Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

London

2008-06-15T11:33:56Z

Villy:

[[Image:Tower bridge London.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Tower Bridge in London.]]
'''London''' is the capital of [[England]] and the [[United Kingdom]] and is the second largest city in [[Europe]] after [[Moscow]]. It includes both the [[City of London]] (the Square Mile) and [[Greater London]].

==History==
London was founded by the [[Romans]] as Londinium, and became the capital of [[England]] (taking over from [[Winchester]]) during the reign of [[William II]]. It grew steadily during the [[Middle Ages]], during which period it became a major port, specializing in the export of English wool.

In the [[Renaissance]], London became a centre of learning and culture, though the rise of [[Puritans|Puritanism]] in the late 16th century stifled much art and culture within the city centre. A lot of what Puritans deemed 'unacceptable' moved to the South Bank (the land lying on the south-side of the River Thames). [[Shakespeare's Globe theatre]] was located in this area, as well as many other buildings containing more questionable entertainment.

During the period of the [[British Empire]], London was a key transhipment point for various cargoes, including [[tea]], [[slaves]], [[molasses]], [[jute]], and [[silver]], indeed, anything traded in by the [[East India Company]].

During [[World War II]], London was heavily bombed by Germany's air force in [[the Blitz]] of 1940-41 and in 1944-45 was attacked by [[V-1]] 'flying bombs' and [[V-2]] missiles.

==Government of London==
London is governed by the Mayor of London (currently [[Boris Johnson]]), a post not to be confused with that of Lord Mayor of London, which relates solely to the small [[City of London]] district. The mayor's executive is subject to scrutiny by the [[Greater London Assembly]]<ref>http://www.london.gov.uk/</ref>. Most matters relating to local government - local planning control, housing, education, libraries and arts, refuse collection, etc. - are controlled by London's 33 local authorities: 32 London Boroughs, and the [[City of London]] Corporation<ref>http://www.londoncouncils.gov.uk/doc.asp?doc=8788&cat=989</ref>.

==Popular Perception==
Although London is frequently depicted in the American media as a quaint and historic city perpetually shrouded in fog, the reality is that London is a modern city at the cutting edge of developments in architecture, transport, commerce, industry and entertainment, and fog is a rare occurrence. In fact, London is considered by many to be the financial capital of the world as well as the theatre capital of the world, and one of the world's premier cities<ref>{{cite web | last = Z/Yen Limited | title = The Competitive Position of London as a Global Financial Centre | publisher = CityOfLondon.gov.uk | date = November 2005 | url = http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/131B4294-698B-4FAF-9758-080CCE86A36C/0/BC_RS_compposition_FR.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2006-09-17}}</ref><ref>[http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/citymap.html The World According to GaWC], GaWC, [[Loughborough University]]</ref>.

Notable landmarks include the [[Houses of Parliament]], The [[London Eye]], [[Buckingham Palace]] and [[Westminster Abbey]]. The [[London Underground]] (London's subway system, also known as the Tube) is the oldest in the world.

==References==
<div class="references">
<references />
</div>

==See Also==
[[London England Temple]]

[[Category:United Kingdom Cities and Towns]]
[[Category:Capital Cities]]

Janos Bolyai

2008-06-15T10:00:11Z

Villy:

'''János Bólyai''' was a [[Hungarian]] [[mathematician]] in the nineteenth century. He was the son of Farkas Bolyai, another mathematician, who was a friend and colleague of the great [[German]] mathematician [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]. János Bólyai invented non-Euclidean [[geometry]] at the same time as and independently of his rival, the [[Russian]] mathematician and [[astronomer]] Nikolai Lobachevsky. Non-Euclidean geometry is a form of geometry which differs from traditional Euclidean geometry in that it rejects Euclidean geometry's fifth postulate that parallel lines can never intersect.

==See also ==

*[[Bjorn Lomborg]]

{{DEFAULTSORT: Bolyai, Janos}}
[[category:Mathematicians]]
[[Category:Hungary]]

Lake Balaton

2008-06-14T21:05:35Z

Villy:

'''Lake Balaton''', located in west-central [[Hungary]], is the largest lake in Central Europe. Its surface area is 592 km², it has a length of 77 km and a width ranging from 4 to 14 km. Its depth varies up to 12.2 m, the mean depth being 3.2 m. The lake is surrounded by a wine-producing region.

It has many tourist and health resorts. The high tourist season extends from June until the end of August. At this time the average temperature of the water is 25°C, making bathing and swimming very popular. The lake's surface freezes during colder winters. It is often possible to fish through ice-holes or skate. Since Hungary is landlocked, Lake Balaton is sometimes called the "Hungarian Sea".
{{DEFAULTSORT:Balaton}}

[[Category:lakes]]
[[Category:Hungary]]

Budapest

2008-06-14T21:04:29Z

Villy:

'''Budapest''' is the capital of [[Hungary]].

It was formed in 1873 by the merger of the twin cities of [[Buda]] and [[Pest (City)|Pest]]. It is known for its many beautiful old buildings and striking bridges across the River Danube.

[[Category:Hungarian Cities]]
[[Category:Capital Cities]]

Category:Hungarian Cities

2008-06-14T21:04:03Z

Villy: Hungarian Law does not make the town-city distinction, that's why the name of the category isn't Hungarian Cities and Towns

[[Category:Cities]]
[[Category:Hungary]]

Esztergom

2008-06-14T21:02:40Z

Villy:

'''Esztergom''' is a city in northern [[Hungary]], on the right bank of the river [[Danube]]. It was founded by high [[prince]] Géza in 972.<ref>http://www.magyarorszag.hu/orszaginfo/adatok/turizmus/regiok/budapestkornyeke.html</ref> Esztergom was the first capital of the Kingdom of Hungary, and is the birthplace of [[Saint Stephen]], the first [[Kings of Hungary|king]] of the country. Esztergom is the seat of the Constitutional Court, and the centre of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] in Hungary. The [[Basilica of Esztergom]] is the biggest [[cathedral]] is Central [[Europe]], and the tallest building in Hungary.

The city has a population of 30.000<ref>http://portal.ksh.hu/pls/portal/cp.hnt_telep?NN=25131</ref>

==See also==
*[[Joseph Cardinal Mindszenty]], archbishop of Esztergom

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Hungarian Cities]]

Janos Bolyai

2008-06-14T20:57:27Z

Villy:

'''Janos Bólyai''' was a [[Hungarian]] [[mathematician]] in the nineteenth century. He was the son of Farkas Bolyai, another mathematician, who was a friend and colleague of the great [[German]] mathematician [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]. Janos Bolyai invented non-Euclidean [[geometry]] at the same time as and independently of his rival, the [[Russian]] mathematician and [[astronomer]] Nikolai Lobachevsky. Non-Euclidean geometry is a form of geometry which differs from traditional Euclidean geometry in that it rejects Euclidean geometry's fifth postulate that parallel lines can never intersect.

==See also ==

*[[Bjorn Lomborg]]

{{DEFAULTSORT: Bolyai, Janos}}
[[category:Mathematicians]]
[[Category:Hungary]]

Franz Liszt

2008-06-14T20:57:05Z

Villy: /* Notes and references */

[[image:Liszt.jpg|200px|thumb|Franz Liszt as a young man]]
[[image:Liszt-1870.jpg|thumb|200px|Liszt in 1870]]
'''Franz Liszt''' (1811-1886) was a [[Hungary|Hungarian]] [[composer]] and [[pianist]] who was a profound influence on his contemporaries. Ethan Mordden calls him "one of the most important composers in Western music [even though his own music] is not heard that frequently."<ref>Mordden, Ethan (1980), ''A Guide to Orchestral Music,'' p. 179</ref> Important works by Liszt include: his two piano concertos, his Hungarian Rhapsodies, his piano sonata in B minor, several etudes for piano (including his 12 ''Transcendental Etudes''), and his third symphonic poem, ''Les Preludes.'' The nineteen Hungarian Rhapsodies were written originally from piano; seven of them were later arranged for orchestra. Liszt's Second Hungarian Rhapsody is very familiar and the music is recognized even by people who cannot name the work or the composer.

In 1885 the New York Times wrote that
:it would not perhaps be going too far were he to be described as being the greatest living musician.... Himself the pupil of Beethoven, the father-in-law of Herr von Bülow and Richard Wagner, the preceptor of Rubenstein and Sophie Menter, his is the link between the music of the past and the music of the future.<ref name=atweimar>"Franz Liszt at Weimar," ''The New York Times,'' July 3, 1885, p. 2</ref>

Liszt's career as a pianist coincided with the rise of music played for the public as a commercial enterprise. His performances were fabulously successful, and in the 1840s the word "Lisztomania" was coined to describe the public reaction. The analogies with modern celebrity are strong; Richard Schickel wrote that "before Sinatra at the Paramount there had been, of course, Lisztomania in Europe.<ref>Schickel, Richard (1985) ''Intimate Strangers: The Culture of Celebrity''</ref>. A 1985 movie by [[Ken Russell]] entitled ''Lisztomania'' played on the similarities, with real-life rock star [[Roger Daltrey]] (lead singer of [[The Who]]) playing the role of Liszt.

Liszt was a romantic in two senses. He was an exponent of the musical style known as [[Romantic period (music)|romanticism]]. He was also a man about whom it was said that "as long as he lived, women fluttered around him as moths about a candle."

Often referred to during his lifetime as Abbé Liszt, he studied theology in Rome and received a lower order of consecration, but was not a priest.<ref>"Franz Liszt not an Abbe." ''The New York Times,'' July 17, 1885, p. 4: "Of the consecrations, however, he only received the lower order, which formerly were frequently and even now occasionally vouchsafed to lay brethren. He is therefore neither subdeacon nor deacon, and still less a priest, and has neither the rights nor the responsibilities of the members of the higher clergy. He is not bound to wear the clerical garb; still less is he beholden to comply with any of the rules and duties imposed upon the higher clergy."</ref>

==See Also==

[[Romantic period (music)]]

==Notes and references==
<references/>

[[Category:Composers|Liszt, Franz]]
[[Category:Hungary|Liszt, Franz]]

Imre Nagy

2008-06-14T20:56:46Z

Villy:

'''Imre Nagy''' (1896-1958) was the [[Hungary|Hungarian]] prime minister for two terms. In his second term, 1956, the Soviet Union invaded Hungary. In 1958, [[Nikita Khruschev]] had Nagy executed by hanging for treason.

He was born into a peasant family in Kaposvar, Hungary, which at the time was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He left school at a young age and became an apprentice, and served in [[World War I]] until he was captured by the Czarist army. He became a communist after the Communist Revolution in Russia, and worked for the communist underground between the wars in the [[Soviet Union]].

During the Soviet occupation of Hungary after [[World War II]], Nagy returned to Budapest to serve in the government. When he protested communist agricultural policies he was expelled from the [[Politburo]], but allowed to return to the party in 1951 to carry out policies he had protested. He became premier after Stalin's death when the Soviet Premier Malenkov, who had replaced Stalin, favored him.

Nagy supported allowing allowing peasants to leave collective farms. Nagy opposed the police terror. When Malenkov lost power in the [[Soviet Union]], Nagy lost power in Hungary.

In October 23, 1956, the shooting of student demonstrations in Budapest cause massive unrest and an uprising against the communists. An emergency meeting of the party Central Committee elected Nagy prime minister, but he only held that spot for slightly more than 10 days.

Nagy offered amnesty to the demonstrators and thought he had negotiated the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Hungary. He ended the one-party system and supported free elections. The Soviets deceived him. Nagy withdrew Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, but the Soviets brutally invaded Budapest on November 4, 1956. Nagy fled to the Yugoslav Embassy, which had promised him safe passage.

Told he could safely leave the country, Nagy boarded a Yugoslav bus. The Soviets seized it, and flew him to Romania. Nagy refused to endorse the new puppet government of Hungary established by the Soviets.

Nagy was held captive for about two years, tried in secret, and executed on June 16, 1958.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagy, Imre}}
[[Category:Political People]]
[[Category:Hungary]]

John von Neumann

2008-06-14T20:56:30Z

Villy: /* Politics */

[[Image:Von.jpg|thumb|right]]
'''John von Neumann''' (1903-1957) was a [[Hungary|Hungarian]]-born [[mathematician]] who immigrated to the United States when Hitler rose to power. He was a child prodigy who contributed a broad range of fields, include [[Quantum mechanics]], [[Game Theory]] and [[computer science]]. He is credited with doing early work on the modern digital computer called [[von Neumann architecture]] and the application of operator theory to quantum mechanics called [[von Neumann algebra]]. He was a member of the Manhattan Project who later worked with [[Edward Teller]] and [[Stanislaw Ulam]] to develop the steps for thermonuclear reactions necessary to build the hydrogen bomb.

==Religon==
John von Neumann was born to a non-practicing Jewish family but still had a ritual circumcision, he later converted to Roman Catholicism; While agnostic most of his life, von Neumann surprised friends by requesting to see a Catholic priest on his deathbed.{{fact}}

==Politics==
During a Senate committee hearing he described his political ideology as "violently anti-communist, and much more militaristic than the norm".

While other physicists such as [[Robert Oppenheimer]] were criticizing the atomic bomb they helped create, von Neumann was unapologetic. Oppenheimer remarked that physicists had "known sin" by developing the first atomic bombs. Von Neumann cleverly replied that "sometimes someone confesses a sin in order to take credit for it."

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neumann, John von }}
[[Category:Mathematicians]]
[[Category:Hungary]]

Lake Balaton

2008-06-14T20:53:05Z

Villy:

Hungary

2008-06-14T20:52:12Z

Villy:

The Republic of '''Hungary''' (''Magyar Köztársaság'') is a central [[Europe]]an nation bounded by [[Austria]], [[Slovakia]], [[Ukraine]], [[Romania]], [[Serbia]] and [[Croatia]]. It has an area of 35,919 square miles (93,030 sq km) and a population of 9.95 million (2007 est). The capital city is [[Budapest]]; other major centres include Debrecen, Miskolc, Pécs and Győr. Hungary is landlocked and mainly forms a low-lying plain; it is crossed by the rivers [[Danube]] (''Duna'') and Tisza. The west of the country includes the large [[Lake Balaton]], on the shores of which a number of resort towns are situated.

== History ==

Hungary was united as a nation in 1001 under King Stephen I, the Magyar nation having migrated to the Danube basin from the east. It fell under Ottoman rule in the sixteenth century, and subsequently became part of the [[Habsburg]] [[Austrian Empire]]. In 1848-49 the Hungarian people rebelled against the Austrians to gain independence, a movement led by [[Lajos Kossuth]] (1802-1894), but the rebellion was crushed with Russian aid. The creation of the dual monarchy of [[Austria-Hungary]] in 1867 gave Hungary a measure of equality with Austria within the empire. Following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of the First World War, Hungary became an independent state. However, the Treaty of Trianon stripped Hungary of much of its territory and population. [[Slovakia]] and [[Ruthenia]] went to the new state of [[Czechoslovakia]], [[Transylvania]] and [[Partium]] to [[Romania]] and the area around Novi Sad to [[Yugoslavia]]. A small area on the western border was ceded to [[Austria]]. In the 1920s around one-third of the Magyar people lived outside the new boundaries of Hungary.

==== World War II ====
Hungary sought revision of these treaty losses and allied itself (under the autocratic regent, Admiral [[Miklós Horthy]] (1868-1957)) with [[Germany]]. In the 1939 carve-up of Czechoslovakia, Hungary gained parts of Slovakia and Ruthenia. In 1940 Hitler forced [[Romania]] to return northern Transylvania to Hungarian rule, and Hungary also regained territory from Yugoslavia following Germany's conquest of that country in 1941. As a quid pro quo, Hungarian troops fought with the Germans on the Eastern Front, and as the Germans retreated in 1944 and 1945 Hungary came under Soviet occupation; it was also stripped of all its gains between 1939 and 1945.

==== Soviet Control ====
Under Soviet protection, the Hungarian communists, led by Mátyás Rákosi (1892-1971) were able to seize control of the state by 'salami tactics' (picking off adversaries one by one). Once in power, Rákosi was a fierce Stalinist, even by the standards of the Soviet bloc; he was removed from office and exiled to the Soviet Union under Soviet pressure following the denouncing of Stalin by [[Nikita Krushchev]] in 1956.

In October 1956 a small student demonstration exploded into a major uprising against the Communist Party which rapidly spread throughout the whole country. The new party leader, [[Imre Nagy]] (1896-1958) agreed to a number of popular demands, including the disbanding of the hated secret police, the ÁVH, and he further announced that Hungary would withdraw from the [[Warsaw Pact]]. This prompted a massive Soviet invasion on 4 November 1956 which, despite fierce resistance, crushed the rebellion by 10 December. Many thousands were executed including (in 1958) Nagy himself.

==== The Fall of Communism ====

Nagy was replaced as leader by János Kádár (1912-1989) who instituted 'Goulash Communism': strict political control coupled with more liberal economic and cultural policies. In the short term this led to improved living standards for the Hungarian people: in material terms they, and the East Germans, were the most prosperous nations in the eastern bloc. It also created a readiness to take advantage of the relaxations of ''[[glasnost]]'' and ''[[perestroika]]'' being advocated in the 1980s Soviet Union. In 1989 the Hungarian government opened its border with Austria. This led to a flood of refugees from [[East Germany]] and thus ultimately to the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]], the reunification of [[Germany]], and the domino-like collapse of Communist regimes across the Soviet bloc. Democratic elections were first held in 1990; Hungary joined [[NATO]] in 1999 and the [[European Union]] on May 1, 2004.

[[Category:European Countries]]
[[Category:Warsaw Pact Members]]
[[Category:EU Members]]
[[Category:Hungary| ]]
[[Category:Landlocked Countries]]

User:Villy

2008-06-14T20:48:21Z

Villy: New page: {{userboxtop|Villy}} {{Userbox |border-c=#000 |border-s=1 |id-c=#fff |id-s=12 |id-fc=#fff |info-c=#fb4 |info-s=8 |info-fc=#000 |id=45px |info=<center>This user is p...

{{userboxtop|Villy}}
{{Userbox |border-c=#000 |border-s=1 |id-c=#fff |id-s=12 |id-fc=#fff |info-c=#fb4 |info-s=8 |info-fc=#000 |id=[[Image:567rugyhj.png|45px]] |info=<center>This user is proud to be a citizen of the [[European Union]].</center>}}
{{userboxbottom}}
[[Category:European conservapedians|Villy]]

Esztergom

2008-06-14T20:33:07Z

Villy:

'''Esztergom''' is a city in northern [[Hungary]], on the right bank of the river [[Danube]]. It was founded by high prince Géza in 972.<ref>http://www.magyarorszag.hu/orszaginfo/adatok/turizmus/regiok/budapestkornyeke.html</ref> Esztergom was the first capital of the Kingdom of Hungary, and is the birthplace of Saint Stephen, the first king of the country. Esztergom is the seat of the Constitutional Court, and the centre of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] in Hungary. The [[Basilica of Esztergom]] is the biggest cathedral is Central [[Europe]], and the tallest building in Hungary.

The city has a population of 30.000<ref>http://portal.ksh.hu/pls/portal/cp.hnt_telep?NN=25131</ref>

==See also==
*[[Joseph Cardinal Mindszenty]], archbishop of Esztergom

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Hungary]]

Esztergom

2008-06-14T20:27:12Z

Villy: New page: '''Esztergom''' is a city in northern Hungary, on the right bank of the river Danube. It was founded by high prince Géza in 972.<ref>http://www.magyarorszag.hu/orszaginfo/adatok/t...

'''Esztergom''' is a city in northern [[Hungary]], on the right bank of the river [[Danube]]. It was founded by high prince Géza in 972.<ref>http://www.magyarorszag.hu/orszaginfo/adatok/turizmus/regiok/budapestkornyeke.html</ref> Esztergom was the first capital of the Kingdom of Hungary, and is the birthplace of Saint Stephen, the first king of the country. Esztergom is the seat of the Constitutional Court, and the centre of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] in Hungary. The Basilica of Esztergom is the biggest cathedral is Central [[Europe]], and the tallest building in Hungary.

The city has a population of 30.000<ref>http://portal.ksh.hu/pls/portal/cp.hnt_telep?NN=25131</ref>

==See also==
*[[Joseph Cardinal Mindszenty]]

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Hungary]]

Joseph Cardinal Mindszenty

2008-06-14T20:09:13Z

Villy:

'''Joseph Cardinal Mindszenty''' (1892 - 1975) was a [[Hungarian]] [[Catholic]] persecuted and imprisoned first by the [[Nazis]] and then by the [[Communists]] based on his [[faith]].

Mindszenty was ordained to the [[priest|priesthood]] on the [[Feast of the Sacred heart of Jesus]] on June 12, 1915 and, after serving faithfully for almost thirty years, was consecrated [[Bishop]] of Veszprem on March 25, 1944. From November 27, 1944 to April 20, 1945, he was imprisoned by the Nazis.

On October 2, 1945, [[Pope Pius XII]] appointed him [[Archbishop]] of [[Esztergom]] and Primate of [[Hungary]]. Just a few months later, on February 18, 1946, the Pope raised him to the Cardinalate. As Pope Pius XII placed the [[Cardinal]]'s hat on his head, the Pope said: "Among the thirty-two, you will be the first to suffer the martyrdom whose symbol this red color is."<ref>http://www.mindszenty.org/misc/jcm.html</ref>

In 1948 the [[Communists]] in [[Hungary]] banned [[religious]] orders. On December 26, 1948, Archbishop Mindszenty was arrested and charged with treason, conspiracy, and other offenses.

His trial began on February 3, 1949, and five days later he was sentenced to life imprisonment for treason against the communist Hungarian government.

On February 12, 1949, Pope Pius XII announced the [[excommunication]] of all persons involved in the trial and conviction of Mindszenty.

During the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|Hungarian Revolution]] in 1956, the freedom fighters released Cardinal Mindszenty from jail, and when the [[Soviet Union]] invaded Hungary to suppress it, he fled to the American embassy. Mindszenty then lived in captivity inside the embassy for 15 years, facing recapture should he ever step foot outside.

Upon the request of [[Pope Paul VI]], Cardinal Mindszenty, then almost 80, was allowed to depart from his country of Hungary, still occupied by the Communists, on September 29, 1971. He settled in [[Vienna]], [[Austria]] and died there at the age of 83 a few years later.

Today, Cardinal Mindszenty is buried in the Church of the Assumption, the [[Basilica of Esztergom]], Hungary. Pilgrims visit there daily and pray for his intercession in their needs.

== References ==

<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mindszenty, Joseph}}

[[Category:Religious People]]
[[Category:Hungary]]