the country became the independent Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan. It ended its special defense treaty relationship with the United Kingdom in 1957. <br /> <br /> Transjordan was one of the Arab states which moved to assist Palestinian nationalists opposed to the creation of Israel in May 1948, and took part in the warfare between the Arab states and the newly founded State of Israel. The armistice agreements of April 3, 1949 left Jordan in control of the West Bank and provided that the armistice demarcation lines were without prejudice to future territorial settlements or boundary lines. <br /> <br /> In 1956, the country gained it's full indipendence from te Britain and became the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan to include those portions of Palestine annexed by King Abdullah I. While recognizing Jordanian administration over the West Bank, the United States maintained the position that ultimate sovereignty was subject to future agreement. <br /> <br /> Jordan signed a mutual defense pact in May 1967 with Egypt, and it participated in the June 1967 war between Israel and the Arab states of Syria, Egypt, and Iraq. During the war, Israel gained control of the West Bank and all of Jerusalem. In 1989, Jordan renounced all claims to the West Bank but retained an administrative role pending a final settlement, and its 1994 treaty with Israel allowed for a continuing Jordanian role in Muslim holy places in Jerusalem. The U.S. Government considers the West Bank to be territory occupied by Israel and believes that its final status should be determined through direct negotiations among the parties concerned on the basis of UN Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338. <br /> <br /> In 1968, the Israeli army attacked the area in western Jordan to hit fedayeen controled areas and to take control of the Salt hights in central Jordan, a battle erupted in the Jordanian valley between the Israeli troops and the Jordanian army, which led the Israelis to withraw from the area.<br /> <br /> The 1967 war led to a dramatic increase in the number of Palestinians living in Jordan. Its Palestinian refugee population--700,000 in 1966--grew by another 300,000 from the West Bank. The period following the 1967 war saw an upsurge in the power and importance of Palestinian resistance elements (fedayeen) in Jordan. The heavily armed fedayeen constituted a growing threat to the sovereignty and security of the Hashemite state, and open fighting erupted in June 1970. <br /> <br /> No fighting occurred along the 1967 Jordan River cease-fire line during the October 1973 Arab-Israeli war, but Jordan sent a brigade to Syria to fight Israeli units on Syrian territory. Jordan did not participate in the Gulf war of 1990-91. In 1991, Jordan agreed, along with Syria, Lebanon, and Palestinian representatives, to participate in direct peace negotiations with Israel sponsored by the U.S. and Russia. It negotiated an end to hostilities with Israel and signed a peace treaty in 1994. Jordan has since sought to remain at peace with all of its neighbors. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==People==<br /> Jordanians are Arabs, except for a few small communities of Circassians, Armenians, and Kurds who have adapted to Arab culture. The official language is Arabic, but English is used widely in commerce and government. About 70% of Jordan's population is urban; less than 6% of the rural population is nomadic or semi-nomadic. Most of the population lives where rainfall can support agriculture. Approximately 1.7 million registered Palestinian refugees and other displaced persons reside in Jordan, many as citizens. <br /> *Population (2006, per IMF): 5.63 million. <br /> *Religions (est.): Sunni Muslim 95%, Christian 4%, other 1%. <br /> *Languages: Arabic (official), English. <br /> *Education (2006, according to Jordan's Department of Statistics): Literacy--90.9%.<br /> *Health (2003): Infant mortality rate--19/1,000. Life expectancy--71 yrs.<br /> *Ethnic groups: Mostly Arab but small communities of Circassians, Armenians, and Kurds. <br /> *Work force (1.3 million, of which 260 thousand are registered guest workers): public sector 17%, services 36%, manufacturing 20%, education 12%, health and social services 10%, primary industries 5%.<br /> *Unemployment rate (2006): 13% of economically active Jordanians.<br /> <br /> ==Government==<br /> Jordan is a constitutional monarchy based on the constitution promulgated on January 8, 1952. Executive authority is vested in the King and his Council of Ministers. The King signs and executes all laws. His veto power may be overridden by a two-thirds vote of both houses of the National Assembly. He appoints and may dismiss all judges by decree, approves amendments to the constitution, declares war, and commands the armed forces. Cabinet decisions, court judgments, and the national currency are issued in his name. The King, who may dismiss other cabinet members at the prime minister's request, appoints the council of ministers, led by a prime minister. The cabinet is responsible to the Chamber of Deputies on matters of general policy and can be forced to resign by a two-thirds vote of &quot;no confidence&quot; by that body. <br /> <br /> Legislative power rests in the bicameral National Assembly. The number of deputies in the current Chamber of Deputies is 110, with a number of seats reserved for various religions, ethnicities, and women. The Chamber, elected by universal suffrage to a 4-year term, is subject to dissolution by the King. The King appoints the 55-member Senate for a 4-year term. Parliamentary elections are scheduled to be held in the fall of 2007.<br /> <br /> The constitution provides for three categories of courts--civil, religious, and special. Administratively, Jordan is divided into 12 governorates, each headed by a governor appointed by the King. They are the sole authorities for all government departments and development projects in their respective areas. <br /> <br /> ===Principal Government Officials=== <br /> *Chief of State--King Abdullah bin al-Hussein II<br /> *Prime Minister--Marouf Bakhit<br /> *Minister of Defense--Marouf Bakhit<br /> *Foreign Minister--Abdelelah al-Khatib<br /> *Ambassador to the UN--Charge d'affaires Bashir Zubi <br /> <br /> ===Political Conditions===<br /> King Hussein ruled Jordan from 1953 to 1999, surviving a number of challenges to his rule, drawing on the loyalty of his military, and serving as a symbol of unity and stability for both the East Bank and Palestinian communities in Jordan. In 1989 and 1993, Jordan held free and fair parliamentary elections. Controversial changes in the election law led Islamist parties to boycott the 1997 elections. King Hussein ended martial law in 1991 and legalized political parties in 1992. <br /> <br /> King Abdullah II succeeded his father Hussein following the latter's death in February 1999. Abdullah moved quickly to reaffirm Jordan's peace treaty with Israel and its relations with the U.S. Abdullah, during his first year in power, refocused the government's agenda on economic reform. <br /> <br /> Jordan's continuing structural economic difficulties, burgeoning population, and more open political environment led to the emergence of a variety of political parties. Moving toward greater independence, Jordan's Parliament has investigated corruption charges against several regime figures and has become the major forum in which differing political views, including those of political Islamists, are expressed. In June 2001, the King dissolved Parliament. Parliamentary elections were held in June 2003, and municipal elections were held in July 2003. The King appointed the current Prime Minister, Marouf Bakhit, in December 2005. Bakhit and his cabinet have set as their goal the continued legislative implementation of a ten-year reform plan, known as the National Agenda, drafted by a royal commission in 2005. The King also charged the new cabinet with strengthening Jordan's security following the November 2005 suicide hotel bombings in Amman that killed 60.<br /> <br /> ===Foreign Relations===<br /> Jordan has consistently followed a pro-Western foreign policy and traditionally has had close relations with the United States. These relations were damaged by support in Jordan for Iraq during the first Gulf war. Although the Government of Jordan stated its opposition to the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait, popular support for Iraq was driven by Jordan's Palestinian community, which favored Saddam as a champion against Western supporters of Israel. <br /> <br /> Following the first Gulf war, Jordan largely restored its relations with Western countries through its participation in the Middle East peace process and enforcement of UN sanctions against Iraq. Relations between Jordan and the Gulf countries improved substantially after King Hussein's death. Following the fall of the Iraqi regime, Jordan has played a pivotal role in supporting the restoration of stability and security to Iraq. The Government of Jordan has facilitated the training of over 50,000 Iraqi police cadets at a Jordanian facility near Amman. <br /> <br /> Jordan signed a nonbelligerency agreement with Israel (the Washington Declaration) in Washington, DC, on July 25, 1994. Jordan and Israel signed a historic peace treaty on October 26, 1994, witnessed by President Clinton, accompanied by Secretary Christopher. The U.S. has participated with Jordan and Israel in trilateral development discussions in which key issues have been water-sharing and security; cooperation on Jordan Rift Valley development; infrastructure projects; and trade, finance, and banking issues. Jordan also participates in multilateral peace talks. Jordan belongs to the UN and several of its specialized and related agencies, including the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and World Health Organization (WHO). Jordan also is a member of the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), Nonaligned Movement, and Arab League. <br /> <br /> Since the outbreak of the Intifada in September 2000, Jordan has worked to maintain lines of communication between the Israelis and the Palestinians to counsel moderation and to return the parties to negotiations of outstanding permanent status issues. <br /> <br /> During summer 2006, Jordan provided considerable relief supplies to Lebanon and has supported U.S. efforts to generate international security assistance for Lebanese national forces.<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> Jordan is a small country with limited natural resources. The country is currently exploring ways to expand its limited water supply and use its existing water resources more efficiently, including through regional cooperation. Jordan also depends on external sources for the majority of its energy requirements. During the 1990s, its crude petroleum needs were met through imports from neighboring Iraq. Since early 2003, oil has been provided by some Gulf Cooperation Council member countries. In addition, a natural gas pipeline from Egypt to Jordan through the southern port city of Aqaba is now operational. The pipeline has reached northern Jordan and construction to connect it to Syria and beyond is underway. <br /> <br /> Under King Abdullah, Jordan has undertaken a program of economic reform. The government has taken the initiative to gradually eliminate fuel subsidies, pass legislation targeting corruption, and begin tax reform. It has also worked to liberalize trade, gaining access to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2000, signing an Association Agreement with the European Union (EU) in 2001, and securing the first bilateral Free Trade Agreement between the U.S. and an Arab country in 2001. Since 2000, exports of light manufactured products, principally textiles and garments manufactured in the Qualifying Industrial Zones (QIZ) that enter the United States tariff and quota free, have been driving economic growth. Jordan exported $6.9 million in goods to the U.S. in 1997, when two-way trade was $395 million; according to the U.S. International Trade Commission, it exported $1.42 billion in 2006, with two-way trade at $2.07 billion. <br /> <br /> The Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the United States that went into effect in December 2001 will phase out duties on nearly all goods and services by 2010. The agreement also provides for more open markets in communications, construction, finance, health, transportation, and services, as well as strict application of international standards for the protection of intellectual property. In 1996, Jordan and the United States signed a civil aviation agreement that provides for &quot;open skies&quot; between the two countries, and a U.S.-Jordan treaty for the protection and encouragement of bilateral investment entered into force in 2003.<br /> <br /> Such developments hold considerable promise for diversifying Jordan's economy away from its traditional reliance on exports of phosphates and potash, overseas remittances, and foreign aid. The government has emphasized the information technology (IT) and tourism sectors as other promising growth sectors. The low tax and low regulation Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZ) is considered a model of a government-provided framework for private sector-led economic growth. <br /> <br /> Jordan is classified by the World Bank as a &quot;lower middle income country.&quot; The per capita GDP, as reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), was $2,533 for 2006. According to Jordan's Department of Statistics, 13% of the economically active Jordanian population residing in Jordan was unemployed in 2006. Education and literacy rates and measures of social well-being are relatively high compared to other countries with similar incomes. Jordan's population growth rate has declined in recent years and is currently 2.3% as reported by the Jordanian government. One of the most important factors in the government's efforts to improve the well-being of its citizens is the macroeconomic stability that has been achieved since the 1990s. The rate of inflation in 2006 was 6.3%; the currency has been stable with an exchange rate fixed to the U.S. dollar since 1995 at JD 0.708-0.710 to the dollar. In 2006, Jordan significantly reduced its debt to GDP ratio to 73.2% of GDP.<br /> <br /> While pursuing economic reform and increased trade, Jordan's economy will continue to be vulnerable to external shocks and regional unrest. Without calm in the region, economic growth seems destined to stay below its potential. <br /> *Nominal GDP (2006): $14.3 billion.<br /> *Annual real growth rate (2006): 6.4%. <br /> *Per capita GDP (2006): $2,533.<br /> *Natural resources: Phosphate, potash. <br /> *Agriculture: Products--fruits, vegetables, wheat, olive oil, barley, olives. Land--10% arable; 5% cultivated. <br /> *Industry (26.5% of GDP in 2006): Types--phosphate mining, manufacturing, electricity and water; cement and petroleum production, and construction. <br /> *Trade: Exports (2006)--$5.17 billion: phosphates, potash, garments, fertilizers, pharmaceutical products, agricultural products. Major markets--U.S., Iraq, India, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E., Syria, Israel, Kuwait. Imports (2006)--$11.46 billion: crude petroleum and derivatives, vehicles, machinery and equipment, cereals, fabrics and textiles. Major suppliers-- Saudi Arabia (mainly crude oil and derivatives), EU, China, U.S., Egypt, South Korea, Japan, Turkey. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> * [[Black September]]<br /> <br /> ==External Links==<br /> * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jo.html The World Fact Book]<br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;width: 100%; background:transparent; border: 2px solid #000099;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;<br /> !colspan=2 style=&quot;width: 100%; text-align: center; background-color: #000088; color: white; &quot;|'''Copyright Details'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color: #000088; color:white;&quot;|License:<br /> |style=&quot; background-color: none;&quot;| &lt;small&gt;This work is in the [[Public Domain]] in the United States because it is a work of the United States Federal Government under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the U.S. Code&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot; background-color: #000088; color:white;&quot;|Source:<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: none;border-top: 2px solid black&quot;| &lt;small&gt;File available from the {{{1|[[United States Federal Government]] [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3464.htm]&lt;/small&gt;}}}. <br /> |}<br /> [[Category:Middle Eastern Countries]]</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Jordan&diff=362664 2008-01-02T01:21:45Z

<p>Topsecrete: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan ''' &quot;المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية&quot; also know as Jordan &quot;الأردنّ&quot; is a constitutional monarchy in the [[Middle East]]. It borders [[Syria]] to the north, [[Saudi Arabia]] to the southwest, [[Iraq]] to the east, and [[Israel]] and the palestinian territories (west bank) to the west. Along with Israel, Jordan borders the [[Dead Sea]]. <br /> <br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> Jordan became the principality of TransJordan under british supervision following the breakup of the [[Ottoman Empire]] after the end of [[World War I]]. Jordan grnted it's full indipendence from the United kingdom on May 25th 1946, right at the end of [[World War II]]. The capital of Jordan is [[Amman]].<br /> <br /> ==People==<br /> Jordanians are Arabs, except for a few small communities of Circassians, Armenians, and Kurds who have adapted to Arab culture. The official language is Arabic, but English is used widely in commerce and government. About 70% of Jordan's population is urban; less than 6% of the rural population is nomadic or semi-nomadic. Most of the population lives where rainfall can support agriculture. Approximately 1.7 million registered Palestinian refugees and other displaced persons reside in Jordan, many as citizens. <br /> *Population (2006, per IMF): 5.63 million. <br /> *Religions (est.): Sunni Muslim 95%, Christian 4%, other 1%. <br /> *Languages: Arabic (official), English. <br /> *Education (2006, according to Jordan's Department of Statistics): Literacy--90.9%.<br /> *Health (2003): Infant mortality rate--19/1,000. Life expectancy--71 yrs.<br /> *Ethnic groups: Mostly Arab but small communities of Circassians, Armenians, and Kurds. <br /> *Work force (1.3 million, of which 260 thousand are registered guest workers): public sector 17%, services 36%, manufacturing 20%, education 12%, health and social services 10%, primary industries 5%.<br /> *Unemployment rate (2006): 13% of economically active Jordanians.<br /> <br /> ==Government==<br /> Jordan is a constitutional monarchy based on the constitution promulgated on January 8, 1952. Executive authority is vested in the King and his Council of Ministers. The King signs and executes all laws. His veto power may be overridden by a two-thirds vote of both houses of the National Assembly. He appoints and may dismiss all judges by decree, approves amendments to the constitution, declares war, and commands the armed forces. Cabinet decisions, court judgments, and the national currency are issued in his name. The King, who may dismiss other cabinet members at the prime minister's request, appoints the council of ministers, led by a prime minister. The cabinet is responsible to the Chamber of Deputies on matters of general policy and can be forced to resign by a two-thirds vote of &quot;no confidence&quot; by that body. <br /> <br /> Legislative power rests in the bicameral National Assembly. The number of deputies in the current Chamber of Deputies is 110, with a number of seats reserved for various religions, ethnicities, and women. The Chamber, elected by universal suffrage to a 4-year term, is subject to dissolution by the King. The King appoints the 55-member Senate for a 4-year term. Parliamentary elections are scheduled to be held in the fall of 2007.<br /> <br /> The constitution provides for three categories of courts--civil, religious, and special. Administratively, Jordan is divided into 12 governorates, each headed by a governor appointed by the King. They are the sole authorities for all government departments and development projects in their respective areas. <br /> <br /> ===Principal Government Officials=== <br /> *Chief of State--King Abdullah bin al-Hussein II<br /> *Prime Minister--Marouf Bakhit<br /> *Minister of Defense--Marouf Bakhit<br /> *Foreign Minister--Abdelelah al-Khatib<br /> *Ambassador to the UN--Charge d'affaires Bashir Zubi <br /> <br /> ===Political Conditions===<br /> King Hussein ruled Jordan from 1953 to 1999, surviving a number of challenges to his rule, drawing on the loyalty of his military, and serving as a symbol of unity and stability for both the East Bank and Palestinian communities in Jordan. In 1989 and 1993, Jordan held free and fair parliamentary elections. Controversial changes in the election law led Islamist parties to boycott the 1997 elections. King Hussein ended martial law in 1991 and legalized political parties in 1992. <br /> <br /> King Abdullah II succeeded his father Hussein following the latter's death in February 1999. Abdullah moved quickly to reaffirm Jordan's peace treaty with Israel and its relations with the U.S. Abdullah, during his first year in power, refocused the government's agenda on economic reform. <br /> <br /> Jordan's continuing structural economic difficulties, burgeoning population, and more open political environment led to the emergence of a variety of political parties. Moving toward greater independence, Jordan's Parliament has investigated corruption charges against several regime figures and has become the major forum in which differing political views, including those of political Islamists, are expressed. In June 2001, the King dissolved Parliament. Parliamentary elections were held in June 2003, and municipal elections were held in July 2003. The King appointed the current Prime Minister, Marouf Bakhit, in December 2005. Bakhit and his cabinet have set as their goal the continued legislative implementation of a ten-year reform plan, known as the National Agenda, drafted by a royal commission in 2005. The King also charged the new cabinet with strengthening Jordan's security following the November 2005 suicide hotel bombings in Amman that killed 60.<br /> <br /> ===Foreign Relations===<br /> Jordan has consistently followed a pro-Western foreign policy and traditionally has had close relations with the United States. These relations were damaged by support in Jordan for Iraq during the first Gulf war. Although the Government of Jordan stated its opposition to the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait, popular support for Iraq was driven by Jordan's Palestinian community, which favored Saddam as a champion against Western supporters of Israel. <br /> <br /> Following the first Gulf war, Jordan largely restored its relations with Western countries through its participation in the Middle East peace process and enforcement of UN sanctions against Iraq. Relations between Jordan and the Gulf countries improved substantially after King Hussein's death. Following the fall of the Iraqi regime, Jordan has played a pivotal role in supporting the restoration of stability and security to Iraq. The Government of Jordan has facilitated the training of over 50,000 Iraqi police cadets at a Jordanian facility near Amman. <br /> <br /> Jordan signed a nonbelligerency agreement with Israel (the Washington Declaration) in Washington, DC, on July 25, 1994. Jordan and Israel signed a historic peace treaty on October 26, 1994, witnessed by President Clinton, accompanied by Secretary Christopher. The U.S. has participated with Jordan and Israel in trilateral development discussions in which key issues have been water-sharing and security; cooperation on Jordan Rift Valley development; infrastructure projects; and trade, finance, and banking issues. Jordan also participates in multilateral peace talks. Jordan belongs to the UN and several of its specialized and related agencies, including the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and World Health Organization (WHO). Jordan also is a member of the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), Nonaligned Movement, and Arab League. <br /> <br /> Since the outbreak of the Intifada in September 2000, Jordan has worked to maintain lines of communication between the Israelis and the Palestinians to counsel moderation and to return the parties to negotiations of outstanding permanent status issues. <br /> <br /> During summer 2006, Jordan provided considerable relief supplies to Lebanon and has supported U.S. efforts to generate international security assistance for Lebanese national forces.<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> Jordan is a small country with limited natural resources. The country is currently exploring ways to expand its limited water supply and use its existing water resources more efficiently, including through regional cooperation. Jordan also depends on external sources for the majority of its energy requirements. During the 1990s, its crude petroleum needs were met through imports from neighboring Iraq. Since early 2003, oil has been provided by some Gulf Cooperation Council member countries. In addition, a natural gas pipeline from Egypt to Jordan through the southern port city of Aqaba is now operational. The pipeline has reached northern Jordan and construction to connect it to Syria and beyond is underway. <br /> <br /> Under King Abdullah, Jordan has undertaken a program of economic reform. The government has taken the initiative to gradually eliminate fuel subsidies, pass legislation targeting corruption, and begin tax reform. It has also worked to liberalize trade, gaining access to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2000, signing an Association Agreement with the European Union (EU) in 2001, and securing the first bilateral Free Trade Agreement between the U.S. and an Arab country in 2001. Since 2000, exports of light manufactured products, principally textiles and garments manufactured in the Qualifying Industrial Zones (QIZ) that enter the United States tariff and quota free, have been driving economic growth. Jordan exported $6.9 million in goods to the U.S. in 1997, when two-way trade was $395 million; according to the U.S. International Trade Commission, it exported $1.42 billion in 2006, with two-way trade at $2.07 billion. <br /> <br /> The Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the United States that went into effect in December 2001 will phase out duties on nearly all goods and services by 2010. The agreement also provides for more open markets in communications, construction, finance, health, transportation, and services, as well as strict application of international standards for the protection of intellectual property. In 1996, Jordan and the United States signed a civil aviation agreement that provides for &quot;open skies&quot; between the two countries, and a U.S.-Jordan treaty for the protection and encouragement of bilateral investment entered into force in 2003.<br /> <br /> Such developments hold considerable promise for diversifying Jordan's economy away from its traditional reliance on exports of phosphates and potash, overseas remittances, and foreign aid. The government has emphasized the information technology (IT) and tourism sectors as other promising growth sectors. The low tax and low regulation Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZ) is considered a model of a government-provided framework for private sector-led economic growth. <br /> <br /> Jordan is classified by the World Bank as a &quot;lower middle income country.&quot; The per capita GDP, as reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), was $2,533 for 2006. According to Jordan's Department of Statistics, 13% of the economically active Jordanian population residing in Jordan was unemployed in 2006. Education and literacy rates and measures of social well-being are relatively high compared to other countries with similar incomes. Jordan's population growth rate has declined in recent years and is currently 2.3% as reported by the Jordanian government. One of the most important factors in the government's efforts to improve the well-being of its citizens is the macroeconomic stability that has been achieved since the 1990s. The rate of inflation in 2006 was 6.3%; the currency has been stable with an exchange rate fixed to the U.S. dollar since 1995 at JD 0.708-0.710 to the dollar. In 2006, Jordan significantly reduced its debt to GDP ratio to 73.2% of GDP.<br /> <br /> While pursuing economic reform and increased trade, Jordan's economy will continue to be vulnerable to external shocks and regional unrest. Without calm in the region, economic growth seems destined to stay below its potential. <br /> *Nominal GDP (2006): $14.3 billion.<br /> *Annual real growth rate (2006): 6.4%. <br /> *Per capita GDP (2006): $2,533.<br /> *Natural resources: Phosphate, potash. <br /> *Agriculture: Products--fruits, vegetables, wheat, olive oil, barley, olives. Land--10% arable; 5% cultivated. <br /> *Industry (26.5% of GDP in 2006): Types--phosphate mining, manufacturing, electricity and water; cement and petroleum production, and construction. <br /> *Trade: Exports (2006)--$5.17 billion: phosphates, potash, garments, fertilizers, pharmaceutical products, agricultural products. Major markets--U.S., Iraq, India, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E., Syria, Israel, Kuwait. Imports (2006)--$11.46 billion: crude petroleum and derivatives, vehicles, machinery and equipment, cereals, fabrics and textiles. Major suppliers-- Saudi Arabia (mainly crude oil and derivatives), EU, China, U.S., Egypt, South Korea, Japan, Turkey. <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The land that became Jordan is part of the richly historical Fertile Crescent region. Around 2000 B.C., Semitic Amorites settled around the Jordan River in the area called Canaan. Subsequent invaders and settlers included Hittites, Egyptians, Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Arab Muslims, Christian Crusaders, Mameluks, Ottoman Turks, and, finally, the British. At the end of World War I, the League of Nations awarded the territory now comprising Israel, Jordan, the West Bank, Gaza, and Jerusalem to the United Kingdom as the mandate for Palestine and Transjordan. In 1922, the British divided the mandate by establishing the semiautonomous Emirate of Transjordan, ruled by the Hashemite Prince Abdullah, while continuing the administration of Palestine under a British High Commissioner. The mandate over Transjordan ended on May 22, 1946; on May 25, the country became the independent Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan. It ended its special defense treaty relationship with the United Kingdom in 1957. <br /> <br /> Transjordan was one of the Arab states which moved to assist Palestinian nationalists opposed to the creation of Israel in May 1948, and took part in the warfare between the Arab states and the newly founded State of Israel. The armistice agreements of April 3, 1949 left Jordan in control of the West Bank and provided that the armistice demarcation lines were without prejudice to future territorial settlements or boundary lines. <br /> <br /> In 1950, the country was renamed the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan to include those portions of Palestine annexed by King Abdullah I. While recognizing Jordanian administration over the West Bank, the United States maintained the position that ultimate sovereignty was subject to future agreement. <br /> <br /> Jordan signed a mutual defense pact in May 1967 with Egypt, and it participated in the June 1967 war between Israel and the Arab states of Syria, Egypt, and Iraq. During the war, Israel gained control of the West Bank and all of Jerusalem. In 1988, Jordan renounced all claims to the West Bank but retained an administrative role pending a final settlement, and its 1994 treaty with Israel allowed for a continuing Jordanian role in Muslim holy places in Jerusalem. The U.S. Government considers the West Bank to be territory occupied by Israel and believes that its final status should be determined through direct negotiations among the parties concerned on the basis of UN Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338. <br /> <br /> The 1967 war led to a dramatic increase in the number of Palestinians living in Jordan. Its Palestinian refugee population--700,000 in 1966--grew by another 300,000 from the West Bank. The period following the 1967 war saw an upsurge in the power and importance of Palestinian resistance elements (fedayeen) in Jordan. The heavily armed fedayeen constituted a growing threat to the sovereignty and security of the Hashemite state, and open fighting erupted in June 1970. <br /> <br /> No fighting occurred along the 1967 Jordan River cease-fire line during the October 1973 Arab-Israeli war, but Jordan sent a brigade to Syria to fight Israeli units on Syrian territory. Jordan did not participate in the Gulf war of 1990-91. In 1991, Jordan agreed, along with Syria, Lebanon, and Palestinian representatives, to participate in direct peace negotiations with Israel sponsored by the U.S. and Russia. It negotiated an end to hostilities with Israel and signed a peace treaty in 1994. Jordan has since sought to remain at peace with all of its neighbors. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> * [[Black September]]<br /> <br /> ==External Links==<br /> * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jo.html The World Fact Book]<br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;width: 100%; background:transparent; border: 2px solid #000099;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;<br /> !colspan=2 style=&quot;width: 100%; text-align: center; background-color: #000088; color: white; &quot;|'''Copyright Details'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color: #000088; color:white;&quot;|License:<br /> |style=&quot; background-color: none;&quot;| &lt;small&gt;This work is in the [[Public Domain]] in the United States because it is a work of the United States Federal Government under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the U.S. Code&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot; background-color: #000088; color:white;&quot;|Source:<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: none;border-top: 2px solid black&quot;| &lt;small&gt;File available from the {{{1|[[United States Federal Government]] [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3464.htm]&lt;/small&gt;}}}. <br /> |}<br /> [[Category:Middle Eastern Countries]]</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Jordan&diff=362649 2008-01-02T01:10:00Z

<p>Topsecrete: the page was copied from wikipedia</p> <hr /> <div>The page for the [[2004 NFL draft]] is more detailed than the one for the entire country of Jordan. (Jacobin)<br /> <br /> Sad, isn't it? [[User:DanH|DanH]] 21:08, 15 April 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> <br /> == rewrite ==<br /> i will help rewrite the page about jordan, i will be deleting many things and adding them back and many more thins, this is not vandilism!<br /> <br /> == the page was copied from wikipedia ==<br /> <br /> i was writing the page and then i saw an entire page created. it was a copy of wikipedia.</div>

Topsecrete https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Jordan&diff=362575 2008-01-02T00:25:47Z

<p>Topsecrete: </p> <hr /> <div>The page for the [[2004 NFL draft]] is more detailed than the one for the entire country of Jordan. (Jacobin)<br /> <br /> Sad, isn't it? [[User:DanH|DanH]] 21:08, 15 April 2007 (EDT)<br /> <br /> <br /> == rewrite ==<br /> i will help rewrite the page about jordan, i will be deleting many things and adding them back and many more thins, this is not vandilism!</div>

Topsecrete