Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

User talk:Welshman

2008-04-11T14:49:05Z

Welshman: there are too many unsavoury things happening on this "encylcopedia" for me to remain associated with it

Talk:Christianophobia

2008-04-11T11:53:53Z

Welshman: utter rubbish - no reference - not found in any other list

Unless there's a valid, medical reference for this, I'd say this entry is a load of rubbish and should be deleted.
List of phobias from the following sites, do not list it:
[http://psychology.about.com/od/phobias/a/phobialist.htm]
[http://phobialist.com/#C-]
[http://www.phobias-help.com/complete_list_of_phobias.html]
[http://www.alphadictionary.com/articles/phobias.htmlhttp://www.alphadictionary.com/articles/phobias.html]

Christianophobia

2008-04-11T11:53:16Z

Welshman: see talk page

{{fact}}{{delete}}
'''Christianophobia''' refers to hysterical and irrational fear or hatred of [[Christians]]. Christianophobia results in discrimination against Christians and [[Christian persecution]].

==See also==
*[[Phobia]]

[[Category:Politics]]

Talk:Mystery:Was Charles Fefferman Homeschooled?

2008-04-04T10:56:25Z

Welshman: Radical Acceleration

Bearing in mind how 'homeschooling' is defined, the chances are Fefferman isn't a product of homeschooling, but rather [[radical acceleration]]. Radical accelerates is the term used to describe gifted students who jump from junior high to college education, bypassing the high school years. The case study "From Eighth Grade to Selective College in One Jump: Case Studies in Radical Acceleration."<ref>http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED061679&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED061679</ref> used both Fefferman and [[Norbert Weiner]] as examples.

Although it's not conclusive, the implication is that both were within the formal schooling system and were rapidly accelerated through it. [[User:Welshman|Welshman]] 06:56, 4 April 2008 (EDT)

==References==
<references/>

Metric ton

2008-04-03T13:36:25Z

Welshman:

A '''Metric Ton''' (M/T) or '''tonne''' (t) is a unit of weight measurement equal to 1000 [[kilogram|kilograms]].<ref>http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units</ref>.

It should not be confused with the [[imperial]] and US Customary unit, ''ton'', which is equal to 2000 pounds, or approximately 907 [[kilogram|kilograms]].

==References==
<references/>

[[category|unit of measure]]

Metric ton

2008-04-03T13:36:00Z

Welshman: New page: A '''Metric Ton''' (M/T) or '''tonne''' (t) is a unit of weight measurement equal to 1000 kilograms.<ref>http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units</ref>. It should not be confused wi...

Boers

2008-04-03T11:40:52Z

Welshman: Currently creates the impression Boers and Afrikaners are seperate demographic groups - they're not

{{merge with|Afrikaner}}
The '''Boers''' are an [[Afrikaans]]-speaking people whose ancestors are mainly [[Dutch]], Huguenots and [[German]] [[Reformed Churches|Reformed]] [[Protestants]]. Boers are also commonly called "Boervolk", "Afrikaner-Boers", "Boere-Afrikaners" or sometimes merely "Afrikaners", this last desegnation rather vague, however, becuase they should not be confused with the larger Afrikaans-speaking ethnic group in South Africa, also commonly called the [[Afrikaner]]s. The Boers number approximately 400,000 people today.

== History ==

=== The Great Trek ===

The origin of the Boer people can be seen as the [[Great Trek of the Boers|Great Trek]] (1835-1845), it was the northern migration of 12,000–14,000 Boer settlers from Cape Colony in South Africa when the British arrived and took control of the government. They seeked freedom and [[self-determination]] in their own homeland. The leaders of the "Trek" was Andries Pretorius, Piet Retief, Piet Uys, Hendrik Potgieter and Gerrit Maritz. The Boers migrated northward into what became known as the [[Orange Free State]] and later into the Transvaal ([[South African Republic]]). Although the Boers found no indigious people at the time of settlement in these areas, Retief chose to settle in Natal, where he came into conflict with the [[Zulus]]. After various battles in Natal in 1838, help from the other [[Voorttrekker]] leaders arrived in December. Some 438 Trekkers made a [[Covenant]] with God, that they would give the glory of the victory to Him. Charl Cilliers was the author of the Covenant. On 16 December 1838, the Trekkers defeated nearly 12,000 Zulus during the [[Battle of Blood River]]. Boers still celebrate December 16th every year as Covenant Day. Various Boer Republics were founded after the "Trek": in 1838, the Republic of Natalia was founded, but it was shortlived, it ceased to exist in 1843. The South African Reoublic and the Orange Free State gained independence from [[Great Brittian]] in 1852 and 1854, respectively.<ref>
http://www.groottrek.za.cx/</ref>

=== The Anglo-Boer Wars ===

Two Anglo-Boer wars were fought during the latter part of the 18th century, both the result of British [[Imperialism]]. The first was won by the South African Republic in 1881, the second, spanning from 1899 to 1902, was eventually won by the [[British]]. On May 31, 1902, both the South African Republic and the Orange Free State conceded their independence to Great Brittian. Over 27,000 Boer woman and children died in British concentration camps during the war.<ref>http://www.anglo-boer.co.za/</ref>

=== The Maritz Rebellion ===

After the Union of South Africa was formed by the British colonies of the Cape, Natal, Orange Free State and Transvaal in 1910, a few thousand Boers participated in a rebellion, under leadership of Manie Maritz, against the government in 1914, after the government decleared war against Germany. The aim of the Rebellion was to found a new Boer Republic. The rebels were surpressed by the government forces, however, and many recieved jail sentences.<ref>http://www.123exp-history.com/t/03764450045/</ref>

=== 20th Century ===

After the formation of the Union, there was a deliberate attempt to assimilate the Boers with the Cape-based Afrikaners. Although this had some success in the 20th century, recently it became increasingly clear that the Boers and Afrikaners have remained distinct cultural groups. Many Boers were represented in the National Party that ruled the country from 1924 to 1934 and again from 1948 to 1994. It was the influence of Boer Nationalism that led to the formation of the independent Republic of [[South Africa]] on May 31, 1961 under ledership of Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd. In the late 1980s, most Boers left the National Party and joined the [[Conservative Party of South Africa]] and some already joined the [[Re-constituted National Party]] some 15-20 years earlier.<ref>http://www.crwflags.com/FOTW/flags/za%7Dkp.html</ref> In the 1992 referendum, virtually all Boers voted against the trasformation of South Africa into a multiracial state.

=== Early 21st century ===

Some organizations were created in the early 21st century to promote Boer Nationalism and stive towards achieving independence along religious lines, since Boers believe that they are completely dependent on the will of God for their existence and seek to glorify Him, should they recieve self-determination. The most notable of these are the "Boere Vryheids Inisiatief" and the "Sekretariaat vir Volksbou". Many Boers are also members of the "Transvaal Agricultural Union".

== Characteristics ==

=== Nationalism ===

''See also: [[Boer Nationalism]]''

[[Nationalism]] is one of the main distinctions of the Boers. The Boers originated from a northward migration in the 19th century, in order to escape British Imperialism, and since then they have had a continuous struggle for self-determination in their own homeland. Boer nationalism also supports a [[Republican]] form of government and stronly oppose [[Communism]] in favour of [[Capitalism]].<ref>http://www.boerevolk.com/boerevolk/index.htm</ref>

=== Calvinism ===

The Boers are mainly decsended from Dutch, German and French [[Calvinists]], who left Europe between the late 17th and early 19th centuries. The Boers had a distict Calvinist influence throughout their history, however it has varied from time to time. During the second half of the century, the [[Dutch Reformed (Hervormde) Church]] was the state church of the Transvaal and Calvinism was also the national religion of the Orange Free State. Note the "Orange" in Orange Free State: it is named after the Protestant [[House of Orange]] in the Netherlands. Most Boers today are members of [[Reformed]] Churches and they represent aproximately 75% of the members of the [[Afrikaans Protestant Church]]. Boer Nationalists also often stress the importance of Calvinism in Boer culture.<ref>http://www.kletskerk.co.za/viewtopic.php?p=78085#78085</ref> In recent times, however, many Boers joined the [[Christian Identity]] movement. A very small number is also members of [[Baptist]] and [[Pentecostal]] Churches.

Unlike most [[Afrikaner]]s, Boers use the 1953-translation of the Afrikaans [[Bible]].

[[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:South Africa]]

Solar System

2008-03-30T12:56:23Z

Welshman: nothing to do with the Solar System per se, and a very suspect source as a reference.

The '''Solar System''' is the [[Sun]] and all the objects in orbit around the sun.<ref>Freedman, Kaufmann: ''Universe'', 7th edition</ref> Objects orbiting the sun include planets, moons, asteroids, and comets.

==Planets==
A [[planet]] is defined as an object that orbits the [[sun]], is massive enough that its own gravity pulls it into a nearly round shape, and is dominant enough to clear away objects in its neighborhood. <ref>http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/planetsf-20060824.html</ref> There are 8 planets in the solar system. They are, in order of increasing distance from the sun:<ref>The third grade</ref>
*[[Mercury]]
*[[Venus]]
*[[Earth]]
*[[Mars]]
*[[Jupiter]]
*[[Saturn]]
*[[Uranus]]
*[[Neptune]]

The first four planets are [[terrestrial planets]], the last 4 planets are [[jovian planets]]. Terrestrial planets are small in size, have high densities, and consist of rocky materials. Jovian planets are large in size, have low densities, and consist of gaseous materials.

==Dwarf Planets==
A [[dwarf planet]] is an object that orbits the sun and has a round shape. The crucial difference between a planet and a dwarf planet is that a dwarf planet is not large enough to clear the neighborhood of its orbit. Currently recognized dwarf planets are:<ref>http://www.answers.com/topic/dwarf-planet</ref>
*[[Pluto]][[#Note|[1]]]
*[[Eris]]
*[[Ceres]]
===Note===
[1]Pluto was considered a planet until 2006.<ref>http://www.thenewstribune.com/soundlife/story/261408.html</ref>

==Asteroids==
[[Asteroids]] are irregularly shaped chunks of rocks in the solar system. They exist mostly in 2 places:

*The [[asteroid belt]], which is between the orbits of [[Mars]] and [[Jupiter]]
*The [[Kuiper belt]], which shares its orbit with [[Pluto]]

==Comets==
[[Comets]] are chunks of dust and ice. Some are in an [[ellipse|elliptical]] orbit around the sun, meaning that they will return someday. Some are in a [[hyperbola|hyperbolic]] orbit around the sun, meaning that they will only come into the solar system once and will never return.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Astronomy]]
{{Solarsystem}}

M. Scott Peck

2008-03-29T14:49:43Z

Welshman: New page: Dr. '''Morgan Scott Peck''' (22 May 1936 - 25 September 2005) was an American psychologist best known, however, as the author of the best-selling ''The Road Less Travelled''. Despi...

Dr. '''Morgan Scott Peck''' (22 May 1936 - 25 September 2005) was an American [[psychologist]] best known, however, as the author of the best-selling ''[[The Road Less Travelled]]''. Despite advocating responsibility, restraint and self-discipline in what has been described as "the ultimate self-help manual," which later sold over 10 million copies worldwide, he openly admitted in later works and interviews that such qualities were lacking within himself.

== Biography ==
He was born in New York on 22 May 1936, the youngest of two sons of David Warner Peck (a layer, and later a judge) and Elizabeth Saville. His education commenced, unhappily, at [[Phillips Exeter Academy]], which he later attacked for its "Spartan, almost vicious adolescent culture." Leaving Phillips Exeter, he first underwent psychological counseling, before moving to the Friends seminary, a [[Quaker]] school near [[Greenwich Village]]. Here, despite being raised in a secular home (his father was half-Jewish, although Peck often claimed his father was in denial about that fact), he read about [[Zen]] and became a [[Buddhist]] by the age of 18.

After school he first attended [[Middlebury College]] in [[Vermont]], but was expelled for refusing to partake in the compulsory officers' training class. He then enrolled at [[Harvard]], graduating in 1958 with a B.A. magna cum laude in social relations. Even though he was already harbouring literary ambitions, he enrolled in a pre-med course at [[Columbia University]]. Whilst at Columbia, he met and married Lily Ho, a Chinese student from [[Singapore]]. Both sets of parents disapproved of the union, and Peck's father went as far as disowning his son, although he did later relent.

Upon graduating, he joined the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] as a psychiatrist, this being the only way he could afford to train, and earn enough to support his new family. He was stationed in [[Honolulu]] and [[San Francisco]] before becoming head of psychology at the US Medical Center at [[Okinawa]]. In 1970, he was appointed assistant chief of psychiatry at the Surgeon General's office in Washington, DC, a position he held until leaving the military in 1972, with the rank of lieutenant colonel.

Moving to [[New Preston]], [[Connecticut]], Peck opened a private psychiatry practice. In 1976, however, he was inspired to write a book. [[Random House]] rejected the manuscript he submitted 20 months later, because the third section of the book was "too Christ-y." It was picked up and published as "The Road Less Traveled" by [[Simon & Schuster]], for a $7 500 advance. Initial sales were steady, if not spectacular, and by 1980 12 000 copies had been sold. It wasn't until 1983 that the book entered the best-seller lists, where it remained for the next eight years. He would go on to write another thirteen books, lecture extensively, and in 1983, he began a bid for the Presidency of the United States, until concerns for his health forced him to pull out.

During this time, he also found himself being drawn from his earlier beliefs in Eastern mysticism towards mainstream Christianity and on March 9, 1980 at the age of 43, he was non-denominationally baptized by a [[Methodist]] minister in an [[Episcopalian]] convent.

The opening words of ''The Road Less Traveled'' read, "Life is difficult" and this certainly applicable to Peck himself. In a classic example of "Do as I say, not as I do," although Peck advocated self-discipline, restraint, and responsibility in his books, in an interview given not long before his death, he claimed he was lacking in such qualities, describing himself as "...a self-deluding, gin-sodden, chain-smoking neurotic whose life was characterised by incessant infidelity and an inability to relate to his parents or children." He concluded my saying "I'm a prophet, not a saint."

== List of M.Scott Peck's published works ==

*''The Road Less Traveled'' (1978). The book has sold over six million copies to date in North America alone, and has been translated into over 20 languages.

*''People of the Lie: The Hope For Healing Human Evil'' (1983). It is recognized as a groundbreaking contribution to the field of psychology.

*''What Return Can I Make? Dimensions of the Christian Experience'' (1985)

*''The Different Drum: Community Making and Peace'' (1987). This too is recognized as another groundbreaking contribution to the behavioural sciences.

*''A Bed By the Window: A Novel of Mystery and Redemption'' (1990). His first work of fiction.

*''The Friendly Snowflake: A Fable of Faith, Love and Family'' (1992), was aimed at children and adults and illustrated by his son, Christopher Peck.

*''A World Waiting To Be Born: Civility Rediscovered'' (1993), a work on organizational behaviour.

*''Meditations From the Road'' (1993)

*''Further Along the Road Less Traveled'' (1993), a collection of Dr. Peck's edited lectures between 1979 and 1993.

*''In Search of Stones: A Pilgrimage of Faith, Reason and Discovery'' (1995) Also illustrated by his son, Christopher, Publisher's Weekly described it as a "quirky, magical blend of autobiography, travel, spiritual meditation, history and Arthurian legend."

*''In Heaven As On Earth: A Vision of the Afterlife'' (1996), was his second novel.

*''The Road Less Traveled and Beyond: Spiritual Growth in an Age of Anxiety'' (1997), is a synthesis of all his work to date.

*''Denial of the Soul: Spiritual and Medical Perspectives in Euthanasia and Mortality'' (1997)

*''Golf and the Spirit: Lessons for the Journey'' (1999)

==External Links==
[http://www.mscottpeck.com/html/biography.html M Scott Peck Homepage] 
[http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2005/oct/05/guardianobituaries.booksobituaries Obituary in the Guardian] 
[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/news/2005/09/28/db2801.xml Obituary in the Daily Telegraph]

[[Category:Authors|M Scott Peck]]

Talk:Boers

2008-03-26T19:43:28Z

Welshman: not sure about Boer/Afrikaner distinction

Hi Adi, appreciate the edits on Afrikanerdom, but I'm not 100% sure that you can really split Boer and Afrikaner into 2 separate groups. "Boer" essentially means farmer and these days most Afrikaans-speaking people would classify themselves as Afrikaans, not Boer. If anything, the only people who would apply the handle "boer" to themselves would be far right wing groupings like the Afrikaanse Weerstandsbeweeging (Afrikaner Resistance Movement), but that's more a political thing, than an actual demographic. Just my 2c worth from a local. :) [[User:Welshman|Welshman]] 15:43, 26 March 2008 (EDT)

User talk:Welshman

2008-03-26T19:28:43Z

Welshman:

{{welcome|sig=[[User:Joaquín Martínez]], [[User talk:Joaquín Martínez|talk]] 10:42, 20 March 2008 (EDT)}}

Croeso, Welshman! [[User:Koba|Koba]] 17:02, 29 February 2008 (EST)

Bora da, Koba. Thanks for the welcome - sorry I only saw this now. Excuse my tardiness. Edifarhau! [[User:Welshman|Welshman]] 10:18, 13 March 2008 (EDT)

:Please clarify: are you saying you wrote that Meiji article yourself, or what? --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 10:10, 15 March 2008 (EDT)
::Hello Welshman. I'm also somewhat mature expatriate Welshman.--[[User:British_cons|British_cons]] [[User_talk:British_cons|(talk)]] 15:35, 19 March 2008 (EDT)
:::Hi - nice to meet you... although... mature? :) age is a 4-letter word with me at the moment... [[User:Welshman|Welshman]] 07:10, 20 March 2008 (EDT)
::::Well, I'm maturing nicely, though I must admit that I've got more than a decade's worth of doing it than you have. It's just a question of comparing the pains of today with those of yesterday and seeing if your up on the count. :-) --[[User:British_cons|British_cons]] [[User_talk:British_cons|(talk)]] 13:55, 20 March 2008 (EDT)

Thank you for writing so many articles on the elements of the periodic table -- [[Image:50 star flag.png|12px]] [[User:Deborah]] [[Special:Contributions/Deborah|(contributions)]] [[User_talk:Deborah|(talk)]] 10:15, 26 March 2008 (EDT)

:Thanks Deborah. Get the heebie-jeebies if I see a half-done article. Will get round to finishing the rest shortly - just have to juggle editing times, time zones, work & sleep :) [[User:Welshman|Welshman]] 15:28, 26 March 2008 (EDT)

== Sapporo ==

Sorry.

One links is external the other one sends to a future page of CP. --[[User:Joaquín Martínez]], [[User talk:Joaquín Martínez|talk]] 11:51, 20 March 2008 (EDT)

Afrikaner

2008-03-26T14:01:56Z

Welshman: wiki link thingy

'''Afrikaner''' is term applied to a group of [[South Africa]]n people, descended from the original 17th century [[Netherlands|Dutch]] and [[Huguenot]] settlers. During [[British]] colonial rule they were also referred to as ''Boers'', as many of them were pastoral farmers. In an attempt to free themselves of British rule, small groups left the [[Cape Colony]] and headed for the interior, thus opening up the rest of the country, in what is known as the [[The Great Trek]].

The derogatory word ''Boer'' also gave rise to the term [[Boer War]] to describe the two wars fought between the British and majority Afrikaner forces during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These have subsequently been renamed the [[South African Wars]]. [[Afrikaans]] is the language spoken by Afrikaners.

The [[South African National Party|National Party]], which came into power in 1948, received a large amount of support from the Afrikaner community, fueled by anti-British sentiments carried over from the legacy of the [[South African Wars]] and pro-[[Nazi]] sentiment amongst its founders, many of whom were members of the subversive [[Ossewa-Brandwag]] (''Ox Wagon Torch Guard'') during [[World War 2]]. It was this party that later formalised the already-existing [[Segregation|racial segregation]], imposed first by the [[Dutch]] and later by the [[British]] colonialists, giving it the name [[apartheid]].

[[Category:South Africa]]

Huguenots

2008-03-26T13:51:55Z

Welshman: adding a bunch of South African history and legacy to this

'''Huguenots''' were mostly [[Calvinist]] [[Protestants]] in [[France]]. They faced persecution, but were later protected by the [[Edict of Orléans]] in 1561. Further warfare and persecution followed. The [[Edict of Nantes]] in 1592 once again put an end to persecution, but it was revoked in 1685. Most Huguenots eventually fled France for other countries.

In 1564, the Huguenots established the first settlement in [[North America]], at Fort Caroline on the St. John's River in [[Florida]]<ref>Main page of Conservapedia</ref>.

They helped Americans during the [[American Revolution]], particularly in battles in [[New Jersey]]. In [[Massachusetts]], [[Paul Revere]]'s father was a Huguenot refugee who came to [[Boston]] as a child.

Many Huguenots also settled in [[South Africa]], starting as early as 1671, with the arrival of the first Huguenot refugee, Francois Villion (later Viljoen), followed in 1686 by the brothers Guillaume and Francois du Toit. By the time the main influx of Huguenots had arrived, between the years 1688 and 1709 (when state-subsidised emigration was halted), they comprised almost one-sixth of the total free burgher population and were in a position to leave a lasting influence on the young Cape settlement.<ref>Pieter Coertzen: The Huguenots of 1688-1988, Tafelberg Publishers 1988 </ref>

The Huguenots were encouranged to emigrate to the Cape by [[The Dutch East India Company]], not only because they shared the same religious beliefs, but also due to the fact that many of them were experienced farmers, specifically in [[viticulture]] and [[oenology]] (the growing of grapes and production of wine, brandy and vinegar), or highly trained craftsmen. Allowed to travel with only the minimum amount of luggage, they were expected upon arrival to make a living from agriculture or a trade. Free farms were allocated to those who chose to farm, along with seed, animals and implements. The cost of the latter, however, had to be reimbursed to the [[The Dutch East India Company]] in terms of produce or goods.<ref>JLM Franken: The Huguenots and the Cape, Government Printer, Pretoria, 1978</ref>

Hard working and industrious, they not only improved the quality of Cape wines (a legacy which last to this day), but were also responsible for the proliferation of wine estates around the settlements of [[Stellenbosch]] (''named after [[Simon van der Stel]]''), [[Franschhoek]] (''French corner'') and [[Paarl]] (''named after dew reflecting on the nearby granite mounds made them resemble giant pearls)'', increasing the number of planted vines from 100 in 1655 (three years after the arrival of [[Jan van Riebeek]] to 1,5 million by 1700.<ref>Pieter Coertzen: The Huguenots of 1688-1988, Tafelberg Publishers 1988 </ref> To this day, many of the original French-named wine estates are still in operation.

Characterised by their intrinsic pride, diligence and honesty, they initially strove to maintain their own identify at first, but soon intermarried with the other colonists to eventually become just South Africans. Within two generations even their home language, French, had largely disappeared. However, their legacy lives on in the names found amongst the white inhabitants, such as du Preez, Theron, du Toit, Malan and others that have been localised such as Cronjé, Viljoen and Malherbe. Together with their [[Dutch]] counterparts and their shared [[Calvinist]] beliefs, they laid the foundation for what would later become the [[Afrikaner]].<ref>Lynne Bryer and Francois Theron: The Huguenots and their Heritage, Chameleon Press 1987</ref>

==References==

<References/>

[[Category:France]]

Afrikaner

2008-03-26T13:51:34Z

Welshman: correcting incorrect, racist, and outdated terminology

'''Afrikaner''' is term applied to a group of [[South Africa]]n people, descended from the original 17th century [[Netherlands|Dutch]] and [[Huguenot]] settlers. During [[British]] colonial rule they were also referred to as ''Boers'', as many of them were pastoral farmers. In an attempt to free themselves of British rule, small groups left the [[Cape Colony]] and headed for the interior, thus opening up the rest of the country, in what is known as the [[The Great Trek]].

The derogatory word ''Boer'' also gave rise to the term [[Boer War]] to describe the two wars fought between the British and majority Afrikaner forces during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These have subsequently been renamed the [[South African Wars]]. [[Afrikaans]] is the language spoken by Afrikaners.

The [[South African National Party|National Party]], which came into power in 1948, received a large amount of support from the Afrikaner community, fueled by anti-British sentiments carried over from the legacy of the [[South African Wars]] and pro-[[Nazi]] sentiment amongst its founders, many of whom were members of the subversive [[Ossewa-Brandwag]] (''Ox Wagon Torch Guard'') during [[World War 2]]. It was this party that later formalised the already-existing [[racial segregation]], imposed first by the [[Dutch]] and later by the [[British]] colonialists, giving it the name [[apartheid]].

[[Category:South Africa]]

Periodic table of the elements

2008-03-26T11:51:14Z

Welshman: /* The Periodic Table */

[[Image:Aqw.jpg|thumb|Circular periodic table]]

The '''periodic table of the elements''' is a diagrammatic tool to illustrate the scientific [[theory]] of [[periodicity]] in [[chemistry]], in which the [[element]]s have similar properties based on their position on the table. For example, the elements on the left of the table are all [[metal]]s. The table has a lot of predictive power, although there are many exceptions to the periodic properties.

The periodic table was first developed by [[Russia]]n [[chemistry|chemist]] [[Dimitri Mendeleev]]. Its layout accurately arranges elements by their [[electron]] configuration, atomic number, and chemical properties. Using the structure he created, Mendeleev predicted the existence and properties of several yet-undiscovered elements; when those elements were discovered, his estimates proved to be quite accurate.
{{clear}}

==The Periodic Table==

{|style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none;margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto"
!1A
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
!8A
|-
|{{ptc|1|H|Hydrogen|1.008|#00ff00}}
!valign="bottom"|2A
|||||||||||||||||||
!valign="bottom"|3A
!valign="bottom"|4A
!valign="bottom"|5A
!valign="bottom"|6A
!valign="bottom"|7A
|{{ptc|2|He|Helium|4.003|gold}}
|-
|{{ptc|3|Li|Lithium|6.939}}
|{{ptc|4|Be|Beryllium|9.0122}}
|||||||||||||||||||
|{{ptc|5|B|Boron|10.811|#bbbbff}}
|{{ptc|6|C|Carbon|12.011|#00ff00}}
|{{ptc|7|N|Nitrogen|14.007|#00ff00}}
|{{ptc|8|O|Oxygen|15.999|#00ff00}}
|{{ptc|9|F|Fluorine|18.998|#00ff00}}
|{{ptc|10|Ne|Neon|10.183|gold}}
|-
|{{ptc|11|Na|Sodium|22.99}}
|{{ptc|12|Mg|Magnesium|24.312}}
!valign="bottom"|3B
!valign="bottom"|4B
!valign="bottom"|5B
!valign="bottom"|6B
!valign="bottom"|7B
!valign="bottom"|<---
!valign="bottom"|8B
!valign="bottom"|-->
!valign="bottom"|1B
!valign="bottom"|2B
|{{ptc|13|Al|Aluminium|26.982}}
|{{ptc|14|Si|Silicon|28.086|#bbbbff}}
|{{ptc|15|P|Phosphorus|30.974|#00ff00}}
|{{ptc|16|S|Sulfur|32.064|#00ff00}}
|{{ptc|17|Cl|Chlorine|35.453|#00ff00}}
|{{ptc|18|Ar|Argon|39.948|gold}}
|-
|{{ptc|19|K|Potassium|39.102}}
|{{ptc|20|Ca|Calcium|40.08}}
|{{ptc|21|Sc|Scandium|44.956}}
|{{ptc|22|Ti|Titanium|47.9}}
|{{ptc|23|V|Vanadium|50.942}}
|{{ptc|24|Cr|Chromium|51.996}}
|{{ptc|25|Mn|Manganese|54.938}}
|{{ptc|26|Fe|Iron|55.847}}
|{{ptc|27|Co|Cobalt|58.933}}
|{{ptc|28|Ni|Nickel|58.71}}
|{{ptc|29|Cu|Copper|63.546}}
|{{ptc|30|Zn|Zinc|65.37}}
|{{ptc|31|Ga|Gallium|69.72}}
|{{ptc|32|Ge|Germanium|72.59|#bbbbff}}
|{{ptc|33|As|Arsenic|74.922|#bbbbff}}
|{{ptc|34|Se|Selenium|78.96|#00ff00}}
|{{ptc|35|Br|Bromine|79.904|#00ff00}}
|{{ptc|36|Kr|Krypton|83.8|gold}}
|-
|{{ptc|37|Rb|Rubidium|85.47}}
|{{ptc|38|Sr|Strontium|87.62}}
|{{ptc|39|Y|Yttrium|88.905}}
|{{ptc|40|Zr|Zirconium|91.22}}
|{{ptc|41|Nb|Niobium|92.906}}
|{{ptc|42|Mo|Molybdenum|95.94}}
|{{ptc|43|Tc|Technetium|[97]}}
|{{ptc|44|Ru|Ruthenium|101.07}}
|{{ptc|45|Rh|Rhodium|102.91}}
|{{ptc|46|Pd|Palladium|106.4}}
|{{ptc|47|Ag|Silver|107.87}}
|{{ptc|48|Cd|Cadmium|112.4}}
|{{ptc|49|In|Indium|114.82}}
|{{ptc|50|Sn|Tin|118.69}}
|{{ptc|51|Sb|Antimony|121.75|#bbbbff}}
|{{ptc|52|Te|Tellurium|127.6|#bbbbff}}
|{{ptc|53|I|Iodine|126.9|#00ff00}}
|{{ptc|54|Xe|Xenon|131.3|gold}}
|-
|{{ptc|55|Cs|Caesium|132.91}}
|{{ptc|56|Ba|Barium|137.34}}
|{{ptc|57*|La|Lanthanum|138.91}}
|{{ptc|72|Hf|Hafnium|178.49}}
|{{ptc|73|Ta|Tantalum|180.95}}
|{{ptc|74|W|Tungsten|183.85}}
|{{ptc|75|Re|Rhenium|186.2}}
|{{ptc|76|Os|Osmium|190.2}}
|{{ptc|77|Ir|Iridium|192.2}}
|{{ptc|78|Pt|Platinum|195.09}}
|{{ptc|79|Au|Gold|196.97}}
|{{ptc|80|Hg|Mercury (element)|200.59}}
|{{ptc|81|Tl|Thallium|204.37}}
|{{ptc|82|Pb|Lead|207.19}}
|{{ptc|83|Bi|Bismuth|208.98}}
|{{ptc|84|Po|Polonium|210}}
|{{ptc|85|At|Astatine|210|#bbbbff}}
|{{ptc|86|Rn|Radon|222|gold}}
|-
|{{ptc|87|Fr|Francium|215}}
|{{ptc|88|Ra|Radium|226.03}}
|{{ptc|89**|Ac|Actinium|227.03}}
|{{ptc|104|Rf|Rutherfordium|[261]}}
|{{ptc|105|Db|Dubnium|[262]}}
|{{ptc|106|Sg|Seaborgium|[266]}}
|{{ptc|107|Bh|Bohrium|[264]}}
|{{ptc|108|Hs|Hassium|[265]}}
|{{ptc|109|Mt|Meitnerium|[268]}}
|{{ptc|110|Dt|Darmstadtium|[271]}}
|{{ptc|111|Rg|Roentgenium|[272]}}
|{{ptc|112|||[277]}}
|
|{{ptc|114|||[289]}}
|
|{{ptc|116|||[289]}}
|||
|-
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|-
|colspan="2"|*Lanthanides
|{{ptc|58|Ce|Cerium|140.12}}
|{{ptc|59|Pr|Praseodymium|140.91}}
|{{ptc|60|Nd|Neodymium|144.24}}
|{{ptc|61|Pm|Promethium|145}}
|{{ptc|62|Sm|Samarium|150.35}}
|{{ptc|63|Eu|Europium|151.96}}
|{{ptc|64|Gd|Gadolinium|157.25}}
|{{ptc|65|Tb|Terbium|158.92}}
|{{ptc|66|Dy|Dysprosium|162.5}}
|{{ptc|67|Ho|Holmium|164.93}}
|{{ptc|68|Er|Erbium|167.26}}
|{{ptc|69|Tm|Thulium|168.93}}
|{{ptc|70|Yb|Ytterbium|173.04}}
|{{ptc|71|Lu|Lutetium|174.97}}
|||
|-
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|-
|colspan="2"|**Actinides
|{{ptc|90|Th|Thorium|232.04}}
|{{ptc|91|Pa|Protactinium|231}}
|{{ptc|92|U|Uranium|238.03}}
|{{ptc|93|Np|Neptunium|237.05}}
|{{ptc|94|Pu|Plutonium|239.05}}
|{{ptc|95|Am|Americium|241.06}}
|{{ptc|96|Cm|Curium|244.06}}
|{{ptc|97|Bk|Berkelium|249.08}}
|{{ptc|98|Cf|Californium|252.08}}
|{{ptc|99|Es|Einsteinium|252.08}}
|{{ptc|100|Fm|Fermium|257.1}}
|{{ptc|101|Md|Mendelevium|258.1}}
|{{ptc|102|No|Nobelium|259.1}}
|{{ptc|103|Lr|Larencium|262.11}}
|||
|-
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|-
|style="background-color:#00ff00"|
|colspan=17|[[Nonmetal]]s
|-
|style="background-color:#bbbbff"|
|colspan=17|[[Semimetal]]s
|-
|style="background-color:pink"|
|colspan=17|[[Metal]]s
|-
|style="background-color:gold"|
|colspan=17|[[Noble gas|Noble Gases]]
|}

[[Category:Chemistry]]

Roentgenium

2008-03-26T11:50:04Z

Welshman: New page: {{Element | name=Roentgenium | symbol=Rg | anumber=111 | amass=272 amu | state=Presumed to be a Solid | class=Transactinides | cstructure=Unknown | color=Unknown | date=1994 | discname=S.H...

{{Element | name=Roentgenium | symbol=Rg | anumber=111 | amass=272 amu | state=Presumed to be a Solid | class=Transactinides | cstructure=Unknown | color=Unknown | date=1994 | discname=S.Hofmann, V.Ninov, F.P.Heßberger, P.Armbruster, H.Folger, G.Münzenberg and H.J.Schött | origname=Named after the discoverer of X-Rays, Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. | uses=Research interest only. | obtained=Synthetically produced element normally produced by fusing two lighter elements in a heavy ion accelerator. }}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Elements]]

Darmstadtium

2008-03-26T11:45:33Z

Welshman: New page: {{Element | name=Darmstadtium | symbol=Ds | anumber=110 | amass=271 amu | state=Presumed to be a Solid | class=Transactinides | cstructure=Unknown | color=Unknown | date=1994 | discname=S....

{{Element | name=Darmstadtium | symbol=Ds | anumber=110 | amass=271 amu | state=Presumed to be a Solid | class=Transactinides | cstructure=Unknown | color=Unknown | date=1994 | discname=S.Hofmann, V.Ninov, F.P.Heßberger, P.Armbruster, H.Folger, G.Münzenberg and H.J.Schött | origname=Named after Darmstadt, Germany, location of the discovery. | uses=None. | obtained=Synthetic element produced by fusing two lighter elements in a heavy ion accelerator, for example 62[[Nickel |Ni]] + 208[[lead |Pb]] = 269[[Darmstadtium|Ds]]. }}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Elements]]

Periodic table of the elements

2008-03-26T11:38:05Z

Welshman: /* The Periodic Table */

[[Image:Aqw.jpg|thumb|Circular periodic table]]

The '''periodic table of the elements''' is a diagrammatic tool to illustrate the scientific [[theory]] of [[periodicity]] in [[chemistry]], in which the [[element]]s have similar properties based on their position on the table. For example, the elements on the left of the table are all [[metal]]s. The table has a lot of predictive power, although there are many exceptions to the periodic properties.

The periodic table was first developed by [[Russia]]n [[chemistry|chemist]] [[Dimitri Mendeleev]]. Its layout accurately arranges elements by their [[electron]] configuration, atomic number, and chemical properties. Using the structure he created, Mendeleev predicted the existence and properties of several yet-undiscovered elements; when those elements were discovered, his estimates proved to be quite accurate.
{{clear}}

==The Periodic Table==

{|style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none;margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto"
!1A
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
!8A
|-
|{{ptc|1|H|Hydrogen|1.008|#00ff00}}
!valign="bottom"|2A
|||||||||||||||||||
!valign="bottom"|3A
!valign="bottom"|4A
!valign="bottom"|5A
!valign="bottom"|6A
!valign="bottom"|7A
|{{ptc|2|He|Helium|4.003|gold}}
|-
|{{ptc|3|Li|Lithium|6.939}}
|{{ptc|4|Be|Beryllium|9.0122}}
|||||||||||||||||||
|{{ptc|5|B|Boron|10.811|#bbbbff}}
|{{ptc|6|C|Carbon|12.011|#00ff00}}
|{{ptc|7|N|Nitrogen|14.007|#00ff00}}
|{{ptc|8|O|Oxygen|15.999|#00ff00}}
|{{ptc|9|F|Fluorine|18.998|#00ff00}}
|{{ptc|10|Ne|Neon|10.183|gold}}
|-
|{{ptc|11|Na|Sodium|22.99}}
|{{ptc|12|Mg|Magnesium|24.312}}
!valign="bottom"|3B
!valign="bottom"|4B
!valign="bottom"|5B
!valign="bottom"|6B
!valign="bottom"|7B
!valign="bottom"|<---
!valign="bottom"|8B
!valign="bottom"|-->
!valign="bottom"|1B
!valign="bottom"|2B
|{{ptc|13|Al|Aluminium|26.982}}
|{{ptc|14|Si|Silicon|28.086|#bbbbff}}
|{{ptc|15|P|Phosphorus|30.974|#00ff00}}
|{{ptc|16|S|Sulfur|32.064|#00ff00}}
|{{ptc|17|Cl|Chlorine|35.453|#00ff00}}
|{{ptc|18|Ar|Argon|39.948|gold}}
|-
|{{ptc|19|K|Potassium|39.102}}
|{{ptc|20|Ca|Calcium|40.08}}
|{{ptc|21|Sc|Scandium|44.956}}
|{{ptc|22|Ti|Titanium|47.9}}
|{{ptc|23|V|Vanadium|50.942}}
|{{ptc|24|Cr|Chromium|51.996}}
|{{ptc|25|Mn|Manganese|54.938}}
|{{ptc|26|Fe|Iron|55.847}}
|{{ptc|27|Co|Cobalt|58.933}}
|{{ptc|28|Ni|Nickel|58.71}}
|{{ptc|29|Cu|Copper|63.546}}
|{{ptc|30|Zn|Zinc|65.37}}
|{{ptc|31|Ga|Gallium|69.72}}
|{{ptc|32|Ge|Germanium|72.59|#bbbbff}}
|{{ptc|33|As|Arsenic|74.922|#bbbbff}}
|{{ptc|34|Se|Selenium|78.96|#00ff00}}
|{{ptc|35|Br|Bromine|79.904|#00ff00}}
|{{ptc|36|Kr|Krypton|83.8|gold}}
|-
|{{ptc|37|Rb|Rubidium|85.47}}
|{{ptc|38|Sr|Strontium|87.62}}
|{{ptc|39|Y|Yttrium|88.905}}
|{{ptc|40|Zr|Zirconium|91.22}}
|{{ptc|41|Nb|Niobium|92.906}}
|{{ptc|42|Mo|Molybdenum|95.94}}
|{{ptc|43|Tc|Technetium|[97]}}
|{{ptc|44|Ru|Ruthenium|101.07}}
|{{ptc|45|Rh|Rhodium|102.91}}
|{{ptc|46|Pd|Palladium|106.4}}
|{{ptc|47|Ag|Silver|107.87}}
|{{ptc|48|Cd|Cadmium|112.4}}
|{{ptc|49|In|Indium|114.82}}
|{{ptc|50|Sn|Tin|118.69}}
|{{ptc|51|Sb|Antimony|121.75|#bbbbff}}
|{{ptc|52|Te|Tellurium|127.6|#bbbbff}}
|{{ptc|53|I|Iodine|126.9|#00ff00}}
|{{ptc|54|Xe|Xenon|131.3|gold}}
|-
|{{ptc|55|Cs|Caesium|132.91}}
|{{ptc|56|Ba|Barium|137.34}}
|{{ptc|57*|La|Lanthanum|138.91}}
|{{ptc|72|Hf|Hafnium|178.49}}
|{{ptc|73|Ta|Tantalum|180.95}}
|{{ptc|74|W|Tungsten|183.85}}
|{{ptc|75|Re|Rhenium|186.2}}
|{{ptc|76|Os|Osmium|190.2}}
|{{ptc|77|Ir|Iridium|192.2}}
|{{ptc|78|Pt|Platinum|195.09}}
|{{ptc|79|Au|Gold|196.97}}
|{{ptc|80|Hg|Mercury (element)|200.59}}
|{{ptc|81|Tl|Thallium|204.37}}
|{{ptc|82|Pb|Lead|207.19}}
|{{ptc|83|Bi|Bismuth|208.98}}
|{{ptc|84|Po|Polonium|210}}
|{{ptc|85|At|Astatine|210|#bbbbff}}
|{{ptc|86|Rn|Radon|222|gold}}
|-
|{{ptc|87|Fr|Francium|215}}
|{{ptc|88|Ra|Radium|226.03}}
|{{ptc|89**|Ac|Actinium|227.03}}
|{{ptc|104|Rf|Rutherfordium|[261]}}
|{{ptc|105|Db|Dubnium|[262]}}
|{{ptc|106|Sg|Seaborgium|[266]}}
|{{ptc|107|Bh|Bohrium|[264]}}
|{{ptc|108|Hs|Hassium|[269]}}
|{{ptc|109|Mt|Meitnerium|[268]}}
|{{ptc|110|Dt|Darmstadtium|[271]}}
|{{ptc|111|Rg|Roentgenium|[272]}}
|{{ptc|112|||[277]}}
|
|{{ptc|114|||[289]}}
|
|{{ptc|116|||[289]}}
|||
|-
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|-
|colspan="2"|*Lanthanides
|{{ptc|58|Ce|Cerium|140.12}}
|{{ptc|59|Pr|Praseodymium|140.91}}
|{{ptc|60|Nd|Neodymium|144.24}}
|{{ptc|61|Pm|Promethium|145}}
|{{ptc|62|Sm|Samarium|150.35}}
|{{ptc|63|Eu|Europium|151.96}}
|{{ptc|64|Gd|Gadolinium|157.25}}
|{{ptc|65|Tb|Terbium|158.92}}
|{{ptc|66|Dy|Dysprosium|162.5}}
|{{ptc|67|Ho|Holmium|164.93}}
|{{ptc|68|Er|Erbium|167.26}}
|{{ptc|69|Tm|Thulium|168.93}}
|{{ptc|70|Yb|Ytterbium|173.04}}
|{{ptc|71|Lu|Lutetium|174.97}}
|||
|-
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|-
|colspan="2"|**Actinides
|{{ptc|90|Th|Thorium|232.04}}
|{{ptc|91|Pa|Protactinium|231}}
|{{ptc|92|U|Uranium|238.03}}
|{{ptc|93|Np|Neptunium|237.05}}
|{{ptc|94|Pu|Plutonium|239.05}}
|{{ptc|95|Am|Americium|241.06}}
|{{ptc|96|Cm|Curium|244.06}}
|{{ptc|97|Bk|Berkelium|249.08}}
|{{ptc|98|Cf|Californium|252.08}}
|{{ptc|99|Es|Einsteinium|252.08}}
|{{ptc|100|Fm|Fermium|257.1}}
|{{ptc|101|Md|Mendelevium|258.1}}
|{{ptc|102|No|Nobelium|259.1}}
|{{ptc|103|Lr|Larencium|262.11}}
|||
|-
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|-
|style="background-color:#00ff00"|
|colspan=17|[[Nonmetal]]s
|-
|style="background-color:#bbbbff"|
|colspan=17|[[Semimetal]]s
|-
|style="background-color:pink"|
|colspan=17|[[Metal]]s
|-
|style="background-color:gold"|
|colspan=17|[[Noble gas|Noble Gases]]
|}

[[Category:Chemistry]]

Meitnerium

2008-03-26T11:34:56Z

Welshman: New page: {{Element | name=Meitnerium | symbol=Mt | anumber=109 | amass=266 amu | state=Presumed to be a Solid | class=Transactinides | cstructure=Unknown | color=Unknown | date=1982 | discname=Pete...

{{Element | name=Meitnerium | symbol=Mt | anumber=109 | amass=266 amu | state=Presumed to be a Solid | class=Transactinides | cstructure=Unknown | color=Unknown | date=1982 | discname=Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Munzenber | origname=Named after Lise Meitner, a Swedish physicist who first split the nucleus of uranium, thus creating what her team dubbed "fission". | uses=None. | obtained=Synthetically produced by bombarding a 209[[Bismuth|Bi]] with 58[[Iron|Fe]] nuclei. Only a few atoms have ever been produced. }}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Elements]]

Hassium

2008-03-25T15:25:52Z

Welshman: New page: {{Element | name=Hassium | symbol=Hs | anumber=108 | amass=265 amu | state=Presumed to be a Solid | class=Transactinides | cstructure=Unknown | color=Unknown | date=1984 | discname=Peter A...

{{Element | name=Hassium | symbol=Hs | anumber=108 | amass=265 amu | state=Presumed to be a Solid | class=Transactinides | cstructure=Unknown | color=Unknown | date=1984 | discname=Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Munzenber | origname=Taken from the Latin ''Hassias'', meaning ''Hess'', the German state. | uses=None. | obtained=The first 3 atoms of 265[[Hassium|Hs]] were obtained by bombarding a lead target with 58[[Iron|Fe]] nuclei. }}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Elements]]

Seaborgium

2008-03-25T15:17:17Z

Welshman: New page: {{Element | name=Seaborgium | symbol=Sg | anumber=106 | amass=263 amu | state=Presumed to be a Solid | class=Transactinides | cstructure=Unknown | color=Unknown | date=1974 | discname=Albe...

{{Element | name=Seaborgium | symbol=Sg | anumber=106 | amass=263 amu | state=Presumed to be a Solid | class=Transactinides | cstructure=Unknown | color=Unknown | date=1974 | discname=Albert Ghiorso | origname=Named after Glenn T. Seaborg, an American nuclear chemist and winner of a [[Nobel Prize]]. | uses=Research purposes only. | obtained=Obtained by bombarding 249[[Californium|Cf]] with 18[[Oxygen|O]] or 248[[Californium|Cf]] with 22[[Neon|Ne]] ions. Only a few atoms have ever been created. }}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Elements]]

Rutherfordium

2008-03-25T15:10:06Z

Welshman: New page: {{Element | name=Rutherfordium | symbol=Rf | anumber=104 | amass=261 amu | state=Presumed to be a Solid | class=Transactinides | cstructure=Unknown | color=Unknown | date=1969 | discname=A...

{{Element | name=Rutherfordium | symbol=Rf | anumber=104 | amass=261 amu | state=Presumed to be a Solid | class=Transactinides | cstructure=Unknown | color=Unknown | date=1969 | discname=A. Ghiorso, Nurmia, Harris, K.A.Y. Eskola, and P.L. Eskola | origname=Named in honor of Lord Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand physicist and chemist. | uses=Research purposes only. | obtained=Only a few thousand atoms have ever been obtained by bombarding 249[[Californium|Cf]] with 12[[Carbon|C]] and 13[[Carbon|C]] ions. }}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Elements]]

Francium

2008-03-25T13:36:50Z

Welshman: New page: {{Element | name=Francium | symbol=Fr | anumber=87 | amass=223 amu | state=Solid | class=Alkali Metals | cstructure=Cubic Body Centered | color=Metallic | date=1939 | discname=Marguerite P...

{{Element | name=Francium | symbol=Fr | anumber=87 | amass=223 amu | state=Solid | class=Alkali Metals | cstructure=Cubic Body Centered | color=Metallic | date=1939 | discname=Marguerite Perey | origname=Named after France. | uses=None. | obtained=Not commercially available, it is formed by the decay of actinium. }}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Elements]]

Thallium

2008-03-25T13:28:26Z

Welshman: New page: {{Element | name=Thallium | symbol=Tl | anumber=81 | amass=204.3833 amu | state=Solid | class=Metals | cstructure=Hexagonal | color=Silvery-White | date=1861 | discname=Sir William Crookes...

{{Element | name=Thallium | symbol=Tl | anumber=81 | amass=204.3833 amu | state=Solid | class=Metals | cstructure=Hexagonal | color=Silvery-White | date=1861 | discname=Sir William Crookes | origname=From the Greek ''thallos'', meaning a young shoot or green twig, due to the bright green line in its spectrum. | uses=Originally, its compounds were used in rat and ant poisons, but has been prohibited since 1975 in many countries. Also used for detecting infrared radiation and in heart muscle research. | obtained=It is generally obtained as the by-product of [[zinc]] and [[lead]] smelting. Also found in [[iron pyrites]], [[crookesite]], [[hutchinsonite]] and [[lorandite]].}}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Elements]]

Iridium

2008-03-25T13:19:44Z

Welshman: New page: {{Element | name=Iridium | symbol=Ir | anumber=77 | amass=192.22 amu | state=Solid | class=Transition Metals | cstructure=Cubic Face Centered | color=White | date=1803 | discname=Smithson ...

{{Element | name=Iridium | symbol=Ir | anumber=77 | amass=192.22 amu | state=Solid | class=Transition Metals | cstructure=Cubic Face Centered | color=White | date=1803 | discname=Smithson Tennant | origname=From the Latin ''iridis'', meaning ''rainbow''. | uses=Used in conjunction with [[osmium]] to tip gold pen points, to make crucibles and other high-temperature containers. Also used to make alloys for standard weights and measures, as well as heat-resistant alloys. In addition, used in cancer irradiation, hypodermic needles, helicopter spark plugs and as hardening agent for [[platinum]]. | obtained=Found in gravel deposits with [[platinum]] and [[osmiridium]] ores. }}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Elements]]

Osmium

2008-03-25T11:26:01Z

Welshman: New page: {{Element | name=Osmium | symbol=Os | anumber=76 | amass=190.2 amu | state=Solid | class=Transition Metals | cstructure=Hexagonal | color=Fine black powder or blue-gray solid | date=1803 |...

{{Element | name=Osmium | symbol=Os | anumber=76 | amass=190.2 amu | state=Solid | class=Transition Metals | cstructure=Hexagonal | color=Fine black powder or blue-gray solid | date=1803 | discname=Smithson Tennant and William Hyde Wollaston | origname=From the Greek ''osmê'', meaning ''odour'', due to its pungent smell. | uses=Used to tip gold pen points and instrument pivots (such as compass needles and clock bearings). Also used to make electric light filaments and for high temperature alloys and pressure bearings. | obtained=Produced as a by-product of [[nickel]] refining. }}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Elements]]

Rhenium

2008-03-25T11:18:54Z

Welshman: New page: {{Element | name=Rhenium | symbol=Re | anumber=75 | amass=186.207 amu | state=Solid | class=Transition Metals | cstructure=Hexagonal | color=Silver-White metal, or a Gray powder | date=192...

{{Element | name=Rhenium | symbol=Re | anumber=75 | amass=186.207 amu | state=Solid | class=Transition Metals | cstructure=Hexagonal | color=Silver-White metal, or a Gray powder | date=1925 | discname=Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, and Otto Berg | origname=From the Greek name for the Rhine River, ''Rhenus''. | uses=It is added to tungsten and molybdenum alloys. Also used in refractory metal components of missiles, electronic filaments, electrical contacts, high-temperature thermocouplers, oven filaments, electrodes, igniters for flash bulbs, jewelry, plating of metals by electrolysis and vapor-phase deposition. | obtained=Found in small amounts in [[gadolinite]] and [[molybdenite]]; usually extracted from the flue dusts of [[molybdenum]] smelters. }}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Elements]]

Tantalum

2008-03-25T11:04:11Z

Welshman: New page: {{Element | name=Tantalum | symbol=Ta | anumber=73 | amass=180.9479 amu | state=Solid | class=Transition Metals | cstructure=Cubic Body Centered | color=Gray | date=1802 | discname=Anders ...

{{Element | name=Tantalum | symbol=Ta | anumber=73 | amass=180.9479 amu | state=Solid | class=Transition Metals | cstructure=Cubic Body Centered | color=Gray | date=1802 | discname=Anders G. Ekeberg | origname=From King Tantalus of Greek mythology | uses=Used in metal alloys. Tantalum pentoxide is used in capacitors, condensers, cutting tools, vacuum tube filaments and in camera lenses to increase refracting power. | obtained=Occurs chiefly in the mineral [[tantalite]]. Always found with [[niobium]]. }}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Elements]]

Talk:Islam

2008-03-24T15:05:42Z

Welshman: copyright / fair use?

See [[Debate:Crusades... Good or Bad?]] if you have an opinion.
----
Fine then. If this MUST contain mention of paganism, I'll go mention it in Christianity as well. It isn't false...

Good point. The Roman Emperor, among other people was called Son of God and was believed to be born of a virgin. The Egyptian god Horus also was born of a virgin. In addition Dionysian cults celebrated by eating their god. The Cult of Isis influenced early belief on the Virgin Mary. Mirthaism and the Egyptian god Osiris may have had an influence on belief in Christ's resurrection. It was only natural that pagan converts would bring their old religions with them when the converted to Christianity.

The first section of this article is factual.

The second half appears to be opinion. It is not a description of what U. S. policy is or has been, but of what the writer thinks it should be. Some statements in it ("The religion of Islam is one of the most, if not the most, violent religion in the world") seem far from objective. After all, it was not Muslims who started the Crusades. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 20:19, 8 February 2007 (EST)

The Crusades were acts of self - defense occasioned by centuries of Islamic belligerence. -VoteGOP21
: This is entirely, entirely false, and I would encourage you to study history before you make claims like this. [[User:FlightlessOstrich|FlightlessOstrich]] 16:04, 15 March 2008 (EDT)
:: Not ''self'' defence, but retaking of Palestine from the Muslim invaders, so I'm not sure that I'd be repeating "entirely" like that. In other words, the truth is somewhere between what VotGOP21 said and what you appear to be indicating, although you're being somewhat vague. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 09:03, 16 March 2008 (EDT)

"a substantial minority of accredited Western scholars believe that some Muslim beliefs, like those of the early Roman Catholic Church, system can be traced back to distinctly polytheistic antecedents" - This seems to be the sort of phrase that is attacked in Wikipedia. Every odd ball opinion can be traced to somewhere, but this is not worthy in the main article - in regard to Islam or Catholicism. [[user:stevendavy]]

The article has one major flaw, and that is that it distinguishes Allah as a separate god from that which is followed in the other abrahamic religions. This is fundamentally incorrect, The Christian, Jewish and Muslim god is the same god. The quote given is actually Sura 5: 77 and the Qu'ran is not contesting that a Christian god was another god, merely that Jesus was not the son of god but instead a prophet, thus, to claim that Jesus was the son of god in that sense is incorrect according to Muslims. Interestingly the quoted Sura 5: 73 actually reads "They who believe, and the Jews, and the Sabeites and the Christians - whoever of them believeth in God and in the last day, and doth what is right, on them shall come no fear, neither shall they be put to grief". Not quite so intolerant I think you'll agree. [[user:djtheblade]]
: It is good that you think so tolerantly of God, and I agree with you, however, many people do not, and controversial statements should not be presented as fact in an encyclopedia. Good point with the Sura 5, though, I hadn't known about that before. '''That''' should go up on the page. [[User:FlightlessOstrich|FlightlessOstrich]] 16:04, 15 March 2008 (EDT)
:: Regarding "controversial" statements in encyclopedias, please read [[Essay: Accuracy vs. neutrality on Conservapedia‎]]. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 09:03, 16 March 2008 (EDT)

It seems to me that discussion of Islam in the context of "pig gods" is a subtle method of defamation. Rather than kitschy little tidbits of information, it would be nice to see a comprehensive list of facts including the pillars, the Sunni, Shi'i split, and Sharia.

I agree - it seems unnecessary and insulting. Why not remove it? - there is a good deal of more useful information that is left out of this article. [[User:Cletje|Cletje]]

:We should get rid of this rubbish. It may confuse those people who don't understand. It also tries to make fun of an important subject. --[[User:Czolgosz]] 12:07, 29 March 2007 (EDT) 14:31, 30 March 2007 (EDT)

== There is still misleading information in here ==

I realize this is an emotional subject for many, but if the conservapedia can't manage to weed out the misleading and biased information, it will end up as the laughingstock that so many already assume it will become.

The end of the first paragraph says that Islam is growing quickly "mostly" because of high fecundity rates. Most data shows that high reproductive rates are important, but they are in parts of Africa, Asia, and South America where Christianity is showing its greatest gains as well. It's debatable whether there are more conversions from Christianity to Islam than vice versa (citing an interview with one person is not good evidence!), but both get most of their conversions from non judeo-christian-islam religions. So what possible point can there be for including this, except to make the conservapedia look biased?

What, you think conservapedia ISN'T Biased? Ha, considering it was set up as a reaction to the so called liberalized Wikipedia, it's done a pretty poor job of presenting fair and unbiased arguments. Conservapedia is just a polar opposite, it's not balanced at all.

::I agree and it makes me very disappointed. [[User:Everwill|Everwill]] 13:35, 18 April 2007 (EDT)

:::I see nothing wrong with either source making the claim Christian conversions outstrip conversions to Islam. [[User:RobS|RobS]] 15:18, 18 April 2007 (EDT)

::::Presuming that it's true, yes. A link to concrete statistics would be necessary to legitimize such a statement.[[User:Archibald|Archibald]] 14:13, 9 November 2007 (EST)

== We should not shy away from speaking the Truth!!! ==

Conservapedia shouldn't be biased in a bad way, but we should definitely be putting across our point of view. It is obvious that Jesus was the son of G-d, and so any parts of Islam which contradict Christianity must be considered false. This page should also contain evidence that Christianity and not Islam is the one true faith. Surely we should not shy away from speaking the truth!!! -Mmeelliissssaa
: I laugh at your concept of truth. Your truth is not independently verifiable. Bias is the act of "putting across" your point of view. It is not so obvious that Jesus is the son of God. Contradiction does not imply falsehood, as Christianity knows well (I'm thinking of a Holy Trinity...). And I think the reader has the right to decide whether Christianity or Islam is the true faith. [[User:FlightlessOstrich|FlightlessOstrich]] 16:06, 15 March 2008 (EDT)
:: As above, see [[Essay: Accuracy vs. neutrality on Conservapedia‎]]. I think it's quite obvious that Jesus is the Son of God. Contradiction ''does'' imply falsehood, but ''apparent'' contradiction need not mean that. And nobody's denying the read the right to make up his mind. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 09:16, 16 March 2008 (EDT)

Its obvious that Jesus was the son of God - that is in sense that Jesus is part of triad that is comprised of 3 equal parts, hence Jesus is God? Really! It was not even obvious to early Christians that this was the case. - anyone aware of the history of Christianity is aware of this. I suggest you Google "the Arian crisis" to find out more. If You mean that Jesus is the son of God, and the word son defines his rank with respect to God - that is less than, and seperate from, God, then you are outside the orthodox tradition, and are an Arian Christian. Not that I have a dog in this fight, I am an atheist. Yet your bias and question-begging(i,e. your conclusion that Islam must be false is based upon your presuppostion that your belief is true) needed to be attacked.

::What about the Koranic justification for violence against infidels / the dhimma / mistreatment of women? - VoteGOP21

::: Look up Luke 19:27, or the entire Old Testament, and any number of episodes about stoning people. Christianity is not so innocent either. Any spirited leader can take any number of contradictory (and violent) verses from a book of scripture and make something violent out of it. The mistreatment of women question is a popular one... the general consensus is that hurting anyone, especially your wife, is bad. And let me again reference something from our Good Book, not violent but just funny... "Let your women keep silence in the churches," 1 Corinthians 7:1. Remember that!! [[User:FlightlessOstrich|FlightlessOstrich]] 16:11, 15 March 2008 (EDT)
:::: If your point is that verses taken out of context appear to say something that they don't really say, then I'll agree with you, and that is why I don't quote such verses from the Koran, because I'm not familiar with the context. But if you are saying that the Bible endorses unjustified violence, then I disagree. Luke 19:27 is part of a parable; not an instruction. The "entire Old Testament" is a silly thing to say, as it is simply not true that the ''entire'' Old Testament endorses violence. The Bible actually preaches a higher view of women than was current in its time. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 09:16, 16 March 2008 (EDT)

:Perhaps you would like to discuss one of our [[Debate topics]]. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] 13:10, 18 April 2007 (EDT)

Perhaps she would like to acknowledge that her interpretation of 'the one true faith' is still entirely subjective. Salvation may be shared in a community but it is still a subjective and singular experience. It's not 'obvious' that Jesus was the son of god, that is merely your opinion, that would be like me saying that it is 'obvious' that creationism is false because popular scientific consensus says so. I'm not quick to dismiss people's opinions and outlooks on life, but I don't pass my own opinions off as undisputed objective fact. Your 'truth' is your personal salvation and not necessarily the same truth that other's will rejoice in.

:Perhaps we should focus on building an encyclopedic page about Islam, and leave the rants out. That can go at [[Criticism of Islam]]. --[[User:Hojimachong|'''Hojimachong''']][[User_Talk:Hojimachong|talk]] 12:29, 21 April 2007 (EDT)

::The role of an "encyclopedia" is not to convert others from other, "wrong" (i.e. "not my") points of view, but to unfold and present information. Certainly the information that Christians believe Christ to be the son of God is crucial, and so is the information that Muslims believe that doctrine to be a fabrication of Christ's later followers. Christian scripture has enough valid independent sources that I don't believe this to be true. Hmm. . . not sure where I'm going with this.[[User:Archibald|Archibald]] 14:17, 9 November 2007 (EST)
::: Well, Muslims may say the Son of God doctrine came a little later, but the more damning condemnation is that Christians have made a Son of God in the first place. This can be viewed as polytheistic. [[User:FlightlessOstrich|FlightlessOstrich]] 16:14, 15 March 2008 (EDT)
::::Christians didn't make anything, only recorded it. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 18:47, 15 March 2008 (EDT)
:::: Anything "can be viewed" as almost anything, but that doesn't mean that it can reasonably mean that. Christianity clearly teaches ''one'' God, comprising three persons. Unlike polytheistic religions which have multiple gods squabbling or disagreeing, the Christian God is of one mind. And as Learn together says, Christians didn't "make" a Son of God. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 09:16, 16 March 2008 (EDT)

==Five Pillars==
We should make clear these are the five '''Sunni''' pillars of Islam. The Shia Twelvers replace Shahadah with Wilayah. The Ismali have seven pillars, as do the Druze. Just lumping all of Islam together like this is like saying all Christians believe in transubstantiation.--[[User:Dave3172|Dave3172]] 13:32, 18 April 2007 (EDT)
:I thought that the "twelvers" were the Imams themselves. Does this mean that their laws replace the pillars? I am not well-versed on this aspect, perhaps you could add information, Dave. --[[User:Hojimachong|'''Hojimachong''']][[User_Talk:Hojimachong|talk]] 12:31, 21 April 2007 (EDT)

Jihad, the "sixth" pillar, needs to be mentioned. And not jihad as in holy war against infidels, I mean jihad as including the personal and public jihads. [[User:ColinR|ColinR]][[User_talk:ColinR|talk]] 04:56, 23 April 2007 (EDT)
: Isn't it greater (ie the struggle to reform the self) and lesser (ie the struggle to reform the Muslim community) Jihad? Oh, and it's not the 'sixth pillar', by any stretch. The Five Pillars are the Five Pillars. Wikinterpreter'''[http://www.conservapedia.com/User_talk:Wikinterpreter talk?]

Wikinterpreter, please see your talk page --[[User:Jrp32|Jrp32]] 13:34, 18 January 2008 (EST)

==Spelling==

The apostrophe in "Qur'an" is between the "r" and "a," not after the "u." [[User:Ylmw21|Ylmw21]] 23:14, 23 April 2007 (EDT)

== Islam and Judaism ==

There are title headings for Islam and Christianity as well as Islam and Paganism, but nothing for Islam and Judaism? I realize this is a sensitive topic, but by avoiding it aren't we leaving an incomplete article? [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 18:33, 15 May 2007 (EDT)

==Muslims believe in the Resurrection==

Muslims do, in fact, believe in the resurrection of Jesus Christ. Can someone change this, please?

:If I recall correctly, Muslims do not believe in the resurrection as portrayed in the Bible. If it would be changed, it needs to be properly specified what to put. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 02:06, 25 June 2007 (EDT)

Muslims believe that Jesus would judge during Judgement day with their prophet {{unsigned|Kaviii}}

== Islam and Paganism ==

I suggest either someone remove this section or show the other side of the arguement. This claim about Muslims worshipping a moon deity call Allah and Islam and it's moon-cult links have been refuted in this web site

http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Sources/Allah/moongod.html

{{unsigned|Kaviii}}

I agree. Startoman24

:The moon-god worshipped in pre-Islamic Mecca was called Hubal. According to the muslims, the battle of Uhud showed Hubal to be inferior to Allah. This should most definitely be added to the article. [[User:Styxz|Styxz]] 19:15, 4 November 2007 (EST)

== Changing "Allah" to "God" ==

I should point out that while this would normally seem to make sense, that in Islam the title "Allah" goes beyond cultural Arabic. Islamic services in languages other than Arabic still use the title Allah. Conservations with Muslims either verbal or written will still see the use of the proper Allah.

I would say some mention should be made of this in the first paragraph before we make use of God throughout. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 14:50, 11 August 2007 (EDT)

:It seems that the Islamic usage of "Allah" is as wedded with Islamic culture as the usage of ancient Hebrew names for God in Judaism. Though Islam essentially worships the old testament "God" it seems beneficial to leave in the Allah reference.[[User:Archibald|Archibald]] 14:19, 9 November 2007 (EST)

== Human Sacrifice ==
I move that the line referring to early Islamic Human sacrifice should be removed because it states in the line that the claims are unverified, so they aren't fact. And an encyclopedia should post facts.

== revelation and transcription ==

Where it says ''revealed the Qur'an to Muhammad, and despite his illiteracy, caused him to transcribe it '', it should add that in actual fact the Quran was first memorized by professional remembrancers, written down in an improvised way later, to be compiled years later. Believe in a miracle is one thing, information on the actual history should be a second [[User:Immaculada|Immaculada]] 21:44, 18 August 2007 (EDT)

== Recategorization ==

Please remove the category religion. This is already a supercategory of Category:Islam. [[User:TheEvilSpartan|TheEvilSpartan]] 14:57, 7 January 2008 (EST)

== Removal ==
This section was brought to my attention by a user for review: "Others believe there are pagan roots of various Muslim prohibitions, such as the ban on pork originating in the 3rd-century AD Damascene [[cult]] of the pig-god Jamal <ref>Ibid.</ref> as well as various recently-recovered scrolls that hint at early Muslim human sacrifice. Such claims remain unverified. <ref>Esposito, "The Oxford History of Islam", p. 523. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1999. [http://www.amazon.com/Oxford-History-Islam-John-Esposito/dp/0195107993/sr=8-1/qid=1172042853/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1/105-1837174-2630046?ie=UTF8&s=books]</ref>"
#The ban on pork is ''pagan''? That would mean that the Old Testament ban on pork is pagan too? (In fact earlier versions of this passage were quite happy to point out that the Jews were all pagans as well).
#Pig god "Jamal" - no evidence that such a thing existed. Jamal is quite a popular boys name, particularly among black and Muslim US families; it means "handsome". I fear somebody is yanking the chain here.
#Human sacrifice... hinted at... unverified... I haven't read Esposito's book, but I just checked the online db and its in my local library so I'll grab it asap. However, the claim sounds spurious, and also sounds well out of place in a book that has received no criticism from Islamic groups, and seems to be more concerned with the artistic bent of Islam.
#I appreciate that we do not edit articles to make everybody happy, particularly if it may go against the grain of the common values that we all share and goals we aspire to at CP. But this section of the article is simply inaccurate. [[Image:User Fox.png|10px]] [[User:Fox|Fox]] ([[User talk:Fox|talk]]|[[Special:Contributions/Fox|contribs]]) 14:13, 18 January 2008 (EST)

I agree with your choice to remove, and for the reasons you have stated above. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 14:24, 18 January 2008 (EST)

==See Also==
Can we add [[Jesus in Islam]] to the See Also list? [[User:SSchultz|SSchultz]] 22:41, 4 February 2008 (EST)

What about the Satanic verses? {{unsigned|VoteGOP21}}

==Islamic Violence==
Why aren't the scores of verses in the Koran and Hadith exhorting Mohammedans to violence against the 'infidels' included? -VoteGOP21

==Historical Background==
I'm a bit worried that this addition appears to be a word-for-copy from [[http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RS21432.pdf|Islam: A Primer]]. Not sure, but are we treading on copyright infringement / fair use here? [[User:Welshman|Welshman]] 11:05, 24 March 2008 (EDT)

Imperial to Metric conversions

2008-03-24T14:54:43Z

Welshman:

==Length==
:1 [[mile]] = 1.609 [[kilometer|km]] = 1609.344 [[meter|m]]
:1 [[furlong]] = 201.168 [[meter|m]]
:1 [[chain]] = 20.1168 [[meter|m]]
:1 [[rod]] = 5.0292 [[meter|m]]
:1 [[yard]] = 91.44 [[centimeter|cm]]
:1 [[foot]] = 30.48 [[centimeter|cm]]
:1 [[link]] = 20.1168 [[centimeter|cm]]
:1 [[inch]] = 2.54 [[centimeter|cm]]

==Weight==
:1 [[grain]] = 0.06479891 [[gram|g]]
:1 [[ounce]] = 28.35 [[gram|g]]
:1 [[troy ounce]] = 31.1035 [[gram|g]] (Also referred to as ''Apothecaries' ounce'')
:1 [[pound]] = 0.45 [[kilogram|kg]] = 450 [[gram|g]]
:1 [[stone]] = 6.35029 [[kilogram|kg]]
:1 [[hundredweight]] = 50.8023 [[kilogram|kg]]
:1 [[UK ton]] = 1.02 [[metric ton]] (A UK ton = 2240 pounds)
:1 [[US ton]] = 0.91 [[metric ton]] (A US ton = 2000 pounds)

==Area==
:1 [[square inch]] = 6.45 [[square centimeter|cm2]]
:1 [[square foot]] = 0.092903 [[square meter|m2]]
:1 [[square yard]] = 0.836127 [[square meter|m2]]
:1 [[rood]] = 1011.71 [[square meter|m2]]
:1 [[acre]] = 0.404686 [[hectares]]
:1 [[square mile]] = 258.99904 [[hectares]]

==Volume==
:1 [[Teaspoon]] (UK) = 5.92 [[milliliter|ml]]
:1 [[Teaspoon]] (US) = 4.93 [[milliliter|ml]]
:1 [[Tablespoon]] (UK) = 17.76 [[milliliter|ml]]
:1 [[Tablespoon]] (US) = 14.79 [[milliliter|ml]]
:1 [[Fluid ounce]] (UK) = 28.41 [[milliliter|ml]]
:1 [[Fluid ounce]] (US) = 29.57 [[milliliter|ml]]
:1 [[Pint]] (UK) = 0.57 [[liter|l]]
:1 [[Pint]] (US) = 0.47 [[liter|l]]
:1 [[Quart]] (UK) = 1.14 [[liter|l]]
:1 [[Quart]] (US) = 0.95 [[liter|l]]
:1 [[Gallon]] (UK) = 4.55 [[liter|l]]
:1 [[Gallon]] (US) = 3.79 [[liter|l]]

Hafnium

2008-03-24T13:45:21Z

Welshman: New page: {{Element | name=Hafnium | symbol=Hf | anumber=72 | amass=178.49 amu | state=Solid | class=Transition Metals | cstructure=Hexagonal | color=Silver | date=1923 | discname=Dirk Coster & Geor...

{{Element | name=Hafnium | symbol=Hf | anumber=72 | amass=178.49 amu | state=Solid | class=Transition Metals | cstructure=Hexagonal | color=Silver | date=1923 | discname=Dirk Coster & Georg von Hevesy | origname=From the Latin name for [[Copenhagen]], ''Hafnia''. | uses=Due to its ability to absorb neutrons, used in reactor control rods and also as a gas scavenger in vacuum tubes. | obtained=Obtained as a by-product of [[zirconium]] refining. }}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Elements]]

Lanthanum

2008-03-21T10:48:53Z

Welshman: New page: {{Element | name=Lanthanum | symbol=La | anumber=57 | amass=138.9055 amu | state=Solid | class=Transition Metals | cstructure=Hexagonal | color=Silvery-white | date=1839 | discname=Carl Mo...

{{Element | name=Lanthanum | symbol=La | anumber=57 | amass=138.9055 amu | state=Solid | class=Transition Metals | cstructure=Hexagonal | color=Silvery-white | date=1839 | discname=Carl Mosander | origname=From the Greek ''lanthanein'', meaning ''to lie hidden''. | uses=Due to the refractive properties it adds to glass, it is used in expensive camera lenses. Also used in lighter flints, battery electrodes and catalytic converters. | obtained=Found along with [[monazite]] and [[bastnasite]]. }}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Elements]]

Prefecture

2008-03-21T10:06:16Z

Welshman: oops

[[Japan]] is divided into a total of 47 '''prefectures'''<ref>http://www.japan-guide.com/list/e1002.html</ref>, created during the [[Meiji Restoration]], with each being further sub-divided into [[municipalities]]. The term prefecture is derived from the translation of ''todōfuken (都道府県)''.

The 47 prefectures of [[Japan]] are as follows, listed from north to south, per region<ref>http://www.japan-guide.com/list/e1002.html</ref>:

== Hokkaido Region ==
# [[Hokkaido]] (北海道) - the northernmost prefecture and the only one to encompass an entire main [[island]]. Capital city is [[Sapporo]].

== Tohoku Region ==
# Aomori (青森県) - the northernmost prefecture on Japan's main island [[Honshu]], named after [[Aomori Bay]] (青森湾). Capital city is Aomori City.
# Iwate (岩手県) - The capital city is Morioka.
# Miyagi (宮城県) - The capital city is Sendai.
# Akita (秋田県) - The capital city is Akita.
# Yamagata (山形県) - The capital city is Yamagata.
# Fukushima (福島県)- The capital city is Fukushima.

== Kanto Region ==

# Chiba (千葉県) - The capital city is Chiba. Narita is probably the other best-known city within this prefecture.
# Gunma (群馬県) - The capital city is Maebashi.
# Ibaraki (茨城県) - The capital city is Mito.
# Kanagawa (神奈川県) - The capital city is Yokohama.
# Saitama (埼玉県) - The capital city is Saitama.
# Tochigi (栃木県) - The capital city is Utsunomiya.
# Tokyo (東京都) - This is the only prefecture referred to as a [[metropolis]] ''to (都)'' rather than a prefecture ''ken (県)''.

== Chūbu Region ==

# Aichi (愛知県) - The capital city is Nagoya
# Fukui ((福井) - The capital city is Fukui
# Gifu (岐阜県) - The capital city is Gifu.
# Ishikawa (石川県) - The capital city is Kanazawa.
# Nagano (長野県) - The capital city is Nagano, host of the 1998 Olympic Winter Games.
# Niigata (新潟県) - The capital city is Niigata. The name translates as ''new lagoon''.
# Shizuoka (静岡県) - The capital city is Shizuoka.
# Toyama (富山県) - The capital city is Toyama. The region is notorious for widespread [[cadmium]] poisoning in 1950, giving rise to the term ''"[[Itai-itai disease]]"''. It translates as ''"Ouch-ouch disease"'' and is derived from the screams of its sufferers.<ref>http://www.kanazawa-med.ac.jp/~pubhealt/cadmium2/itaiitai-e/itai01.html</ref>
# Yamanashi (山梨県) - The capital city is Kōfu.

== Kansai Region ==

# Hyōgo (兵庫県) - The capital city is Kobe.
# Kyoto (京都府) - The capital city is Kyoto.
# Mie (三重県,) - The capital city is Tsu.
# Nara (奈良県) - The capital city is Nara.
# Osaka (大阪府) - The capital city is Osaka. The Osaka-Kobe region is also referred to as [[Hanshin]] (阪神).
# Shiga (滋賀県) - The capital city is Otsu.
# Wakayama (和歌山県) - The capital city is Wakayama.

== Chūgoku Region ==

# Hiroshima (広島県) - The capital city is Hiroshima, infamous as the target of the [[Little Boy]] [[atomic bomb]] during [[World War 2]].
# Okayama (岡山県) - The capital city is Okayama.
# Shimane (島根県) - The capital city is Matsue.
# Tottori (鳥取県) - The capital city is Tottori. This is the least populous of all the prefectures, with a population density per square kilometer almost half that of the national average - 176 versus 337.<ref>http://www.stat.go.jp/English/data/handbook/c02cont.htm</ref>
# Yamaguchi (山口県) - The capital city is Yamaguchi. Nagato, Shimonoseki and Ube are other significant cities found in this prefecture.

== Shikoku Region ==

# Ehime (愛媛県) - The capital city is Matsuyama.
# Kagawa (香川県) - The capital city is Takamatsu.
# Kōchi (高知県) - The capital city is Kōchi.
# Tokushima (徳島県) - The capital city is Tokushima.

== Kyūshū and Okinawa Regions ==

# Fukuoka (福岡県) - The capital city is Fukuoka
# Kagoshima (鹿児島県) - The capital city is Kagoshima.
# Kumamoto (熊本県) - The capital city is Kumamoto.
# Miyazaki (宮崎県) - The capital city is Miyazaki.
# Nagasaki (長崎県) - The capital city is Nagasaki, target of the [[Fat Man]] [[atomic bomb]] during [[World War 2]].
# Ōita (大分県) - The capital city is Ōita.
# Okinawa (沖縄県) - The capital city is Naha.
# Saga (佐賀県) - The capital city is Saga. This prefecture is famous for its production of [[ceramics]] and [[porcelain]].

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Japan]]

Hokkaido

2008-03-20T15:40:52Z

Welshman:

[[Image:Hokkaido.jpg|right|Hokkaido]]
'''Hokkaido''' (Hokkai-dō, 北海道) is the second largest [[island]] in [[Japan]], accounting for almost 22% of the country's total landmass, with a land area of 83,000 square kilometers. It is also the northernmost island and the least developed, as well as the largest single [[prefecture]]. The only major designated city on the island is [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2163.html Sapporo], the 5th largest city in Japan.

Shiretoko, in northeastern Hokkaido, was newly inscribed to the World Natural Heritage List.

Due to its location in the high latitudes, Hokkaido suffers from harsh winters, with sub-zero temperatures, snow-fall and frozen seas. Summer temperatures are lower that the rest of the country, with significantly lower humidity levels.

This, combined with the large tracts of unspoilt nature, makes it a popular holiday destination, offering hot springs, skiing and hiking and camping for enthusiasts.<ref>[http://www.japan-guide.com/list/e1101.html Hokkaido Travel Guide]</ref>

In 1972, the Olympic Winter Games were held in [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2163.html Sapporo].

The other three principal Japanese islands are [[Honshu]], [[Kyushu]] and [[Shikoku]].

== See also ==

*[[Ainu]]

== External links ==

*[http://www.pref.hokkaido.lg.jp/ks/ssi/shiretokoHP-en/top-e.htm Shiretoko Japan's third World Natural Heritage Site]
*[http://www.pref.hokkaido.lg.jp/foreign/english.htm Hokkaido Official Website]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Japan]]

Indium

2008-03-20T15:37:14Z

Welshman: New page: {{Element | name=Indium | symbol=In | anumber=49 | amass=114.818 amu | state=Solid | class=Metals | cstructure=Tetragonal | color=Silvery-white | date=1863 | discname=Ferdinand Reich and H...

{{Element | name=Indium | symbol=In | anumber=49 | amass=114.818 amu | state=Solid | class=Metals | cstructure=Tetragonal | color=Silvery-white | date=1863 | discname=Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Richter | origname=From the indigo blue it shows in a spectroscope. | uses=Used as a coating for high speed bearings, in mirrors, solar cells, nuclear power regulators, photo cells and transistors. Also employed in low-melting alloys for safety devices. | obtained=Found in some zinc ores, but is primarily produced as a by-product of lead and zinc smelting. }}

==References==
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[[Category:Elements]]

Rhodium

2008-03-20T15:19:36Z

Welshman: New page: {{Element | name=Rhodium | symbol=Rh | anumber=45 | amass=102.9055 amu | state=Solid | class=Transition Metals | cstructure=Cubic face centered | color=Silvery-white | date=1803 | discname...

{{Element | name=Rhodium | symbol=Rh | anumber=45 | amass=102.9055 amu | state=Solid | class=Transition Metals | cstructure=Cubic face centered | color=Silvery-white | date=1803 | discname=William H. Wollaston | origname=From the Latin ''rhodon'', meaning rose, as its diluted salts produce a rosy solution. | uses=Used as a coating to prevent wear on high quality science equipment as well as in headlight reflectors, telephone relays, fountain pen tips and aircraft sparkplugs. | obtained=Produced as a by-product of nickel refining, but is also found in its natural state in [[Montana]], [[USA]]. }}

==References==
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[[Category:Elements]]

Ruthenium

2008-03-20T15:08:25Z

Welshman: New page: {{Element | name=Ruthenium | symbol=Ru | anumber=44 | amass=101.07 amu | state=Solid | class=Transition Metals | cstructure=Hexagonal | color=Silvery-white | date=1844 | discname=Karl Klau...

{{Element | name=Ruthenium | symbol=Ru | anumber=44 | amass=101.07 amu | state=Solid | class=Transition Metals | cstructure=Hexagonal | color=Silvery-white | date=1844 | discname=Karl Klaus ''(Polish chemist Jędrzej Śniadecki isolated element 44 in 1807. However his work was never verified, and he later withdrew his claim.)'' | origname=From ''Ruthenia'', the Latin name of Russia. | uses=Used to harden [[platinum]] and [[palladium]]. Also used in eye treatments, fountain pen tips, and electrical contacts. | obtained=Produced as a by-product of nickel refining. }}

==References==
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[[Category:Elements]]

Technetium

2008-03-20T15:06:26Z

Welshman: spelling grrrr.

{{Element | name=Technetium | symbol=Tc | anumber=43 | amass=97 amu | state=Solid | class=Metallic | cstructure=Hexagonal | color=Silvery-gray | date=1937 | discname=Carlo Perrier and Emillo G. Segre | origname=from the Greek ''tekhnetos'', meaning ''artificial''. | uses=Source of radiation for medical research. | obtained=Manufactured by bombarding [[Molybdenum]] with [[heavy hydrogen]] in a [[cyclotron]]. Only minute quantities have been found outside the laboratory, as a by-product of the fission of Uranium-238. }}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Elements]]

Technetium

2008-03-20T14:55:31Z

Welshman: New page: {{Element | name=Technetium | symbol=Tc | anumber=43 | amass=97 amu | state=Solid | class=Metallic | cstructure=Hexagonal | color=Silvery-gray | date=1937 | discname=Carlo Perrier and Emil...

{{Element | name=Technetium | symbol=Tc | anumber=43 | amass=97 amu | state=Solid | class=Metallic | cstructure=Hexagonal | color=Silvery-gray | date=1937 | discname=Carlo Perrier and Emillo G. Segre | origname=from the Greek ''tekhnetos'', meaning ''artificial''. | uses=Source of radation for medical research. | obtained=Manufactured by bombarding [[Molybdenum]] with [[heavy hydrogen]] in a [[cyclotron]]. Only minute quantities have been found outside the laboratory, as a by-product of the fission of Uranium-238. }}

==References==
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[[Category:Elements]]

Prefecture

2008-03-20T13:47:40Z

Welshman: New page: Japan is divided into a total of 47 '''prefectures'''<ref>http://www.japan-guide.com/list/e1002.html</ref>, created during the Meiji Restoration, with each being further sub-divide...

[[Japan]] is divided into a total of 47 '''prefectures'''<ref>http://www.japan-guide.com/list/e1002.html</ref>, created during the [[Meiji Restoration]], with each being further sub-divided into [[municipalities]]. The term prefecture is derived from the translation of ''todōfuken (都道府県)''.

The 47 prefectures of [[Japan]] are as follows, listed from north to south, per region<ref>http://www.japan-guide.com/list/e1002.html</ref>:

== Hokkaido Region ==
# [[Hokkaido]] (北海道) - the northernmost prefecture and the only one to encompass an entire main [[island]]. Capital city is [[Sapporo]].

== Tohoku Region ==
# Aomori (青森県) - the northernmost prefecture on Japan's main island [[Honshu]], named after [[Aomori Bay]] (青森湾). Capital city is Aomori City.
# Iwate (岩手県) - The capital city is Morioka.
# Miyagi (宮城県) - The capital city is Sendai.
# Akita (秋田県) - The capital city is Akita.
# Yamagata (山形県) - The capital city is Yamagata.
# Fukushima (福島県)- The capital city is Fukushima.

== Kanto Region ==

# Chiba (千葉県) - The capital city is Chiba. Narita is probably the other best-known city within this prefecture.
# Gunma (群馬県) - The capital city is Maebashi.
# Ibaraki (茨城県) - The capital city is Mito.
# Kanagawa (神奈川県) - The capital city is Yokohama.
# Saitama (埼玉県) - The capital city is Saitama.
# Tochigi (栃木県) - The capital city is Utsunomiya.
# Tokyo (東京都) - This is the only prefecture referred to as a [[metropolis]] ''to (都)'' rather than a prefecture ''ken (県)''.

== Chūbu Region ==

# Aichi (愛知県) - The capital city is Nagoya
# Fukui ((福井) - The capital city is Fukui
# Gifu (岐阜県) - The capital city is Gifu.
# Ishikawa (石川県) - The capital city is Kanazawa.
# Nagano (長野県) - The capital city is
# Niigata (新潟県) - The capital city is Niigata. The name translates as ''new lagoon''.
# Shizuoka (静岡県) - The capital city is Shizuoka.
# Toyama (富山県) - The capital city is Toyama. The region is notorious for widespread [[cadmium]] poisoning in 1950, giving rise to the term ''"[[Itai-itai disease]]"''. It translates as ''"Ouch-ouch disease"'' and is derived from the screams of its sufferers.<ref>http://www.kanazawa-med.ac.jp/~pubhealt/cadmium2/itaiitai-e/itai01.html</ref>
# Yamanashi (山梨県) - The capital city is Kōfu.

== Kansai Region ==

# Hyōgo (兵庫県) - The capital city is Kobe.
# Kyoto (京都府) - The capital city is Kyoto.
# Mie (三重県,) - The capital city is Tsu.
# Nara (奈良県) - The capital city is Nara.
# Osaka (大阪府) - The capital city is Osaka. The Osaka-Kobe region is also referred to as [[Hanshin]] (阪神).
# Shiga (滋賀県) - The capital city is Otsu.
# Wakayama (和歌山県) - The capital city is Wakayama.

== Chūgoku Region ==

# Hiroshima (広島県) - The capital city is Hiroshima, infamous as the target of the [[Little Boy]] [[atomic bomb]] during [[World War 2]].
# Okayama (岡山県) - The capital city is Okayama.
# Shimane (島根県) - The capital city is Matsue.
# Tottori (鳥取県) - The capital city is Tottori. This is the least populous of all the prefectures, with a population density per square kilometer almost half that of the national average - 176 versus 337.<ref>http://www.stat.go.jp/English/data/handbook/c02cont.htm</ref>
# Yamaguchi (山口県) - The capital city is Yamaguchi. Nagato, Shimonoseki and Ube are other significant cities found in this prefecture.

== Shikoku Region ==

# Ehime (愛媛県) - The capital city is Matsuyama.
# Kagawa (香川県) - The capital city is Takamatsu.
# Kōchi (高知県) - The capital city is Kōchi.
# Tokushima (徳島県) - The capital city is Tokushima.

== Kyūshū and Okinawa Regions ==

# Fukuoka (福岡県) - The capital city is Fukuoka
# Kagoshima (鹿児島県) - The capital city is Kagoshima.
# Kumamoto (熊本県) - The capital city is Kumamoto.
# Miyazaki (宮崎県) - The capital city is Miyazaki.
# Nagasaki (長崎県) - The capital city is Nagasaki, target of the [[Fat Man]] [[atomic bomb]] during [[World War 2]].
# Ōita (大分県) - The capital city is Ōita.
# Okinawa (沖縄県) - The capital city is Naha.
# Saga (佐賀県) - The capital city is Saga. This prefecture is famous for its production of [[ceramics]] and [[porcelain]].

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Japan]]

Shikoku

2008-03-20T12:29:18Z

Welshman:

'''Shikoku''' (四国) is the smallest of [[Japan]]'s four main [[island]]s, with a land area of 18,800 square kilometers. One of the least visited of all the islands, the majority of travelers consist of [[Buddhist]] pilgrims, visiting the 88 [[shrines]] found on the island. The largest city is [[Matsuyama]], renowned for [[ Matsuyamajo]], one of the last original [[castle]]s left in [[Japan]], completed in 1628.<ref>[http://www.japan-guide.com/list/e1107.html Shikoku Travel Guide]</ref>

It is also the native birthplace of the [[Shikoku dog]] (四国犬), which was recognised as a "National Living Monument" by the [[Japanese Crown]] in 1937.

The other three principal Japanese islands are [[Honshu]], [[Kyushu]] and [[Hokkaido]].

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Japan]]

Shikoku

2008-03-20T12:24:20Z

Welshman:

'''Shikoku''' (四国) is the smallest of [[Japan]]'s four main [[island]]s, with a land area of 18,800 square kilometers. One of the least visited of all the islands, the majority of travelers consist of [[Buddhist]] pilgrims, visiting the 88 [[shrines]] found on the island. The largest city is [[Matsuyama]], renowned for [[ Matsuyamajo]], one of the last original [[castle]]s left in [[Japan]], completed in 1628.<ref>[http://www.japan-guide.com/list/e1107.html Shikoku Travel Guide]<ref>

It is also the native birthplace of the [[Shikoku dog]] (四国犬), which was recognised as a "National Living Monument" by the [[Japanese Crown]] in 1937.

The other three principal Japanese islands are [[Honshu]], [[Kyushu]] and [[Hokkaido]].

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Japan]]

Shikoku

2008-03-20T12:21:02Z

Welshman: New page: '''Shikoku''' (四国) is the smallest of Japan's four main islands, with a land area of 18,800 square kilometers. One of the least visited of all the islands, the majority of trav...

'''Shikoku''' (四国) is the smallest of [[Japan]]'s four main [[island]]s, with a land area of 18,800 square kilometers. One of the least visited of all the islands, the majority of travelers consist of [[Buddhist]] pilgrims, visiting the 88 [[shrines]] found on the island. The largest city is [[Matsuyama]], renowned for [[ Matsuyamajo]], one of the last original [[castle]]s left in [[Japan]], completed in 1628.

<ref>[http://www.japan-guide.com/list/e1107.html Shikoku Travel Guide]<ref>

The other three principal Japanese islands are [[Honshu]], [[Kyushu]] and [[Hokkaido]].

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Japan]]

Hokkaido

2008-03-20T11:42:52Z

Welshman: New page: '''Hokkaido''' (Hokkai-dō, 北海道) is the second largest island in Japan, accounting for almost 22% of the country's total landmass, with a land area of 83,000 square kilometer...

'''Hokkaido''' (Hokkai-dō, 北海道) is the second largest [[island]] in [[Japan]], accounting for almost 22% of the country's total landmass, with a land area of 83,000 square kilometers. It is also the
northernmost island and the least developed, as well as the largest single [[prefecture]]. The only major designated city on the island is [[Sapporo]], the 5th largest city in Japan.

Due to its location in the high latitudes, Hokkaido suffers from harsh winters, with sub-zero temperatures, snow-fall and frozen seas. Summer temperatures are lower that the rest of the country, with significantly lower humidity levels.

This, combined with the large tracts of unspoilt nature, makes it a popular holiday destination, offering hot springs, skiing and hiking and camping for enthusiasts.<ref>[http://www.japan-guide.com/list/e1101.html Hokkaido Travel Guide]<ref>

The other three principal Japanese islands are [[Honshu]], [[Kyushu]] and [[Shikoku]].

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Japan]]

User talk:Welshman

2008-03-20T11:10:42Z

Welshman:

Croeso, Welshman! [[User:Koba|Koba]] 17:02, 29 February 2008 (EST)

Bora da, Koba. Thanks for the welcome - sorry I only saw this now. Excuse my tardiness. Edifarhau! [[User:Welshman|Welshman]] 10:18, 13 March 2008 (EDT)

:Please clarify: are you saying you wrote that Meiji article yourself, or what? --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 10:10, 15 March 2008 (EDT)
::Hello Welshman. I'm also somewhat mature expatriate Welshman.--[[User:British_cons|British_cons]] [[User_talk:British_cons|(talk)]] 15:35, 19 March 2008 (EDT)
:::Hi - nice to meet you... although... mature? :) age is a 4-letter word with me at the moment... [[User:Welshman|Welshman]] 07:10, 20 March 2008 (EDT)

Arthur C Clarke

2008-03-19T14:00:42Z

Welshman: R.I.P.

'''Arthur Charles Clarke''' (16 December 1917 - 19 March 2008) was an [[England|English]] [[science fiction]] [[writer]]. He was notable as one of the "Big Three" authors of science fiction, along with [[Isaac Asimov]] and [[Robert A. Heinlein]], both of whom he regarded as friends. Clarke's most famous work is probably ''2001: A Space Odyssey''.

He invented the concept of the [[communications satellite]]<ref>[http://www.lsi.usp.br/~rbianchi/clarke/ACC.ETRelays.html 'Extra-Terrestrial Relays' Wireless World, 1945]</ref> and co-wrote the screenplay for the 1968 movie ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey]]''. Both the movie and the book were based on "The Sentinel", a short story written by Clark in 1948. He lived in [[Sri Lanka]].

==References==
<references/>

[[Category: Authors|Clarke, Arthur C]]

Papaya

2008-03-18T11:03:44Z

Welshman: New page: The '''Papaya''' ''(Carica papaya)'' is an edible fruit of the citrus family, originally discovered in to southern Mexico and Central America and spread to the rest of world by...

The '''Papaya''' ''(Carica papaya)'' is an edible fruit of the [[citrus]] family, originally discovered in to southern [[Mexico]] and [[Central America]] and spread to the rest of world by the [[Spanish Conquistadors]]. It can now be found growing in every tropical and subtropical country.

There are two varieties of papayas, the [[Hawaiian]] and [[Mexican]]. The Hawaiian varieties are those most commonly found in supermarkets. The pear-shaped fruit weigh approximately 0.5kg, with a yellow skin when ripe. Depending on the variety, the flesh is either bright orange or pinkish, with a cluster of small black seeds in the center.

A fully ripe papaya is juicy, with a sweetish and somewhat musky taste, comparable to that of a musk melon. Both the fruit and leaves contains [[papain]], which assists digestion and is often used to tenderize meat. The edible seeds have a spicy flavor somewhat reminiscent of black pepper, and these seeds are often used, especially in India, as an adulterant for whole black pepper.

It is also commonly referred to as a Paw Paw (or pawpaw), or Tree Melon.<ref>Samson, J. A. Tropical Fruits. 2nd ed., Longman Scientific and Technical. (1986)</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category: Fruits]]

Morgoth

2008-03-17T15:40:24Z

Welshman:

'''Morgoth Bauglir''' is a fictional character created by author [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] and is an inhabitant of [[Middle-Earth]]. He is the first Dark Lord and the main antagonist in the book "[[The Silmarillion]]"<ref>Tolkien, J.R.R., The Silmarillion, Allen & Unwin (1977)</ref> and is mentioned in passing in "[[Lord of the Rings]]". The name "Morgoth Bauglir" means "Black Enemy" in the fictional [[Sindarin]] tongue.

Previously known as [[Melkor]], he was the most powerful of the [[Ainur]], until he turned to the darkness and became Morgoth, the ultimate enemy of [[Arda]]. It is from him that all evil in Middle-Earth is ultimately derived. [[Sauron]], once one of the [[Maiar of Aulë]], switched allegiances and became Morgoth's principal lieutenant.<ref>Tolkien, J.R.R., Morgoth's Ring - The History of Middle-earth volume X, Harper Collins (1994)</ref>

Morgoth was the main agent of evil during the events of "The Silmarillion", and his influence continued to linger in Middle-earth even after he was cast into the void. His example was used to provide later ages with cautionary tales, warning against pride, wrath, envy, lust for power, and greed and the destruction these can bring down on oneself and others.<ref>Tolkien, J.R.R., The Silmarillion, Allen & Unwin (1977)</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Middle-Earth]]

Morgoth

2008-03-17T15:25:32Z

Welshman: reverting change - see talk

'''Morgoth Bauglir''' is a fictional character created by author [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] and is an inhabitant of [[Middle-Earth]]. He is the first Dark Lord and the main antagonist in the book "[[The Silmarillion]]"<ref>Tolkien, J.R.R., The Silmarillion, Allen & Unwin (1977)</ref> and is mentioned in passing in "[[Lord of the Rings]]". The name "Morgoth Bauglir" means "Black Enemy. in the fictional [[Sindarin]] tongue.

Previously known as [[Melkor]], he was the most powerful of the [[Ainur]], until he turned to the darkness and became Morgoth, the ultimate enemy of [[Arda]]. It is from him that all evil in Middle-Earth is ultimately derived. [[Sauron]], once one of the [[Maiar of Aulë]], switched allegiances and became Morgoth's principal lieutenant.<ref>Tolkien, J.R.R., Morgoth's Ring - The History of Middle-earth volume X, Harper Collins (1994)</ref>

Morgoth was the main agent of evil during the events of "The Silmarillion", and his influence continued to linger in Middle-earth even after he was cast into the void. His example was used to provide later ages with cautionary tales, warning against pride, wrath, envy, lust for power, and greed and the destruction these can bring down on oneself and others.<ref>Tolkien, J.R.R., The Silmarillion, Allen & Unwin (1977)</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Middle-Earth]]

Talk:Morgoth

2008-03-17T14:40:55Z

Welshman: query on revisions

Sorry Ed, I'm not sure why you took "It is from him that all evil in Middle-Earth is ultimately derived." out. He is specifically referred to as such terms in both the Silmarillion, as well as the History of Middle Earth.

Also, I'm not sure what mean by "make up your mind?". Is it the difference in meaning between "Morgoth Bauglir" and "Morgoth"? Both are correct, in Tolkein's made up language of Sindarin - it all depends if he's called Morgoth, or by his full title. Revert, please? [[User:Welshman|Welshman]] 10:40, 17 March 2008 (EDT)