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Writing Homework Twelve Student Three

2012-05-18T01:05:19Z

Wh: Created page with "Sean N. Of Love and War Poppies, happy little red tombstones, grew in the fields of Europe after the Napoleonic and Great Wars. The deposits of lime in the soil left by the sc..."

Sean N.

Of Love and War

Poppies, happy little red tombstones, grew in the fields of Europe after the Napoleonic and Great Wars. The deposits of lime in the soil left by the scarring battles of these terrific struggles made it so only poppies could grow. Those wars of the past seem more like bedtimes stories than great horrifying clashes; so far, off they seem unreal. However, the great conflicts are not so foreign to humanity, especially to Europe; it seems War is the human races favorite pastime.

“Dim Drums Throbbing in the Hills Half Heard”-G.K. Chesterton, Lepanto

Listen closely, we sit across a stirring broth in America, but you can still hear the war drums of Europe; you can still feel the uneasy calm as storm clouds gather. When did those drums first beet? We cannot consider any time before the Fall of Rome truly European history. Europe was not the name of a continent in times of antiquity; it was the name of a goddess. One may argue that the conquests and squabbles of Rome and Greece were Europeans battles, but they were Mediterranean battles, before Europe's time, before her nations were even born. Perhaps not the first, but definitely one of the first, was the struggle between the Ostrogoths and the Holy Roman Empire. In 536, the 5000 of Justinian’s troops met with 4000 Ostrogoths in Rome. The war ended in the Romans once again seizing Italy, but in a matter of decades, the Lombard has wrenched it from their grasp. From the fall of Rome until the Second Great War, there has not been fifty years of peace. In one place, there may have been tranquility for a great while, but on the continent as whole not fifty years of peace.

The great chess games fought on fields of war with soldiers as the pieces must of been great and terrible spectacles; strategic geniuses dueling with armies and plans as weapons. However, before the nations of the west made war an art battles were nothing more than a game of chicken. The battles fought by feudal factions consisted mostly the two armies charging at each other; whoever’s line broke first and retreated lost. Simple and costly the rock, paper, scissors over feudal boundaries soon converted to orchestrated battles. A sort of natural selection soon began to favor generals and armies that used battle tactics instead of just crude melee. The isolated towns and farms were soon brought under the reign of a solitary lord and nations began to form.
Medieval kings of European lands secured their holdings and favors with other courts by various schemes and treaties. Kings gained more power over the nobles by consolidating all military forces into a singular standing army. Professional strategists fighting professional wars. As nations rose, so did the armies.

The Napoleonic war was the first to plunge the whole of Europe into the fighting. The war cost hundreds of thousands lives and forever scarred Europe; it changed the western world. Total war resulted in total efficiency; nations that could not form a capable fighting army were conquered by Bonaparte. Even the conquest of a nation unified it more than freedom. Italy, notorious for being unable to unify after the Roman Empire collapse, was converged by its defeat.

England's war machine fought Napoleon on land and sea, the Napoleonic Wars showed the true power of Britain's modern military. The absolute discipline in the English Army and Navy was brought about by hundreds of battles fought across numerous theatres. The discipline in her armies spread into her government and business, the wars that Britain fought were what pushed her into the Industrial Era. The mercantilist economy which resulted from Britain’s conquest of less developed nations provided her the resources she needed for industrialism. Mercantilism, to those unknowing readers, a form of economy where colonies send raw resources back to the motherland. The Country then produces finished products from the material, clothe from cotton, cast iron from ores. In this way, Britain increased its exports profit than its import costs. When wars with other imperialistic nations arose Britain’s factories produced the necessaries for modern warfare.

The conflicts between squabbling European nations streamlined economies. Countries that could not support a wartime economy were defeated. Germany was an amalgam of over three hundred ninety separate city-states. Almost four hundred cities, each with its own government. Hundreds of city states squabbling amongst each other independent and making themselves easy targets.

There is an old fable about a flock of birds and a hunter. The hunter was well trained in his trade, the capture of the birds, in which he would cast a net over a bird and therefore deter it from flying away. When he threw the net over just two or three birds it was easy to drag them back to earth. One day the flock decided the only way of preserving their existence was to stand in a group so that when the hunter threw the net their combined strength would allow them their freedom. And so the birds went about their lives, whenever the hunter came along their combined strength allowed them to escape. This went along splendidly, but eventually irritation between the members grew, you're stepping on my foot, your beak is in my eye, stop ruffling my feathers, and so forth. Soon the aggravation was too great; the proud birds refused to suffer each other and went about their solitary existence. Then as expected the hunter caught all of them, one by one by one. In the end all the birds were captured.

The moral from an environmental standpoint is “do not kill all the birds” but we are not talking about that the environment. The German City States were weak because they were divided. The phrase has been beaten to death but I think it is safe to uses it one more time, united we stand divided we fall. Napoleon easily conquered the divided German city-states. By the conquest of Germany Napoleon united her, consolidated the hundreds of German cities into thirty-nine states. War would again unite Germany further, when Bismarck became head chancellor of Germany his gambit with napoleon the third made Germany a nation.

In the Franco Prussian War (1870-71) Bismarck baited Napoleon the Third into invading Germany. The attempt was ill likely to prevail and as such failed, the Germans claimed victory. The war itself is not very spectacular, over Europe’s history there have been hundreds of similar scuffles. But what was amazing, what changed history was Bismarck's ability to turn this invasion into a unifying moment. Germany changed from isolated neighbors to brothers in arms. War gave Germany it nationalism, war industrialized Germany.

There is no doubt what Germany did with its power was an atrocity against humanity, but they were powerful. A nation that almost conquered the entire theatre of Europe twice. That is undeniable strength; the German people are stereotyped for their fearsome love of country and abrasive personalities. Was peacetime that made German armies unstoppable? War drives the nations of Europe to greatness, it inspires the people. War is like heat in a chemical reaction. Without warmth reactions are slow, painfully so, but add a little heat and things get going. Without war Europe would still be in the middle ages.

1917 Russia: glorious and terrible revolution spread across the country. The people were weary of the oppressive czars, of the foolish spending. But what sparked the revolution, what was the straw that broke the camel's back? The Great War was ill fought and devastating for the Russians. People were starving to provide for the Russian army, which was being harshly beaten by the Germans. Russia revolution, a chemical reaction, may have not come for decades, or even at all had it not been for World War One. The war put everything on edge, it made every decision leaders had life or death, and it set the stage for revolution.

War makes nations proud, empires strong and industry flourish. War is cruel, yes, but it is necessary. Life itself is cruel but for some reason we all keep living. For the past seventy years there have been no major wars fought in Europe, they been civil uprisings or coups within one country's government. Europe prospered after the Second of World War because of the war, antebellum Europe was in a recession still unrivaled. What is the condition of Europe's Economy now? Failing economy, riots in most major cities, and a failing monetary system. Europeans grow restless without a war, what can they do, for over a thousand years the continent has been immersed in one way or another war.

While Europe sits idle perhaps armies will prepare to invade it, we cannot know and I will probably be long asleep before any such conflict. Tensions grow between members of the European Union such as Greece and Germany, maybe these nations will once again battle and spat for dominance. Europe needs a war; it needs the rush of battle the din of the big guns. If socioeconomic trends have any bearing what so ever there should be a large conflict within the next thirty years or so. There are those who say that war is terror, death, and living hell. But I, I think it’s time we heard dim drums throbbing in the hills half heard. I think it is time the fields of Europe once again know the smell of poppies.

Writing Homework Eleven Student One

2012-04-25T02:19:19Z

Wh:

Sean N.

The Argument in the Undiscovered Country

Dear reader, please for a moment surrender your imagination to the written word, let reality bend, and follow the page to a different place. Come along to somewhere not of this world, of this life, to Limbo, to the banks of the Styx, where the dead wait. Gaze upon Charon at his ferry, watch Virgil and Dante go on their most magnificent tour, and listen to the sounds of Tartarus and Hell on one side and the choirs of soft voices on the other. Turn and look, there are two men, great men whose voices and words changed the world, and whose spirits now ponder its current conditions. The pair are Americans, or were for that matter, one is Andrew Hamilton, who most justly defended Peter Zenger and the other is John Adams, who once, as president, led the noble union of which we know and cherish. We step closer as the two talk and argue, what was said before we arrived we do not know, but we may listen to their duel and gain wisdom from it.

Andrew Hamilton: Mr. Attorney, I must be plain and particular, the oppression of free speech soon leads to the oppression of all liberties. By taking away that right from but a few, you start down that path to injustice. Free men have a claim to speak their minds, no matter what their thoughts are.

John Adams: My dear Mr. Hamilton as Dr. Tillotson once said “Ignorance and Inconsideration are the two great causes of the ruin of mankind” if we let the ignorant spread their malice and mistruths, we have let ruin spread. You make it sound as if I want to censure the presses, I merely wish to silence the voice of hate.

Andrew Hamilton: But we are not talking of just one person, just one poor printer, or just one small speech. No, we are talking of the rights of all Americans, and by the censure of one, you censure them all. It is a dangerous slope on which you tread, Mr. Attorney.

John Adams: We have been on this side of Jerusalem for a long time, you and I, and much has past that will strengthen my argument. How much sway is in this evidence, I leave you to determine....

The former president waves his hand, and in the curling smoke and rime, rising from the River Styx, color begins to swirl and take shape. Like a tapestry of fog an image forms. A man giving a fiery speech to a cheering crowd, the words he speaks are cruel horrible things, but he says them well, and he bends and shapes the crowd, like a sculptor at the marble. This powerful and terrible man lead his country to evil things, he would be the scourge of Europe, the man that would make the Second Great War immortal.

John Adams: What if he had been silenced, what of that Hamilton, what lives could have been saved. The means by which one goes about stopping such a being, can surely be redeemed if they prevent such acts as that man committed. Would not the lives of so many millions be worth that censure?

Andrew Hamilton: You claim what is shown was the result of no censure,nay, what it truly was, what was really shown, was the censure of good men. That beast made sure to silence the little presses, before he spoke such words. Those who gave the utmost care to preserve liberty were silenced on the grounds that their ignorance would “...let ruin spread...” as you put it so sublimely, Mr. Attorney.

John Adams: Those men did not speak out until it was too late, they ,as you, scoffed at first, and told themselves a man has a right to say what he thinks, and when they sat idle his power grew.

Andrew Hamilton: Mr. Attorney, government is like a great river, when kept in its bank it is beautiful and useful, but when it grows too large and floods, it causes irreparable damage. Let me now bring evidence for you to judge...

The older man waved his hand in a similar fashion as Adams had. In the swirling mist a new tapestry arose, one of a frozen waste, of a camp where inmates without names endured the cold. Political prisoners, locked up for their voices, cast into the deep cold so that the one party may go unchecked.

Andrew Hamilton: This is your silence of the ignorance, this is your means by which the greater innocence is preserved. Mr. Attorney, you know well that without liberty life is a misery. This is why a Man’s speech should not be hushed.

John Adams: Then what say you of the present ignorant, those who claim that God hates the Jews, that he hates those who prefer the same sex. The Hateful Ignorants have their freedom of worship, but they have no right to call death upon others, they have no right to speak such blights at the funeral of a fallen soldier. Their hate and blaspheme at first appalls, but their poison words soon spread and other like-minded fools feel secure in taking unjust actions against the innocent. That, after all, was the purpose of our most respected constitution, was it not, to protect the weak, to let them live their own lives without fear of death or harassment, from bigots, because of race, religion, or preference. Is that not why we have our constitution?

Andrew Hamilton: What you claim we should do is a terrifying thing, not because it is cruel, or because it is evil, but because it would be so easy to do. If we could but silence hate and lies, if we could but do that so much would be saved. Can it be done, Mr. Attorney, without causing the hate it sought to prevent? Nay, nay it cannot, if we silence one voice, it is too easy to silence the next, and in moments the voice of freedom is lost. The right to speak one's mind, that right of Freedom of Speech, that is the foundation on which ourselves, our posterity and our neighbors have built our justice. It must remain untouched, unsullied, and uncensored.

And so we leave the two lawyers, or former lawyers, they will argue more, of similar and different things, others will join the discussions, and words and speeches that mirror their old lives will be given. They have eternity to do as they please, and as most great speakers please, the wish to argue matters, whether or not they can change those things at all.

Brief Biography of the Cast

Andrew Hamilton was born in Scotland circa 1676, later in his life he Emigrated to Virginia. In Virginia he married into influence and pursued his career in law. Hamilton is most famous for his defense of Peter Zenger. Zenger published an article, a completely true article, about how the Governor of Virginia had tried to rig the elections. Even though what he said was true, Zenger was still guilty of libel, and was to be tried for it. Hamilton took the case pro bono, he was an advocate of free speech and eager for such an opportunity. Hamilton had Zenger acquitted even though he was guilty, this is known as jury nullification. Zenger's acquittal made other newspapers feel secure in printing the truth, this paved the way for the American Revolution. Jury Nullification is now a key part of our justice system, it is one of the many ways citizens are protected. It should be noted that Hamilton was not a Founding Father and was not alive at the time of the revolution.

John Adams born October 30th 1735, he was a president, statesman, diplomat and Founding Father, however, above all else he was a lawyer. Adams was born in Massachusetts, he went to Harvard University and studied law. Adams’ presidency was not very successful, the shame of the X,Y,Z Affair was a disgrace to the presidency. Adams was one of the finest lawyers the world has ever known, and excelled in court. He is famous for the defense of the British Soldiers of the “Boston Massacre” an event that helped light the fire of the revolution. Adams’ skills as a lawyer probably led to his failed presidency, he argued with everyone, even his own cabinet. As a Founding Father his political ideals and belief in a strong republic led this nation to the greatness it has now attained, and for that we are eternally grateful to him.

Adams was chosen to argue because in his time as president he censured the press’s criticism of his administration. Hamilton was chosen for the argument because of his defense of free speech.

Writing Homework Eleven Student One

2012-04-25T02:04:41Z

Wh: Created page with "The Argument in the Undiscovered Country Dear reader, please for a moment surrender your imagination to the written word, let reality bend, and follow the page to a different..."

The Argument in the Undiscovered Country

Dear reader, please for a moment surrender your imagination to the written word, let reality bend, and follow the page to a different place. Come along to somewhere not of this world, of this life, to Limbo, to the banks of the Styx, where the dead wait. Gaze upon Charon at his ferry, watch Virgil and Dante go on their most magnificent tour, and listen to the sounds of Tartarus and Hell on one side and the choirs of soft voices on the other. Turn and look, there are two men, great men whose voices and words changed the world, and whose spirits now ponder its current conditions. The pair are Americans, or were for that matter, one is Andrew Hamilton, who most justly defended Peter Zenger and the other is John Adams, who once, as president, led the noble union of which we know and cherish. We step closer as the two talk and argue, what was said before we arrived we do not know, but we may listen to their duel and gain wisdom from it.

Andrew Hamilton: Mr. Attorney, I must be plain and particular, the oppression of free speech soon leads to the oppression of all liberties. By taking away that right from but a few, you start down that path to injustice. Free men have a claim to speak their minds, no matter what their thoughts are.

John Adams: My dear Mr. Hamilton as Dr. Tillotson once said “Ignorance and Inconsideration are the two great causes of the ruin of mankind” if we let the ignorant spread their malice and mistruths, we have let ruin spread. You make it sound as if I want to censure the presses, I merely wish to silence the voice of hate.

Andrew Hamilton: But we are not talking of just one person, just one poor printer, or just one small speech. No, we are talking of the rights of all Americans, and by the censure of one, you censure them all. It is a dangerous slope on which you tread, Mr. Attorney.

John Adams: We have been on this side of Jerusalem for a long time, you and I, and much has past that will strengthen my argument. How much sway is in this evidence, I leave you to determine....

The former president waves his hand, and in the curling smoke and rime, rising from the River Styx, color begins to swirl and take shape. Like a tapestry of fog an image forms. A man giving a fiery speech to a cheering crowd, the words he speaks are cruel horrible things, but he says them well, and he bends and shapes the crowd, like a sculptor at the marble. This powerful and terrible man lead his country to evil things, he would be the scourge of Europe, the man that would make the Second Great War immortal.

John Adams: What if he had been silenced, what of that Hamilton, what lives could have been saved. The means by which one goes about stopping such a being, can surely be redeemed if they prevent such acts as that man committed. Would not the lives of so many millions be worth that censure?

Andrew Hamilton: You claim what is shown was the result of no censure,nay, what it truly was, what was really shown, was the censure of good men. That beast made sure to silence the little presses, before he spoke such words. Those who gave the utmost care to preserve liberty were silenced on the grounds that their ignorance would “...let ruin spread...” as you put it so sublimely, Mr. Attorney.

John Adams: Those men did not speak out until it was too late, they ,as you, scoffed at first, and told themselves a man has a right to say what he thinks, and when they sat idle his power grew.

Andrew Hamilton: Mr. Attorney, government is like a great river, when kept in its bank it is beautiful and useful, but when it grows too large and floods, it causes irreparable damage. Let me now bring evidence for you to judge...

The older man waved his hand in a similar fashion as Adams had. In the swirling mist a new tapestry arose, one of a frozen waste, of a camp where inmates without names endured the cold. Political prisoners, locked up for their voices, cast into the deep cold so that the one party may go unchecked.

Andrew Hamilton: This is your silence of the ignorance, this is your means by which the greater innocence is preserved. Mr. Attorney, you know well that without liberty life is a misery. This is why a Man’s speech should not be hushed.

John Adams: Then what say you of the present ignorant, those who claim that God hates the Jews, that he hates those who prefer the same sex. The Hateful Ignorants have their freedom of worship, but they have no right to call death upon others, they have no right to speak such blights at the funeral of a fallen soldier. Their hate and blaspheme at first appalls, but their poison words soon spread and other like-minded fools feel secure in taking unjust actions against the innocent. That, after all, was the purpose of our most respected constitution, was it not, to protect the weak, to let them live their own lives without fear of death or harassment, from bigots, because of race, religion, or preference. Is that not why we have our constitution?

Andrew Hamilton: What you claim we should do is a terrifying thing, not because it is cruel, or because it is evil, but because it would be so easy to do. If we could but silence hate and lies, if we could but do that so much would be saved. Can it be done, Mr. Attorney, without causing the hate it sought to prevent? Nay, nay it cannot, if we silence one voice, it is too easy to silence the next, and in moments the voice of freedom is lost. The right to speak one's mind, that right of Freedom of Speech, that is the foundation on which ourselves, our posterity and our neighbors have built our justice. It must remain untouched, unsullied, and uncensored.

And so we leave the two lawyers, or former lawyers, they will argue more, of similar and different things, others will join the discussions, and words and speeches that mirror their old lives will be given. They have eternity to do as they please, and as most great speakers please, the wish to argue matters, whether or not they can change those things at all.

Brief Biography of the Cast

Andrew Hamilton was born in Scotland circa 1676, later in his life he Emigrated to Virginia. In Virginia he married into influence and pursued his career in law. Hamilton is most famous for his defense of Peter Zenger. Zenger published an article, a completely true article, about how the Governor of Virginia had tried to rig the elections. Even though what he said was true, Zenger was still guilty of libel, and was to be tried for it. Hamilton took the case pro bono, he was an advocate of free speech and eager for such an opportunity. Hamilton had Zenger acquitted even though he was guilty, this is known as jury nullification. Zenger's acquittal made other newspapers feel secure in printing the truth, this paved the way for the American Revolution. Jury Nullification is now a key part of our justice system, it is one of the many ways citizens are protected. It should be noted that Hamilton was not a Founding Father and was not alive at the time of the revolution.

John Adams born October 30th 1735, he was a president, statesman, diplomat and Founding Father, however, above all else he was a lawyer. Adams was born in Massachusetts, he went to Harvard University and studied law. Adams’ presidency was not very successful, the shame of the X,Y,Z Affair was a disgrace to the presidency. Adams was one of the finest lawyers the world has ever known, and excelled in court. He is famous for the defense of the British Soldiers of the “Boston Massacre” an event that helped light the fire of the revolution. Adams’ skills as a lawyer probably led to his failed presidency, he argued with everyone, even his own cabinet. As a Founding Father his political ideals and belief in a strong republic led this nation to the greatness it has now attained, and for that we are eternally grateful to him.

Adams was chosen to argue because in his time as president he censured the press’s criticism of his administration. Hamilton was chosen for the argument because of his defense of free speech.

Writing Homework Nine Student Three

2012-04-18T12:55:26Z

Wh: Created page with " Conjecture and Hot Lead Wannabe Cop Shoots and Kills Seventeen Year-old Trayvon Martin “Put on your hood,” Deedee said to her boyfriend, Trayvon Martin. H..."

Conjecture and Hot Lead

Wannabe Cop Shoots and Kills Seventeen Year-old Trayvon Martin

“Put on your hood,” Deedee said to her boyfriend, Trayvon Martin. He had just told Deedee that a man was following him and giving him strange looks. The next thing that Deedee heard was gunshots, and then the silence that followed. It is staggering how deafening silence can be. The seventeen-year-old Trayvon Martin lay dead on the sidewalk, shot down by George Zimmerman.

On Feb 6 Trayvon Martin, a young African American male, had gone to his local convenience store in Sanford, Florida for some candy and tea. George Zimmerman, a 28-year-old aged Latino male, had been patrolling the neighborhood watching for delinquents and vandals. Zimmerman was the self-proclaimed neighborhood guardian; he had made 46 calls to the local police station about reports about crimes committed in the area. Zimmerman was following Martin when he made a phone call to the local authorities. In the call, Zimmerman told
the police he was following Martin and then described the young man’s appearance and activities. Martin at some point acknowledged Zimmerman’s presence and then began to flee. Zimmerman defied police orders not to give chase and pursued the running Martin. A witness says she heard moaning and then a gunshot. When the police arrived on the scene Martin was dead and Zimmerman had a bloodied nose and marks on the back of his head.

As with most cases made infamous by the media there is a great deal of conjecture. President Barack Obama publicly spoke about the case, and the internet is aglow with facts and myths. Congressman Bobby Rush was escorted from congress for wearing a hoodie and giving a fiery speech in favor of Martin. The congressman doned a hoodie in response to the fact that Trayvon was targeted for being black and wearing a hooded sweatshirt. Rush gave an inspiring diatribe against racism and profiling; the representative’s actions were still somewhat childish. The terrible thing about this much media attention to a case is that many people have already made up their minds. In his speech Congressman Rush says that Trayvon was murdered, he assumes Zimmerman is already guilty, which is a violation of his constitutional rights. The radical civil rights group ,the Black Panthers, has put money on Zimmerman’s head. These sorts of actions are raising awareness and disseminating mistruths about the case. The courts will have a hard time finding twelve objective people to decide Zimmerman's innocence or guilt. A major factor about this case is race, it has obscured the facts since the beginning.

Zimmermans racial attitude has been assumed since the beginning. However, Zimmerman was one of the few people to stand up for a black homeless man after he had been beaten by the Sanford Police Chief’s son. Apparently Zimmerman spent time handing out fliers to raise awareness about the crime committed against the homeless Sherman Ware. Sherman had been beaten while trying to break up a fight, after he had been beaten Sherman’s assailant then called him a “nigger” and went on accosting other bystanders. Zimmerman’s actions in defense of Sherman suggest that he may not be a bigot. However, it is very difficult to disprove Zimmerman's predispositions about Trayvon Martin. In the phone call, Zimmerman made to the police that fateful night he vocalizes his anger about young delinquents. “...these assholes always get away...” muttered Zimmerman before he pursued Trayvon.

Trayvon Martin had been on the phone with his girlfriend Deedee when he was shot. She told prosecutors that she communicated with Trayvon just before he encountered Zimmerman. From the information Deedee gave it seems very likely Trayvon was murdered. Zimmerman maintains that it was self-defense. Recently Zimmerman changed his story and says that he had been going to the store and not patrolling. Allegedly, he followed a suspicious looking Trayvon, he then proclaims that Trayvon attacked him and began to smash his head against the sidewalk. The Problem with Zimmerman's story is that besides the gunshot wounds there were no signs of a conflict on Trayvon’s body; it seems unlikely that a seventeen year old of Trayvon’s body type could beat down Zimmerman without first obtaining any injuries. Not all the facts of the case are known and how many witnesses the prosecutions have can only be guessed.

Zimmerman has been charged with murder two and will stand on trial. Murder Two means it was not premeditated, but that there was still intent. If the defense can convince the jurors it was manslaughter, Zimmerman walks. Twelve of Zimmerman's peers will adjudicate his fate. Twelve people who must remain unbiased despite the media flurry and flying rumors. To these twelve men and women one wishes best of luck on their ruling. To the family and friends of Trayvon Martin one wishes justice.

Writing Homework Six Student Three

2012-03-30T14:30:13Z

Wh: Created page with "Sean N. لونج ليف ث ريفولوتيون Long Live the Revolution Smoke and dust fill the air, threats by the police and then the report of their weapons. A sound is he..."

Sean N.
لونج ليف ث ريفولوتيون
Long Live the Revolution

Smoke and dust fill the air, threats by the police and then the report of their weapons. A sound is heard, a voice, that first was heard in Egypt and now resonates throughout all the Middle East. This is the season of the Arabian people, this is their spring, and they are throwing of the yoke of the dictators that rule them. The Libyans have slain Gaddafi, the Tunisians have ousted Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, and many other countries fight their own personal despots. But now that the battle against the regime is won what will the Arab Nations do? These victories are not like the signing of of the Magna Charta or the Declaration of Independence. The people have made no rights for themselves, there is nothing protecting them from another tyrant. All that the rebels have fought for is a new regime, a different devil. The reward of the battle is defeat.
Though Middle Eastern countries have removed the old administrations they have not replaced them with new ones. This lack of a difference in government will lead to the same problems, and the people will react in the same way. The Arabian Spring will start to mirror the French revolution, and will eventually descend into a reign of terror. Unless a new form of government with better rights for the lower classes arises more protests will break out with increasing violence. After a while the countries will descend into madness.
The movement started December 17th 2010 in Tunisia when a former college student, named Mohamed Bouazizi, lit himself on fire at the local police headquarters in response to his poor treatment and the confiscation of his vegetable cart. Protests broke out in Sidi Bouzid, uniform of most the demonstrations the police responded in a heavy handed manor. Young protesters were teargased in order to disperse the protests. The Tunisian Protests resulted in the ejecting of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. Even though Ben Ali is no longer in power many of his totalitarian laws are still in place. In February the government had to call upon retired soldiers to help calm the country. Tunisia has had no change in government, this means, whether in years or months, they will once again be ruled by a corrupt government or a dictator’s regime.
In Libya there was a rebellion which lasted several months and ended in the death of Dictator Muammar Gadhafi. Mummar Gadhafi had a strangle hold on all media and the Economy. His government was extremely corrupt; his political opponents were brutally murdered when he came to power. HE was Typical of Most dictators of the present day. The oppression was too much and in January of 2011. Due to no cease in corruption and the police brutality towards demonstrators rebels formed militia and wage a full out war with Gadhafi. At one point during the civil war Gadhafi had to buy mercenaries because his own soldiers refused to kill their fellow countrymen. Due to NATO support and the bombing of Libya in the Eighties the rebels were able to defeat pro-Gadafhi forces. Muammar Gadhafi died in a hole at the hands of one of those he oppressed. The government has been handed over not to the people but to the militia leaders. For obvious reasons this is a terrible idea, the freedom fighters will use the military power to influence politics. Already there is in faction fighting in Libya. After a few years of bloody competition one of these would be Caesars will rise to power and become a dictator just as bad as Sulla or Gadhafi.
The spirit of the revolution has spread to many other countries besides the above mentioned. In Algeria, Yemen, Bahrain, Syria, Iran, Kuwait, Jordan, Morocco, and Oman many major protests have broken out. Several other countries have had minor protests and riots. You could fill volumes with accounts of all the demonstrations and rebellions. There will certainly be more outbreaks in other Arabian countries and maybe some even in sub Saharan Africa.
The argument can be made that the Arabian people are tired of the turmoil of their corrupt governments and will therefore bring about a non-corrupt administration. Our own Government is an Example of a rebellion that didn’t descend into anarchy. As demonstrated by the citizen journalism on the Internet and the hundreds of protests the e common people are willing to do the work in order to have a sturdy government. The Middle East may once again capture the greatness it once held in the late Middle Ages. These arguments are all well in good but the fact is the people of the Middle East do not share the same western thoughts on freedom as Americans do.
Since hundreds of years before the crusades the idle East has been dominated by quasi nomadic tribes. These tribes were Brought under the rule of the ottoman empire. The Ottomans successfully dominated Arabia until World War One. After world war two the British divided the land of the Turk’s based on boundaries irrelevant to the tribes who inhabited the lands. The British government handed over the power to some of these tribes. this resulted in the a shift in power, the long feuding tribe wars were shifted when one tribe was given the support of the western governments. this resulted in one tribe having all the power, and oppression of all the other tribes. Genocide is not a foreign to concept to dictators, Saddam Hussein very nearly wiped out the Kurds and ever since its founding the Nation of Israel has been bombarded by attacks from Islamic countries. It is clear that these countries will continue going in and out of these vicious cycles of oppression, rebellion, and reinstatement of a fowl regime.

The only way to avoid the blatant oppression of the Arabian people is if the first world countries intervene, we must help the Arabian countries to from stable governments that properly represent all people. we obviously have the resources, we already poor billions of dollars fighting wars with these nations. Western nations will probably profit from the encounter, if the nations have stable administrations then we can trade oil with the nations with out worry of funding terrorist and oppressive regimes.
As citizens of a free country it is our duty to direct our elected officials eyes to this situation. By speaking out against the horror of these far away places we do our part. There are those who plea that remaining uninvolved is the road the better countries must take; they remain aloof their hands clean, their pockets untouched. As children ignoring a lecture they ignore the fact that if one of these would be Caesars obtains nuclear weapons our allies, i f not ourselves will suffer the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives.we can not fight the battle of freedom for the Arabians but we can show them the strength of a government held in check by the people.
As the dust and smoke settle we must wonder what will rise. From the ashes of tyranny will freedom and justice rise? We can be certain unless a conscious effort is made by the nations of the world to assist the middle East there will be only one outcome. For now, silent and hoping, we watch the East, straining or eyes to see either tyranny or freedom rise.

Writing Homework Five Student Three

2012-03-07T21:16:29Z

Wh: Created page with "Week 4 Maddie..."

Week 4 Maddie N.

The good, the bad and the war

World War II brought out the true hero in some, but the villain in others. The war was started by horrible people who were twisted and cruel, but was won by true heroes. True heroes are people who are not extraordinary until they need to be. One of them is St. Maximilian Kolbe who inspired people to put others ahead of themselves and to help those around them. St. Kolbe chose the holy path, he did not care if he was healthy or wealthy, he only thought of others. Adolph Hitler also made a difference, a truly horrible difference. Hitler showed us how cruel some people can really be.
St. Kolbe was from Zdunska Poland, he lived from 1894 till 1941. He had five brothers two of whom died before they could reach the age of five. When he was a teenager Maximilian had a vision of the Blessed Virgin Mary, asking whether he wanted a red crown, meaning that he would die for God, or a white crown, meaning he would live a pure, chaste life. He told her he wanted both.
Fr. Kolbe was in Auschwitz Concentration Camp in Poland because he had been publishing a newspaper condemning the Nazis. He was also a Catholic priest. Fr. Kolbe said Mass and ministered to the sick in Aushwitz. However, if he had been caught he would have been tortured and killed immediately. Fr. Kolbe did not care what happened to him but cared how he could help people in this terrible place. Stories are told of him giving away his food to some child or a sickly person.
Fr. Kolbe most heroic act was when a prisoner escaped from Maximilian’s bunker, so the men of the bunker were forced to stand outside all day in the blazing sun without food or water. At the end of the day the soldiers finally brought them their water and soup, just to pour out in front of them. For days this sick act was done to them. The escapee was not caught so ten men were chosen to die in the starvation bunker. When one man was chosen he started screaming and crying wondering about what would happen to his family. Fr. Kolbe stepped out of the line and said “Take me instead, I am old and weak.” He knew if he said that he was old and weak it would convince the Nazis.
They put Father Kolbe and the ten other men in the starvation bunker. One of the prisoners who were being held at Aushwitz lived to tell us a little about Father Kolbe. Usually screams and cries of agony were heard from the starvation bunker but when Fr. Kolbe was there only hymns and prayers were heard from the bunker.
Maximilian was similar to Jesus in that he didn’t give up hope. He didn’t let his enemies get to him and he helped those who didn’t always deserve it. He would risk his life for another’s, someone who he didn’t really know. Maximilian gave up his life for another just because he could.
While Fr. Kolbe was willing to give his life for one, Hitler took the life of millions. Adolph Hitler was a totalitarian. A totalitarian is someone who exercises control over the freedom of others. Hitler had pagan advisers who would “stargaze” and tell him when to attack. He also believed that Germany could be the strongest nation in the world. He believed in a “perfect” world free of what he thought to be racial imperfections.
The Nazi party was lead by Hitler, but the people who made up the Nazi party were also cruel and disgusting. Hitler and the Nazi party believed that Jews, gypsies, disabled people were inferior and needed to be terminated. They also believed that other political parties were wrong and if they kept their ideas and thoughts that they would deserve to suffer and die for them. The Nazis were horrible people who would not have followed Hitler if they did not agree with him to some extent.
People such as Jews, gypsies, clergy and handicapped were loaded on to trains and sent to concentration camps. Concentration camps were built by The Nazis, under Hitler’s orders. If you were among one of the many at a camp, you would wake up early, not eat and then work thirteen hours. When the Nazis wanted to kill in large numbers they would send people to chemical showers. At random people were separated from the group and tortured mercilessly. If you were weak, old or handicapped you would probably be killed immediately without thought or hesitation. Lampshades were found to be made of skin.
Just take a moment to think about this, the skin of people just like you and me were skinned and made into light shades. These same people were used as slave laborers then medically experimented on. Human beings were medically experimented on just like lab rats. Take a second to think that one of your neighbors, because of what he believed would have been put in one of the camps, and treated like garbage. The Nazis threw people’s lives away as we would throw away a dirty rag, with no thought of what we were really doing.
After six years of war the Nazis were defeated. It took a lot of true heroes to defeat this monster. During winter Hitler made the mistake of trying to take a city in Russia. But, His men froze while the people inside of Berlin survived off of rats.
Maximilian Kolbe was, in a way the opposite of Adolph Hitler. Fr. Kolbe cared about people. Adolph Hitler cared to kill people. World War II is in our past but not forgotten, the horrors that went along with this, truly devastating war are hopefully the last we will ever see.

Writing Homework Five Student One

2012-03-05T00:06:25Z

Wh:

Sean N.
United Narcissists

The United Nations is a proud peace-keeping organization that promotes communication between countries. Despite its best efforts it has failed to avert several wars and provide relief for so many disasters. When crimes against humanity, as in Somalia and Syria, go unnoticed by the U.N. we begin to wonder if there is a point to the organization. Is the U.N. relevant anymore, is it really necessary and, if not, then why is it still around?

If we are to debate the need of the United Nations we must first review its history. The League of Nations was formed after World War I at the Paris Peace Conference. The League was very similar to the United Nations. The League failed to prevent World War II or the Holocaust and was dissolved in 1946. In response to the horror of WW II it was decided that there needed to be a new peace-keeping organization with representatives from all countries. The idea of a United Nations was first conceived at the Moscow Conference of 1943. In 1944 representatives from France, the U.K., China, the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. met in Washington, D.C. Fifty delegates from countries all over the world signed the Charter of the United Nations in San Francisco. Since its foundation the United Nations has striven to promote world peace.

Even though we are discussing whether or not the U.N. is still needed it is true that it has greatly benefited humanity. The U.N. helped to keep peace between the Soviet Union and the U.S. during the cold war. Though the two countries were initially friendly, after F.D.R.’s death the two powers grew apart because of Stalin’s cruelty and Truman’s pugnacious attitude towards Russia. The U.N. provided a place where diplomats could discuss world affairs despite the tension between the communist nations and the free world. If the U.N. hadn’t arranged mediation between America and the Soviets during the Cuban Missile Crisis it is likely a nuclear conflict could have broken out. If the U.N. had been more involved maybe the Bay of Pigs could have been avoided. The U.N. also averted war between the U.K. and Egypt over the Suez Canal.

It is undeniable that the U.N. has helped the world but maybe it has already served its purpose. The U.N. was founded so that another World War could be avoided. Now that the threat of a nuclear conflict between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. is gone the U.N. has lost some of prominence. The U.N. has changed into a charity organization, when it is supposed to a meeting ground where countries can reconcile. I am not saying relief efforts aren’t necessary, they are, but providing charity is not the main purpose of the U.N. The U.N. has failed to prevent wars in the past few decades and in the end failed to make peace between Russia and the U.S. It was the defeat of the Soviet economy that brought peace, not the U.N. There are an overwhelming number of examples where the U.N. has failed to keep the peace. Hundreds of war crimes and atrocities against humanity go unnoticed and unchecked by the U.N.

The proud U.N. has changed much like the world around it but it has not adapted to suit the needs of a different world. The U.N. has been blackened by corruption. When the U.N. approved the Embargo on Iraq to eliminate weapons of mass destruction it caused the Iraqi food supplies to run low. This embargo was designed to avoid the death of innocents so starving Iraqi peasants would have contradicted the purpose. The U.N. then decided that they would trade food for oil with the Iraqi government to prevent the starvation of thousands of people. The program, dubbed Food for Oil, was headed by Benon Vahe Sevan. Sixty five billion dollars’ worth of oil was purchased from Iraq in exchange for food and medicine. The program was corrupt and large amount of relief did not go to the Iraqi people, one hundreds of thousands of people died because of starvation. Where did the food and medical supplies go? It was traded to the bureaucrats and terrorists in exchange for oil. Sevan himself fled the U.S. This scandal is just one example of how the U.N. has failed to fulfill their purpose. In short, instead of giving the starving peasants food the, corrupt U.N. officials traded the food for oil, money, and favors.

The fraud in the U.N. is shameful but all organizations have some amount of corruption, what is extremely disturbing is the lack of action when despots and tyrants oppress their people. The Halajba Poison Attack, an ethnic cleanse of the Kurdish people by Suddam Hussein which killed thousands of innocent civilians and peasants in a cloud of venom and then went unpunished. The U.N. did nothing to avenge the Kurdish people, besides wagging a finger at Suddam Hussein. When Suddam Hussein was brought to justice it was at the hands of his own people aided by the U.S. government. In the dark continent of Africa thousands of people are eradicated in tribal wars while the U.N. sits by unwilling to intervene. Every day people suffer from tyrants and the horrors of war.
The U.N. has failed its purpose, it is now costing more than it solves. We will always need mediation between powers, but the internet provides opportunities for the people of nations to communicate and not just a select few diplomats. Perhaps with the open communication provided by the internet modern countries will lean more to universal laws and human rights? The U.N., if not abolished, must be at least changed to suit the needs of a growing world. Maybe the U.N. will once again become necessary in mediating between the growing economies such as India and China. But then again, maybe it is time the U.N. followed the path of the League of Nations, and is dissolved.

Writing Homework Five Student One

2012-03-05T00:05:18Z

Wh: Created page with "Sean N. United Narcissists The United Nations is a proud peace-keeping organization that promotes communication between countries. Despite its best efforts it has failed to ave..."

Sean N.
United Narcissists

The United Nations is a proud peace-keeping organization that promotes communication between countries. Despite its best efforts it has failed to avert several wars and provide relief for so many disasters. When crimes against humanity, as in Somalia and Syria, go unnoticed by the U.N. we begin to wonder if there is a point to the organization. Is the U.N. relevant anymore, is it really necessary and, if not, then why is it still around?
If we are to debate the need of the United Nations we must first review its history. The League of Nations was formed after World War I at the Paris Peace Conference. The League was very similar to the United Nations. The League failed to prevent World War II or the Holocaust and was dissolved in 1946. In response to the horror of WW II it was decided that there needed to be a new peace-keeping organization with representatives from all countries. The idea of a United Nations was first conceived at the Moscow Conference of 1943. In 1944 representatives from France, the U.K., China, the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. met in Washington, D.C. Fifty delegates from countries all over the world signed the Charter of the United Nations in San Francisco. Since its foundation the United Nations has striven to promote world peace.
Even though we are discussing whether or not the U.N. is still needed it is true that it has greatly benefited humanity. The U.N. helped to keep peace between the Soviet Union and the U.S. during the cold war. Though the two countries were initially friendly, after F.D.R.’s death the two powers grew apart because of Stalin’s cruelty and Truman’s pugnacious attitude towards Russia. The U.N. provided a place where diplomats could discuss world affairs despite the tension between the communist nations and the free world. If the U.N. hadn’t arranged mediation between America and the Soviets during the Cuban Missile Crisis it is likely a nuclear conflict could have broken out. If the U.N. had been more involved maybe the Bay of Pigs could have been avoided. The U.N. also averted war between the U.K. and Egypt over the Suez Canal.

It is undeniable that the U.N. has helped the world but maybe it has already served its purpose. The U.N. was founded so that another World War could be avoided. Now that the threat of a nuclear conflict between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. is gone the U.N. has lost some of prominence. The U.N. has changed into a charity organization, when it is supposed to a meeting ground where countries can reconcile. I am not saying relief efforts aren’t necessary, they are, but providing charity is not the main purpose of the U.N. The U.N. has failed to prevent wars in the past few decades and in the end failed to make peace between Russia and the U.S. It was the defeat of the Soviet economy that brought peace, not the U.N. There are an overwhelming number of examples where the U.N. has failed to keep the peace. Hundreds of war crimes and atrocities against humanity go unnoticed and unchecked by the U.N.

The proud U.N. has changed much like the world around it but it has not adapted to suit the needs of a different world. The U.N. has been blackened by corruption. When the U.N. approved the Embargo on Iraq to eliminate weapons of mass destruction it caused the Iraqi food supplies to run low. This embargo was designed to avoid the death of innocents so starving Iraqi peasants would have contradicted the purpose. The U.N. then decided that they would trade food for oil with the Iraqi government to prevent the starvation of thousands of people. The program, dubbed Food for Oil, was headed by Benon Vahe Sevan. Sixty five billion dollars’ worth of oil was purchased from Iraq in exchange for food and medicine. The program was corrupt and large amount of relief did not go to the Iraqi people, one hundreds of thousands of people died because of starvation. Where did the food and medical supplies go? It was traded to the bureaucrats and terrorists in exchange for oil. Sevan himself fled the U.S. This scandal is just one example of how the U.N. has failed to fulfill their purpose. In short, instead of giving the starving peasants food the, corrupt U.N. officials traded the food for oil, money, and favors.

The fraud in the U.N. is shameful but all organizations have some amount of corruption, what is extremely disturbing is the lack of action when despots and tyrants oppress their people. The Halajba Poison Attack, an ethnic cleanse of the Kurdish people by Suddam Hussein which killed thousands of innocent civilians and peasants in a cloud of venom and then went unpunished. The U.N. did nothing to avenge the Kurdish people, besides wagging a finger at Suddam Hussein. When Suddam Hussein was brought to justice it was at the hands of his own people aided by the U.S. government. In the dark continent of Africa thousands of people are eradicated in tribal wars while the U.N. sits by unwilling to intervene. Every day people suffer from tyrants and the horrors of war.
The U.N. has failed its purpose, it is now costing more than it solves. We will always need mediation between powers, but the internet provides opportunities for the people of nations to communicate and not just a select few diplomats. Perhaps with the open communication provided by the internet modern countries will lean more to universal laws and human rights? The U.N., if not abolished, must be at least changed to suit the needs of a growing world. Maybe the U.N. will once again become necessary in mediating between the growing economies such as India and China. But then again, maybe it is time the U.N. followed the path of the League of Nations, and is dissolved.

Writing Homework Four Student One

2012-03-04T00:07:59Z

Wh: Created page with "Week 4 Maddie..."

Writing Homework Three Student Five

2012-02-16T23:55:07Z

Wh: Created page with "Part A: Correct the errors in the following: 1.Asparagus is the best vegetable, but in public school most kids eat candy rather than good food. If you eat better than they do, t..."

Part A: Correct the errors in the following:

1.Asparagus is the best vegetable, but in public school most kids eat candy rather than good food. If you eat better than they do, then you will become healthier than them.   

2. Congress' problem is that it is too weak. By worrying so much about what the public thinks, Washington, D.C. does us all a disservice.   

3. The most meaningful day of the year is Easter. Neither July 4th nor New Year’s Day is as special.
  
4. Someone needs to clean up this mess, and they had better do it before the owner gets here. "Get your garbage out of here now," the owner wrote on a note.   

5. I am determined to catch all the errors this time. I am not going to make any more mistakes! Do you think I like being ridiculed?    

6. I know these two things to be true: good writing is priceless, and poor writing will hurt your career. Therefore, I want to become a better writer than that person.

== The ''Life'' of Ivan Ilych ==
Jonathan S.

Death. The enemy that all men face had come to claim Ivan Ilych. The fatal foe of humanity had arrived, sure of victory, knowing his victim had lived a meaningless life.

Shortly after Ivan Ilych Golovina, a member of the Court of Justice, breathes his last, a group of his “friends” and colleagues are gathered together in court when Peter Ivanovich, Ilych’s nearest acquaintance, proclaims Mr. Golovina to be dead. Upon receiving what should be sobering news, each man, instead of mourning, instantly begins to think of how this event will affect himself. The complacent feeling is aroused in each heart that, ''“it is he who is dead and not I.”''

Ivan Ilych was the second of three sons, growing up to be ''“Neither as cold and formal as his elder brother nor as wild as the younger, but was a happy mean between them.”'' During his years at law school, Ivan became the capable, good-natured man he remained for the rest of his life. He also gained a strict conviction to do ''“what he considered to be his duty.”'' Ilych, however, seemed to be gradually losing the conscience of his youth, replacing it with a code of personal conduct dictated by what had the appearance of being socially acceptable and expected. His life began to be governed by what was perceived by him as the way a person should live. This did not mean that he made decisions based on conscience, but that he began to lead a life meant to please society and that would have the appearance of propriety.

Having graduated from law school, Ivan Ilych received an official post in a province in which his father had previously acquired some influence. After five years Ivan accepted a position in a different province as an examining magistrate. When he accepted this new post, he began to project a different public image. Ilych assumed more dignified and enlightened airs and also, following the demands of society, married a woman of good family and excellent reputation.

After a number of years had passed in which Ilych’s wife had given birth to two children, the family moved yet again so Ivan could take a job with significantly higher wages. This job allowed Ilych to buy a fairly large house which he decorated, personally overseeing the work and doing much of it himself. Just as he was finishing with this task he fell, injuring his side. He thought this injury to be minor, exclaiming that it was merely a bruise. This seemingly minor wound, however, would prove to be the cause of his death.
As the weeks passed, Ivan Ilych was sometimes aware of a discomfort in his side where he had sustained the injury. At first he ignored these pains, although they soured his mood making him generally irritable. Eventually he did visit a doctor whose seemingly uncaring attitude was the first hint of the fraudulence of society that Ivan perceived. This was the first step to his disillusionment.

Despite religiously following the instructions of the many doctors he consulted, Ivan’s condition continually grew worse. Even so he tried all that was in his power to convince himself that he would improve. Eventually, nevertheless, Ivan Ilych realized the truth: he was dying. His family and friends, however, seemed to ignore this fact, preferring to reject the idea of Ivan’s death. Their failure to acknowledge his condition caused Ilych horrible mental anguish! He longed for comfort but those who should have been his comforters chose rather to believe a lie.

His only source of consolation came from his servant Gerasim. Gerasim, being a peasant, was the only one who was not blinded by the false correctness of society. He would go to great lengths to ease Ilych’s suffering, accepting the fact that his master was dying and saying, ''“We shall all of us die, so why should I grudge a little trouble?”'' This acceptance soothed Ivan Ilych. He was comforted by the pure honesty and kindness shown by his servant.

As his condition worsened Ivan became increasingly depressed and confused. How could he, who had led a socially “perfect” life of complete “correctness,” be dying? Why was this happening to him? Time and time again the same answer would arise in his mind: ''“Maybe I did not live as I ought to have done;”'' yet every time this thought presented itself, he would immediately dismiss it as an impossibility. Had he not embodied what society called good ethics?

Even during the last few days of his life, Ivan Ilych still could not accept the fact that the life he had led had not been a good one. Only on the last day, just two hours before his death, did he finally become fully aware of the folly of his life. In those last precious hours, Ivan’s son crept into the room in which his father lay screaming with agony and, with tears streaming down his face, the boy began to kiss his father’s hand. As Ivan felt the gentle pressure of his son’s lips, he realized that although he had not lived as he ought, he could still amend his errors. He tried to whisper “forgive me” to his wife and son, but could not. Even so Ivan knew God had understood his final plea. Ilych’s last breaths left him, but they had taken the pain with them. The anguish had been replaced with the utter joy of salvation!

Death had come, but Ivan Ilych had conquered him. Ilych had acknowledged the lie that was his life, and had decided to cling to the truth. And the Truth who is life, gave Ilych life, even in death.

Writing Homework One Student Five

2012-02-03T14:13:48Z

Wh:

Sean N.
Writing Class

Sentence Correction
1. It is his bad attitude which is his biggest problem. Regardless, you cannot judge a book by its cover.

2. Davey and I went to the football game that day, and we did not see anything there. Instead, a cop yelled at us, “Get lost
before you are arrested by me!” Davey was frightened but we were not arrested.

3. Newt Gringrich referred to the media in the singular form.

4. A good student it one who can write well and quickly.

5. By running inside my sweater remained mostly dry.

6. These three things needed to be completed Wednesday morning: call my friend, finish this homework, and jog one mile.

A Nagging Fear

There is a tale, a myth from ancient Greece, about a goddess and her love. This goddess, Eos, was the deity of dawn and one day, when about her heavenly duties, she spied a handsome young prince. Eos quickly fell in love with this prince and him with her. However, one thing made their union impossible; he would someday die but she would live forever. So Eos beseeched Zeus, king of the gods, to grant her prince immortality. Eos’ wish was granted and the prince was made immortal. But with his immortality came a price, as the years passed by he still grew old. His back bent, his hair greyed, his knees shook and his voice withered. The poor prince was cursed to live forever. He could not die, he could not rest. As the decades turned to centuries the prince slowly shrunk into a little cricket, a small shadow of what he once was. You can hear the cricket prince still chirp his love to Eos when dawn breaks.
This is my fear, not of death but of dying, of growing old. And how does this fear show itself? It rears its head every time I go to a nursing home and I am reminded of what must come. The grey and ancient ones who sit on park benches and throw seeds at squirrels and unwrap crinkly hard candy wrappers in movie theatres. I am afraid of old people ,I’m genuinely terrified, when I see them coming towards me my eyebrows climb my forehead, my hair stands on end, and my palms sweat. Their grip when they hold your hand is so strong, they hold on as if they’re getting sucked down into the abyss and your grasp is the only thing keeping them here. Oh! how I rue when I must help these grim reminders with their goings about.

Is it wrong to feel this way, to avoid them like the plague? I don’t think so, it would be wrong to tell them how I feel about their aged selves. But I have yet to scream “let go of me you morbid bat from hell, you’re not taking me to River Styx with you!” at some un-suspecting granny.
I still help them when they are in need and I am available. I just won’t go out of my way to help old people; whereas I would to help another category of needy individuals. If you think I should try to volunteer with the elderly more to confront my fear. You’re wrong. Would you tell someone who is afraid of heights to join a mountain rescue squad? Would you tell someone who is afraid of blood to become a surgeon? So why should poor frightened Sean have to help out the Witches of Endor?

Writing Homework One Student Six

2012-02-03T03:08:29Z

Wh:

Instructor: Andy Schlafly Student: Maddie N.
Writing Course 01/28/12
Correct the following (using editing marks or, if done online, by rewriting it while preserving everything that is correct):

1. Its his bad attitude thats the most biggest problem. Irregardless, you can not judge a book by it’s cover.
It is his bad attitude which is his biggest problem. Regardless, you cannot judge a book by its cover.

2. Me and Davey gone to the football game that day, and we didn’t see nothing there. Instead, the cop yelled at us, “Get lost before you are arrested by me!” Davey got real scared, and he didn’t arrest us.
Davey and I went to the football game that day, we did not see anything there. Instead, the cop yelled at us, “Get lost before I arrest you!” Davey got really scared, but the cop did not arrest us.

3. Newt Gingrich declared, "the media is terrified that the audience is going to side with t candidates against the media, which is what they've done in every debate." What mistake(s) did Newt, who has written many books, make in his statement? Explain.

Newt Gingrich declared, "the media are terrified that the audience is going to side with the candidates against them, which is what they've done in every debate." What mistake(s) did Newt, who has written many books, make in his statement? Explain.
Media are plural, but he used “is” which is singular instead of “are” which is plural. Saying media more than once in one sentence is repetitive.

4. A good student is someone that can both write very well and quickly.
A good student is someone who can write both very well and quickly.
5. Runing inside to avoid the rainstorm, my new sweatur was mostly dry.
By running inside to avoid the rainstorm, my new sweater stayed mostly dry.

6. These three things needed to be completed Wedesday morning, that was: calling my friend, finishing this homework, and jog one mile.
These three things needed to be completed by Wednesday morning: call my friend, finish my homework, and jog one mile.

Write a flawless essay of 300-500 words (you will be graded both in technical correctness and style) on one of the following topics:
1. Why you don’t throw people off a lifeboat to make it float better, even if it looks like the lifeboat will sink.
2. A nagging fear that you have.
3. Who you think will win the Republican nomination for president.
4. Your favorite passage in the Bible, and why.
5. “Almost everything in school and beyond is easier for those who improve their writing skills.” Discuss.
6. Describe how and why the writing (lyrics or screenplay) is so good in one of your favorite songs or movies.
(7. A very short story of fiction.)
8. Which is your favorite season of the year, and why?

She was running; she was gasping for air. She felt ice cold water on her leg and it gave her a chill. She glanced behind her and saw two men in uniform chasing her. She ran toward a crowd and into an alley. She watched the men run right past. She sighed with relief while wrapping her jacket around her. She took out a cross her mother and father had given to her on her fifth birthday. It was her only memory of them; they had made her a lemon pie. Afterwards they sang Happy Birthday and gave her the cross. The cross was the only thing that survived the fire. She felt a tear ran down her face. She was mad at herself for being sentimental. She was an escaped orphan who fended for herself and didn’t care what anyone thought of her. She was Maggie, known for being tough, not for crying.
Maggie looked down the alley and started walking she wasn’t sure what she was looking for but she was looking for something. Maybe a family who loved her or a group of people who accepted her. Whatever she was looking for she could not find.
Maggie looked around and realized she’d never been this part of New York City before and it looked and smelled horrible. She started walking, her thin shoes did not prove much protection against the ground which was littered with all sorts of garbage.
She had been walking for about a quarter of an hour when she noticed a very oddly placed hole in a wall with a dirty tattered sheet covering it. It was getting late and she was tired so she climbed in the hole and looked around. Maggie realized that it was an abandoned building that just happened to be very clean. She started yawning and sat down in an easy chair.
Maggie woke up and screamed. She saw about seven children all staring down at her. She tried to jump up and run away but they would not let her. They asked her what her name was. She decided not to lie. She told them that she was an orphan who had run away from the orphanage. It turned out that they all had run away from an orphanage one way or another.
They let her get up. They gave her breakfast and talked to her. They seemed to really like her. They gave her clean clothes and a toothbrush, they seemed to accept her, she experienced an emotion that she had not felt in a while. She was happy, she knew she could be herself. She recognized that for once in her life she had true friends, a family again.
They didn’t seem to care that her hair wasn’t perfect or that she didn’t look like a model. For once in her life she had found a group of people that really accepted her for her.

Writing Homework One Student Six

2012-02-03T03:07:50Z

Wh: Created page with " Instructor: Andy Schlafly Student: Maddie N. ..."

Writing Homework One Student Five

2012-02-02T22:20:30Z

Wh: Created page with "Sean N. Writing Class Sentence Correction 1. It is his bad attitude which is his biggest problem. Regardless, you cannot judge a book by its cover. 2. Davey and I went to the f..."

Sean N.
Writing Class

Sentence Correction
1. It is his bad attitude which is his biggest problem. Regardless, you cannot judge a book by its cover.

2. Davey and I went to the football game that day, and we did not see anything there. Instead, a cop yelled at us, “Get lost
before you are arrested by me!” Davey was frightened but we were not arrested.

3. Newt Gringrich referred to the media in the singular form.

4. A good student it one who can write well and quickly.

5. By running inside my sweater remained mostly dry.

6. These three things needed to be completed Wednesday morning: call my friend, finish this homework, and jog one mile.

A Nagging Fear

There is a tale, a myth from ancient Greece, about a goddess and her love. This goddess, Eos, was the deity of dawn and one day, when about her heavenly duties, she spied a handsome young prince. Eos quickly fell in love with this prince and him with her. However, one thing made their union impossible; he would someday die but she would live forever. So Eos beseeched Zeus, king of the gods, to grant her prince immortality. Eos’ wish was granted and the prince was made immortal. But with his immortality came a price, as the years passed by he still grew old. His back bent, his hair greyed, his knees shook and his voice withered. The poor prince was cursed to live forever. He could not die, he could not rest. As the decades turned to centuries the prince slowly shrunk into a little cricket, a small shadow of what he once was. You can hear the cricket prince still chirp his love to Eos when dawn breaks.
This is my fear, not of death but of dying, of growing old. And how does this fear show itself? It rears its head every time I go to a nursing home and I am reminded of what must come. The grey and ancient ones who sit on park benches and throw seeds at squirrels and unwrap crinkly hard candy wrappers in movie theatres. I am afraid of old people ,I’m genuinely terrified, when I see them coming towards me my eyebrows climb my forehead, my hair stands on end, and my palms sweat. Their grip when they hold your hand is so strong, they hold on as if they’re getting sucked down into the abyss and your grasp is the only thing keeping them here. Oh! how I rue when I must help these grim reminders with their goings about.

Is it wrong to feel this way, to avoid them like the plague? I don’t think so, it would be wrong to tell them how I feel about their aged selves. But I have yet to scream “let go of me you morbid bat from hell, you’re not taking me to River Styx with you!” at some un-suspecting granny.
I still help them when they are in need and I am available. I just won’t go out of my way to help old people; whereas I would to help another category of needy individuals. If you think I should try to volunteer with the elderly more to confront my fear. You’re wrong. Would you tell someone who is afraid of heights to join a mountain rescue squad? Would you tell someone who is afraid of blood to become a surgeon? So why poor frightened Sean should have to help out the Witches of Endor?

World History Study Guide from 1648

2011-12-07T23:42:38Z

Wh:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Definition
|-
|Christian population
|steadily increased from 0% of the world when Jesus was born, to about 33% of the world today
|-
|Reconquista
|(AD 722-1492) the Christian retaking of Spain and Portugal from Muslim control
|-
|Siege of Vienna
|1529: Christians Europeans defeated the Muslim Ottoman Turks
|-
|9/11/1683, Gates of Vienna
|an alliance of Christian armies, led by the Polish King Jan III Sobieski, defeated a massive Muslim army
|-
|[[Forbidden City]]
|elaborate imperial palace in Beijing, China, which was used by twenty-four emperors during the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties; the public was kept out for 500 years
|-
|[[Franklin Roosevelt]]
|President during WW II. Many think he knew about the Pearl Harbor attack before it happened.
|-
|slave trade
|(1455-1800s) in North America, slave ''trade'' ended by a provision in the U.S. Constitution, and slavery ended with the American Civil War (1861-1865); in England, slave trade was ended by Christian reformers William Wilberforce and John Wesley; in Brazil, slavery continued until 1888
|-
|[[Rene Descartes]]
|(1596-1650) a French mathematician and philosopher who discovered analytical geometry and defined existence by “I think, therefore I am.”
|-
|Thirty Years’ War
|(1618-1648) a religious conflict in Germany between Bohemian Protestants and Hapsburg Catholics; this war also engulfed Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Switzerland and the Holy Roman Empire, before the Protestants (and Catholic France) won
|-
|Treaty of Westphalia
|(1648) ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe, leaving a weaker Germany and Holy Roman Empire; France emerged strengthened and more unified
|-
|[[nation-state]]
|(beginning in the 1400s) a single country comprised of people unified in language and culture, such as England, France, Spain and, much later, Germany
|-
|Decline of the Holy Roman Empire
|weakened by the Ottoman Muslims, France, the Reformation, the growth of nation-states, and how the Italian and German cultures grew apart
|-
|[[Age of Exploration]]
|(1450-1650) a time period when European nation-states (mainly England, France, Portugal and Spain) explored distant lands, including the American continents
|-
|[[caravel]]
|a small, highly maneuverable, lightweight ship developed by the Portuguese, often used to carry cargo
|-
|[[Ferdinand and Isabella]]
|The King and Queen of Spain in the late 1400s, who expelled Muslims from Spain and then funded Columbus's voyages
|-
|Prince Henry the Navigator
|founded the School of Navigation in Portugal in 1419, to train sailors to explore the West African coast with a goal of eventually finding sea routes to India
|-
|Bartholomew Diaz
|a Portuguese navigator who sailed around the southern tip of Africa (the Cape of Good Hope) in 1487 to establish a sea route to India
|-
|[[Christopher Columbus]]
|(1451-1506) Italian explorer funded by Spain to sail in four voyages across the Atlantic ocean in search for a trade route to India; he discovered the "New World" by reaching the Caribbean
|-
|[[Columbian Exchange]]
|the exchange of plants and animals between America and Europe for many years after Columbus's voyages
|-
|Treaty of Tordesillas
|1494: established an 1100-mile long "Line of Demarcation," giving one side to Portugal and the other side to Spain for controlling the New World (Western Hemisphere)
|-
|Line of Demarcation
|a north-to-south line giving Portugal trading rights in India, China, the East Indies, East Brazil and the Spanish Americas, and giving Spain control of the remaining, vast majority of the Americas
|-
|Vasco da Gama
|the first explorer to reach India by sailing eastward around Africa (1497-1499), with the help of the powerful monsoon winds; this established trade with India.
|-
|[[John Cabot]]
|a British explorer (who had been born in Genoa, Italy, like Columbus) who discovered Newfoundland and the New England coast in 1497-1498, making that land the property of England
|-
|Jacques Cartier
|1534 and 1541: French explorer who discovered Canada and the Mississippi Basin, including Louisiana; the lack of gold and silver in North America made it less interesting to Europeans than South America
|-
|Ferdinand Magellan
|1519-1522: led the first successful voyage to go around the world, going around the southern tip of South America. Magellan himself was killed by Philippine natives prior to completing the last leg of the journey.
|-
|Results of Magellan's voyage
|Spain gained control of many South American territories, including Peru, plus the Philippines in the Far East
|-
|[[Hernando Cortes]]
|aided by superior weapons and horses, he led the Spanish conquest of Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec empire, capturing the Aztec ruler known as Montezuma; Cortes burned the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan and built Mexico City in its place
|-
|[[Hiroshima]]
|Japanese city hit by an U.S. bomb in WW II.
|-
|Francisco Pizzaro
|with only 180 men and 37 horses, this Spanish soldier conquered 30,000 Incas in Peru in 1531; he also discovered the greatest silver mine in the Americas.
|-
|El Greco
|(1541-1614) a painter, architect and sculptor best known for his paintings of saints and martyrs, and his painting of a storm over a Spanish town (“A View of Toledo”)
|-
|Diego Velázquez
|(1599-1660) a Spanish painter of portraits of the royal family and scenes from daily life at court
|-
|Miguel de Cervantes
|(1605) wrote the novel ''Don Quixote'', an influential work of Spanish literature
|-
|divine right of kings
|belief they were given power by God; this belief lasted until religious conflict in England in the 1600s and the French Revolution in the late 1700s
|-
|Philip II
|(reigned 1556-1598) King of Spain who was the great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand; his mighty Spanish Armada was crushed by a quicker English fleet in 1588
|-
|William of Orange
|(1579) led the Netherlands in a revolt against their Spanish masters; this (along with the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the British) weakened Spanish power
|-
|[[England]]
|an imperialistic nation-state based in the British isles off the western coast of Europe; it established the largest non-contiguous empire in history in the late 1800s but is much weaker than the U.S. today
|-
|mercantilism
|an economic system whereby a mother country (e.g., England) accumulates gold by exporting more goods than it imported, and by using her colonies (e.g., the American colonies) to ship it raw materials that could be manufactured and exported to other peoples
|-
|Queen Elizabeth
|(1558-1603) was known as the "Virgin Queen" of England and her 45-year reign was the “Elizabethan Age”; Virginia was named in her honor
|-
|[[James Stuart]]
|cousin of Queen Elizabeth who took over the English throne as James I and authorized the King James Version of the Bible; unlike Queen Elizabeth, King James I argued often with Parliament
|-
|Oliver Cromwell
|(1599-1658) an English soldier, statesman, and controversial leader of the Puritan revolution who overthrew the King
|-
|[[William Prynne]]
|(1600-1669) an English lawyer, author, political figure and prominent Puritan who was imprisoned for his religious beliefs
|-
|Jamestown settlement
|(1607) the first successful English settlement in the New World, in what is now Virginia
|-
|King James Bible
|(1611) the magnificent English translation of the Bible, authorized by King James, which even elevated the English language itself
|-
|[[Glorious Revolution]]
|revolution that took place in England in 1688, which replaced the Catholic King James II with the Anglican King and Queen, William and Mary.
|-
|William and Mary
|ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland in the late 1600s, and founded the college of William and Mary in the Virginia colony in 1693
|-
|Ivan IV “the Terrible”
|(reigned 1547-1584) first czar of Russia, who executed many innocent people; Ivan was succeeded by his son Feodor, whose repeated failures led Russia into a “Time of Troubles.”
|-
|Mikhail Romanov
|(1613) the first of a long line of Romanov Russian czars; under Romanov rule serfs lost almost all of their freedoms
|-
|Peter the Great
|a Romanov who ruled Russia from 1682-1696 and instituted sweeping reforms in Russian government and society; he built St. Petersburg and tried to make European traditions a part of Russia.
|-
|Maria Theresa
|(1717-1780) a Holy Roman empress who was the last ruler of the House of Habsburg dynasty, ruling over Austria
|-
|Frederick the Great
|(1712-1786) an absolutist King of Prussia, who built it into a powerful nation (before it became a key part of the future Germany)
|-
|War of the Austrian Succession
|(1740-1748) a broad conflict among many European nations, with the result that Prussia defeated Austria to win the territory of Silesia
|-
|Seven Years’ War
|(1756-1763) France, Russia, Sweden, Poland and Austria were allied against Britain and Prussia, for a region of Eastern Europe. Britain and France also fought in North America (called the French & Indian War here). Britain won the war due to the genius of William Pitt ("Pittsburgh" is named after him), gaining Canada and India as a result; France was humiliated, leading to the French Revolution decades later.
|-
|American Revolution
|a revolution against the British in the American Colonies beginning in 1776 with the American Declaration of Independence, caused by over-taxation by England; the Patriots won with the help of the French, and the Treaty of Paris (1783) ended this war
|-
|George Washington
|(1732-1799) first President of the United States (1789-1797); Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army; unanimous choice to serve as President; and voluntarily stepped down in 1796
|-
|[[Isaac Newton]]
|(1643-1727) the English physicist who, inspired by daily readings of the Bible, developed calculus and discovered the invisible force of gravity
|-
|Gottfried [[Leibniz]]
|(1646-1716) a German Lutheran mathematician and philosopher who developed calculus independent of Isaac Newton, and whose Christian-based philosophy was opposed by Voltaire. Leibniz invented the curly "S" notation for the integral (ignore the grids around it): <math>\int_a^b f(x)dx</math>
|-
|[[The Enlightenment]]
|a philosophical movement in Europe in the 1700s that challenged traditional views and preferred reason over faith; thinkers included Rousseau, Voltaire, Hume, Kant, Jefferson, Locke, and Diderot.
|-
|William Blackstone
|(1723-1780) the leading legal authority on English law, upon which American law is based; wrote the book ''The Rights of Englishmen'', in which he described the source of the rights of the people
|-
|Charles-Louis Baron de Montesquieu
|(1689-1755) a Frenchman who proposed the concept of separation of powers, and checks and balances, in government, which inspired key parts of the U.S. Constitution; wrote a book, ''The Spirit of the Laws'', that explained essential aspects of good government
|-
|Denis Diderot
|(1713-1784) a French writer during the Enlightenment who edited an encyclopedia of scientific and social knowledge known simply as ''Encyclopedia'' (in French: ''Encyclopédie'')
|-
|Jean Jacques Rousseau
|(1712-1778) his ideas led to the French Revolution and hostility to churches; he was a Swiss-born political philosopher who criticized private property and declared that government's goal should be to provide freedom, equality and justice
|-
|[[John Locke]]
|(1632-1704) English philosopher during the Enlightenment who created the idea of a "social contract" between the people and their government, which became the philosophical basis of rebellion in England and the American Revolution when people felt that government had broken this contract
|-
|[[Voltaire]]
|(1694-1778) a French philosopher, prominent during the Enlightenment, who favored '''''absolute''''' freedom and his ideas led to the French Revolution
|-
|[[monarch]]
|a person who rules over a kingdom or empire; he may be above the law (''absolute monarch'') or subject to it (''constitutional monarchy'')
|-
|[[Louis XIV]]
|(ruled 1643-1715) the absolute (all-powerful) monarch of France who said, “L’etat c’est moi!” (“I am the state”)
|-
|[[capitalism]]
|an economic system whereby private companies own all capital goods and sell them at a competitive price
|-
|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]
|(1473-1543) a Polish Catholic scientist who started the "Scientific Revolution" with his discovery that the Earth revolves around the Sun, and published his discovery in a book at the end of his life ("On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres")
|-
|[[Johannes Kepler]]
|(1571-1630) a German Protestant scientist who built on Copernicus's work and discovered that planets orbit the sun in ellipses rather than circular orbits.
|-
|[[Galileo]]
|(1564-1642) a Catholic Italian astronomer who improved the telescope but was punished by the Church for publishing Copernicus's theory and saying the Church approved it; the Church then banned Galileo's book ("Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World - Ptolemaic and Copernican," published in 1632)
|-
|[[Rasputin]]
|Russian peasant-turned-monk who helped Czar Nicholas II's son survive hemophilia, until he was murdered by rivals in 1916
|-
|[[Tsar|Czar]] (Tsar)
|Absolute emperor of Russia since the 1500's, the first being Ivan IV "The Terrible."
|-
|[[Neo-Confucianism]]
|More of a philosophy than a religion, Neo-Confucianism is a combination of Confucianism and Buddhism, and was the primary practice of the Chinese nation in the 1600s.
|-
|[[Robert Fulton]]
|American engineer and inventor who created the first commercial steamboat service in 1807.
|-
|[[Bernhard Riemann]]
|(1826-1866) an influential German mathematician who made lasting contributions to differential geometry and analysis, providing the mathematical basis for some 20th century physics
|-
|[[balance of power]]
|first established by European nations after the final defeat of Napoleon: alliances called the Concert of Europe required nations to assist each other in order to defeat any one nation that became too powerful and started invading others
|-
|[[Constitution of the United States]]
|(1787) the oldest working constitution in the world, which established a masterful design for government
|-
|[[David Hume]]
|(1711-1776) a Scottish philosopher who promoted materialism and naturalism rather than Christianity, which later influenced Charles Darwin; Hume wrote "A Treatise on Human Nature" and believed in relativism rather than absolute truth
|-
|Declaration of Independence
|(1776) an American statement of "inalienable" (God-given) rights, asserting a right of the people break their "social contract" with a ruler (a king) when he violates those rights, such as the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
|-
|Edmund Burke
|(1729-1797) a conservative Irish statesman in the British parliament who sided with the American colonies before the American Revolution; coined the phrase "salutary neglect" to support economic growth in the colonies, and criticized the French Revolution while others were praising it
|-
|The Federalist Papers
|(1788) brilliant essays encouraging ratification of the U.S. Constitution, written mostly by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison
|-
|Immanuel Kant
|(1724-1804) a leading German philosopher, Kant felt that behavior is moral only if it would work as a rule if everyone did it (e.g., littering is immoral for one person to do it, because it wouldn't work if everyone did it); Kant's book "A Critique of Pure Reason" criticized the use of pure reason to determine morality
|-
|Industrial Revolution
|technology-driven changes in society that began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the use of power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and a shift from farming to factories
|-
|James Clerk Maxwell
|(1831-1879) British physicist, perhaps the greatest of the 19th century; he developed a single consistent electromagnetic theory and the "maxwell", a unit of magnetic flux, was named in his honor
|-
|Johann Sebastian Bach
|(1685-1750) German classical music composer famous for Fugues and the "Passion according to St. Matthew"
|-
|Louis Pasteur
|(1822–95) French chemist, probably the greatest ever; he founded microbiology, invented pasteurization, and developed vaccinations for anthrax, rabies, and chicken cholera.
|-
|[[Matthew Perry]]
|helped end the isolation of Japan by sailing into Edo harbor and enabling the Treaty of Kanagawa to be signed in 1854
|-
|Realism
|focus on the tangible rather than the abstract
|-
|steamboat
|a waterborne ship useful to the Industrial Revolution which was powered by a steam engine, with the steam produced by burning coal (or less often, wood); today steamboats are powered by diesel gasoline
|-
|Economies of scale
|when increasing the size of a company enables it to lower its prices due to improved efficiencies, as the big Wal-Mart stores do
|-
|Enclosure movement
|in the 1700s when wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, to benefit from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land
|-
|Adam Smith
|(1723-1790) a Scottish political economist who discovered how the "invisible hand" of capitalism will create wealth and prosperity; his book describing this idea was the "Wealth of Nations" (1776)
|-
|[[David Ricardo]]
|(1772-1823) a classical British economist who advocated the advantages of more trade between nations
|-
|Victor Hugo
|(1802-1885) one of the greatest Romanticist poets, he was a Frenchman who wrote the classics Cromwell (1827), The Hunchback of Notre Dame of Paris (1831) and Les Miserables (1862)
|-
|[[Maximilian Robespierre]]
|(1758-1794) a French Jacobin who was most responsible for the Reign of Terror; under the influence of the work of Rousseau, Robespierre unbendingly murdered moderates and all opponents, and was eventually killed by the guillotine himself in 1794.
|-
|French Revolution
|began in 1789 by freeing Bastille prison, and ended in 1794 with Robespierre's death.
|-
|[[Bastille Day]]
|(July 14, 1789) when French peasants invaded the huge Bastille prison in Paris, freeing political prisoners. This started the Great Fear, with riots breaking out every day and peasants burning wealthy homes
|-
|[[Georges Danton|Georges Jacques Danton]]
|(1759–1794) a Jacobin during the French Revolution who joined and fully supported it until he saw the reign of terror and started to change his mind; then he was executed
|-
|[[Great Leap Forward]]
|Name of Mao Zedong's idea in which he established collective farms where many people worked on many acres per farm. Because of this, many Chinese died.
|-
|[[Louis XVI]]
|the extravagant King of France (1774-1792) until executed during the French Revolution by guillotine in early 1793
|-
|[[Marie Antoinette]]
|privileged wife of Louis XVI during the French Revolution who reportedly said to the peasants, "Let them eat cake!" upon hearing of the shortage of bread
|-
|[[Reign of Terror]]
|terrifying chaos after the execution of Louis XVI when Maximilian Robespierre guillotined many people, including Marie Antoinette, until Robespierre died the same way (1794)
|-
|[[Napoleon]]
|(lived 1769-1821) Dictator of France after the French Revolution; signed peace treaties with major European enemies, created a successful system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code, and conquered much of continental Europe; defeated at Battle of Waterloo
|-
|[[Louisiana Purchase]]
|land stretching from Louisiana to the American Northwest that Napoleon sold to the U.S. for a low price in 1803
|-
|[[Battle of Waterloo]]
|1815: marked the end of Napoleon's reign in France when he was defeated by Prussia and Great Britain; the expression "someone's Waterloo" refers to a change from possible victory to a decisive defeat
|-
|[[Congress of Vienna]]
|1815: convention of European nations proposing a balance of powers among the rival nations to ensure than no single nation could threaten the others as Napoleon had just done
|-
|[[Concert of Europe]]
|established during the Congress of Vienna to create alliances between nations requiring assistance of each other if war or revolutions occurred; also adopted changes that legitimized monarchies and growing nationalism in Europe
|-
|[[Napoleon III]]
|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (1808-1873) President of the French Second Republic
|-
|[[Otto von Bismarck]]
|(1815-1898) leader of Prussia (1862-71) and the first chancellor of the German Empire (1871-90). Known as the "Iron Chancellor," he was a skilled politician who unified Germany as a nation in the 1860s by arranging for wars against other nations (first against Denmark, then against Austria and finally against France)
|-
|First French Empire
|(1804-1814/1815) was the empire of Napoleon I of France, and the dominant power of continental Europe
|-
|Second French Empire
|Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic in France.
|-
|[[United Kingdom]]
|the combination of "Great Britain" and "Northern Ireland," which is part of the island of Ireland.
|-
|[[Luddites]]
|a social movement in England that rioted and protested against the changes of the Industrial Revolution
|-
|[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]
|(1770-1827) revolutionized instrumental music and took it to new heights never thought possible, despite being totally deaf when he did his best compositions
|-
|King Henry VIII
|(lived 1491-1547, reigned beginning in 1509) founded the Church of England (the Anglican Church) due to his dispute with the Catholic Church over its denial of his request to obtain a divorce
|-
|France
|a nation-state in Europe that was ruled by a monarch until the French Revolution
|-
|Prussia
|a very militaristic nation-state in Europe in part of the area where Germany is today
|-
|''The Communist Manifesto''
|written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848, teaching that class struggles are the origin of all progress in society and urging people to start revolutions to establish communism; Russia did so in 1917, and others since then
|-
|Sun Yixian
|also known as Sun Yat-sen, he led the Kuomintang or nationalist Party that overthrew the Qing Dynasty of China. He also became the first leader of the former Republic of China.
|-
|Virginia Declaration of Rights
|a declaration of rights adopted in colonial Virginia on June 7, 1776, as written by George Mason; the American Declaration of Independence was based on it
|-
|[[utilitarianism]]
|proposed by Englishman Jeremy Bentham and fine-tuned by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), this non-Christian concept values overall "utility" (overall benefits minus costs) rather than individual justice as a method of determining morality and public policy. Example: tossing two people overboard in a lifeboat in order to save the other ten.
|-
|[[John Stuart Mill]]
|(1806-1873) British philosopher who supported utilitarianism and advocated an absolute right of free speech; he also supported the development of labor unions
|-
|[[nationalism]]
|when loyalty by a people to their nation becomes part of their identity; began in the late 1700s, around the same time as Romanticism, and later led to aggression by Germany and Japan in the 20th century
|-
|Handel
|(1685-1759) a German-born composer noted particularly for his oratorios, including the Messiah; Beethoven thought Handel was the greatest
|-
|Haydn
|(1732-1809) Austrian composer who played a major part in establishing the classical forms of the symphony and the string quartet
|-
|Mozart
|(1756-91) an Austrian composer known for his operas and his unfinished Requiem (1791)
|-
|Romanticism
|(1770-1870) a movement in poetry and the arts (including music) that emphasized individualism, feelings, thoughts, and the right to be different, which coincided with revolutions in France and elsewhere
|-
|Neoclassicism
|(1760-1850) paintings that emphasized clear linear design, using classical themes as subject matter
|-
|[[Karl Marx]]
|(1818-1883) German philosopher who, in 1848 with F. Engels, wrote ''The Communist Manifesto'', urging the working class to revolt and end private property
|-
|[[Friedrich Engels]]
|(1820-1895) German philosopher born to a wealthy family who co-authored ''The Communist Manifesto'', and who supported Marx financially while Marx wrote ''Das Kapital''.
|-
|classical economics
|19th-century economics plus the 18th-century Adam Smith, meaning less government restrictions on business, based upon the principles of the [[invisible hand]] and economic efficiency ([[Pareto]] optimality)
|-
|[[realpolitik]]
|Concept invented by Otto von Bismarck that emphasized practical politics rather than philosophy
|-
|[[laissez-faire]]
|approach in economics in which businesses are free from state and government intervention (translated literally, "let to do")
|-
|[[Franco-Prussian War]]
|(1870) Otto von Bismarck started the Franco-Prussian War by enticing the French to attack Prussia so that other Germans would join him in defense, and thereby unify Germany; Germans won in six weeks
|-
|Giuseppe Mazzini
|An Italian who sought unification of Italy as one nation; he formed the “Brotherhood of Young Italy” in 1831
|-
|King Leopold II
|(1835–1909) second king of Belgium, who founded the Congo Free State
|-
|[[Charles Darwin]]
|(1809-1882) English naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution: that all species had evolved into complex forms of life over millions of years through the process of "natural selection," or "survival of the fittest"
|-
|[[Charles Dickens]]
|(1812-1870) Greatest English novelist of the Victorian period, who sympathized with the poor and invented colorful characters like "Scrooge"
|-
|[[David Livingstone]]
|Scotsman who explored central Africa in the late 1860s to find the source of the Nile
|-
|Dual Alliance
|(1879) Germany (led by Bismarck) formed an alliance with Austria-Hungary as a way of protecting those countries against possible aggression by France
|-
|impressionism
|(late 1800s in France) paintings began emphasizing the transient effects of color and light, attempting to capture a fleeting image or “impression”. Artists included Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir and Paul Cezanne, and they often painted landscapes.
|-
|musical impressionism
|emphasized mood and understatement and reflected its composers’ view that pure sound (like color) is an end to itself
|-
|Zulus
|a tribe of the Mthethwa African kingdoms of the late 1800s, which was wiped out by the British in 1879
|-
|Kaiser Wilhelm II
|leader of Germany who ended Germany’s alliance with Russia, which caused Russia to form an alliance with France in 1891.
|-
|[[imperialism]]
|the practice of one strong nation controlling another weaker nation, territory, or a group of people; types of imperialism (from strongest to weakest) are: colonization, protectorates, spheres of influence, and economic
|-
|Triple Alliance
|Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed this alliance in 1882 to protect against French attacks; later became the Central Powers after Italy left and the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined
|-
|Triple Entente
|(1907) from the French for "good-will", Great Britain, Russia, France formed this alliance in 1907 to oppose the Triple Alliance; this later became the Allied Powers after Italy and Japan joined. Not as strong an alliance as the Triple Alliance, the Triple Entente did require mutual assistance to defend against attack
|-
|[[Communism]]
|an oppressive system of government, beginning in Russia, which states everyone must have the same amount of wealth, which discourages people from working hard
|-
|[[Central Powers]]
|The enemies of the Allies in WWI, and they were Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman empire.
|-
|[[Allies]]
|The Allies in WWI were Britain (her colonies), France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and beginning in 1917, the United States; in WWII the Allies were Britain, America, France, and Russia.
|-
|[[The Axis]]
|The Axis were the enemies of the Allies in WWII; the Axis consisted of Nazi Germany, Italy (at the start of the war), and Japan, they also included Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Croatia
|-
|[[Great War]]
|1914-1918: later known as World War I, this was one of the deadliest wars in world history based on trench warfare; the Allies defeated the Central Powers and imposed terms of peace that were so unreasonable they led to World War II
|-
|Schlieffen Plan
|German plan to avoid a two-front war in World War I by invading and defeating France first before fighting Russia on its other front
|-
|Entrenchment
|the first year and a half of World War I (1914-15) during which there were terrible casualties without either side gaining the upper hand.
|-
|[[First Battle of Marne]]
|(Sept. 6-12, 1914), massive conflict in WWI which halted the German efforts to capture France, and forced the Germans to fight a two-front war; French losses were horrific: 250,000 deaths
|-
|[[U-boat]]
|German submarines used to patrol the Atlantic in a terrifying manner and intercept British ships; the U-boats eventually sunk American ships too
|-
|[[Gallipoli Campaign]]
|(April 1915) Allied forces landed on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli, but were not prepared for the terrain or their tough opponents; unsuccessful, the Allies retreated after massive losses
|-
|[[Lusitania]]
|a British luxury liner sunk by a German submarine in the North Atlantic on May 7, 1915, killing 1,198 people, including 128 U.S. citizens; this outraged the American public and led later to the U.S. entry into WW I.
|-
|[[Battle of Verdun]]
|(1916) longest battle of WWI with massive casualties with nothing gained by either side with nearly 1 million wounded or killed; began when Germans attacked the French city of Verdun
|-
|[[Manfred von Richtofen]]
|Better known as the "Red Baron," this German was the greatest flying ace of all time with 80 kills until he was shot down by an unknown person near the end of WW I, in 1918
|-
|Treaty of Versailles
|(1919) ended WWI by imposing limits on the size and weapons of the German army, requiring Germany to pay massive damages, and taking away some of its colonies and territories.
|-
|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
|(1923) created the modern state of Turkey, with a combination of military rule and an elected Parliament; also converted the Arabic language to a modern, Latin-style alphabet
|-
|Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
|(1870-1924) leader of the Communist Party who overthrew the Russian government; Lenin was leader of the Bolsheviks and ruled the Soviet Union, imposing a system of Marxism-Leninism that remained until the 1990s; Lenin also ended Russia's support of the Allies in the war in 1918
|-
|Bolsheviks
|(after 1903) the more extreme Marxist group, as opposed to the Mensheviks, who sought violent revolution soon
|-
|[[Expressionism]]
|style of art that arose in the 20th century, using distorted forms and bold colors
|-
|[[Great Depression]]
|a worldwide economic crisis in the 1930s when poverty struck most of the world and the unhappiness allowed dictators to seize power
|-
|[[King Victor Emmanuel]]
|The King in Italy who surrendered his power to Mussolini
|-
|[[Il Duce]]
|"The Leader". Name used by the fascists to identify Mussolini.
|-
|[[Nazi]]
|a member of the National Socialist German Workers' party of Germany, which in 1933, under Adolf Hitler, seized political control of the nation, started World War II, believed in a supremacy by the German people, and imposed the Holocaust
|-
|[[Fascism]]
|Fascists believe that all actions should be done for the good of the state. Fascism is a totalitarian economic and political ideology that came to dominate the social and political systems of Italy under Benito Mussolini and Germany under Adolf Hitler.
|-
|aggression by Japan in the 1930s
|Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, attracted in part by the coal and iron deposits there, which began the Asian phase of World War II. In 1937, Japan invaded northern and central China.
|-
|aggression by Italy in the 1930s
|Italy invaded and conquered Ethiopia in 1935-1936.
|-
|[[Mussolini]]
|founder of Italy’s Fascist Party, Mussolini emphasized the need to improve Italy’s economy and its military. In October 1922, the Fascists protested in Rome, causing the King to make Mussolini leader of Italy. He then made it illegal to strike, thinking this would make the economy bounce back.
|-
|[[President Truman]]
|Vice-President who became president when Roosevelt died in 1945. Was not able to handle the issue of war and bombing as well as Roosevelt. Issued the bombing of Japan.
|-
|aggression by Germany in the 1930s
|In 1936, Germany invaded the buffer zone separating Germany from France: the industrialized Rhineland; Germany annexed Austria in 1938 without much resistance, and on Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded and annexed western Poland despite armed resistance.
|-
|[[Enigma]]
|a cipher (encryption) used by the Axis in WWII, thought to be unbreakable until a 27-year-old Polish mathematician cracked it in 1937 (without telling the Germans!)
|-
|[[World War I]] (WWI)
|(1914-1918) also known as ''The Great War'', the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary fought against the Entente of Britain, France and Russia; the war ended with the economic collapse of the Central Powers in November 1918 after 4 years of brutal fighting and a successful blockade on Germany
|-
|[[World War II]] (WWII)
|began in the 1930s when Germany invaded Poland, and lasted until 1945 when the Allied powers defeated the Axis powers and forced them to surrender
|-
|[[blitzkrieg]]
|German for "lightning war," high-speed attack which combines bombing with a tank invasion, followed by infantry to mop up pockets of enemy troops that developed; first launched with spectacular success by Hitler against Poland in 1939
|-
|[[The Holocaust]]
|Germany blamed Jews for all of its problems. In 1935 a law was passed to prevent Jews from holding government offices, and during WWII Germany established concentration camps that exterminated millions of Jews.
|-
|[[Joseph Stalin]]
|(1879-1953) Russian atheistic dictator who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition
|-
|[[Dr. Josef Mengele]]
|Doctor who because of his belief of "survival of the fittest", performed cruel surgeries and experiments on the prisoners in the concentration camps.
|-
|[[Manhattan Project]]
|(Dec. 6, 1941) one day before the attack at Pearl Harbor, American scientists began the construction of an atomic bomb
|-
|D-Day
|(June 6, 1944) the massive invasion of Europe at Normandy (France) by the U.S.-led Allied forces, to turn the tide in WWII
|-
|George Patton
|homeschooled, this American was the finest field general in WWII and the only one the Germans truly feared; he was better at blitzkrieg-style tank warfare than the Germans were
|-
|[[Big Bang]]
|a scientific theory, initially ridiculed before being accepted by many physicists, that the universe had a unique creation rather than having existed forever
|-
|quantum mechanics
|(early 1900s) this breakthrough in physics is the foundation of electronic technology: there is an underlying uncertainty in subatomic particles, such that they have probabilities of being in different places at the same time until they are observed
|-
|[[Niels Bohr]]
|a Danish physicist in the early 1900s who discovered the atomic structure and helped develop quantum mechanics
|-
|[[Albert Einstein]]
|(1879-1955) physicist best known for his work on the theory of relativity
|-
|Easter Rising
|(April 24-30, 1916) Irishmen seeking independence from Britain captured key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic; British suppressed this and executed its leaders
|-
|Irish Republic
|(1919) established through the efforts of its leader, Michael Collins (1890-1922), who was then killed three years later during an Irish civil war
|-
|Northern Ireland
|divided between British Protestants and Irish Catholics, still under the control of the British
|-
|[[jazz]]
|music originating in New Orleans in the early 1900s, developing varied and complex styles; it consists of intricate, propulsive rhythms, polyphonic ensemble playing, improvisatory, virtuosic solos, melodic freedom, and a harmonic idiom.
|-
|globalism
|the opposite of “nationalism”; “globalism” views the world as one political unit, as one massive village
|-
|[[Gandhi]]
|spiritual Hindu leader who set out to win independence for India through peaceful civil disobedience
|-
|free trade
|trade (importing goods) without limitation between nations; it can cause losses in American jobs and an increase in illegal drugs shipped in from other nations
|-
|GATT
|(1947) stands for “General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,” in which western nations promoted free trade by first freezing tariffs (taxes on goods sent between nations), and later began reducing the tariffs
|-
|World Trade Organization
|(1995) WTO: most nations agreed to “free trade” and established international courts for handling disputes
|-
|NAFTA
|(1994) stands for “North American Free Trade Agreement,” which established free trade between Mexico, the United States, and Canada, and created international courts to resolve trade disputes
|-
|consumerism
|people becoming obsessed with buying more than what is healthy or necessary, with brand names (like McDonalds) becoming more familiar than important things like the Bible
|-
|Universal Declaration of Human Rights
|(1948) a United Nations declaration of basic human rights, including “life, liberty, and security of person”
|-
|[[Cold War]]
|(1945-1991) between the U.S., its allies and the communist Soviet Union, consisting of spying rather than actual fighting
|-
|[[Korean War]]
|(1950-1953) war between South Korea, supported by the U.S., and North Korea, supported by communists; ended in a stalemate after President Truman prevented General Douglas MacArthur from winning it by fighting the communist Chinese
|-
|Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
|(1960) “OPEC” is a cartel (monopoly by a group) formed by Middle Eastern and a few other nations to keep the price of oil by avoiding competition. In 2007, OPEC controlled about 2/3rds of the total oil market.
|-
|Berlin Wall
|a symbol of communism, this massive wall (with armed communist guards on top) was built in 1961 to stop the flow of people from communist East Germany to free West Germany
|-
|[[Pearl Harbor]]
|Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese launched a surprise attack on US navy fleet in Hawaii; Congress declared war on Japan and entered WWII
|-
|[[Korematsu v. United States]]
|(1944) Supreme Court decision upholding the forced removal of Japanese Americans to internment camps during WWII; the Court sided with the government, ruling that the exclusion order was constitutional
|-
|domino effect
|the expectation that when one nation fell to communism, then its neighboring nations became more likely to fall to communism too. This principle was the driving force behind US intervention against communism in Korea, Vietnam and perhaps Chile.
|-
|Ho Chi Minh
|a communist, nationalist leader of North Vietnam who defeated the weakened Japanese there in 1945, obtained freedom from the French, and then sought to make South Vietnam communist too
|-
|Vietcong
|communist insurgents in South Vietnam in the 1960s, during the Vietnam War
|-
|Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
|August 1964: in response to mysterious gunshots fired at an American ship in the Gulf of Tonkin near North Vietnam, Congress authorized sending troops; Congress never formally declared war on North Vietnam, and this Resolution became the substitute
|-
|Vietnam War
|1964-1975: an unsuccessful attempt by the United States to prevent the fall of Vietnam to communism
|-
|Henry Kissinger
|an adviser who ran the foreign policies of U.S. Presidents Nixon and Ford, and who mishandled the Vietnam War to a humiliating conclusion for the U.S.
|-
|Pol Pot
|ruled Cambodia in 1975-1979 as the leader of the Khmer Rouge government; he abolished private property, money and religion, and caused many deaths
|-
|Zionism
|a movement beginning in the late 1800s to reestablish a Jewish state in Palestine in and around Jerusalem
|-
|Balfour Declaration
|1917: a statement calling for the creation of new Jewish and Palestinian states in the Middle East
|-
|Israel
|established by the United Nations in 1948, having a size slightly smaller than New Jersey
|-
|David Ben-Gurion
|1948: first prime minister of Israel
|-
|Arab-Israeli wars
|four major ones between 1948 and 1973 (1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973)
|-
|Six-Day War
|1967: Egypt’s ruler Nasser closed off the Gulf of Aqaba, which was the only access Israel had to the Red Sea, and Israel responded with massive air strikes against several Arab nations, including Egypt; Israel conquered Jerusalem, the West Bank, the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights.
|-
|Anwar Sadat
|succeeded Nasser as ruler of Egypt (1970-1981)
|-
|Yom Kippur War
|(October 1973) Egypt’s ruler Sadat launched a surprise attack on Israel on its holiest day, Yom Kippur. After suffering massive initial losses, the Israeli prime minister, Golda Meir, regained much of the lost territory.
|-
|Camp David Accords
|1979: President Jimmy Carter brokered a peace agreement between Egypt and Israel, whereby Egypt agreed to recognize Israel in exchange for receiving return of the Sinai Peninsula.
|-
|Yasser Arafat
|founder of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964, which demanded a Palestinian state in the area of Jerusalem and rejected the right of Israel to exist.
|-
|intifada
|1987: PLO instituted a campaign of persistent violence called whereby common citizens and even children threw stones at Israelis and committed additional violence.
|-
|Declaration of Principles
|1993: secret talks between Israeli leaders and the PLO in Oslo, resulting in a promise of self-rule to the Palestinians over the Gaza Strip and West Bank
|-
|Benjamin Netanyahu
|current leader of conservatives in Israel who is its current Prime Minister in 2011
|-
|Mikhail Gorbachev
|rose to power in the Soviet Union in mid-1980s and allowed “glasnost” or openness, and “perestroika”, which permitted some economic freedoms, until he resigned on Christmas Day of 1991 after losing to Boris Yeltsin
|-
|Lithuania
|annexed to the Soviet Union in 1940 but became independent in March 1990 as the Soviet Union fell apart with the overthrow of communism
|-
|Boris Yeltsin
|the popular mayor of Moscow who courageously challenged the communists in Russia and defeated them in June 1991 to become president of a new Russian Republic; he ended price controls and cut taxes; churches opened and the people of Leningrad changed its name back to St. Petersburg.
|-
|Commonwealth of Independent States
|the successor to the Soviet Union; most of its nations (including Russia) joined, except for the Baltic republics and Georgia
|-
|Chechnya
|Muslim-dominated region in southwest Russia, which declared its independence from Russia in 1991, leading to a bloody war
|-
|John Paul II
|(reigned 1978-2005) the first Polish pope of the Catholic Church, who then opposed communism especially in his homeland of Poland
|-
|Lech Walesa
|a leader against communism in Poland, who led his political party Solidarity to power once free elections were held in April 1989
|-
|Hungary
|attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow communism in 1956 (the Soviet Union invaded to suppress the revolt), but Hungarians overthrew communism in October 1989
|-
|East Germany
|an atheistic, communistic nation until demonstrations broke out in October 1989, which not even its ruthless dictator Erich Honecker could control; he resigned and his successor opened the Berlin Wall in November 1989, whereupon the people tore the wall down
|-
|Czechoslovakia
|combination of diverse ethnic groups formed in 1919 out of the old Austria-Hungarian empire to promote [[Woodrow Wilson|Woodrow Wilson's]] "self-determination" principle, until Hitler invaded it in 1938; after WWII it was a communist-controlled nation until demonstrations forced its Communist Party leader to resign in November 1989; in 1993, the Czechoslovakia split along ethnic lines to form Slovakia and the Czech Republic
|-
|Romania
|Eastern European nation ruled by communist dictators from the end of WWII until overthrown by massive demonstrations in December 1989
|-
|Nicolae Ceausescu
|communist dictator of Romania from 1965 to Christmas Day 1989; unlike most communists, Ceausescu was pro-life and he prohibited abortion
|-
|Yugoslavia
|ruled by the communist Marshall Tito (1945-1980), who enjoyed some independence from the Soviet Union; Tito was succeeded in power by the Serbian Slobodan Milosevic, which caused Slovenia and Croatia to seek independence due to their different ethnicity
|-
|Kosovo War
|fighting in Croatia between the Serbs and the Croats; the U.S. and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) intervened in 1999 and drove the Serbian Milosevic from power
|-
|Ronald Reagan
|(1981-1989) conservative U.S. president who cut taxes, helped defeat communism in the Soviet Union, and proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
|-
|Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
|(1980s) also known as “Star Wars,” Reagan proposed developing advantaged technology to intercept and destroy fast-moving missiles that might be launched against the U.S.
|-
|Chairman Mao Zedong
|(ruled 1949-1976) the ruthless dictator who founded communist China and then starved tens of millions to death; in 1965 he imposed the "Cultural Revolution" to senselessly eliminate people who were achievers
|-
|Tiananmen Square
|(June 4, 1989) communist China used tanks to massacre hundreds of peaceful Chinese protesters who sought greater democracy
|-
|Hong Kong
|was a colony of Great Britain until July 1, 1997, when Britain's lease expired and it returned this colony to China, which promised to allow Hong Kong to remain capitalistic for another 50 years
|-
|9-11
|September 11, 2001) 19 Muslims, most from Saudi Arabia, hijacked American airplanes and flew one into each tower of the World Trade Center, a third into the Pentagon, and a fourth crashed in Pennsylvania as the passengers attempted to retake control of the plane from the terrorists.
|-
|Modern Era
|can mean since 1789 (The French Revolution) or since 1900
|}

==Honors terms==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Term
!Definition
|-
|[[British Royal Air Force]]
|Also nicknamed the "RAF", this aerial warfare service is one of the oldest, independent warfare services in the world. The "RAF"'s technique of shooting down incoming German airplanes saved the British tremendously.
|-
|Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher
|The newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for after moving to Paris in 1843.
|-
|[[Dunkirk]]
|The harbor town, located on the northernmost tip of France, in which the Germans relentlessly bombed. Thousands of soldiers were departed to England during the constant bombing; Winston Churchill titled this wonder, the "miracle of Dunkirk."
|-
|[[Emilio Aguinaldo]]
|Led a rebellion against the U.S. to establish freedom in the Philippines in 1899.
|-
|[[Emiliano Zapata]]
|Cowboy who helped lead the Mexican Revolution.
|-
|[[Endlosung]]
|The arranged execution of the Jewish people, throughout Germany, in brutal sites called "concentration camps." The Endlosung is also commonly known as Hitler's "Final Solution."
|-
|[[Guillotine]]
|The guillotine was invented by Dr. Joseph Guillotine. It has a heavy blade that is lifted up and then dropped onto the execution victim to severe their head. During the Reign of Terror, the guillotine was the main form of execution.
|-
|[[Franz Kafka]]
|a troubled author who wrote several classic stories about being persecuted or harmed unfairly, including The Trial (1916) and The Metamorphosis (1915).
|-
|[[National Security Agency]]
|A branch of the U.S. government staffed by mathematicians; the agency seeks for better ways to secure American communications against the interception of enemies. They also develop ways to decode the secret messages of enemies.
|-
|[[Manchuria]]
|A region in northeast China which was conquered by Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War. After being invaded by Japan in 1931, Manchuria was renamed Manchukuo. The charge into Manchuria began the Asian period of World War II.
|-
|[[Muhammad Ali Pasha]]
|(1769-1849) Albanian commander in the Ottoman army; regarded as the founder of modern Egypt.
|-
|[[Standing army]]
|Army in peacetime, which became popular among nationalistic countries beginning in the 1900s
|-
|[[Automobile]]
|a passenger vehicle designed for operation on ordinary roads and typically having four wheels and a gasoline or diesel internal-combustion engine.
|-
|[[Henry Ford]]
|United States automobile manufacturer, and founder of Ford.
|-
|[[Pearl Harbor]]
|a harbor near Honolulu, in Hawaii: surprise attack by Japan on the U.S. naval base and other military installations December 7, 1941.
|-
|[[Adolf Hitler]]
|German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)
|-
|[[opium]]
|an addictive, deadly drug that the British empire sent in large amounts to China, which caused the great Taiping Rebellion against the British
|-
|[[Little Boy]]
|When given the green light by U.S. president Harry S. Truman, the 9,700 pound atom bomb called "Little Boy" was dropped from 31,000 feet and detonated at an altitude of 1,968 feet over the Japanese city Hiroshima. It was the first atom bomb to be used in war.
|-
|[[M1 Garand]]
|One of the most influential American firearms in history, firing a .30 Cal bullet. These were the primary weapons in both World War 2 and the Korean War.
|-
|[[Cotton]]
|Cotton is a natural fiber used in clothing. It comes from the seed of the cotton plant. People have grown cotton since 3000 B.C. and traded it for other goods.
|-
|[[slavery]]
|the state or condition of being a slave; a civil relationship whereby one person has absolute power over another and controls his life, liberty, and fortune
|-
|factors of production
|Inputs used by companies to produce goods. Basic models of production have two input factors, labor and capital.
|-
|Corsica
|Became one of the 27 regions of France in 1769. The birthplace of Napoleon Bonaparte.
|-
|Guy Fawkes
|A conspirator against the English throne who belonged to a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605.
|-
|Gregor Mendel
|Father of Modern Genetics. As an Augustinian monk, Mendel studied Pea inheritance and interpreted his results to shape genetics till this day with his laws of Segregation and Independent assortment.
|-
|Sigmund Freud
|Father of Modern Psychiatry. Arguably a pseudoscientist, with heavy focus on Ego and Eros. Famous for invention of the "Oedipus Complex" which is arguably a reflection of his troubled personal life.
|-
|[[Charles Spurgeon]]
|Charles Spurgeon was a Minister in England who taught that faith without works is dead and that people should try to help the poor.
|-
|Columbian Exchange
|plants and animals were brought from colonial America to Europe and vice-versa; Columbus brought from Europe to America wheat, melons, onions, grapes, sugar cane and horses. America had new fruits and vegetables, the white potato, peanuts, pumpkins, squash and chili peppers, which were then exported from America back to Europe.
|-
|[[Thomas Malthus]]
|Thomas Malthus was a British economist. He believed that exponential population growth, coupled with geometric advances in food production would mean that the world economy was inevitable going to collapse and fail. His vision did not take into account advances in technology and a slowing of the world population growth. Malthusian fears are also prevalent amongst liberal peak oil alarmism.
|-
|[[Battle of the Somme]]
|This battle started with the British and French meeting at the Somme River to begin an attack on the Germans to distract them from Verdun. The Allies bombed the Germans lines then sent 200,000 troops to storm them. The Germans were prepared for the attack and the losses were great. The British lost 20,000 men and had 40,000 wounded. The British and the French lost nearly 750,000 men.
|-
|[[Third Battle of Ypres]]
|The British hid 19 huge land mines under the German lines in southeast Ypres, Belgium over a 18 month period. The British detonated the mines and charged the lines in July 1917. The British plan worked for the beginning stages but soon failed because they did not pursue the Germans quick enough. Soon it rained the wettest fall season in years and the allies were literally stuck in the mud.
|-
|[[Communist League]]
|the first Marxist international organization. It was founded originally as the League of the Just by German workers in Paris in 1834.
|-
|[[Robert Owen]]
|(1771-1858) Welsh industrialist and philosopher, he was a leading supporter of the "Utopian Socialism” and he introduced better working conditions to his own cotton mills in Scotland.
|-
|[[Jeremy Bentham]]
|(1748-1832) Was a philosopher and lawyer who believed in individual and economic freedom.
|-
|[[Charles Fourier]]
|(1772-1837) In France, was the leader of the utopian socialists. He also believed that industrialism was a passing phase, and wanted to elevate the status of manual laborers.
|-
|[[St. Helena]]
|A British island used as a place of exile, the most notable prisoner was Napoleon.
|-
|encomiendas
|beginning in 1503: a Spanish system whereby a Spanish soldier (or colonist) received a section of land from the king along with the Indians who lived there as slave labor
|-
|repartimientos
|1575: after complaints about the encomiendas by a Spanish monk named Bartholomew de Las Casas, repartimientos was a new Spanish system that supposedly improved conditions for workers, and required paying them
|-
|locomotive
|developed in the early 1800s; it allowed man for the first time in history to travel faster than on horseback
|-
|Andreas Vesalius
|(1514-64) a Renaissance physician who advanced the understanding of anatomy for physicians
|-
|William Harvey
|(1578–1657) an English physician who first understood the circulation of blood in the body
|-
|[[Francis Bacon]]
|(1561–1626) an English philosopher/scientist who promoted research based on experimentation. Famously wrote the ''Novum Organum'' (the New Method) which argued that the only road to knowledge was through empiricism. It has been conjectured that he wrote some or all of Shakespeare's plays, although this is no longer regarded as credible by many scholars.
|-
|[[Nationalsozialismus]]
|The political fascists in Germany. Nazi for short.
|-
|[[Marian Rejewski]]
|Polish mathematician who first broke the German Enigma code in 1932
|-
|other free trade agreements in the Americas
|Latin American Free Trade Agreement (LAFTA, formed in 1961), and replaced in 1981 by the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI); the South American Common Market (Mercosur) which has Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela as members; and a recently enacted Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) which the United States joined.
|-
|Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
|(1967) free trade group founded by Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines to combat communism; ASEAN later signed trade agreements with Japan (1977) and the European Community (1980)
|-
|McDonaldization
|when American advertising (as in the case of McDonalds) has an influence on the world culture, causing distant children (like Chinese) to repeat a McDonald’s slogan they heard on television
|-
|[[Rheinische Zeitung]]
|the newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for when he lived in Cologne
|-
|Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty
|(1987) an agreement between the U.S. and Soviet Union to ban missiles having ranges of 300 to 3,400 miles
|-
|[[New Orleans]]
|a port in SE Louisiana, on the Mississippi River, about 172 km (107 miles) from the sea: the largest city in the state and the second most important port in the US; founded by the French in 1718; belonged to Spain (1763--1803). It is largely below sea level, built around the Vieux Carré (French quarter); famous for its annual Mardi Gras festival and for its part in the history of jazz; a major commercial, industrial, and transportation center.
|-
|[[Fat Man]]
|When the Japanese refused to surrender after experiencing the first atom bomb, this 10,213 pound atom bomb was dropped and detonated on the Japanese city Nagasaki. Its blast yielded 21 kilotons of TNT or 75 million sticks of dynamite. It was the second atom bomb to be used in war.
|-
|[[Enola Gay]]
|A Boeing B-29 Superfortress piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbets that on August 6, 1945 dropped "Little Boy", the first atom bomb, on the Japanese city Hiroshima.
|-
|[[Woodrow Wilson]]
|(1856-1924) American President who led us into World War I, secured the formation of the League of Nations, and at one point persuaded Congress to declare war on Germany in 1917
|-
|[[Heil Hitler]]
|The special salute that is used to show complete devotion to the national leader (Hitler)
|-
|[[Swastika]]
|Symbol used for the purpose of mind control in Germany. Used by the Nazi in World War II. Originally from Hinduism it's true name is Sanskrit.
|-
|[[Ultra]]
|Allied effort to break Germany's secret code (the Enigma); said by General Eisenhower to have been decisive to their victory over Germany
|-
|Ngo Dinh Diem
|An unpopular leader of the free South Vietnam until 1963, when he was overthrown by generals who had been supported by the U.S.
|-
|Vietnamization
|U.S. President Nixon’s policy for slowly withdrawing American troops from South Vietnam, hoping that the South Vietnamese would do more themselves in fighting communism.
|-
|The Four Tigers
|the prosperous Pacific Rim nations of [[South Korea]], [[Taiwan]], [[Singapore]] and [[Hong Kong]] (Hong Kong is now part of communist China but is allowed to remain free until at least the middle of the 21st century)
|-
|Deng Xiaoping
|(ruled 1978-1997) dictator of communist China who was more friendly to capitalism and the West, and began a program called the Four Modernizations
|-
|Jiang Zemin
|Communist China dictator who succeeded Deng when he died in 1997. Jiang refused to improve China’s record on human rights, and Christianity and democracy remain suppressed there; China has armed itself in preparation for a war with the U.S., pointing nuclear missiles at California
|-
|Bloody Sunday
|(1972) Irish held a peaceful march for freedom in Derry, Northern Ireland, but British soldiers responded by shooting and killing some of them, including children; the British never punished those responsible and a popular song by the group U2 commemorates the tragedy
|}
[[Category:World History lectures]]

World History Study Guide from 1648

2011-12-07T20:32:19Z

Wh:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Definition
|-
|Christian population
|steadily increased from 0% of the world when Jesus was born, to about 33% of the world today.
|-
|Reconquista
|(AD 722-1492) the Christian retaking of Spain and Portugal from Muslim control
|-
|Siege of Vienna
|1529: Christians Europeans defeated the Muslim Ottoman Turks
|-
|Battle of Lepanto
|1571: Christian Europeans defeated Muslim forces
|-
|9/11/1683, Gates of Vienna
|an alliance of Christian armies, led by the Polish King Jan III Sobieski, defeated a massive Muslim army
|-
|[[Forbidden City]]
|elaborate imperial palace in Beijing, China, which was used by twenty-four emperors during the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties; the public was kept out for 500 years
|-
|slave trade
|(1455-1800s) in North American, slave trade ended by a provision in the U.S. Constitution, and slavery itself by the American Civil War (1861-1865); in England, the slave trade was ended by Christian reformers William Wilberforce and John Wesley; in Brazil, slavery continued until 1888
|-
|[[Rene Descartes]]
|(1596-1650) a French mathematician and philosopher who discovered analytical geometry and defined existence by, “I think, therefore I am.”
|-
|Thirty Years’ War
|(1618-1648) a religious conflict in Germany brought by Bohemian Protestants resisting against Hapsburg Catholics who were suppressing religious freedom; this war also engulfed Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Switzerland and The Holy Roman Empire in the conflict, before the Protestants (and Catholic France) won
|-
|Treaty of Westphalia
|(1648) ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe, leaving a weaker Germany and Holy Roman Empire; Catholic France had sided with the winning Protestants in order to oppose the Holy Roman Empire, and France emerged strengthened and more unified as a result.
|-
|Decline of the Holy Roman Empire
|weakened by the Ottoman Muslims, France, the Reformation, the growth of nation-states, and how the Italian and German cultures grew apart
|-
|[[Age of Exploration]]
|(1450-1650) a time period when European nation-states (mainly England, France, Portugal and Spain) explored distant lands, including the American continents
|-
|[[caravel]]
|a miniature, highly maneuverable, lightweight ship developed by the Portuguese, which was often used to carry cargo
|-
|[[Ferdinand and Isabella]]
|The King and Queen of Spain in the late 1400s, who expelled Muslims from Spain and then funded Columbus's voyages
|-
|Prince Henry the Navigator
|founded the School of Navigation in Portugal in 1419, to train sailors to explore the West African coast with a goal of eventually finding sea routes to India
|-
|Bartholomew Diaz
|a Portuguese navigator who sailed around the southern tip of Africa (the Cape of Good Hope) in 1487 to establish a sea route to India
|-
|[[Christopher Columbus]]
|(1451-1506) Italian explorer funded by Spain to sail in four voyages across the Atlantic ocean in search for a trade route to India; he discovered the "New World" by reaching the Caribbean
|-
|[[Columbian Exchange]]
|The trade of plants and animals between America and Europe for many years after Columbus's voyages
|-
|Treaty of Tordesillas
|1494: established an 1100-mile long "Line of Demarcation," giving one side to Portugal and the other side to Spain for controlling the New World (Western Hemisphere)
|-
|Line of Demarcation
|a north-to-south line giving Portugal trading rights in India, China, the East Indies, East Brazil and the Spanish Americas, and giving Spain control of the remaining, vast majority of the Americas.
|-
|Vasco da Gama
|the first explorer to reach India by sailing eastward around Africa, between 1497 and 1499, with the help of the powerful monsoon winds. This established trade with India under the Portuguese King Manuel.
|-
|[[John Cabot]]
|a British explorer (who had been born in Genoa, Italy, like Columbus) who discovered Newfoundland and the New England coast in 1497-1498, making that land the property of England
|-
|Jacques Cartier
|1534 and 1541: French explorer who discovered Canada and the Mississippi Basin, including Louisiana; the lack of gold and silver in North America made it less interesting to Europeans than South America
|-
|Ferdinand Magellan
|1519-1522: led the first successful voyage to go around the world, going around the southern tip of South America. Magellan himself was killed by Philippine natives prior to completing the last leg of the journey.
|-
|Results of Magellan's voyage
|Spain gained control of many South American territories, including Peru, plus the Philippines in the Far East
|-
|[[Hernando Cortes]]
|aided by superior weapons and horses, he led the Spanish conquest of Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec empire, capturing the Aztec ruler known as Montezuma; Cortes burned the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan and built Mexico City in its place
|-
|Francisco Pizzaro
|with only 180 men and 37 horses, this Spanish soldier conquered 30,000 Incas in Peru in 1531; he also discovered the greatest silver mine in the Americas.
|-
|El Greco
|(1541-1614) a painter, architect and sculptor best known for his paintings of saints and martyrs, and his painting of a storm over a Spanish town (“A View of Toledo”)
|-
|Diego Velázquez
|(1599-1660) a Spanish painter of portraits of the royal family and scenes from daily life at court
|-
|Miguel de Cervantes
|(1605) wrote the novel ''Don Quixote'', probably the most influential piece of Spanish literature in history
|-
|divine right of kings
|belief they were given power by God; this belief lasted until religious conflict in England in the 1600s and the French Revolution in the late 1700s
|-
|Philip II
|(reigned 1556-1598) King of Spain who was the great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand; his mighty Spanish Armada was crushed by a quicker English fleet in 1588
|-
|William of Orange
|(1579) led the Netherlands in a revolt against their Spanish masters; this (along with the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the British) weakened Spanish power
|-
|[[England]]
|an imperialistic nation-state based in the British isles off the western coast of Europe; it established the largest non-contiguous empire in history in the late 1800s but is much weaker than the U.S. today
|-
|mercantilism
|an economic system whereby a mother country (e.g., England) accumulates gold by exporting more goods than it imported, and by using her colonies (e.g., the American colonies) to ship it raw materials that could be manufactured and exported to other peoples
|-
|Queen Elizabeth
|(1558-1603) was known as the "Virgin Queen" of England and her 45-year reign was the “Elizabethan Age”; Virginia was named in her honor
|-
|[[James Stuart]]
|cousin of Queen Elizabeth who took over the English throne as James I and authorized the King James Version of the Bible; unlike Queen Elizabeth, King James I argued often with Parliament
|-
|Oliver Cromwell
|(1599-1658) an English soldier, statesman, and controversial leader of the Puritan revolution who overthrew the King
|-
|[[William Prynne]]
|(1600-1669) an English lawyer, author, political figure and prominent Puritan who was imprisoned for his religious beliefs
|-
|Jamestown settlement
|(1607) the first successful English settlement in the New World, in what is now Virginia
|-
|King James Bible
|(1611) the magnificent English translation of the Bible, authorized by King James, which even elevated the English language itself
|-
|[[Glorious Revolution]]
|revolution that took place in England in 1688, which replaced the Catholic King James II with the Anglican King and Queen, William and Mary.
|-
|William and Mary
|ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland in the late 1600s, and founded the college of William and Mary in the Virginia colony in 1693
|-
|Ivan IV “the Terrible”
|(reigned 1547-1584) first czar of Russia, who executed many innocent people; Ivan was succeeded by his son Feodor, whose repeated failures led Russia into a “Time of Troubles.”
|-
|Mikhail Romanov
|(1613) the first of a long line of Romanov Russian czars; under Romanov rule serfs lost almost all of their freedoms
|-
|Peter the Great
|a Romanov who ruled Russia from 1682-1696 and instituted sweeping reforms in Russian government and society; he built St. Petersburg and tried to make European traditions a part of Russia.
|-
|Maria Theresa
|(1717-1780) a Holy Roman empress who was the last ruler of the House of Habsburg dynasty, ruling over Austria
|-
|Frederick the Great
|(1712-1786) an absolutist King of Prussia, who built it into a powerful nation (before it became a key part of the future Germany)
|-
|War of the Austrian Succession
|(1740-1748) a broad conflict among many European nations, with the result that Prussia defeated Austria to win the territory of Silesia
|-
|Seven Years’ War
|(1756-1763) France, Russia, Sweden, Poland and Austria were allied against Britain and Prussia, for a region of Eastern Europe. Britain and France also fought in North America (called the French & Indian War here). Britain won the war due to the genius of William Pitt ("Pittsburgh" is named after him), gaining Canada and India as a result; France was humiliated, leading to the French Revolution decades later.
|-
|American Revolution
|a revolution against the British in the American Colonies beginning in 1776 with the American Declaration of Independence, caused by over-taxation by England; the Patriots won with the help of the French, and the Treaty of Paris (1783) ended this war
|-
|George Washington
|(1732-1799) first President of the United States (1789-1797) and Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, leading the victory against Britain in the American Revolution; he became the unanimous choice to serve as President, until voluntarily stepping down in 1796
|-
|[[Isaac Newton]]
|(1643-1727) the English physicist who, inspired by daily readings of the Bible, developed calculus and discovered the invisible force of gravity
|-
|Gottfried [[Leibniz]]
|(1646-1716) a German Lutheran mathematician and philosopher who developed calculus independent of Isaac Newton, and whose Christian-based philosophy was opposed by Voltaire. Leibniz first published the notation for the integral: <math>\int_a^b f(x)dx</math>
|-
|[[The Enlightenment]]
|a philosophical movement in Europe in the 1700s that challenged traditional views and preferred reason over faith; thinkers included Rousseau, Voltaire, Hume, Kant, Jefferson, Locke, and Diderot.
|-
|William Blackstone
|(1723-1780) the leading legal authority on English law, upon which American law is based; wrote the book ''The Rights of Englishmen'', in which he described the source of the rights of the people
|-
|Charles-Louis Baron de Montesquieu
|(1689-1755) a Frenchman who proposed the concept of separation of powers, and checks and balances, in government, which inspired key parts of the U.S. Constitution; wrote a book, ''The Spirit of the Laws'', that explained essential aspects of good government
|-
|Denis Diderot
|(1713-1784) a French writer during the Enlightenment who edited an encyclopedia of scientific and social knowledge known simply as ''Encyclopedia'' (in French: ''Encyclopédie'')
|-
|Jean Jacques Rousseau
|(1712-1778) his ideas led to the French Revolution and hostility to churches; he was a Swiss-born political philosopher who criticized private property and declared that government's goal should be to provide freedom, equality and justice
|-
|[[John Locke]]
|(1632-1704) English philosopher during the Enlightenment who created the idea of a "social contract" between the people and their government, which became the philosophical basis of rebellion in England and the American Revolution when people felt that government had broken this contract
|-
|[[Voltaire]]
|(1694-1778) a French philosopher, prominent during the Enlightenment, who favored '''''absolute''''' freedom and his ideas led to the French Revolution
|-
|[[nation-state]]
|(beginning in the 1400s) a single country comprised of people unified in language and culture, such as England, France, Spain and, much later, Germany
|-
|[[monarch]]
|a person who rules over a kingdom or empire; he may be above the law (''absolute monarch'') or subject to it (''constitutional monarchy'')
|-
|[[Louis XIV]]
|(ruled 1643-1715) the absolute (all-powerful) monarch of France who said, “L’etat c’est moi!” (“I am the state”)
|-
|[[capitalism]]
|an economic system whereby private companies own all capital goods and sell them at a competitive price
|-
|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]
|(1473-1543) a Polish Catholic scientist who started the "Scientific Revolution" with his discovery that the Earth revolves around the Sun, and published his discovery in a book at the end of his life ("On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres")
|-
|[[Johannes Kepler]]
|(1571-1630) a German Protestant scientist who built on Copernicus's work and discovered that planets orbit the sun in ellipses rather than circular orbits.
|-
|[[Galileo]]
|(1564-1642) a Catholic Italian astronomer who improved the telescope but was punished by the Church for publishing Copernicus's theory and saying the Church approved it; the Church then banned Galileo's book ("Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World - Ptolemaic and Copernican," published in 1632)
|-
|[[Rasputin]]
|Russian peasant-turned-monk who helped Czar Nicholas II's son survive hemophilia, until he was murdered by rivals in 1916
|-
|[[Tsar|Czar]] (Tsar)
|Absolute emperor of Russia since the 1500's, the first being Ivan IV "The Terrible."
|-
|[[Neo-Confucianism]]
|More of a philosophy than a religion, Neo-Confucianism is a combination of Confucianism and Buddhism, and was the primary practice of the Chinese nation in the 1600s.
|-
|[[Robert Fulton]]
|American engineer and inventor who created the first commercial steamboat service in 1807.
|-
|[[Bernhard Riemann]]
|(1826-1866) an influential German mathematician who made lasting contributions to differential geometry and analysis, providing the mathematical basis for some 20th century physics
|-
|[[balance of power]]
|first established by European nations after the final defeat of Napoleon: alliances called the Concert of Europe required nations to assist each other in order to defeat any one nation that became too powerful and started invading others
|-
|[[Constitution of the United States]]
|(1787) the oldest working constitution in the world, which established a masterful design for government
|-
|[[David Hume]]
|(1711-1776) a Scottish philosopher who promoted materialism and naturalism rather than Christianity, which later influenced Charles Darwin; Hume wrote "A Treatise on Human Nature" and believed in relativism rather than absolute truth
|-
|Declaration of Independence
|(1776) an American statement of "inalienable" (God-given) rights, asserting a right of the people break their "social contract" with a ruler (a king) when he violates those rights, such as the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
|-
|Edmund Burke
|(1729-1797) a conservative Irish statesman in the British parliament who sided with the American colonies before the American Revolution; coined the phrase "salutary neglect" to support economic growth in the colonies, and criticized the French Revolution while others were praising it
|-
|The Federalist Papers
|(1788) brilliant essays encouraging ratification of the U.S. Constitution, written mostly by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison
|-
|Immanuel Kant
|(1724-1804) a leading German philosopher, Kant felt that behavior is moral only if it would work as a rule if everyone did it (e.g., littering is immoral for one person to do it, because it wouldn't work if everyone did it); Kant's book "A Critique of Pure Reason" criticized the use of pure reason to determine morality
|-
|Industrial Revolution
|technology-driven changes in society that began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the use of power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and a shift from farming to factories
|-
|James Clerk Maxwell
|(1831-1879) British physicist, perhaps the greatest of the 19th century; he developed a single consistent electromagnetic theory and the "maxwell", a unit of magnetic flux, was named in his honor
|-
|Johann Sebastian Bach
|(1685-1750) German classical music composer famous for Fugues and the "Passion according to St. Matthew"
|-
|Louis Pasteur
|(1822–95) French chemist, probably the greatest ever; he founded microbiology, invented pasteurization, and developed vaccinations for anthrax, rabies, and chicken cholera.
|-
|[[Matthew Perry]]
|helped end the isolation of Japan by sailing into Edo harbor and enabling the Treaty of Kanagawa to be signed in 1854
|-
|Realism
|focus on the tangible rather than the abstract
|-
|steamboat
|a waterborne ship useful to the Industrial Revolution which was powered by a steam engine, with the steam produced by burning coal (or less often, wood); today steamboats are powered by diesel gasoline
|-
|Economies of scale
|when increasing the size of a company enables it to lower its prices due to improved efficiencies, as the big Wal-Mart stores do
|-
|Enclosure movement
|in the 1700s when wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, to benefit from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land
|-
|Adam Smith
|(1723-1790) a Scottish political economist who discovered how the "invisible hand" of capitalism will create wealth and prosperity; his book describing this idea was the "Wealth of Nations" (1776)
|-
|[[David Ricardo]]
|(1772-1823) a classical British economist who advocated the advantages of more trade between nations
|-
|Victor Hugo
|(1802-1885) one of the greatest Romanticist poets, he was a Frenchman who wrote the classics Cromwell (1827), The Hunchback of Notre Dame of Paris (1831) and Les Miserables (1862)
|-
|[[Maximilian Robespierre]]
|(1758-1794) a French Jacobin who was most responsible for the Reign of Terror; under the influence of the work of Rousseau, Robespierre unbendingly murdered moderates and all opponents, and was eventually killed by the guillotine himself in 1794.
|-
|French Revolution
|began in 1789 by freeing Bastille prison, and ended in 1794 with Robespierre's death.
|-
|[[Bastille Day]]
|(July 14, 1789) when French peasants invaded the huge Bastille prison in Paris, freeing political prisoners. This started the Great Fear, with riots breaking out every day and peasants burning wealthy homes
|-
|[[Georges Danton|Georges Jacques Danton]]
|(1759–1794) a Jacobin during the French Revolution who joined and fully supported it until he saw the reign of terror and started to change his mind; then he was executed
|-
|[[Louis XVI]]
|the extravagant King of France (1774-1792) until executed during the French Revolution by guillotine in early 1793
|-
|[[Marie Antoinette]]
|privileged wife of Louis XVI during the French Revolution who reportedly said to the peasants, "Let them eat cake!" upon hearing of the shortage of bread
|-
|[[Reign of Terror]]
|terrifying chaos after the execution of Louis XVI when Maximilian Robespierre guillotined many people, including Marie Antoinette, until Robespierre died the same way (1794)
|-
|[[Napoleon]]
|(lived 1769-1821) Dictator of France after the French Revolution; signed peace treaties with major European enemies, created a successful system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code, and conquered much of continental Europe; defeated at Battle of Waterloo
|-
|[[Louisiana Purchase]]
|land stretching from Louisiana to the American Northwest that Napoleon sold to the U.S. for a low price in 1803
|-
|[[Battle of Waterloo]]
|1815: marked the end of Napoleon's reign in France when he was defeated by Prussia and Great Britain; the expression "someone's Waterloo" refers to a change from possible victory to a decisive defeat
|-
|[[Congress of Vienna]]
|1815: convention of European nations proposing a balance of powers among the rival nations to ensure than no single nation could threaten the others as Napoleon had just done
|-
|[[Concert of Europe]]
|established during the Congress of Vienna to create alliances between nations requiring assistance of each other if war or revolutions occurred; also adopted changes that legitimized monarchies and growing nationalism in Europe
|-
|[[Napoleon III]]
|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (1808-1873) President of the French Second Republic
|-
|[[Otto von Bismarck]]
|(1815-1898) leader of Prussia (1862-71) and the first chancellor of the German Empire (1871-90). Known as the "Iron Chancellor," he was a skilled politician who unified Germany as a nation in the 1860s by arranging for wars against other nations (first against Denmark, then against Austria and finally against France)
|-
|First French Empire
|(1804-1814/1815) was the empire of Napoleon I of France, and the dominant power of continental Europe
|-
|Second French Empire
|Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic in France.
|-
|[[United Kingdom]]
|the combination of "Great Britain" and "Northern Ireland," which is part of the island of Ireland.
|-
|[[Luddites]]
|a social movement in England that rioted and protested against the changes of the Industrial Revolution
|-
|[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]
|(1770-1827) revolutionized instrumental music and took it to new heights never thought possible, despite being totally deaf when he did his best compositions
|-
|King Henry VIII
|(lived 1491-1547, reigned beginning in 1509) founded the Church of England (the Anglican Church) due to his dispute with the Catholic Church over its denial of his request to obtain a divorce
|-
|France
|a nation-state in Europe that was ruled by a monarch until the French Revolution
|-
|Prussia
|a very militaristic nation-state in Europe in part of the area where Germany is today
|-
|''The Communist Manifesto''
|written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848, teaching that class struggles are the origin of all progress in society and urging people to start revolutions to establish communism; Russia did so in 1917, and others since then
|-
|Sun Yixian
|also known as Sun Yat-sen, he led the Kuomintang or nationalist Party that overthrew the Qing Dynasty of China. He also became the first leader of the former Republic of China.
|-
|Virginia Declaration of Rights
|a declaration of rights adopted in colonial Virginia on June 7, 1776, as written by George Mason; the American Declaration of Independence was based on it
|-
|[[utilitarianism]]
|proposed by Englishman Jeremy Bentham and fine-tuned by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), this non-Christian concept values overall "utility" (overall benefits minus costs) rather than individual justice as a method of determining morality and public policy. Example: tossing two people overboard in a lifeboat in order to save the other ten.
|-
|[[John Stuart Mill]]
|(1806-1873) British philosopher who supported utilitarianism and advocated an absolute right of free speech; he also supported the development of labor unions
|-
|[[nationalism]]
|when loyalty by a people to their nation becomes part of their identity; began in the late 1700s, around the same time as Romanticism, and later led to aggression by Germany and Japan in the 20th century
|-
|Handel
|(1685-1759) a German-born composer noted particularly for his oratorios, including the Messiah; Beethoven thought Handel was the greatest
|-
|Haydn
|(1732-1809) Austrian composer who played a major part in establishing the classical forms of the symphony and the string quartet
|-
|Mozart
|(1756-91) an Austrian composer known for his operas and his unfinished Requiem (1791)
|-
|Romanticism
|(1770-1870) a movement in poetry and the arts (including music) that emphasized individualism, feelings, thoughts, and the right to be different, which coincided with revolutions in France and elsewhere
|-
|Neoclassicism
|(1760-1850) paintings that emphasized clear linear design, using classical themes as subject matter
|-
|[[Karl Marx]]
|(1818-1883) German philosopher who, in 1848 with F. Engels, wrote ''The Communist Manifesto'', urging the working class to revolt and end private property
|-
|[[Friedrich Engels]]
|(1820-1895) German philosopher born to a wealthy family who co-authored ''The Communist Manifesto'', and who supported Marx financially while Marx wrote ''Das Kapital''.
|-
|classical economics
|19th-century economics plus the 18th-century Adam Smith, meaning less government restrictions on business, based upon the principles of the [[invisible hand]] and economic efficiency ([[Pareto]] optimality)
|-
|[[realpolitik]]
|Concept invented by Otto von Bismarck that emphasized practical politics rather than philosophy
|-
|[[laissez-faire]]
|approach in economics in which businesses are free from state and government intervention (translated literally, "let to do")
|-
|[[Franco-Prussian War]]
|(1870) Otto von Bismarck started the Franco-Prussian War by enticing the French to attack Prussia so that other Germans would join him in defense, and thereby unify Germany; Germans won in six weeks
|-
|Giuseppe Mazzini
|An Italian who sought unification of Italy as one nation; he formed the “Brotherhood of Young Italy” in 1831
|-
|King Leopold II
|(1835–1909) second king of Belgium, who founded the Congo Free State
|-
|[[Charles Darwin]]
|(1809-1882) English naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution: that all species had evolved into complex forms of life over millions of years through the process of "natural selection," or "survival of the fittest"
|-
|[[Charles Dickens]]
|(1812-1870) Greatest English novelist of the Victorian period, who sympathized with the poor and invented colorful characters like "Scrooge"
|-
|[[David Livingstone]]
|Scotsman who explored central Africa in the late 1860s to find the source of the Nile
|-
|Dual Alliance
|(1879) Germany (led by Bismarck) formed an alliance with Austria-Hungary as a way of protecting those countries against possible aggression by France
|-
|impressionism
|(late 1800s in France) paintings began emphasizing the transient effects of color and light, attempting to capture a fleeting image or “impression”. Artists included Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir and Paul Cezanne, and they often painted landscapes.
|-
|musical impressionism
|emphasized mood and understatement and reflected its composers’ view that pure sound (like color) is an end to itself
|-
|Zulus
|a tribe of the Mthethwa African kingdoms of the late 1800s, which was wiped out by the British in 1879
|-
|Kaiser Wilhelm II
|leader of Germany who ended Germany’s alliance with Russia, which caused Russia to form an alliance with France in 1891.
|-
|[[imperialism]]
|the practice of one strong nation controlling another weaker nation, territory, or a group of people; types of imperialism (from strongest to weakest) are: colonization, protectorates, spheres of influence, and economic
|-
|Triple Alliance
|Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed this alliance in 1882 to protect against French attacks; later became the Central Powers after Italy left and the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined
|-
|Triple Entente
|(1907) from the French for "good-will", Great Britain, Russia, France formed this alliance in 1907 to oppose the Triple Alliance; this later became the Allied Powers after Italy and Japan joined. Not as strong an alliance as the Triple Alliance, the Triple Entente did require mutual assistance to defend against attack
|-
|[[Communism]]
|an oppressive system of government, beginning in Russia, which states everyone must have the same amount of wealth, which discourages people from working hard
|-
|[[Central Powers]]
|The enemies of the Allies in WWI, and they were Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman empire.
|-
|[[Allies]]
|The Allies in WWI were Britain (her colonies), France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and beginning in 1917, the United States; in WWII the Allies were Britain, America, France, and Russia.
|-
|[[The Axis]]
|The Axis were the enemies of the Allies in WWII; the Axis consisted of Nazi Germany, Italy (at the start of the war), and Japan, they also included Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Croatia
|-
|[[Great War]]
|1914-1918: later known as World War I, this was one of the deadliest wars in world history based on trench warfare; the Allies defeated the Central Powers and imposed terms of peace that were so unreasonable they led to World War II
|-
|Schlieffen Plan
|German plan to avoid a two-front war in World War I by invading and defeating France first before fighting Russia on its other front
|-
|Entrenchment
|the first year and a half of World War I (1914-15) during which there were terrible casualties without either side gaining the upper hand.
|-
|[[U-boat]]
|German submarines used to patrol the Atlantic in a terrifying manner and intercept British ships; the U-boats eventually sunk American ships too
|-
|[[Lusitania]]
|a British luxury liner sunk by a German submarine in the North Atlantic on May 7, 1915, killing 1,198 people, including 128 U.S. citizens; this outraged the American public and led later to the U.S. entry into WW I.
|-
|[[Battle of Verdun]]
|(1916) longest battle of WWI with massive casualties with nothing gained by either side with nearly 1 million wounded or killed; began when Germans attacked the French city of Verdun
|-
|[[Manfred von Richtofen]]
|Better known as the "Red Baron," this German was the greatest flying ace of all time with 80 kills until he was shot down by an unknown person near the end of WW I, in 1918
|-
|Treaty of Versailles
|(1919) ended WWI by imposing limits on the size and weapons of the German army, requiring Germany to pay massive damages, and taking away some of its colonies and territories.
|-
|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
|(1923) created the modern state of Turkey, with a combination of military rule and an elected Parliament; also converted the Arabic language to a modern, Latin-style alphabet
|-
|Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
|(1870-1924) leader of the Communist Party who overthrew the Russian government; Lenin was leader of the Bolsheviks and ruled the Soviet Union, imposing a system of Marxism-Leninism that remained until the 1990s; Lenin also ended Russia's support of the Allies in the war in 1918
|-
|Bolsheviks
|(after 1903) the more extreme Marxist group, as opposed to the Mensheviks, who sought violent revolution soon
|-
|[[Expressionism]]
|style of art that arose in the 20th century, using distorted forms and bold colors
|-
|[[Great Depression]]
|a worldwide economic crisis in the 1930s when poverty struck most of the world and the unhappiness allowed dictators to seize power
|-
|[[King Victor Emmanuel]]
|The King in Italy who surrendered his power to Mussolini
|-
|[[Il Duce]]
|"The Leader". Name used by the fascists to identify Mussolini.
|-
|[[Nazi]]
|a member of the National Socialist German Workers' party of Germany, which in 1933, under Adolf Hitler, seized political control of the nation, started World War II, believed in a supremacy by the German people, and imposed the Holocaust
|-
|[[Fascism]]
|Fascists believe that all actions should be done for the good of the state. Fascism is a totalitarian economic and political ideology that came to dominate the social and political systems of Italy under Benito Mussolini and Germany under Adolf Hitler.
|-
|aggression by Japan in the 1930s
|Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, attracted in part by the coal and iron deposits there, which began the Asian phase of World War II. In 1937, Japan invaded northern and central China.
|-
|aggression by Italy in the 1930s
|Italy invaded and conquered Ethiopia in 1935-1936.
|-
|[[Mussolini]]
|founder of Italy’s Fascist Party, Mussolini emphasized the need to improve Italy’s economy and its military. In October 1922, the Fascists protested in Rome, causing the King to make Mussolini leader of Italy. He then made it illegal to strike, thinking this would make the economy bounce back.
|-
|aggression by Germany in the 1930s
|In 1936, Germany invaded the buffer zone separating Germany from France: the industrialized Rhineland; Germany annexed Austria in 1938 without much resistance, and on Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded and annexed western Poland despite armed resistance.
|-
|[[Enigma]]
|a cipher (encryption) used by the Axis in WWII, thought to be unbreakable until a 27-year-old Polish mathematician cracked it in 1937 (without telling the Germans!)
|-
|[[World War I]] (WWI)
|(1914-1918) also known as ''The Great War'', the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary fought against the Entente of Britain, France and Russia; the war ended with the economic collapse of the Central Powers in November 1918 after 4 years of brutal fighting and a successful blockade on Germany
|-
|[[World War II]] (WWII)
|began in the 1930s when Germany invaded Poland, and lasted until 1945 when the Allied powers defeated the Axis powers and forced them to surrender
|-
|[[blitzkrieg]]
|German for "lightning war," high-speed attack which combines bombing with a tank invasion, followed by infantry to mop up pockets of enemy troops that developed; first launched with spectacular success by Hitler against Poland in 1939
|-
|[[The Holocaust]]
|Germany blamed Jews for all of its problems. In 1935 a law was passed to prevent Jews from holding government offices, and during WWII Germany established concentration camps that exterminated millions of Jews.
|-
|[[Joseph Stalin]]
|(1879-1953) Russian atheistic dictator who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition
|-
|[[Manhattan Project]]
|(Dec. 6, 1941) one day before the attack at Pearl Harbor, American scientists began the construction of an atomic bomb
|-
|D-Day
|(June 6, 1944) the massive invasion of Europe at Normandy (France) by the U.S.-led Allied forces, to turn the tide in WWII
|-
|George Patton
|homeschooled, this American was the finest field general in WWII and the only one the Germans truly feared; he was better at blitzkrieg-style tank warfare than the Germans were
|-
|[[Big Bang]]
|a scientific theory, initially ridiculed before being accepted by many physicists, that the universe had a unique creation rather than having existed forever
|-
|quantum mechanics
|(early 1900s) this breakthrough in physics is the foundation of electronic technology: there is an underlying uncertainty in subatomic particles, such that they have probabilities of being in different places at the same time until they are observed
|-
|[[Niels Bohr]]
|a Danish physicist in the early 1900s who discovered the atomic structure and helped develop quantum mechanics
|-
|[[Albert Einstein]]
|(1879-1955) physicist best known for his work on the theory of relativity
|-
|Easter Rising
|(April 24-30, 1916) Irishmen seeking independence from Britain captured key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic; British suppressed this and executed its leaders
|-
|Irish Republic
|(1919) established through the efforts of its leader, Michael Collins (1890-1922), who was then killed three years later during an Irish civil war
|-
|Northern Ireland
|divided between British Protestants and Irish Catholics, still under the control of the British
|-
|[[jazz]]
|music originating in New Orleans in the early 1900s, developing varied and complex styles; it consists of intricate, propulsive rhythms, polyphonic ensemble playing, improvisatory, virtuosic solos, melodic freedom, and a harmonic idiom.
|-
|globalism
|the opposite of “nationalism”; “globalism” views the world as one political unit, as one massive village
|-
|[[Gandhi]]
|spiritual Hindu leader who set out to win independence for India through peaceful civil disobedience
|-
|free trade
|trade (importing goods) without limitation between nations; it can cause losses in American jobs and an increase in illegal drugs shipped in from other nations
|-
|GATT
|(1947) stands for “General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,” in which western nations promoted free trade by first freezing tariffs (taxes on goods sent between nations), and later began reducing the tariffs
|-
|World Trade Organization
|(1995) WTO: most nations agreed to “free trade” and established international courts for handling disputes
|-
|NAFTA
|(1994) stands for “North American Free Trade Agreement,” which established free trade between Mexico, the United States, and Canada, and created international courts to resolve trade disputes
|-
|consumerism
|people becoming obsessed with buying more than what is healthy or necessary, with brand names (like McDonalds) becoming more familiar than important things like the Bible
|-
|Universal Declaration of Human Rights
|(1948) a United Nations declaration of basic human rights, including “life, liberty, and security of person”
|-
|[[Cold War]]
|(1945-1991) between the U.S., its allies and the communist Soviet Union, consisting of spying rather than actual fighting
|-
|[[Korean War]]
|(1950-1953) war between South Korea, supported by the U.S., and North Korea, supported by communists; ended in a stalemate after President Truman prevented General Douglas MacArthur from winning it by fighting the communist Chinese
|-
|Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
|(1960) “OPEC” is a cartel (monopoly by a group) formed by Middle Eastern and a few other nations to keep the price of oil by avoiding competition. In 2007, OPEC controlled about 2/3rds of the total oil market.
|-
|Berlin Wall
|a symbol of communism, this massive wall (with armed communist guards on top) was built in 1961 to stop the flow of people from communist East Germany to free West Germany
|-
|[[Pearl Harbor]]
|Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese launched a surprise attack on US navy fleet in Hawaii; Congress declared war on Japan and entered WWII
|-
|[[Korematsu v. United States]]
|(1944) Supreme Court decision upholding the forced removal of Japanese Americans to internment camps during WWII; the Court sided with the government, ruling that the exclusion order was constitutional
|-
|domino effect
|the expectation that when one nation fell to communism, then its neighboring nations became more likely to fall to communism too. This principle was the driving force behind US intervention against communism in Korea, Vietnam and perhaps Chile.
|-
|Ho Chi Minh
|a communist, nationalist leader of North Vietnam who defeated the weakened Japanese there in 1945, obtained freedom from the French, and then sought to make South Vietnam communist too
|-
|Vietcong
|communist insurgents in South Vietnam in the 1960s, during the Vietnam War
|-
|Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
|August 1964: in response to mysterious gunshots fired at an American ship in the Gulf of Tonkin near North Vietnam, Congress authorized sending troops; Congress never formally declared war on North Vietnam, and this Resolution became the substitute
|-
|Vietnam War
|1964-1975: an unsuccessful attempt by the United States to prevent the fall of Vietnam to communism
|-
|Henry Kissinger
|an adviser who ran the foreign policies of U.S. Presidents Nixon and Ford, and who mishandled the Vietnam War to a humiliating conclusion for the U.S.
|-
|Pol Pot
|ruled Cambodia in 1975-1979 as the leader of the Khmer Rouge government; he abolished private property, money and religion, and caused many deaths
|-
|Zionism
|a movement beginning in the late 1800s to reestablish a Jewish state in Palestine in and around Jerusalem
|-
|Balfour Declaration
|1917: a statement calling for the creation of new Jewish and Palestinian states in the Middle East
|-
|Israel
|established by the United Nations in 1948, having a size slightly smaller than New Jersey
|-
|David Ben-Gurion
|1948: first prime minister of Israel
|-
|Arab-Israeli wars
|four major ones between 1948 and 1973 (1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973)
|-
|Six-Day War
|1967: Egypt’s ruler Nasser closed off the Gulf of Aqaba, which was the only access Israel had to the Red Sea, and Israel responded with massive air strikes against several Arab nations, including Egypt; Israel conquered Jerusalem, the West Bank, the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights.
|-
|Anwar Sadat
|succeeded Nasser as ruler of Egypt (1970-1981)
|-
|Yom Kippur War
|(October 1973) Egypt’s ruler Sadat launched a surprise attack on Israel on its holiest day, Yom Kippur. After suffering massive initial losses, the Israeli prime minister, Golda Meir, regained much of the lost territory.
|-
|Camp David Accords
|1979: President Jimmy Carter brokered a peace agreement between Egypt and Israel, whereby Egypt agreed to recognize Israel in exchange for receiving return of the Sinai Peninsula.
|-
|Yasser Arafat
|founder of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964, which demanded a Palestinian state in the area of Jerusalem and rejected the right of Israel to exist.
|-
|intifada
|1987: PLO instituted a campaign of persistent violence called whereby common citizens and even children threw stones at Israelis and committed additional violence.
|-
|Declaration of Principles
|1993: secret talks between Israeli leaders and the PLO in Oslo, resulting in a promise of self-rule to the Palestinians over the Gaza Strip and West Bank
|-
|Benjamin Netanyahu
|current leader of conservatives in Israel who is its current Prime Minister in 2011
|-
|Mikhail Gorbachev
|rose to power in the Soviet Union in mid-1980s and allowed “glasnost” or openness, and “perestroika”, which permitted some economic freedoms, until he resigned on Christmas Day of 1991 after losing to Boris Yeltsin
|-
|Lithuania
|annexed to the Soviet Union in 1940 but became independent in March 1990 as the Soviet Union fell apart with the overthrow of communism
|-
|Boris Yeltsin
|the popular mayor of Moscow who courageously challenged the communists in Russia and defeated them in June 1991 to become president of a new Russian Republic; he ended price controls and cut taxes; churches opened and the people of Leningrad changed its name back to St. Petersburg.
|-
|Commonwealth of Independent States
|the successor to the Soviet Union; most of its nations (including Russia) joined, except for the Baltic republics and Georgia
|-
|Chechnya
|Muslim-dominated region in southwest Russia, which declared its independence from Russia in 1991, leading to a bloody war
|-
|John Paul II
|(reigned 1978-2005) the first Polish pope of the Catholic Church, who then opposed communism especially in his homeland of Poland
|-
|Lech Walesa
|a leader against communism in Poland, who led his political party Solidarity to power once free elections were held in April 1989
|-
|Hungary
|attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow communism in 1956 (the Soviet Union invaded to suppress the revolt), but Hungarians overthrew communism in October 1989
|-
|East Germany
|an atheistic, communistic nation until demonstrations broke out in October 1989, which not even its ruthless dictator Erich Honecker could control; he resigned and his successor opened the Berlin Wall in November 1989, whereupon the people tore the wall down
|-
|Czechoslovakia
|combination of diverse ethnic groups formed in 1919 out of the old Austria-Hungarian empire to promote [[Woodrow Wilson|Woodrow Wilson's]] "self-determination" principle, until Hitler invaded it in 1938; after WWII it was a communist-controlled nation until demonstrations forced its Communist Party leader to resign in November 1989; in 1993, the Czechoslovakia split along ethnic lines to form Slovakia and the Czech Republic
|-
|Romania
|Eastern European nation ruled by communist dictators from the end of WWII until overthrown by massive demonstrations in December 1989
|-
|Nicolae Ceausescu
|communist dictator of Romania from 1965 to Christmas Day 1989; unlike most communists, Ceausescu was pro-life and he prohibited abortion
|-
|Yugoslavia
|ruled by the communist Marshall Tito (1945-1980), who enjoyed some independence from the Soviet Union; Tito was succeeded in power by the Serbian Slobodan Milosevic, which caused Slovenia and Croatia to seek independence due to their different ethnicity
|-
|Kosovo War
|fighting in Croatia between the Serbs and the Croats; the U.S. and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) intervened in 1999 and drove the Serbian Milosevic from power
|-
|Ronald Reagan
|(1981-1989) conservative U.S. president who cut taxes, helped defeat communism in the Soviet Union, and proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
|-
|Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
|(1980s) also known as “Star Wars,” Reagan proposed developing advantaged technology to intercept and destroy fast-moving missiles that might be launched against the U.S.
|-
|Chairman Mao Zedong
|(ruled 1949-1976) the ruthless dictator who founded communist China and then starved tens of millions to death; in 1965 he imposed the "Cultural Revolution" to senselessly eliminate people who were achievers
|-
|Tiananmen Square
|(June 4, 1989) communist China used tanks to massacre hundreds of peaceful Chinese protesters who sought greater democracy
|-
|Hong Kong
|was a colony of Great Britain until July 1, 1997, when Britain's lease expired and it returned this colony to China, which promised to allow Hong Kong to remain capitalistic for another 50 years
|-
|9-11
|September 11, 2001) 19 Muslims, most from Saudi Arabia, hijacked American airplanes and flew one into each tower of the World Trade Center, a third into the Pentagon, and a fourth crashed in Pennsylvania as the passengers attempted to retake control of the plane from the terrorists.
|-
|Modern Era
|can mean since 1789 (The French Revolution) or since 1900
|}

==Honors terms==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Term
!Definition
|-
|[[British Royal Air Force]]
|Also nicknamed the "RAF", this aerial warfare service is one of the oldest, independent warfare services in the world. The "RAF"'s technique of shooting down incoming German airplanes saved the British tremendously.
|-
|Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher
|The newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for after moving to Paris in 1843.
|-
|[[Dunkirk]]
|The harbor town, located on the northernmost tip of France, in which the Germans relentlessly bombed. Thousands of soldiers were departed to England during the constant bombing; Winston Churchill titled this wonder, the "miracle of Dunkirk."
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Definition
|-
|Christian population
|steadily increased from 0% of the world when Jesus was born, to about 33% of the world today.
|-
|Reconquista
|(AD 722-1492) the Christian retaking of Spain and Portugal from Muslim control
|-
|Siege of Vienna
|1529: Christians Europeans defeated the Muslim Ottoman Turks
|-
|Battle of Lepanto
|1571: Christian Europeans defeated Muslim forces
|-
|9/11/1683, Gates of Vienna
|an alliance of Christian armies, led by the Polish King Jan III Sobieski, defeated a massive Muslim army
|-
|[[Forbidden City]]
|elaborate imperial palace in Beijing, China, which was used by twenty-four emperors during the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties; the public was kept out for 500 years
|-
|slave trade
|(1455-1800s) in North American, slave trade ended by a provision in the U.S. Constitution, and slavery itself by the American Civil War (1861-1865); in England, the slave trade was ended by Christian reformers William Wilberforce and John Wesley; in Brazil, slavery continued until 1888
|-
|[[Rene Descartes]]
|(1596-1650) a French mathematician and philosopher who discovered analytical geometry and defined existence by, “I think, therefore I am.”
|-
|Thirty Years’ War
|(1618-1648) a religious conflict in Germany brought by Bohemian Protestants resisting against Hapsburg Catholics who were suppressing religious freedom; this war also engulfed Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Switzerland and The Holy Roman Empire in the conflict, before the Protestants (and Catholic France) won
|-
|Treaty of Westphalia
|(1648) ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe, leaving a weaker Germany and Holy Roman Empire; Catholic France had sided with the winning Protestants in order to oppose the Holy Roman Empire, and France emerged strengthened and more unified as a result.
|-
|Decline of the Holy Roman Empire
|weakened by the Ottoman Muslims, France, the Reformation, the growth of nation-states, and how the Italian and German cultures grew apart
|-
|[[Age of Exploration]]
|(1450-1650) a time period when European nation-states (mainly England, France, Portugal and Spain) explored distant lands, including the American continents
|-
|[[caravel]]
|a miniature, highly maneuverable, lightweight ship developed by the Portuguese, which was often used to carry cargo
|-
|[[Ferdinand and Isabella]]
|The King and Queen of Spain in the late 1400s, who expelled Muslims from Spain and then funded Columbus's voyages
|-
|Prince Henry the Navigator
|founded the School of Navigation in Portugal in 1419, to train sailors to explore the West African coast with a goal of eventually finding sea routes to India
|-
|Bartholomew Diaz
|a Portuguese navigator who sailed around the southern tip of Africa (the Cape of Good Hope) in 1487 to establish a sea route to India
|-
|[[Christopher Columbus]]
|(1451-1506) Italian explorer funded by Spain to sail in four voyages across the Atlantic ocean in search for a trade route to India; he discovered the "New World" by reaching the Caribbean
|-
|[[Columbian Exchange]]
|The trade of plants and animals between America and Europe for many years after Columbus's voyages
|-
|Treaty of Tordesillas
|1494: established an 1100-mile long "Line of Demarcation," giving one side to Portugal and the other side to Spain for controlling the New World (Western Hemisphere)
|-
|Line of Demarcation
|a north-to-south line giving Portugal trading rights in India, China, the East Indies, East Brazil and the Spanish Americas, and giving Spain control of the remaining, vast majority of the Americas.
|-
|Vasco da Gama
|the first explorer to reach India by sailing eastward around Africa, between 1497 and 1499, with the help of the powerful monsoon winds. This established trade with India under the Portuguese King Manuel.
|-
|[[John Cabot]]
|a British explorer (who had been born in Genoa, Italy, like Columbus) who discovered Newfoundland and the New England coast in 1497-1498, making that land the property of England
|-
|Jacques Cartier
|1534 and 1541: French explorer who discovered Canada and the Mississippi Basin, including Louisiana; the lack of gold and silver in North America made it less interesting to Europeans than South America
|-
|Ferdinand Magellan
|1519-1522: led the first successful voyage to go around the world, going around the southern tip of South America. Magellan himself was killed by Philippine natives prior to completing the last leg of the journey.
|-
|Results of Magellan's voyage
|Spain gained control of many South American territories, including Peru, plus the Philippines in the Far East
|-
|[[Hernando Cortes]]
|aided by superior weapons and horses, he led the Spanish conquest of Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec empire, capturing the Aztec ruler known as Montezuma; Cortes burned the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan and built Mexico City in its place
|-
|Francisco Pizzaro
|with only 180 men and 37 horses, this Spanish soldier conquered 30,000 Incas in Peru in 1531; he also discovered the greatest silver mine in the Americas.
|-
|El Greco
|(1541-1614) a painter, architect and sculptor best known for his paintings of saints and martyrs, and his painting of a storm over a Spanish town (“A View of Toledo”)
|-
|Diego Velázquez
|(1599-1660) a Spanish painter of portraits of the royal family and scenes from daily life at court
|-
|Miguel de Cervantes
|(1605) wrote the novel ''Don Quixote'', probably the most influential piece of Spanish literature in history
|-
|divine right of kings
|belief they were given power by God; this belief lasted until religious conflict in England in the 1600s and the French Revolution in the late 1700s
|-
|Philip II
|(reigned 1556-1598) King of Spain who was the great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand; his mighty Spanish Armada was crushed by a quicker English fleet in 1588
|-
|William of Orange
|(1579) led the Netherlands in a revolt against their Spanish masters; this (along with the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the British) weakened Spanish power
|-
|[[England]]
|an imperialistic nation-state based in the British isles off the western coast of Europe; it established the largest non-contiguous empire in history in the late 1800s but is much weaker than the U.S. today
|-
|mercantilism
|an economic system whereby a mother country (e.g., England) accumulates gold by exporting more goods than it imported, and by using her colonies (e.g., the American colonies) to ship it raw materials that could be manufactured and exported to other peoples
|-
|Queen Elizabeth
|(1558-1603) was known as the "Virgin Queen" of England and her 45-year reign was the “Elizabethan Age”; Virginia was named in her honor
|-
|[[James Stuart]]
|cousin of Queen Elizabeth who took over the English throne as James I and authorized the King James Version of the Bible; unlike Queen Elizabeth, King James I argued often with Parliament
|-
|Oliver Cromwell
|(1599-1658) an English soldier, statesman, and controversial leader of the Puritan revolution who overthrew the King
|-
|[[William Prynne]]
|(1600-1669) an English lawyer, author, political figure and prominent Puritan who was imprisoned for his religious beliefs
|-
|Jamestown settlement
|(1607) the first successful English settlement in the New World, in what is now Virginia
|-
|King James Bible
|(1611) the magnificent English translation of the Bible, authorized by King James, which even elevated the English language itself
|-
|[[Glorious Revolution]]
|revolution that took place in England in 1688, which replaced the Catholic King James II with the Anglican King and Queen, William and Mary.
|-
|William and Mary
|ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland in the late 1600s, and founded the college of William and Mary in the Virginia colony in 1693
|-
|Ivan IV “the Terrible”
|(reigned 1547-1584) first czar of Russia, who executed many innocent people; Ivan was succeeded by his son Feodor, whose repeated failures led Russia into a “Time of Troubles.”
|-
|Mikhail Romanov
|(1613) the first of a long line of Romanov Russian czars; under Romanov rule serfs lost almost all of their freedoms
|-
|Peter the Great
|a Romanov who ruled Russia from 1682-1696 and instituted sweeping reforms in Russian government and society; he built St. Petersburg and tried to make European traditions a part of Russia.
|-
|Maria Theresa
|(1717-1780) a Holy Roman empress who was the last ruler of the House of Habsburg dynasty, ruling over Austria
|-
|Frederick the Great
|(1712-1786) an absolutist King of Prussia, who built it into a powerful nation (before it became a key part of the future Germany)
|-
|War of the Austrian Succession
|(1740-1748) a broad conflict among many European nations, with the result that Prussia defeated Austria to win the territory of Silesia
|-
|Seven Years’ War
|(1756-1763) France, Russia, Sweden, Poland and Austria were allied against Britain and Prussia, for a region of Eastern Europe. Britain and France also fought in North America (called the French & Indian War here). Britain won the war due to the genius of William Pitt ("Pittsburgh" is named after him), gaining Canada and India as a result; France was humiliated, leading to the French Revolution decades later.
|-
|American Revolution
|a revolution against the British in the American Colonies beginning in 1776 with the American Declaration of Independence, caused by over-taxation by England; the Patriots won with the help of the French, and the Treaty of Paris (1783) ended this war
|-
|George Washington
|(1732-1799) first President of the United States (1789-1797) and Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, leading the victory against Britain in the American Revolution; he became the unanimous choice to serve as President, until voluntarily stepping down in 1796
|-
|[[Isaac Newton]]
|(1643-1727) the English physicist who, inspired by daily readings of the Bible, developed calculus and discovered the invisible force of gravity
|-
|Gottfried [[Leibniz]]
|(1646-1716) a German Lutheran mathematician and philosopher who developed calculus independent of Isaac Newton, and whose Christian-based philosophy was opposed by Voltaire. Leibniz first published the notation for the integral: <math>\int_a^b f(x)dx</math>
|-
|[[The Enlightenment]]
|a philosophical movement in Europe in the 1700s that challenged traditional views and preferred reason over faith; thinkers included Rousseau, Voltaire, Hume, Kant, Jefferson, Locke, and Diderot.
|-
|William Blackstone
|(1723-1780) the leading legal authority on English law, upon which American law is based; wrote the book ''The Rights of Englishmen'', in which he described the source of the rights of the people
|-
|Charles-Louis Baron de Montesquieu
|(1689-1755) a Frenchman who proposed the concept of separation of powers, and checks and balances, in government, which inspired key parts of the U.S. Constitution; wrote a book, ''The Spirit of the Laws'', that explained essential aspects of good government
|-
|Denis Diderot
|(1713-1784) a French writer during the Enlightenment who edited an encyclopedia of scientific and social knowledge known simply as ''Encyclopedia'' (in French: ''Encyclopédie'')
|-
|Jean Jacques Rousseau
|(1712-1778) his ideas led to the French Revolution and hostility to churches; he was a Swiss-born political philosopher who criticized private property and declared that government's goal should be to provide freedom, equality and justice
|-
|[[John Locke]]
|(1632-1704) English philosopher during the Enlightenment who created the idea of a "social contract" between the people and their government, which became the philosophical basis of rebellion in England and the American Revolution when people felt that government had broken this contract
|-
|[[Voltaire]]
|(1694-1778) a French philosopher, prominent during the Enlightenment, who favored '''''absolute''''' freedom and his ideas led to the French Revolution
|-
|[[nation-state]]
|(beginning in the 1400s) a single country comprised of people unified in language and culture, such as England, France, Spain and, much later, Germany
|-
|[[monarch]]
|a person who rules over a kingdom or empire; he may be above the law (''absolute monarch'') or subject to it (''constitutional monarchy'')
|-
|[[Louis XIV]]
|(ruled 1643-1715) the absolute (all-powerful) monarch of France who said, “L’etat c’est moi!” (“I am the state”)
|-
|[[capitalism]]
|an economic system whereby private companies own all capital goods and sell them at a competitive price
|-
|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]
|(1473-1543) a Polish Catholic scientist who started the "Scientific Revolution" with his discovery that the Earth revolves around the Sun, and published his discovery in a book at the end of his life ("On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres")
|-
|[[Johannes Kepler]]
|(1571-1630) a German Protestant scientist who built on Copernicus's work and discovered that planets orbit the sun in ellipses rather than circular orbits.
|-
|[[Galileo]]
|(1564-1642) a Catholic Italian astronomer who improved the telescope but was punished by the Church for publishing Copernicus's theory and saying the Church approved it; the Church then banned Galileo's book ("Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World - Ptolemaic and Copernican," published in 1632)
|-
|[[Rasputin]]
|Russian peasant-turned-monk who helped Czar Nicholas II's son survive hemophilia, until he was murdered by rivals in 1916
|-
|[[Tsar|Czar]] (Tsar)
|Absolute emperor of Russia since the 1500's, the first being Ivan IV "The Terrible."
|-
|[[Neo-Confucianism]]
|More of a philosophy than a religion, Neo-Confucianism is a combination of Confucianism and Buddhism, and was the primary practice of the Chinese nation in the 1600s.
|-
|[[Robert Fulton]]
|American engineer and inventor who created the first commercial steamboat service in 1807.
|-
|[[Bernhard Riemann]]
|(1826-1866) an influential German mathematician who made lasting contributions to differential geometry and analysis, providing the mathematical basis for some 20th century physics
|-
|[[balance of power]]
|first established by European nations after the final defeat of Napoleon: alliances called the Concert of Europe required nations to assist each other in order to defeat any one nation that became too powerful and started invading others
|-
|[[Constitution of the United States]]
|(1787) the oldest working constitution in the world, which established a masterful design for government
|-
|[[David Hume]]
|(1711-1776) a Scottish philosopher who promoted materialism and naturalism rather than Christianity, which later influenced Charles Darwin; Hume wrote "A Treatise on Human Nature" and believed in relativism rather than absolute truth
|-
|Declaration of Independence
|(1776) an American statement of "inalienable" (God-given) rights, asserting a right of the people break their "social contract" with a ruler (a king) when he violates those rights, such as the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
|-
|Edmund Burke
|(1729-1797) a conservative Irish statesman in the British parliament who sided with the American colonies before the American Revolution; coined the phrase "salutary neglect" to support economic growth in the colonies, and criticized the French Revolution while others were praising it
|-
|The Federalist Papers
|(1788) brilliant essays encouraging ratification of the U.S. Constitution, written mostly by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison
|-
|Immanuel Kant
|(1724-1804) a leading German philosopher, Kant felt that behavior is moral only if it would work as a rule if everyone did it (e.g., littering is immoral for one person to do it, because it wouldn't work if everyone did it); Kant's book "A Critique of Pure Reason" criticized the use of pure reason to determine morality
|-
|Industrial Revolution
|technology-driven changes in society that began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the use of power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and a shift from farming to factories
|-
|James Clerk Maxwell
|(1831-1879) British physicist, perhaps the greatest of the 19th century; he developed a single consistent electromagnetic theory and the "maxwell", a unit of magnetic flux, was named in his honor
|-
|Johann Sebastian Bach
|(1685-1750) German classical music composer famous for Fugues and the "Passion according to St. Matthew"
|-
|Louis Pasteur
|(1822–95) French chemist, probably the greatest ever; he founded microbiology, invented pasteurization, and developed vaccinations for anthrax, rabies, and chicken cholera.
|-
|[[Matthew Perry]]
|helped end the isolation of Japan by sailing into Edo harbor and enabling the Treaty of Kanagawa to be signed in 1854
|-
|Realism
|focus on the tangible rather than the abstract
|-
|steamboat
|a waterborne ship useful to the Industrial Revolution which was powered by a steam engine, with the steam produced by burning coal (or less often, wood); today steamboats are powered by diesel gasoline
|-
|Economies of scale
|when increasing the size of a company enables it to lower its prices due to improved efficiencies, as the big Wal-Mart stores do
|-
|Enclosure movement
|in the 1700s when wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, to benefit from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land
|-
|Adam Smith
|(1723-1790) a Scottish political economist who discovered how the "invisible hand" of capitalism will create wealth and prosperity; his book describing this idea was the "Wealth of Nations" (1776)
|-
|[[David Ricardo]]
|(1772-1823) a classical British economist who advocated the advantages of more trade between nations
|-
|Victor Hugo
|(1802-1885) one of the greatest Romanticist poets, he was a Frenchman who wrote the classics Cromwell (1827), The Hunchback of Notre Dame of Paris (1831) and Les Miserables (1862)
|-
|[[Maximilian Robespierre]]
|(1758-1794) a French Jacobin who was most responsible for the Reign of Terror; under the influence of the work of Rousseau, Robespierre unbendingly murdered moderates and all opponents, and was eventually killed by the guillotine himself in 1794.
|-
|French Revolution
|began in 1789 by freeing Bastille prison, and ended in 1794 with Robespierre's death.
|-
|[[Bastille Day]]
|(July 14, 1789) when French peasants invaded the huge Bastille prison in Paris, freeing political prisoners. This started the Great Fear, with riots breaking out every day and peasants burning wealthy homes
|-
|[[Georges Danton|Georges Jacques Danton]]
|(1759–1794) a Jacobin during the French Revolution who joined and fully supported it until he saw the reign of terror and started to change his mind; then he was executed
|-
|[[Louis XVI]]
|the extravagant King of France (1774-1792) until executed during the French Revolution by guillotine in early 1793
|-
|[[Marie Antoinette]]
|privileged wife of Louis XVI during the French Revolution who reportedly said to the peasants, "Let them eat cake!" upon hearing of the shortage of bread
|-
|[[Reign of Terror]]
|terrifying chaos after the execution of Louis XVI when Maximilian Robespierre guillotined many people, including Marie Antoinette, until Robespierre died the same way (1794)
|-
|[[Napoleon]]
|(lived 1769-1821) Dictator of France after the French Revolution; signed peace treaties with major European enemies, created a successful system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code, and conquered much of continental Europe; defeated at Battle of Waterloo
|-
|[[Louisiana Purchase]]
|land stretching from Louisiana to the American Northwest that Napoleon sold to the U.S. for a low price in 1803
|-
|[[Battle of Waterloo]]
|1815: marked the end of Napoleon's reign in France when he was defeated by Prussia and Great Britain; the expression "someone's Waterloo" refers to a change from possible victory to a decisive defeat
|-
|[[Congress of Vienna]]
|1815: convention of European nations proposing a balance of powers among the rival nations to ensure than no single nation could threaten the others as Napoleon had just done
|-
|[[Concert of Europe]]
|established during the Congress of Vienna to create alliances between nations requiring assistance of each other if war or revolutions occurred; also adopted changes that legitimized monarchies and growing nationalism in Europe
|-
|[[Napoleon III]]
|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (1808-1873) President of the French Second Republic
|-
|[[Otto von Bismarck]]
|(1815-1898) leader of Prussia (1862-71) and the first chancellor of the German Empire (1871-90). Known as the "Iron Chancellor," he was a skilled politician who unified Germany as a nation in the 1860s by arranging for wars against other nations (first against Denmark, then against Austria and finally against France)
|-
|First French Empire
|(1804-1814/1815) was the empire of Napoleon I of France, and the dominant power of continental Europe
|-
|Second French Empire
|Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic in France.
|-
|[[United Kingdom]]
|the combination of "Great Britain" and "Northern Ireland," which is part of the island of Ireland.
|-
|[[Luddites]]
|a social movement in England that rioted and protested against the changes of the Industrial Revolution
|-
|[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]
|(1770-1827) revolutionized instrumental music and took it to new heights never thought possible, despite being totally deaf when he did his best compositions
|-
|King Henry VIII
|(lived 1491-1547, reigned beginning in 1509) founded the Church of England (the Anglican Church) due to his dispute with the Catholic Church over its denial of his request to obtain a divorce
|-
|France
|a nation-state in Europe that was ruled by a monarch until the French Revolution
|-
|Prussia
|a very militaristic nation-state in Europe in part of the area where Germany is today
|-
|''The Communist Manifesto''
|written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848, teaching that class struggles are the origin of all progress in society and urging people to start revolutions to establish communism; Russia did so in 1917, and others since then
|-
|Sun Yixian
|also known as Sun Yat-sen, he led the Kuomintang or nationalist Party that overthrew the Qing Dynasty of China. He also became the first leader of the former Republic of China.
|-
|Virginia Declaration of Rights
|a declaration of rights adopted in colonial Virginia on June 7, 1776, as written by George Mason; the American Declaration of Independence was based on it
|-
|[[utilitarianism]]
|proposed by Englishman Jeremy Bentham and fine-tuned by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), this non-Christian concept values overall "utility" (overall benefits minus costs) rather than individual justice as a method of determining morality and public policy. Example: tossing two people overboard in a lifeboat in order to save the other ten.
|-
|[[John Stuart Mill]]
|(1806-1873) British philosopher who supported utilitarianism and advocated an absolute right of free speech; he also supported the development of labor unions
|-
|[[nationalism]]
|when loyalty by a people to their nation becomes part of their identity; began in the late 1700s, around the same time as Romanticism, and later led to aggression by Germany and Japan in the 20th century
|-
|Handel
|(1685-1759) a German-born composer noted particularly for his oratorios, including the Messiah; Beethoven thought Handel was the greatest
|-
|Haydn
|(1732-1809) Austrian composer who played a major part in establishing the classical forms of the symphony and the string quartet
|-
|Mozart
|(1756-91) an Austrian composer known for his operas and his unfinished Requiem (1791)
|-
|Romanticism
|(1770-1870) a movement in poetry and the arts (including music) that emphasized individualism, feelings, thoughts, and the right to be different, which coincided with revolutions in France and elsewhere
|-
|Neoclassicism
|(1760-1850) paintings that emphasized clear linear design, using classical themes as subject matter
|-
|[[Karl Marx]]
|(1818-1883) German philosopher who, in 1848 with F. Engels, wrote ''The Communist Manifesto'', urging the working class to revolt and end private property
|-
|[[Friedrich Engels]]
|(1820-1895) German philosopher born to a wealthy family who co-authored ''The Communist Manifesto'', and who supported Marx financially while Marx wrote ''Das Kapital''.
|-
|classical economics
|19th-century economics plus the 18th-century Adam Smith, meaning less government restrictions on business, based upon the principles of the [[invisible hand]] and economic efficiency ([[Pareto]] optimality)
|-
|[[realpolitik]]
|Concept invented by Otto von Bismarck that emphasized practical politics rather than philosophy
|-
|[[laissez-faire]]
|approach in economics in which businesses are free from state and government intervention (translated literally, "let to do")
|-
|[[Franco-Prussian War]]
|(1870) Otto von Bismarck started the Franco-Prussian War by enticing the French to attack Prussia so that other Germans would join him in defense, and thereby unify Germany; Germans won in six weeks
|-
|Giuseppe Mazzini
|An Italian who sought unification of Italy as one nation; he formed the “Brotherhood of Young Italy” in 1831
|-
|King Leopold II
|(1835–1909) second king of Belgium, who founded the Congo Free State
|-
|[[Charles Darwin]]
|(1809-1882) English naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution: that all species had evolved into complex forms of life over millions of years through the process of "natural selection," or "survival of the fittest"
|-
|[[Charles Dickens]]
|(1812-1870) Greatest English novelist of the Victorian period, who sympathized with the poor and invented colorful characters like "Scrooge"
|-
|[[David Livingstone]]
|Scotsman who explored central Africa in the late 1860s to find the source of the Nile
|-
|Dual Alliance
|(1879) Germany (led by Bismarck) formed an alliance with Austria-Hungary as a way of protecting those countries against possible aggression by France
|-
|impressionism
|(late 1800s in France) paintings began emphasizing the transient effects of color and light, attempting to capture a fleeting image or “impression”. Artists included Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir and Paul Cezanne, and they often painted landscapes.
|-
|musical impressionism
|emphasized mood and understatement and reflected its composers’ view that pure sound (like color) is an end to itself
|-
|Zulus
|a tribe of the Mthethwa African kingdoms of the late 1800s, which was wiped out by the British in 1879
|-
|Kaiser Wilhelm II
|leader of Germany who ended Germany’s alliance with Russia, which caused Russia to form an alliance with France in 1891.
|-
|[[imperialism]]
|the practice of one strong nation controlling another weaker nation, territory, or a group of people; types of imperialism (from strongest to weakest) are: colonization, protectorates, spheres of influence, and economic
|-
|Triple Alliance
|Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed this alliance in 1882 to protect against French attacks; later became the Central Powers after Italy left and the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined
|-
|Triple Entente
|(1907) from the French for "good-will", Great Britain, Russia, France formed this alliance in 1907 to oppose the Triple Alliance; this later became the Allied Powers after Italy and Japan joined. Not as strong an alliance as the Triple Alliance, the Triple Entente did require mutual assistance to defend against attack
|-
|[[Communism]]
|an oppressive system of government, beginning in Russia, which states everyone must have the same amount of wealth, which discourages people from working hard
|-
|[[Central Powers]]
|The enemies of the Allies in WWI, and they were Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman empire.
|-
|[[Allies]]
|The Allies in WWI were Britain (her colonies), France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and beginning in 1917, the United States; in WWII the Allies were Britain, America, France, and Russia.
|-
|[[The Axis]]
|The Axis were the enemies of the Allies in WWII; the Axis consisted of Nazi Germany, Italy (at the start of the war), and Japan, they also included Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Croatia
|-
|[[Great War]]
|1914-1918: later known as World War I, this was one of the deadliest wars in world history based on trench warfare; the Allies defeated the Central Powers and imposed terms of peace that were so unreasonable they led to World War II
|-
|Schlieffen Plan
|German plan to avoid a two-front war in World War I by invading and defeating France first before fighting Russia on its other front
|-
|Entrenchment
|the first year and a half of World War I (1914-15) during which there were terrible casualties without either side gaining the upper hand.
|-
|[[U-boat]]
|German submarines used to patrol the Atlantic in a terrifying manner and intercept British ships; the U-boats eventually sunk American ships too
|-
|[[Lusitania]]
|a British luxury liner sunk by a German submarine in the North Atlantic on May 7, 1915, killing 1,198 people, including 128 U.S. citizens; this outraged the American public and led later to the U.S. entry into WW I.
|-
|[[Battle of Verdun]]
|(1916) longest battle of WWI with massive casualties with nothing gained by either side with nearly 1 million wounded or killed; began when Germans attacked the French city of Verdun
|-
|[[Manfred von Richtofen]]
|Better known as the "Red Baron," this German was the greatest flying ace of all time with 80 kills until he was shot down by an unknown person near the end of WW I, in 1918
|-
|Treaty of Versailles
|(1919) ended WWI by imposing limits on the size and weapons of the German army, requiring Germany to pay massive damages, and taking away some of its colonies and territories.
|-
|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
|(1923) created the modern state of Turkey, with a combination of military rule and an elected Parliament; also converted the Arabic language to a modern, Latin-style alphabet
|-
|Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
|(1870-1924) leader of the Communist Party who overthrew the Russian government; Lenin was leader of the Bolsheviks and ruled the Soviet Union, imposing a system of Marxism-Leninism that remained until the 1990s; Lenin also ended Russia's support of the Allies in the war in 1918
|-
|Bolsheviks
|(after 1903) the more extreme Marxist group, as opposed to the Mensheviks, who sought violent revolution soon
|-
|[[Expressionism]]
|style of art that arose in the 20th century, using distorted forms and bold colors
|-
|[[Great Depression]]
|a worldwide economic crisis in the 1930s when poverty struck most of the world and the unhappiness allowed dictators to seize power
|-
|[[King Victor Emmanuel]]
|The King in Italy who surrendered his power to Mussolini
|-
|[[Il Duce]]
|"The Leader". Name used by the fascists to identify Mussolini.
|-
|[[Nazi]]
|a member of the National Socialist German Workers' party of Germany, which in 1933, under Adolf Hitler, seized political control of the nation, started World War II, believed in a supremacy by the German people, and imposed the Holocaust
|-
|[[Fascism]]
|Fascists believe that all actions should be done for the good of the state. Fascism is a totalitarian economic and political ideology that came to dominate the social and political systems of Italy under Benito Mussolini and Germany under Adolf Hitler.
|-
|aggression by Japan in the 1930s
|Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, attracted in part by the coal and iron deposits there, which began the Asian phase of World War II. In 1937, Japan invaded northern and central China.
|-
|aggression by Italy in the 1930s
|Italy invaded and conquered Ethiopia in 1935-1936.
|-
|[[Mussolini]]
|founder of Italy’s Fascist Party, Mussolini emphasized the need to improve Italy’s economy and its military. In October 1922, the Fascists protested in Rome, causing the King to make Mussolini leader of Italy. He then made it illegal to strike, thinking this would make the economy bounce back.
|-
|aggression by Germany in the 1930s
|In 1936, Germany invaded the buffer zone separating Germany from France: the industrialized Rhineland; Germany annexed Austria in 1938 without much resistance, and on Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded and annexed western Poland despite armed resistance.
|-
|[[Enigma]]
|a cipher (encryption) used by the Axis in WWII, thought to be unbreakable until a 27-year-old Polish mathematician cracked it in 1937 (without telling the Germans!)
|-
|[[World War I]] (WWI)
|(1914-1918) also known as ''The Great War'', the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary fought against the Entente of Britain, France and Russia; the war ended with the economic collapse of the Central Powers in November 1918 after 4 years of brutal fighting and a successful blockade on Germany
|-
|[[World War II]] (WWII)
|began in the 1930s when Germany invaded Poland, and lasted until 1945 when the Allied powers defeated the Axis powers and forced them to surrender
|-
|[[blitzkrieg]]
|German for "lightning war," high-speed attack which combines bombing with a tank invasion, followed by infantry to mop up pockets of enemy troops that developed; first launched with spectacular success by Hitler against Poland in 1939
|-
|[[The Holocaust]]
|Germany blamed Jews for all of its problems. In 1935 a law was passed to prevent Jews from holding government offices, and during WWII Germany established concentration camps that exterminated millions of Jews.
|-
|[[Joseph Stalin]]
|(1879-1953) Russian atheistic dictator who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition
|-
|[[Manhattan Project]]
|(Dec. 6, 1941) one day before the attack at Pearl Harbor, American scientists began the construction of an atomic bomb
|-
|D-Day
|(June 6, 1944) the massive invasion of Europe at Normandy (France) by the U.S.-led Allied forces, to turn the tide in WWII
|-
|George Patton
|homeschooled, this American was the finest field general in WWII and the only one the Germans truly feared; he was better at blitzkrieg-style tank warfare than the Germans were
|-
|[[Big Bang]]
|a scientific theory, initially ridiculed before being accepted by many physicists, that the universe had a unique creation rather than having existed forever
|-
|quantum mechanics
|(early 1900s) this breakthrough in physics is the foundation of electronic technology: there is an underlying uncertainty in subatomic particles, such that they have probabilities of being in different places at the same time until they are observed
|-
|[[Niels Bohr]]
|a Danish physicist in the early 1900s who discovered the atomic structure and helped develop quantum mechanics
|-
|[[Albert Einstein]]
|(1879-1955) physicist best known for his work on the theory of relativity
|-
|Easter Rising
|(April 24-30, 1916) Irishmen seeking independence from Britain captured key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic; British suppressed this and executed its leaders
|-
|Irish Republic
|(1919) established through the efforts of its leader, Michael Collins (1890-1922), who was then killed three years later during an Irish civil war
|-
|Northern Ireland
|divided between British Protestants and Irish Catholics, still under the control of the British
|-
|[[jazz]]
|music originating in New Orleans in the early 1900s, developing varied and complex styles; it consists of intricate, propulsive rhythms, polyphonic ensemble playing, improvisatory, virtuosic solos, melodic freedom, and a harmonic idiom.
|-
|globalism
|the opposite of “nationalism”; “globalism” views the world as one political unit, as one massive village
|-
|[[Gandhi]]
|spiritual Hindu leader who set out to win independence for India through peaceful civil disobedience
|-
|free trade
|trade (importing goods) without limitation between nations; it can cause losses in American jobs and an increase in illegal drugs shipped in from other nations
|-
|GATT
|(1947) stands for “General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,” in which western nations promoted free trade by first freezing tariffs (taxes on goods sent between nations), and later began reducing the tariffs
|-
|World Trade Organization
|(1995) WTO: most nations agreed to “free trade” and established international courts for handling disputes
|-
|NAFTA
|(1994) stands for “North American Free Trade Agreement,” which established free trade between Mexico, the United States, and Canada, and created international courts to resolve trade disputes
|-
|consumerism
|people becoming obsessed with buying more than what is healthy or necessary, with brand names (like McDonalds) becoming more familiar than important things like the Bible
|-
|Universal Declaration of Human Rights
|(1948) a United Nations declaration of basic human rights, including “life, liberty, and security of person”
|-
|[[Cold War]]
|(1945-1991) between the U.S., its allies and the communist Soviet Union, consisting of spying rather than actual fighting
|-
|[[Korean War]]
|(1950-1953) war between South Korea, supported by the U.S., and North Korea, supported by communists; ended in a stalemate after President Truman prevented General Douglas MacArthur from winning it by fighting the communist Chinese
|-
|Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
|(1960) “OPEC” is a cartel (monopoly by a group) formed by Middle Eastern and a few other nations to keep the price of oil by avoiding competition. In 2007, OPEC controlled about 2/3rds of the total oil market.
|-
|Berlin Wall
|a symbol of communism, this massive wall (with armed communist guards on top) was built in 1961 to stop the flow of people from communist East Germany to free West Germany
|-
|[[Pearl Harbor]]
|Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese launched a surprise attack on US navy fleet in Hawaii; Congress declared war on Japan and entered WWII
|-
|[[Korematsu v. United States]]
|(1944) Supreme Court decision upholding the forced removal of Japanese Americans to internment camps during WWII; the Court sided with the government, ruling that the exclusion order was constitutional
|-
|domino effect
|the expectation that when one nation fell to communism, then its neighboring nations became more likely to fall to communism too. This principle was the driving force behind US intervention against communism in Korea, Vietnam and perhaps Chile.
|-
|Ho Chi Minh
|a communist, nationalist leader of North Vietnam who defeated the weakened Japanese there in 1945, obtained freedom from the French, and then sought to make South Vietnam communist too
|-
|Vietcong
|communist insurgents in South Vietnam in the 1960s, during the Vietnam War
|-
|Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
|August 1964: in response to mysterious gunshots fired at an American ship in the Gulf of Tonkin near North Vietnam, Congress authorized sending troops; Congress never formally declared war on North Vietnam, and this Resolution became the substitute
|-
|Vietnam War
|1964-1975: an unsuccessful attempt by the United States to prevent the fall of Vietnam to communism
|-
|Henry Kissinger
|an adviser who ran the foreign policies of U.S. Presidents Nixon and Ford, and who mishandled the Vietnam War to a humiliating conclusion for the U.S.
|-
|Pol Pot
|ruled Cambodia in 1975-1979 as the leader of the Khmer Rouge government; he abolished private property, money and religion, and caused many deaths
|-
|Zionism
|a movement beginning in the late 1800s to reestablish a Jewish state in Palestine in and around Jerusalem
|-
|Balfour Declaration
|1917: a statement calling for the creation of new Jewish and Palestinian states in the Middle East
|-
|Israel
|established by the United Nations in 1948, having a size slightly smaller than New Jersey
|-
|David Ben-Gurion
|1948: first prime minister of Israel
|-
|Arab-Israeli wars
|four major ones between 1948 and 1973 (1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973)
|-
|Six-Day War
|1967: Egypt’s ruler Nasser closed off the Gulf of Aqaba, which was the only access Israel had to the Red Sea, and Israel responded with massive air strikes against several Arab nations, including Egypt; Israel conquered Jerusalem, the West Bank, the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights.
|-
|Anwar Sadat
|succeeded Nasser as ruler of Egypt (1970-1981)
|-
|Yom Kippur War
|(October 1973) Egypt’s ruler Sadat launched a surprise attack on Israel on its holiest day, Yom Kippur. After suffering massive initial losses, the Israeli prime minister, Golda Meir, regained much of the lost territory.
|-
|Camp David Accords
|1979: President Jimmy Carter brokered a peace agreement between Egypt and Israel, whereby Egypt agreed to recognize Israel in exchange for receiving return of the Sinai Peninsula.
|-
|Yasser Arafat
|founder of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964, which demanded a Palestinian state in the area of Jerusalem and rejected the right of Israel to exist.
|-
|intifada
|1987: PLO instituted a campaign of persistent violence called whereby common citizens and even children threw stones at Israelis and committed additional violence.
|-
|Declaration of Principles
|1993: secret talks between Israeli leaders and the PLO in Oslo, resulting in a promise of self-rule to the Palestinians over the Gaza Strip and West Bank
|-
|Benjamin Netanyahu
|current leader of conservatives in Israel who is its current Prime Minister in 2011
|-
|Mikhail Gorbachev
|rose to power in the Soviet Union in mid-1980s and allowed “glasnost” or openness, and “perestroika”, which permitted some economic freedoms, until he resigned on Christmas Day of 1991 after losing to Boris Yeltsin
|-
|Lithuania
|annexed to the Soviet Union in 1940 but became independent in March 1990 as the Soviet Union fell apart with the overthrow of communism
|-
|Boris Yeltsin
|the popular mayor of Moscow who courageously challenged the communists in Russia and defeated them in June 1991 to become president of a new Russian Republic; he ended price controls and cut taxes; churches opened and the people of Leningrad changed its name back to St. Petersburg.
|-
|Commonwealth of Independent States
|the successor to the Soviet Union; most of its nations (including Russia) joined, except for the Baltic republics and Georgia
|-
|Chechnya
|Muslim-dominated region in southwest Russia, which declared its independence from Russia in 1991, leading to a bloody war
|-
|John Paul II
|(reigned 1978-2005) the first Polish pope of the Catholic Church, who then opposed communism especially in his homeland of Poland
|-
|Lech Walesa
|a leader against communism in Poland, who led his political party Solidarity to power once free elections were held in April 1989
|-
|Hungary
|attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow communism in 1956 (the Soviet Union invaded to suppress the revolt), but Hungarians overthrew communism in October 1989
|-
|East Germany
|an atheistic, communistic nation until demonstrations broke out in October 1989, which not even its ruthless dictator Erich Honecker could control; he resigned and his successor opened the Berlin Wall in November 1989, whereupon the people tore the wall down
|-
|Czechoslovakia
|combination of diverse ethnic groups formed in 1919 out of the old Austria-Hungarian empire to promote [[Woodrow Wilson|Woodrow Wilson's]] "self-determination" principle, until Hitler invaded it in 1938; after WWII it was a communist-controlled nation until demonstrations forced its Communist Party leader to resign in November 1989; in 1993, the Czechoslovakia split along ethnic lines to form Slovakia and the Czech Republic
|-
|Romania
|Eastern European nation ruled by communist dictators from the end of WWII until overthrown by massive demonstrations in December 1989
|-
|Nicolae Ceausescu
|communist dictator of Romania from 1965 to Christmas Day 1989; unlike most communists, Ceausescu was pro-life and he prohibited abortion
|-
|Yugoslavia
|ruled by the communist Marshall Tito (1945-1980), who enjoyed some independence from the Soviet Union; Tito was succeeded in power by the Serbian Slobodan Milosevic, which caused Slovenia and Croatia to seek independence due to their different ethnicity
|-
|Kosovo War
|fighting in Croatia between the Serbs and the Croats; the U.S. and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) intervened in 1999 and drove the Serbian Milosevic from power
|-
|Ronald Reagan
|(1981-1989) conservative U.S. president who cut taxes, helped defeat communism in the Soviet Union, and proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
|-
|Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
|(1980s) also known as “Star Wars,” Reagan proposed developing advantaged technology to intercept and destroy fast-moving missiles that might be launched against the U.S.
|-
|Chairman Mao Zedong
|(ruled 1949-1976) the ruthless dictator who founded communist China and then starved tens of millions to death; in 1965 he imposed the "Cultural Revolution" to senselessly eliminate people who were achievers
|-
|Tiananmen Square
|(June 4, 1989) communist China used tanks to massacre hundreds of peaceful Chinese protesters who sought greater democracy
|-
|Hong Kong
|was a colony of Great Britain until July 1, 1997, when Britain's lease expired and it returned this colony to China, which promised to allow Hong Kong to remain capitalistic for another 50 years
|-
|9-11
|September 11, 2001) 19 Muslims, most from Saudi Arabia, hijacked American airplanes and flew one into each tower of the World Trade Center, a third into the Pentagon, and a fourth crashed in Pennsylvania as the passengers attempted to retake control of the plane from the terrorists.
|-
|Modern Era
|can mean since 1789 (The French Revolution) or since 1900
|}
|-
|[[Emilio Aguinaldo]]
|Led a rebellion against the U.S. to establish freedom in the Philippines in 1899.
|-
|[[Emiliano Zapata]]
|Cowboy who helped lead the Mexican Revolution.
|-
|[[Endlosung]]
|The arranged execution of the Jewish people, throughout Germany, in brutal sites called "concentration camps." The Endlosung is also commonly known as Hitler's "Final Solution."
|-
|[[Guillotine]]
|The guillotine was invented by Dr. Joseph Guillotine. It has a heavy blade that is lifted up and then dropped onto the execution victim to severe their head. During the Reign of Terror, the guillotine was the main form of execution.
|-
|[[Franz Kafka]]
|a troubled author who wrote several classic stories about being persecuted or harmed unfairly, including The Trial (1916) and The Metamorphosis (1915).
|-
|[[National Security Agency]]
|A branch of the U.S. government staffed by mathematicians; the agency seeks for better ways to secure American communications against the interception of enemies. They also develop ways to decode the secret messages of enemies.
|-
|[[Manchuria]]
|A region in northeast China which was conquered by Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War. After being invaded by Japan in 1931, Manchuria was renamed Manchukuo. The charge into Manchuria began the Asian period of World War II.
|-
|[[Muhammad Ali Pasha]]
|(1769-1849) Albanian commander in the Ottoman army; regarded as the founder of modern Egypt.
|-
|[[Standing army]]
|Army in peacetime, which became popular among nationalistic countries beginning in the 1900s
|-
|[[Automobile]]
|a passenger vehicle designed for operation on ordinary roads and typically having four wheels and a gasoline or diesel internal-combustion engine.
|-
|[[Henry Ford]]
|United States automobile manufacturer, and founder of Ford.
|-
|[[Pearl Harbor]]
|a harbor near Honolulu, in Hawaii: surprise attack by Japan on the U.S. naval base and other military installations December 7, 1941.
|-
|[[Adolf Hitler]]
|German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)
|-
|[[opium]]
|an addictive, deadly drug that the British empire sent in large amounts to China, which caused the great Taiping Rebellion against the British
|-
|[[Little Boy]]
|When given the green light by U.S. president Harry S. Truman, the 9,700 pound atom bomb called "Little Boy" was dropped from 31,000 feet and detonated at an altitude of 1,968 feet over the Japanese city Hiroshima. It was the first atom bomb to be used in war.
|-
|[[M1 Garand]]
|One of the most influential American firearms in history, firing a .30 Cal bullet. These were the primary weapons in both World War 2 and the Korean War.
|-
|[[Cotton]]
|Cotton is a natural fiber used in clothing. It comes from the seed of the cotton plant. People have grown cotton since 3000 B.C. and traded it for other goods.
|-
|[[slavery]]
|the state or condition of being a slave; a civil relationship whereby one person has absolute power over another and controls his life, liberty, and fortune
|-
|factors of production
|Inputs used by companies to produce goods. Basic models of production have two input factors, labor and capital.
|-
|Corsica
|Became one of the 27 regions of France in 1769. The birthplace of Napoleon Bonaparte.
|-
|Guy Fawkes
|A conspirator against the English throne who belonged to a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605.
|-
|Gregor Mendel
|Father of Modern Genetics. As an Augustinian monk, Mendel studied Pea inheritance and interpreted his results to shape genetics till this day with his laws of Segregation and Independent assortment.
|-
|Sigmund Freud
|Father of Modern Psychiatry. Arguably a pseudoscientist, with heavy focus on Ego and Eros. Famous for invention of the "Oedipus Complex" which is arguably a reflection of his troubled personal life.
|-
|[[Charles Spurgeon]]
|Charles Spurgeon was a Minister in England who taught that faith without works is dead and that people should try to help the poor.
|-
|Columbian Exchange
|plants and animals were brought from colonial America to Europe and vice-versa; Columbus brought from Europe to America wheat, melons, onions, grapes, sugar cane and horses. America had new fruits and vegetables, the white potato, peanuts, pumpkins, squash and chili peppers, which were then exported from America back to Europe.
|-
|[[Thomas Malthus]]
|Thomas Malthus was a British economist. He believed that exponential population growth, coupled with geometric advances in food production would mean that the world economy was inevitable going to collapse and fail. His vision did not take into account advances in technology and a slowing of the world population growth. Malthusian fears are also prevalent amongst liberal peak oil alarmism.
|-
|[[Battle of the Somme]]
|This battle started with the British and French meeting at the Somme River to begin an attack on the Germans to distract them from Verdun. The Allies bombed the Germans lines then sent 200,000 troops to storm them. The Germans were prepared for the attack and the losses were great. The British lost 20,000 men and had 40,000 wounded. The British and the French lost nearly 750,000 men.
|-
|[[Third Battle of Ypres]]
|The British hid 19 huge land mines under the German lines in southeast Ypres, Belgium over a 18 month period. The British detonated the mines and charged the lines in July 1917. The British plan worked for the beginning stages but soon failed because they did not pursue the Germans quick enough. Soon it rained the wettest fall season in years and the allies were literally stuck in the mud.
|-
|[[Communist League]]
|the first Marxist international organization. It was founded originally as the League of the Just by German workers in Paris in 1834.
|-
|[[Robert Owen]]
|(1771-1858) Welsh industrialist and philosopher, he was a leading supporter of the "Utopian Socialism” and he introduced better working conditions to his own cotton mills in Scotland.
|-
|[[Jeremy Bentham]]
|(1748-1832) Was a philosopher and lawyer who believed in individual and economic freedom.
|-
|[[Charles Fourier]]
|(1772-1837) In France, was the leader of the utopian socialists. He also believed that industrialism was a passing phase, and wanted to elevate the status of manual laborers.
|-
|[[St. Helena]]
|A British island used as a place of exile, the most notable prisoner was Napoleon.
|-
|encomiendas
|beginning in 1503: a Spanish system whereby a Spanish soldier (or colonist) received a section of land from the king along with the Indians who lived there as slave labor
|-
|repartimientos
|1575: after complaints about the encomiendas by a Spanish monk named Bartholomew de Las Casas, repartimientos was a new Spanish system that supposedly improved conditions for workers, and required paying them
|-
|locomotive
|developed in the early 1800s; it allowed man for the first time in history to travel faster than on horseback
|-
|Andreas Vesalius
|(1514-64) a Renaissance physician who advanced the understanding of anatomy for physicians
|-
|William Harvey
|(1578–1657) an English physician who first understood the circulation of blood in the body
|-
|[[Francis Bacon]]
|(1561–1626) an English philosopher/scientist who promoted research based on experimentation. Famously wrote the ''Novum Organum'' (the New Method) which argued that the only road to knowledge was through empiricism. It has been conjectured that he wrote some or all of Shakespeare's plays, although this is no longer regarded as credible by many scholars.
|-
|[[Nationalsozialismus]]
|The political fascists in Germany. Nazi for short.
|-
|[[Marian Rejewski]]
|Polish mathematician who first broke the German Enigma code in 1932
|-
|other free trade agreements in the Americas
|Latin American Free Trade Agreement (LAFTA, formed in 1961), and replaced in 1981 by the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI); the South American Common Market (Mercosur) which has Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela as members; and a recently enacted Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) which the United States joined.
|-
|Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
|(1967) free trade group founded by Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines to combat communism; ASEAN later signed trade agreements with Japan (1977) and the European Community (1980)
|-
|McDonaldization
|when American advertising (as in the case of McDonalds) has an influence on the world culture, causing distant children (like Chinese) to repeat a McDonald’s slogan they heard on television
|-
|[[Rheinische Zeitung]]
|the newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for when he lived in Cologne
|-
|Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty
|(1987) an agreement between the U.S. and Soviet Union to ban missiles having ranges of 300 to 3,400 miles
|-
|[[New Orleans]]
|a port in SE Louisiana, on the Mississippi River, about 172 km (107 miles) from the sea: the largest city in the state and the second most important port in the US; founded by the French in 1718; belonged to Spain (1763--1803). It is largely below sea level, built around the Vieux Carré (French quarter); famous for its annual Mardi Gras festival and for its part in the history of jazz; a major commercial, industrial, and transportation center.
|-
|[[Fat Man]]
|When the Japanese refused to surrender after experiencing the first atom bomb, this 10,213 pound atom bomb was dropped and detonated on the Japanese city Nagasaki. Its blast yielded 21 kilotons of TNT or 75 million sticks of dynamite. It was the second atom bomb to be used in war.
|-
|[[Enola Gay]]
|A Boeing B-29 Superfortress piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbets that on August 6, 1945 dropped "Little Boy", the first atom bomb, on the Japanese city Hiroshima.
|-
|[[Woodrow Wilson]]
|(1856-1924) American President who led us into World War I, secured the formation of the League of Nations, and at one point persuaded Congress to declare war on Germany in 1917
|-
|[[Heil Hitler]]
|The special salute that is used to show complete devotion to the national leader (Hitler)
|-
|[[Swastika]]
|Symbol used for the purpose of mind control in Germany. Used by the Nazi in World War II. Originally from Hinduism it's true name is Sanskrit.
|-
|[[Ultra]]
|Allied effort to break Germany's secret code (the Enigma); said by General Eisenhower to have been decisive to their victory over Germany
|-
|Ngo Dinh Diem
|An unpopular leader of the free South Vietnam until 1963, when he was overthrown by generals who had been supported by the U.S.
|-
|Vietnamization
|U.S. President Nixon’s policy for slowly withdrawing American troops from South Vietnam, hoping that the South Vietnamese would do more themselves in fighting communism.
|-
|The Four Tigers
|the prosperous Pacific Rim nations of [[South Korea]], [[Taiwan]], [[Singapore]] and [[Hong Kong]] (Hong Kong is now part of communist China but is allowed to remain free until at least the middle of the 21st century)
|-
|Deng Xiaoping
|(ruled 1978-1997) dictator of communist China who was more friendly to capitalism and the West, and began a program called the Four Modernizations
|-
|Jiang Zemin
|Communist China dictator who succeeded Deng when he died in 1997. Jiang refused to improve China’s record on human rights, and Christianity and democracy remain suppressed there; China has armed itself in preparation for a war with the U.S., pointing nuclear missiles at California
|-
|Bloody Sunday
|(1972) Irish held a peaceful march for freedom in Derry, Northern Ireland, but British soldiers responded by shooting and killing some of them, including children; the British never punished those responsible and a popular song by the group U2 commemorates the tragedy
|-
|[[First Battle of Marne]]
|(Sept. 6-12, 1914), massive conflict in WWI which halted the German efforts to capture France, and forced the Germans to fight a two-front war; French losses were horrific: 250,000 deaths
|-
|[[Gallipoli Campaign]]
|(April 1915) Allied forces landed on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli, but were not prepared for the terrain or their tough opponents; unsuccessful, the Allies retreated after massive losses
|}
[[Category:World History lectures]]

World History Study Guide from 1648

2011-12-06T21:54:30Z

Wh:

This is the growing list of study terms for [[World History Lectures|World history]], from 1648 (the same midpoint used by the [[CLEP]] exams) to the present. This list will also include history in the century or so prior to 1648 which is not included in [[World History Study Guide to 1648]].

As of Dec. 4th this list has about 289 terms, and it should grow to about 300 terms by Dec. 7th. ''A final exam on this material will be given on December 15, 2011''.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Term
!Definition
|-
|[[Age of Exploration]]
|(1450-1650) a time period when European nation-states (mainly England, France, Portugal and Spain) explored distant lands, including the American continents
|-
|American Revolution
|a revolution against the British in the American Colonies beginning in 1776 with the American Declaration of Independence, caused by over-taxation by England; the Patriots won with the help of the French, and the Treaty of Paris (1783) ended this war
|-
|[[balance of power]]
|first established by Europeon nations after the final defeat of Napoleon: alliances called the Concert of Europe required nations to assist each other in order to defeat any one nation that became too powerful and started invading others
|-
|[[Bastille Day]]
|(July 14, 1789) when French peasants invaded the huge Bastille prison in Paris, freeing political prisoners. This started the Great Fear, with riots breaking out every day and peasants burning wealthy homes
|-
|[[Big Bang]]
|a scientific theory, initially ridiculed before being accepted by many physicists, that the universe had a unique creation rather than having existed forever
|-
|[[Niels Bohr]]
|a Danish physicist in the early 1900s who discovered the atomic structure and helped develop quantum mechanics
|-
|[[Georges Danton|Georges Jacques Danton]]
|(1759–1794) a Jacobin during the French Revolution who joined and fully supported it until he saw the reign of terror and started to change his mind; then he was executed
|-
|[[caravel]]
|a miniature, highly maneuverable, lightweight ship developed by the Portuguese, which was often used to carry cargo
|-
|[[Charles Darwin]]
|(1809-1882) English naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution: that all species had evolved into complex forms of life over millions of years through the process of "natural selection," or "survival of the fittest"
|-
|[[Charles Dickens]]
|(1812-1870) Greatest English novelist of the Victorian period, who sympathized with the poor and invented colorful characters like "Scrooge"
|-
|[[Christopher Columbus]]
|(1451-1506) Italian explorer funded by Spain to sail in four voyages across the Atlantic ocean in search for a trade route to India; he discovered the "New World" by reaching the Caribbean
|-
|[[David Ricardo]]
|(1772-1823) a classical British economist who advocated the advantages of more trade between nations
|-
|[[David Livingstone]]
|Scotsman who explored central Africa in the late 1860s to find the source of the Nile
|-
|[[Albert Einstein]]
|(1879-1955) physicist best known for his work on the theory of relativity.
|-
|[[England]]
|an imperialistic nation-state based in the British isles off the western coast of Europe; ir established the largest non-contiguous empire in history in the late 1800s but is much weaker than the U.S. today
|-
|[[Expressionism]]
|style of art that arose in the 20th century, using distorted forms and bold colors
|-
|[[Forbidden City]]
|imperial palace located in Beijing, China, which was used by twenty-four emperors during the Ming and Qing dynasties; the public was kept out for 500 years
|-
|[[Glorious Revolution]]
|revolution that took place in England in 1688, which replaced the Catholic King James II with the Anglican King and Queen, William and Mary.
|-
|[[Great Depression]]
|a worldwide economic crisis in the 1930s when poverty struck most of the world
|-
|[[imperialism]]
|the practice of one strong nation controlling another weaker nation, territory, or a group of people; types of imperialism (from strongest to weakest) are: colonization, protectorates, spheres of influence, and economic
|-
|[[Impressionism]]
|a type of painting that didn't focus on detail, but on the feeling and impressions
|-
|[[The Enlightenment]]
|a philosophical movement in Europe in the 1700s that challenged traditional views and preferred reason over faith; thinkers included Rousseau, Voltaire, Hume, Kant, Jefferson, Locke, and Diderot.
|-
|[[James Stuart]]
|cousin of Queen Elizabeth who took over the English throne as James I and authorized the King James Version of the Bible; unlike Queen Elizabeth, King James I argued often with Parliament
|-
|[[jazz]]
|music originating in New Orleans in the early 1900s, developing varied and complex styles; it consists of intricate, propulsive rhythms, polyphonic ensemble playing, improvisatory, virtuosic solos, melodic freedom, and a harmonic idiom.
|-
|[[John Locke]]
|(1632-1704) English philosopher during the Enlightenment who created the idea of a "social contract" between the people and their government, which became the philosophical basis of rebellion in England and the American Revolution when people felt that government had broken this contract
|-
|[[Louisiana Purchase]]
|land sold by Napoleon to the U.S. for a low price in 1803, stretching from Lousiana to the Northwest
|-
|[[Isaac Newton]]
|(1643-1727) the English physicist who, inspired by daily readings of the Bible, developed calculus and discovered the invisible force of gravity
|-
|[[Voltaire]]
|(1694-1778) French philosopher prominent in the Enlightment, favoring '''''absolute''''' freedom and supporting ideas that led to French Revolution
|-
|[[nation-state]]
|(beginning in the 1400s) a single country comprised of people unified in language and culture, such as England, France, Spain and, much later, Germany
|-
|[[Marie Antoinette]]
|wife of Louis XVI during the French Revolution, who reportedly said, "Let them eat cake!" upon hearing of the shortage of bread
|-
|[[monarch]]
|A person who reigns over a kingdom or empire. He may be above the law (''absolute monarch'') or subject to it (''constitutional monarchy''). The position is generally inherited
|-
|Louis XIV
|(ruled 1643-1715) an absolute (all-powerful) monarch of France who said, “L’etat c’est moi!” (“I am the state”)
|-
|divine right of kings
|belief they were given power by God and responsible to God alone, which lasted until religious conflict in England in the 1600s and the French Revolution in the late 1700s
|-
|Philip II
|(reigned 1556-1598) King of Spain who was the great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand; he kept Spain Catholic, and viewed Elizabeth I of England as his main rival, but his mighty Spanish Armada was crushed by a quicker English fleet in 1588.
|-
|William of Orange
|(1579) led the Netherlands in a revolt against their Spanish masters; this (along with the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the British) weakened Spanish power
|-
|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
|(1923) created the modern state of Turkey, with a combination of military rule and an elected Parliament; also converted the Arabic language to a modern, Latin-style alphabet
|-
|[[opium]]
|a harmful, addictive drug that the British sent in large amounts to China, which was a cause of the great Taiping Rebellion.
|-
|[[capitalism]]
|An economic system that private companies own all capital goods and sell them at a competitive price. This system is almost always successful until excessive government prevails.
|-
|[[Columbian Exchange]]
|The trade of plants and animals from America to Europe; Europe to America. This was put into action some time after Columbus discovered America in 1492.
|-
|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]
|(1473-1543) a Polish Catholic scientist who started the "Scientific Revolution" with his discovery that the Earth revolves around the Sun, and published his discovery in a book at the end of this life ("On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres")
|-
|[[Hernando Cortes]]
|aided by superior weapons and horses, he led the Spanish conquest of Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec empire, capturing the Aztec ruler known as Montezuma; Cortex burned the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan and built Mexico City in its place
|-
|Francisco Pizzaro
|also aided by the use of horses and superior weapons, he led the Spanish conquest of Peru, eventually killing their emperor, Atahualpa; Pizzaro destroyed the ancient Peruvian city of Cuzco, and replaced with the city of Lima. While in Peru, Pizzaro also discovered the greatest silver mine in the Americas.
|-
|encomiendas
|beginning in 1503: Spanish system whereby a Spanish soldier (or colonist) received a section of land from the king along with the Indians or South American residents, who would then work the land for the soldier similar to slavery.
|-
|repartimientos
|1575: after complaints about the encomiendas by a Spanish monk named Bartholomew de Las Casas, a new Spanish system of repartimientos replaced it by supposedly limiting the amount of labor and requiring payment to the workers, and also requiring an application for approval by the king
|-
|[[Rasputin]]
|Peasant-turned-monk that was the only person who could heal Czar Nicholas II's son from his hemophilia.
|-
|[[John Cabot]]
|1497-1498: a British explorer (who had been born in Genoa, Italy, like Columbus) who discovered Newfoundland and the New England coast, so that land became the property of England
|-
|Jacques Cartier
|1534, 1541: French explorer who discovered Canada and the Mississippi Basin, including Louisiana; the lack of gold and silver in North America made it less interesting to Europeans than South America
|-
|[[Tsar|Czar]] (Tsar)
|Absolute emperor of Russia since the 1500's, the first being Ivan IV "The Terrible."
|-
|[[Neo-Confucianism]]
|More of a philosophy than a religion, Neo-Confucianism is a combination of Confucianism and Buddhism, and was the primary practice of the Chinese nation in the 1600's.
|-
|[[Reign of Terror]]
|Started after the execution of Louis XVI when Maximilian Robespierre guillotined numerous alleged enemies, including Marie Antoinette, and ended with his death (1794); a time of terrifying chaos when anyone could be killed for no reason
|-
|[[Robert Fulton]]
|American engineer and inventor who created the first commerical steamboat service in 1807.
|-
|[[Napoleon]]
|(lived 1769-1821) Dictator of France after the French Revolution; signed peace treaties with major European enemies, created a successful system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code, and conquered much of continental Europe; defeated at Battle of Waterloo
|-
|[[Battle of Waterloo]]
|1815 Marked the end of Napoleon's reign in France when he was defeated by Prussia and Great Britain
|-
|[[Bernhard Riemann]]
|(1826-1866) an influential German mathematician who made lasting contributions to differential geometry and analysis, some of which provided a foundation 40 years later for the theory of general relativity in physics.
|-
|[[Congress of Vienna]]
|1815: convention of European nations proposing a balance of powers among the rival nations to ensure than no single nation could threaten the others as Napolean had just done
|-
|[[Concert of Europe]]
|established during the Congress of Vienna; alliances between the nations requiring assistance of each other if war broke out, protecting against any revolutions or invasion; adopted changes including the legitimacy of monarchies and growing nationalism in Europe
|-
|[[Constitution of the United States]]
|(1787) the oldest working constitution in the world, which established a masterful design for government
|-
|[[Cotton]]
|Cotton is a natural fiber used in clothing. It comes from the seed of the cotton plant. People have grown cotton since 3000 B.C. and traded it for other goods.
|-
|[[David Hume]]
|(1711-1776) a Scottish philosopher who promoted materialism and naturalism rather than Christianity, which later influenced Charles Darwin; Hume wrote "A Treatise on Human Nature" and believed in relativism rather than absolute truth
|-
|Declaration of Independence
|(1776) an American statement of "inalienable" (God-given) rights, and asserting a right of the people break their "social contract" with a ruler (a king) when he violates those rights, such as the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
|-
|Edmund Burke
|(1729-1797) a conservative Irish statesman in the British parliament who sided with the American colonies in the period leading up to the American Revolution, coined the phrase "salutary neglect" to support economic growth in the colonies, and criticized the French Revolution when most others were praising it
|-
|The Federalist Papers
|(1788) Brilliant essays encouraging ratification of the U.S. Constitution, written mostly by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison
|-
|[[Gandhi]]
|Spiritual leader who set out to win independence for India through peaceful civil disobedience.
|-
|Immanuel Kant
|(1724-1804) a leading German philosopher, Kant felt that behavior is moral only if it would work as a rule if everyone did it (e.g., littering is immoral for one person to do it, because it wouldn't work if everyone did it); Kant's book "A Critique of Pure Reason" criticized the use of pure reason to determine morality
|-
|Industrial Revolution
|technology-driven changes in society that began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the replacement of hand tools with power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and a shift from farming to factories for many workers
|-
|James Clerk Maxwell
|(1831-1879)British physicist. Maxwell is ranked as the foremost physical scientist of the 19th century. His greatest achievement was the synthesis of the contributions of Faraday, Gauss, and Ampère into a single coherent electromagnetic theory. Of his several academic appointments the most important was the post of professor of experimental physics at Cambridge. He made contributions of fundamental importance to many branches of physics. The maxwell, a unit of magnetic flux, was named in his honor.
|-
|Johann Sebastian Bach
|1685-1750 German composer famous for Fugues, Inventions, English Suites and Passion according to St. Matthew.
|-
|Louis Pasteur
|1822–95,French chemist and bacteriologist who founded microbiology invented pasteurization, and discovered vaccinations for anthrax, rabies, and chicken cholera.
|-
|[[Louis XVI]]
|Louis XVI was the king of France from 1774 to October 1792. On August tenth during the French Revolution he was arrested. He was tried and found guilt of high treason. He was then executed by the guillotine on 21 January 1793.
|-
|[[Matthew Perry]]
|Helped to break the isolation of Japan by sailing into Edo harbor and helped the Treaty of Kanagawa to be signed in 1854.
|-
|[[slavery]]
|the state or condition of being a slave; a civil relationship whereby one person has absolute power over another and controls his life, liberty, and fortune
|-
|Realism
|the doctrine that universals have a real objective existence
|-
|Steamboat
|A steamboat is a waterborne ship powered by a steam engine. Historically, the steam was produced by burning coal (or less often, wood), although modern steamboats tend to use more portable fuels such as diesel gasoline.
|-
|Economies of scale
|The decrease in a firm's long-run average costs as the size of its production increases.
|-
|Enclosure movement
|Early 1700's during the industrial revolution in England.. Wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, benefiting from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land.
|-
|Adam Smith
|(1723-1790) a Scottish political economist who wrote a book with his idea about how the "invisible hand" of capitalism will create wealth and prosperity, in the "Wealth of Nations" (1776)
|-
|Factors of production
|Inputs used by companies to produce goods. Basic models of production have two input factors, labor and capital.
|-
|Oliver Cromwell
|(1599-1658) Was an English soldier, statesman, and leader of the Puritan revolution.
|-
|Queen Elizabeth
|(1558-1603) was known as the "Virgin Queen" of England and her 45-year reign was the “Elizabethan Age”; Virginia was named in her honor
|-
|Victor Hugo
|(1802-1885) Is considered one of the greatest Romanticist poets. He was a French man who wrote the classics Cromwell (1827), The Hunchback of Notre Dame of Paris (1831) and Les Miserables (1862).
|-
|[[William Prynne]]
|(1600 – 24 October 1669) Was an english lawyer, author, political figure and prominent Puritan.
|-
|[[Maximilian Robespierre]]
|(1758-1794) a French Jacobin who was most responsible for reign of terror; under the influence of the work of Rousseau, Robespierre unbendingly murdered moderates and all opponents, and was eventually killed by the guillotine himself in 1794.
|-
|French Revolution
|The French Revolution started in 1789 with the storm of the Bastille prison. The Revolution included the capture and beheading of King Louis XVI, and the Reign of Terror by Maximilien de Robespierre which ended in 1794 with Robespierre's death.
|-
|Prince Henry the Navigator
|founded the School of Navigation in Portugal in 1419, to train sailors to explore the West African coast with a goal of eventually finding sea routes to India
|-
|Bartholomew Diaz
|a Portuguese navigator who sailed around the southern tip of Africa (the Cape of Good Hope) in 1487 to establish a sea route to India
|-
|[[Ferdinand and Isabella]]
|Ferdinand and Isabella were the king and queen of Spain in the late fifteenth century A.D. They were patrons of Christopher Columbus. After reconquering the small Moorish Kingdom of Granada, they established the Spanish Inquisition (1478) and expelled the Jews and Muslims from Spain in 1492.
|-
|William and Mary
|William III (1650-1702 A.D.) was the king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1682 to 1702 A.D..They both founded the college of William and Mary in 1693. He ruled along with Queen Mary II (1662-1694 A.D.) until she died. William continued to rule until his death in 1702.
|-
|Reconquista
|(AD 722-1492) Was the regaining by Christians of Spain and Portugal, which had been under Muslim control.
|-
|Treaty of Tordesillas
|1494: established an 1100-mile long "Line of Demarcation," giving one side to Portugal and the other side to Spain for controlling the New World (Western Hemisphere)
|-
|Line of Demarcation
|a north-to-south line giving Portugal trading rights in India, China, the East Indies, East Brazil and the Spanish Americas, and giving Spain control of the remaining, vast majority of the Americas.
|-
|Ferdinand Magellan
|1519-1522: led the first successful voyage to go around the world, going around the southern tip of South America. Magellan himself was killed by Philippine natives prior to completing the last leg of the journey.
|-
|Results of Magellan's voyage
|Spain gained control of many South American territories, including Peru; Spain also obtained control over the Philippines in the Far East.
|-
|[[Otto von Bismarck]]
|(1815-1898) Was the minister president of Prussia (1862-71), and the first chancellor of the German Empire (1871-90). Known as the "Iron Chancellor," he was a very skilled statesman and diplomat who unified Germany as a nation in the 1860s and arranged for wars against other nations (first against Denmark, then against Austria and finally against France) in order to help unify the German people against outside enemies.
|-
|[[Napoleon III]]
|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the President of the French Second Republic and as Napoleon III, the ruler of the Second French Empire.
|-
|First French Empire
|(1804-1814/1815) Was the empire of Napoleon I of France, and was a dominant power of most of continental Europe during the early 19th century.
|-
|Second French Empire
|Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic in France.
|-
|George Washington
|(1732-1799) first President of the United States (1789-1797) and Commander In Chief of the Continental Army. He was the dominant military and political leader of the new United States of America from 1775-1797, leading the American victory over Britain in the American Revolution and was the unanimous choice to serve as President. He voluntarily stepped down from office in 1796.
|-
|[[United Kingdom]]
|The term "United Kingdom" refers to the combination of "Great Britain" and "Northern Ireland" which is part of the island of Ireland.
|-
|[[Luddites]]
| A social movement in England that rioted and protested against the changes of the Industrial Revolution.
|-
|[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]
|(1770-1827) revolutionized instrumental music and took it to new heights never thought possible. Beethoven became totally deaf at the age of forty. He wrote most of his best music while he was total deaf.
|-
|King Henry VIII
|(lived 1491-1547, reigned beginning in 1509) Founded the Church of England (the Anglican Church)
|-
|France
|A nation-state in Europe that was ruled by a monarch until the French Revolution.
|-
|Prussia
|a very militaristic nation-state in Europe in part of the area where Germany is today
|-
|Corsica
|Became one of the 27 regions of France in 1769. The birthplace of Napoleon Bonaparte.
|-
|The Communist Manifesto
|Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848. It inspired citizens across the world to partake in revolutions against seemingly unjust behavior.It lays the foundation for Marxist thinking, teaching that class struggles are the origin of all progress in society.
|-
|Sun Yixian
|Also known as Sun Yat-sen, he was the leader of the Kuomintang or nationalist Party that overthrew the Qing Dynasty of China. He also became the first leader of the former Republic of China.
|-
|Divine Right of Kings
|European doctrine that held that the authority of kings came from God.
|-
|Virginia Declaration of Rights
|A declaration of rights made by the representatives of the people of Virginia on June 7, 1776 written by George Mason.This later influenced the writting of the Declaration of Independance.
|-
|Guy Fawkes
|A conspirator against the English throne who belonged to a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605.
|-
|[[Utilitarianism]]
|proposed by Englishmen Jeremy Bentham and advocated by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), this non-Christian concept prefers overall "utility" (overall benefits minus costs) rather than individual justice. Tossing two people overboard in a lifeboat in order to save the other ten is an example.
|-
|[[John Stuart Mill]]
|(1806-1873) British philosopher and last of the English classical economists; proponent of utilitarianism and also advocated the development of labor unions and farm cooperatives, as well as emancipation by women
|-
|[[Nationalism]]
|when loyalty by a people to their nation becomes part of their identity; began in the late 1700s, around the same time as Romanticism, and later led to aggression by Germany and Japan in the 20th century.
|-
|[[Realpolitik]]
|Concept invented by Otto von Bismarck that emphasized practical politics rather than philosophy
|-
|[[Laissez-faire]]
|Approach in economics in which transactions between private parties are free from state and government intervention
|-
|Handel
|George Frederick Handel was a German composer, resident in England, and noted particularly for his oratorios, including the Messiah
|-
|Haydn
|1732--1809, Austrian composer who played a major part in establishing the classical forms of the symphony and the string quartet.
|-
|Mozart
|1756--91, Austrian composer. A child prodigy and prolific genius, his works include operas, such as The Marriage of Figaro (1786), Don Giovanni (1787), and The Magic Flute (1791), symphonies, concertos for piano, violin, clarinet, and French horn, string quartets and quintets, sonatas, songs, and Masses, such as the unfinished Requiem (1791).
|-
|Beethoven
|1770--1827, German composer, who greatly extended the form and scope of symphonic and chamber music, bridging the classical and romantic traditions. His works include nine symphonies, 32 piano sonatas, 16 string quartets, five piano concertos, a violin concerto, two masses, the opera Fidelio (1805), and choral music.
|-
|[[Nazi]]
|a member of the National Socialist German Workers' party of Germany, which in 1933, under Adolf Hitler, seized political control of the country, suppressing all opposition and establishing a dictatorship over all cultural, economic, and political activities of the people, and promulgated belief in the supremacy of Hitler as Führer, aggressive anti-Semitism, the natural supremacy of the German people, and the establishment of Germany by superior force as a dominant world power. The party was officially abolished in 1945 at the conclusion of World War II.
|-
|Gregor Mendel
|Father of Modern Genetics. As an Augustinian monk, Mendel studied Pea inheritance and interpreted his results to shape genetics till this day with his laws of Segregation and Independent assortment.
|-
|Sigmund Freud
|Father of Modern Psychiatry. Arguably a pseudoscientist, with heavy focus on Ego and Eros. Famous for invention of the "Oedipus Complex" which is arguably a reflection of his troubled personal life.
|-
|Classical Economics
|Mostly 19th century economics but also including 18th century Adam Smith, arguing for less government restriction on society.
|-
|[[Charles Spurgeon]]
|Charles Spurgeon was a Minister in England who taught that faith without works is dead and that people should try to help the poor.
|-
|[[Franco-Prussian War]]
|Otto von Bismarck started the Franco-Prussian War. He had an idea that if he enticed the French to attack Prussia that the German tribes around him would band together to defeat the opposition. The War lasted only six weeks.
|-
|[[Thomas Malthus]]
|Thomas Malthus was a British economist. He believed that the economy was inevitable going to collapse and fail.
|-
|Giuseppe Mazzini
|In Italy, a prominent nationalist, Giuseppe Mazzini, began to argue strongly for the unification of Italy as one nation. He formed the “Brotherhood of Young Italy” in 1831.
|-
|Belgium King Leopold II
|Leopold II (9 April 1835 – 17 December 1909) was the second king of the Belgians. He is chiefly remembered for being the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free state.
|-
|[[Manfred von Richtofen]]
|Better known as the "Red Baron" was (and still is) the most well known, and possibly the most admired dogfighting ace of all time.
At the end of his life, he had an impressive 80 kills. He was shot down, by an unknown person near the end of World War I, in 1918
|-
|Dual Alliance
|1879: Germany (led by Bismarck) with Austria-Hungary as a way of protecting those countries against possible aggression by France
|-
|Triple Alliance
|Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy; formed in 1882 to protect against French attacks; later became the Central Powers after Italy left and the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined
|-
|Triple Entente
|Great Britain, Russia, France; formed in 1907 against the Triple Alliance; later became the Allied Powers after Italy and Japan joined
|-
|Treaty of Versailles
|1919 Imposed limits on the size of the German army and its use of weapons and required Germany to pay reparations of $33 billion over a 30-year period; also took away some of its colonies and territories
|-
|Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
|1870-1924 Leader of the Communist Party who overthrew the Russian government; became leader of the Bolsheviks and ruled the Soviet Union, imposing a system of Marxism-Leninism which remained until the 1990s; also arranged for peace with Germany to end Russia's support of the Allies in the war in 1918
|-
|Bolsheviks
|After 1903, the more extreme Marxist group, as opposed to the Mensheviks, who wanted a sooner violent revolution; led by Lenin
|-
|quantum mechanics
|this breakthrough in physics in the early 20th century, used today by electronic technology: there is an underlying uncertainty in subatomic particles, such that they have probabilities of being in different places at the same time until they are observed
|-
|[[First Battle of Marne]]
|From September 6-12, 1914, the First Battle of Marne was a key conflict which halted the German efforts to capture France. This forced the Germans to fight a two front war. The French losses were horrific, 250,000. The German losses were similar.
|-
|[[Gallipoli Campaign]]
|Allied forces landed on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli in April 1915. The allies were not prepared for the terrain or there opponent. Nine months after the landing the allies had to retreat. They suffered 46,000 deaths among 250,000 casualties.
|-
|[[Battle of Verdun]]
|The French and the Germans fought perhaps one of the most demanding battles in history at the Battle of Verdun. The Germans initiated the battle by attacking the French city of Verdun. The battle lasted for ten months and at least 220,000 soldiers died and 480,000 were wounded in this struggle.
|-
|[[Battle of the Somme]]
|This battle started with the British and French meeting a the Somme River to begin an attack on the Germans to distract them from Verdun. The Allies bombed the Germans lines then sent 200,000 troops to storm them. The Germans were prepared for the attack and the losses were great. The British lost 20,000 men and had 40,000 wounded. The British and the French lost nearly 750,000 men.
|-
|[[Third Battle of Ypres]]
|The British hid 19 huge land mines under the German lines in southeast Ypres, Belgium over a 18 month period. The British detonated the mines and charged the lines in July 1917. The British plan worked for the beginning stages but soon failed because they did not pursue the Germans quick enough. Soon it rained the wettest fall season in years and the allies were literally stuck in the mud.
|-
|[[Communist League]]
|Was the first Marxist international organization. It was founded originally as the League of the Just by German workers in Paris in 1834.
|-
|[[Karl Marx]]
|(1818-1883) German philosopher who, in 1848 with F. Engels, wrote The Communist Manifesto. He predicted that the working class would overthrow the wealthy in a capitalistic society and that private property should be eliminated.
|-
|[[Friedrich Engels]]
|(1820-1895) German Philosopher whose father was a very wealthy industrialist. He wrote, with K. Marx, The Communist Manifesto. He supported Marx financially while Marx wrote Das Kapital.
|-
|[[Robert Owen]]
|(1771-1858) Welsh industrialist and philosopher, he was a leading supporter of the "Utopian Socialism” and he introduced better working conditions to his own cotton mills in Scotland.
|-
|[[Jeremy Bentham]]
|(1748-1832) Was a philosopher and lawyer who believed in individual and economic freedom.
|-
|[[Charles Fourier]]
|(1772-1837) In France, was the leader of the utopian socialists. He also believed that industrialism was a passing phase, and wanted to elevate the status of manual laborers.
|-
|[[St. Helena]]
|A British island used as a place of exile, the most notable prisoner was Napoleon.
|-
|Romanticism
|(1770-1870) a movement in poetry and the arts (including music) that emphasized individualism and the right to be different, reflecting an emphasis on thoughts and feelings, which coincided with numerous real revolutions like the French Revolution
|-
|Neoclassicism
|(1760-1850) paintings that emphasized clear linear design, using classical themes as subject matter
|-
|[[Johannes Kepler]]
|(1571-1630) a German Protestant scientist who built on Copernicus's work and discovered that planets orbited the sun in ellipses rather than circular orbits.
|-
|[[Galileo]]
|(1564-1642) a Catholic Italian astronomer, a contemporary of Kepler, who improved the design of the telescope but was punished by the Church for publishing Copernicus's theory and saying the Church approved it; the Church then banned Galileo's book ("Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World - Ptolemaic and Copernican," published in 1532)
|-
|mercantilism
|an economic system whereby a mother country (e.g., England) accumulates gold by exporting more goods than it imported, and by using her colonies (e.g., the America colonies) to ship it raw materials that could be manufactured and exported to other peoples
|-
|William Blackstone
|(1723-1780) the leading legal authority on English law, upon which American law is based; wrote the book ''The Rights of Englishmen'', in which he described the source of the rights of the people
|-
|Charles-Louis Baron de Montesquieu
|(1689-1755) a Frenchman who proposed the concept of separation of powers, and checks and balances, in government, which inspired key parts of the U.S. Constitutio; wrote a book, ''The Spirit of the Laws'', that explained essential aspects of good government
|-
|Denis Diderot
|(1713-1784) a French writer during the Enlightenment who edited an encyclopedia of scientific and social knowledge known simply as ''Encyclopedia'' (in French: ''Encyclopédie'')
|-
|Jean Jacques Rousseau
|(1712-1778) a Swiss-born political philosopher who criticized private property and laid the groundwork for future [[communist]] writers such as [[Karl Marx]]; Rousseau declared that government's goal should be to provide freedom, equality and justice, but this led to the French Revolution and hostility to churches
|-
|Gottfried [[Leibniz]]
|(1646-1716) a German Lutheran mathematician and philosopher who developed calculus independent of Isaac Newton, and whose Christian-based philosophy was opposed by Voltaire. It was Leibniz, not Newton, who first published the notation for the integral: <math>\int_a^b f(x)dx</math>
|-
|Treaty of Westphalia
|(1648) ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe, leaving a weaker Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, as well as Austria and Spain. Catholic France had sided with the winning Protestants in order to oppose the Holy Roman Empire, and France emerged strengthened and more unified as a result.
|-
|Thirty Years’ War
|(1618-1648) a religious conflict in Germany brought by Bohemian Protestants resisting against Hapsburg Catholics who were suppressing religious freedom; this war also engulfed Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Switzerland and The Holy Roman Empire in the conflict, before the Protestants (and Catholic France) won
|-
|Decline of the Holy Roman Empire
|weakened by the Ottoman Muslims, France, the Reformation, the growth of nation-states, and how the Italian and German cultures grew apart
|-
|Zulus
| A tribe of the Mthethwa African kingdoms of the late 1800's, and their most famous leader was Shaka. They were wiped out by the British in 1879.
|-
|locomotive
|developed in the early 1800s; it allowed man for the first time in history to travel faster than on horseback
|-
|King James Bible
|(1611) the magnificant English translation of the Bible, authorized by King James, which had a positive influence on the development of the English language itself
|-
|Jamestown settlement
|(1607) the first successful English settlement in the New World, in what is now Virginia
|-
|Vasco da Gama
|the first explorer to reach India by sailing eastward around Africa, between 1497 and 1499, with the help of the powerful monsoon winds. This established trade with India under the Portuguese King Manuel.
|-
|[[ The Central powers]]
|The enemies of the Allies in WWI, and they were Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman empire.
|-
|[[The Allies]]
| The Allies in WWI were Britain (her colonies), France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and in 1917, the United States, and in WWII the Allies were Britain, America, France, and Russia.
|-
|[[The Axis]]
| The Axis were the enemies of the Allies in WWII, and they were Nazi Germany, Italy (at the start of the war), and Japan.
|-
|Siege of Vienna
|1529: Christians Europeans defeated the Muslim Ottoman Turks
|-
|Battle of Lepanto
|1571: Christian Europeans defeated Muslim forces
|-
|9/11/1683, Gates of Vienna
|an alliance of Christian armies, led by the Polish King Jan III Sobieski, defeated a massive Muslim army
|-
|Seven Years’ War
|(1756-1763) France, Russia, Sweden, Poland and Austria were allied against Britain and Prussia, for control of Silesia, a region of Eastern Europe that is mostly part of Poland today. Britain and France also fought in North America (called the French & Indian War here). Britain won the war due to the genius of William Pitt ("Pittsburgh" is named after him), gaining Canada and India as a result; France was humiliated, leading to the French Revolution decades later.
|-
|Columbian Exchange
|plants and animals were brought from colonial America to Europe and vice-versa; Columbus brought from Europe to America wheat, melons, onions, grapes, sugar cane and horses. America had new fruits and vegetables, the white potato, peanuts, pumpkins, squash and chili peppers, which were then exported from America back to Europe.
|-
|slave trade
|1455-1800s: slave trade ended by a provision in the U.S. Constitution in North America, and slavery itself by the American Civil War (1861-1865); the slave trade was ended by England by Christian reformers Christian reformers William Wilberforce and John Wesley; slavery continued in Brazil until 1888
|-
|Andreas Vesalius
|(1514-64) a Renaissance physician who advanced the understanding of anatomy for physicians
|-
|William Harvey
|(1578–1657) an English physician who first understood the circulation of blood in the body
|-
|[[Rene Descartes]]
|(1596-1650) a French mathematician and philosopher who discovered analytical geometry and defined existence by, “I think, therefore I am.”
|-
|[[Francis Bacon]]
|(1561–1626) an English philosopher/scientist who promoted research based on experimentation
|-
|Ivan IV “the Terrible”
|(reigned 1547-1584) first czar of Russia, who executed many innocent people; Ivan was succeeded by his son Feodor, whose repeated failures led Russia into a “Time of Troubles.”
|-
|Mikhail Romanov
|(1613) the first of a long line of Romanov Russian czars; under Romanov rule serfs lost almost all of their freedoms
|-
|Peter the Great
|a Romanov who ruled Russia from 1682 to 1696 and instituted sweeping reforms in Russian government and society; he built St. Petersburg and tried to make European traditions a part of Russia.
|-
|El Greco
|(1541-1614) a painter, architect and sculptor best known for his paintings of saints and martyrs, and his painting of a storm over a Spanish town (“A View of Toledo”)
|-
|Diego Velázquez
|(1599-1660) a Spanish painter of portraits of the royal family and scenes from daily life at court
|-
|Miguel de Cervantes
|(1605) wrote the novel ''Don Quixote'', probably the most influential piece of Spanish literature in history
|-
|Maria Theresa
|(1717-1780) a Holy Roman empress who was the last ruler of the House of Habsburg dynasty, ruling over Austria
|-
|Frederick the Great
|(1712-1786) an absolutist King of Prussia, who built it into a powerful nation (before it became a key part of the future Germany)
|-
|War of the Austrian Succession
|(1740-1748) a broad conflict among many European nations, with the result that Prussia defeated Austria to win the territory of Silesia
|-
|Easter Rising
|(April 24-30, 1916) Irishmen seeking independence from Britain captured key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic; British suppressed this and executed its leaders.
|-
|Irish Republic
|(1919) established through the efforts of its leader, Michael Collins (1890-1922), who was then killed three years later during an Irish civil war
|-
|Northern Ireland
|divided between British Protestants and Irish Catholics, still under the control of the British
|-
|Bloody Sunday
|(1972) Irish held a peaceful march for freedom in Derry, Northern Ireland, but British soldiers responded by shooting and killing some of them, including children; the British never punished those responsible and several rock music songs commemorate the tragedy
|-
|9-11
|September 11, 2001) 19 Muslims, most from Saudi Arabia, hijacked American airplanes and flew one into each tower of the World Trade Center, a third into the Pentagon, and a fourth crashed in Pennsylvania as the passengers attempted to retake control of the plane from the terrorists.
|-
|Christian population
|steady increased from 0% of the world when Jesus was born, to about 33% of the world today.
|-
|globalism
|the opposite of “nationalism”; “globalism” views the world as one political unit, as one massive village.
|-
|The Four Tigers
|the prosperous Pacific Rim nations of [[South Korea]], [[Taiwan]], [[Singapore]] and [[Hong Kong]] (Hong Kong is now part of communist China but is allowed to remain free until at least the middle of the 21st century)
|-
|free trade
|trade (importing goods) without limitation between nations; it can cause losses in American jobs and an increase in illegal drugs shipped in from other nations
|-
|General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
|(1947) western nations promoted free trade by first freezing tariffs (taxes on goods sent between nations), and later began reducing the tariffs
|-
|World Trade Organization (WTO)
|(1995) most nations agreed to “free trade” and also established international courts for deciding trade disputes among nations
|-
|North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
|(1994) established free trade between Mexico, the United States, and Canada, and created international courts to resolve trade disputes
|-
|other free trade agreements in the Americas
|Latin American Free Trade Agreement (LAFTA ), formed in 1961), and replaced in 1981 by the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI); the South American Common Market (Mercosur) which has Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela as members; and a recently enacted Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) which the United States joined.
|-
|Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
|(1967) free trade group founded by Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines to combat communism; ASEAN later signed trade agreements with Japan (1977) and the European Community (1980)
|-
|consumerism
|people becoming obsessed with buying more than what is healthy or necessary, with brand names (like Nike) becoming more familiar than important things like the Bible
|-
|McDonaldization
|when American advertising (as in the case of McDonalds) has an influence on the world culture, causing distant children (like Chinese) to repeat a McDonald’s slogan they heard on television
|-
|Universal Declaration of Human Rights
|(1948) a United Nations declaration of basic human rights, including “life, liberty, and security of person”
|-
|Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
|(1960) a cartel formed by Middle Eastern countries to keep the price of oil higher than it would be if the members of the cartel competed with each other. Original members were Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, Iraq and also the Latin American country of Venezuela; African and Asian countries later joined OPEC too. In 2007, OPEC controlled about 2/3rds of the total oil market.
|-
|impressionism
|(late 1800s in France) moved painting away from its traditions, by emphasizing the transient effects of color and light, and attempting to capture a fleeting image or “impression”. Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir and Paul Cezanne. They often painted landscapes, and insisted on remaining outdoors until completion of the work
|-
|musical impressionism
|emphasized mood and understatement and reflected its composers’ view that pure sound (like color) is an end to itself
|-
|Aggression by Japan in the 1930s
|Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, attracted in part by the coal and iron deposits there, which began the Asian phase of World War II. In 1937, Japan invaded northern and central China.
|-
|Aggression by Italy in the 1930s
|Italy invaded and conquered Ethiopia in 1935-1936.
|-
|Aggression by Germany in the 1930s
|In 1936, Germany invaded the buffer zone separating Germany from France: the industrialized Rhineland; Germany annexed Austria in 1938 without much resistance, and on Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded and annexed western Poland despite armed resistance.
|-
|[[New Orleans]]
|a port in SE Louisiana, on the Mississippi River, about 172 km (107 miles) from the sea: the largest city in the state and the second most important port in the US; founded by the French in 1718; belonged to Spain (1763--1803). It is largely below sea level, built around the Vieux Carré (French quarter); famous for its annual Mardi Gras festival and for its part in the history of jazz; a major commercial, industrial, and transportation centre.
|-
|[[Lusitania]]
|a British luxury liner sunk by a German submarine in the North Atlantic on May 7, 1915, killing 1,198 people, including 128 U.S. citizens; this outraged the American public and led to the U.S. entry into WW I.
|-
|-
|[[Adolf Hitler]]
|Leader of the NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers Party) AKA Nazis. During WW2 he was known as "der Führer" or the leader of Germany.
|-
|[[Big Bang]]
|The theory that developed in the early 20th century that the universe was created from an explosion.
|-
|[[Cold War]]
|The Cold War took place in the mid 1900's between the U.S., its allies and the Soviet Union. The war didn't actually involve battles and no bullets were fired or bombs dropped. It mostly included espionage and tense moments where each side was waiting for the other to fire their missiles.
|-
|[[Communism]]
|A powerful system of government, beginning in Russia, which states everyone must have the same amount of wealth. The forceful idea of communism creates an unequal, superficial worth for all.
|-
|[[Enigma]]
|The Enigma was a cipher used by the Axis in WWII. The German Enigma was thought at the time to be unbreakable until a 27 year old polish mathematician cracked it in 1937.
|-
|[[Enola Gay]]
|A Boeing B-29 Superfortress piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbets that on August 6, 1945 dropped "Little Boy", the first atom bomb, on the Japanese city Hiroshima.
|-
|[[Fascism]]
|Fascists believe that all actions should be done for the good of the state. Fascism is a totalitarian economic and political ideology that came to dominate the social and political systems of Italy under Benito Mussolini and Germany under Adolf Hitler.
|-
|[[Fat Man]]
|When the Japanese refused to surrender after experiencing the first atom bomb, this 10,213 pound atom bomb was dropped and detonated on the Japanese city Nagasaki. Its blast yeilded 21 kilotons of TNT or 75 million sticks of dynamite. It was the second atom bomb to be used in war.
|-
|[[Great War]]
|1914-1918: later known as World War I, this was one of the deadliest wars in world history based on trench warfare; the Allies defeated the Central Powers and imposed terms of peace that were so unreasonable they led to World War II
|-
|Schlieffen Plan
|German plan to avoid a two-front war in World War I by invading and defeating France first before fighting Russia on its other front
|-
|Entrenchment
|the first year and a half of World War I (1914-15) during which there were terrible casualties without either side gaining the upper hand.
|-

|-
|Kaiser Wilhelm II
|leader of Germany who ended Germany’s alliance with Russia, which caused Russia to form an alliance with France in 1891.
|-
|[[The Holocaust]]
|The Germans blamed the Jews for all of Germanys problems. In 1935 a law was past to prevent Jews from holding Government offices. It all went down hill from there. Jews were eventually killed and sent to concentration camps for just being a Jew.
|-
|[[Joseph Stalin]]
|Brutal, Russian dictator who murdered millions of people, destroyed many religious gatherings, and worst of all, persuaded all schools to be taught to love the wicked idea of Communism.
|-
|[[Little Boy]]
|When given the green light by U.S. president Harry S. Truman, the 9,700 pound atom bomb called "Little Boy" was dropped from 31,000 feet and detonated at an altitude of 1,968 feet over the Japanese city Hiroshima. It was the first atom bomb to be used in war.
|-
|[[M1 Garand]]
|One of the most influential American firearms in history, firing a .30 Cal bullet. These were the primary weapons in both World War 2 and the Korean War.
|-
|[[Manhattan Project]]
|One day before the attack at pearl harbor, American scientists started the construction of an Atom bomb. The Project was named the Manhattan Project because it was started in Manhattan.
|-
|[[Mussolini]]
|Benito Mussolini founded Italy’s Fascist Party, emphasizing the need to improve Italy’s economy and its military. In October 1922, the Fascists protested in Rome, causing the King to make Mussolini leader of Italy. He then made it illegal to strike thinking this would make the economy bounce back.
|-
|[[Rheinische Zeitung]]
|The newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for when he lived in Cologne.
|-
|[[U-boat]]
|German submarines used to patrol the Atlantic in a terrifying manor and intercept British ships; the U-boats eventually sunk American ships too.
|-
|[[Woodrow Wilson]]
|(1856-1924)The 28th president of the United States who led the United States into World War I, secured the formation of the League of Nations, and at one point persuaded Congress to declare was on Germany in 1917.
|-
|[[World War I]]
|Deadliest conflict began on July, 28, 1914 mainly in Europe and the Middle East. World War I was between the Central Powers and Allies, but ended with the collapse of the Central Powers in November 1918.
|-
|[[World War II]]
|World War II began in the 1930's when Germany invaded Poland. It lasted until 1945 when the Allied powers defeated the Axis powers and forced them to surrender.
|-
|[[blitzkrieg]]
|German for "lightning war," high-speed attack which combines bombing with a tank invasion; first launched by Hitler against Poland in 1939
|-
|[[Marian Rejewski]]
|Polish mathematician who first broke the German Enigma code in 1932
|-
|[[Ultra]]
|Allied code-breaking effort; said by General Eisenhower to have been decisive to their victory over Germany
|-
|[[Pearl Harbor]]
|Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese launched a surprise attack on US navy fleet in Hawaii; Congress declared war on Japan and entered WWII
|-
|[[Korematsu v. United States]]
|1944 Case involving the forcing of Japanese Americans to move into interment camps during WWII; the Court sided with the government, ruling that the exclusion order was constitutional
|-
|domino effect
|the effect when one nation fell to communism, then its neighboring nations became more likely to fall to communism too
|-
|Ho Chi Minh
|a communist, nationalist leader of North Vietnam who defeated the weakened Japanese there in 1945, obtained freedom from the French, and then sought to make South Vietnam communist too
|-
|Ngo Dinh Diem
|An unpopular leader of the free South Vietnam until 1963, when he was overthrown by generals who had been supported by the U.S.
|-
|Vietcong
|communist insurgents in South Vietnam in the 1960s, during the Vietnam War
|-
|Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
|August 1964: in response to mysterious gunshots fired at an American ship in the Gulf of Tonkin near North Vietnam, Congress authorized sending troops; Congress never formally declared war on North Vietnam, and this Resolution became the substitute
|-
|Vietnamization
|U.S. President Nixon’s policy for slowly withdrawing American troops from South Vietnam, hoping that the South Vietnamese would do more themselves in fighting communism.
|-
|Henry Kissinger
|an adviser who ran the foreign policies of U.S. Presidents Nixon and Ford, and who mishandled the Vietnam War to a humiliating conclusion for the U.S.
|-
|Vietnam War
|1964-1975: an unsuccessful attempt by the United States to prevent the fall of Vietnam to communism
|-
|Pol Pot
|ruled Cambodia in 1975-1979 as the leader of the Khmer Rouge government; he abolished private property, money and religion, and caused many deaths; the U.S. was blamed for once supporting him as a counterweight to nearby communist Vietnam
|-
|Zionism
|a movement beginning in the late 1800s to reestablish a Jewish state in Palestine in and around Jerusalem
|-
|Balfour Declaration
|1917: a statement calling for the creation of new Jewish and Palestinian states in the Middle East
|-
|Israel
|established by the United Nations in 1948, having a size slightly smaller than New Jersey
|-
|David Ben-Gurion
|1948: first prime minister of Israel
|-
|Arab-Israeli wars
|four major ones between 1948 and 1973 (1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973)
|-
|Six-Day War
|1967: Egypt’s ruler Nasser closed off the Gulf of Aqaba, which was the only access Israel had to the Red Sea, and Israel responded with massive air strikes against several Arab nations, including Egypt; Israel conquered Jerusalem, the West Bank, the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights.
|-
|Anwar Sadat
|succeeded Nasser as ruler of Egypt (1970-1981)
|-
|Yom Kippur War
|October 1973, Egypt’s ruler Sadat launched a surprise attack on Israel on its holiest day, Yom Kippur. After suffering massive initial losses, the Israeli prime minister, Golda Meir, regained much of the lost territory.
|-
|Camp David Accords
|1979: President Jimmy Carter brokered a peace agreement between Egypt and Israel, whereby Egypt agreed to recognize Israel in exchange for receiving return of the Sinai Peninsula.
|-
|Yasir Arafat
|founder of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964, whicht demanded a Palestinian state in the area of Jerusalem and rejected the right of Israel to exist.
|-
|intifada
|1987: PLO instituted a campaign of persistent violence called whereby common citizens and even children threw stones at Israelis and committed additional violence.
|-
|Declaration of Principles
|1993: secret talks between Israeli leaders and the PLO in Oslo, resulting in a promise of self-rule to the Palestinians over the Gaza Strip and West Bank
|-
|Benjamin Netanyahu
|leader of conservatives in Israel who is its current Prime Minister in 2011
|-
|Mikhail Gorbachev
|rose to power in the Soviet Union in mid-1980s and allowed “glasnost” or openness, and “perestroika”, which permitted some economic freedoms, until he resigned on Christmas Day of 1991 after losing to Boris Yeltsin
|-
|Lithuania
|annexed to the Soviet Union in 1940 but became independent in March 1990 as the Soviet Union fell apart with the overthrow of communism
|-
|Boris Yeltsin
|the popular mayor of Moscow who courageously challenged the communists in Russia and defeated them in June 1991 to become president of a new Russian Republic; he ended price controls and cut taxes; churches opened and the people of Leningrad changed its name back to St. Petersburg.
|-
|Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
|the successor to the Soviet Union; most of its nations (including Russia) joined, except for the Baltic republics and Georgia
|-
|Chechnya
|Muslim-dominated region in southwest Russia, which declared its independence from Russia in 1991, leading to a bloody war
|-
|John Paul II
|1978: the first Polish pope of the Catholic Church who then opposed communism, especially in his homeland of Poland
|-
|Lech Walesa
|a leader against communism in Poland, who led is political party Solidarity to power once free elections were held in April 1989
|-
|Hungary
|attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow communism in 1956 (the Soviet Union invaded to suppress the revolt), but Hungary succeeded in overthrowing communism in October 1989
|-
|East Germany
|an atheistic, communistic nation until demonstrations broke out in October 1989, which not even its ruthless dictator Erich Honecker could control; he resigned and his successor opened the Berlin Wall in November 1989, whereupon the people tore the wall down
|-
|Czechoslovakia
|Communist-controlled nation until demonstrations forced its Communist Party leader to resign in November 1989; in 1993, the Czechoslovakia split along ethnic lines to form Slovakia and the Czech Republic
|-
|Romania
|ruled for decades by a communist dictator until overthrown by massive demonstrations in December 1989
|-
|Nicolae Ceausescu
|communist dictator of Romania from 1965 to Christmas Day 1989; unlike most communists, Ceausescu opposed abortion
|-
|Yugoslavia
|ruled by Marshall Tito from 1945 to 1980, who insisted on some independence from the Soviet Union; Tito was succeeded in power by the Serbian Slobodan Milosevic, which caused Slovenia and Croatia to seek independence due to their different ethnicity
|-
|Kosovo War
|fighting in Croatia between the Serbs and the Croats. Eventually, the United States and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) intervened in 1999 and drove the Serbian Milosevic from power
|-
|Ronald Reagan
|1981-1989: conservative president of the United States who cut taxes, defeated communism, and proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
|-
|Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
|also known as “Star Wars,” this was a plan to use advantaged technology to intercept and destroy fast-moving missiles that might be launched against the U.S.
|-
|Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty
|1987: an agreement between the U.S. and Soviet Union to ban missiles with ranges of 300 to 3,400 miles
|-
|Chairman Mao Zedong
|1949-1976: the ruthless dictator who founded communist China and then starved tens of millions to death; in 1965 he imposed the "Cultural Revolution" to senselessly eliminate people who were achievers
|-
|Deng Xiaoping
|1978-1997: dictator of communist China who was more friendly to capitalism and the West, and began a program called the Four Modernizations
|-
|Jiang Zemin
|Communist China dictator who succeeded Deng when he died in 1997. Jiang refused to improve China’s record on human rights, and Christianity and democracy remain suppressed there; China has armed itself in preparation for a war with the United States, pointing many nuclear missiles at California
|-
|Tiananmen Square
|June 4, 1989: communist China used tanks to massacre hundreds of peaceful Chinese protesters who sought greater democracy
|-
|Hong Kong
|a colony of Great Britain until July 1, 1997, when Britain's lease expired and it returned this colony to China, which promised to allow Hong Kong to remain capitalistic for another 50 years
|-
|Modern Era
|from 1900 to today
|}

==Honors terms==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Term
!Definition
|-
|Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher
|The newspaper that Karl Marz wrote for after moving to Paris in 1843.
|-
|[[Dunkirk]]
|The harbor town, located on the northernmost tip of France, in which the Germans relentlessly bombed. Thousands of soldiers were departed to England during the constant bombing; Winston Churchill titled this wonder, the "miracle of Dunkirk."
|-
|[[Emilio Aguinaldo]]
|Led a rebellion against the U.S. to establish freedom in the Philippines in 1899.
|-
|[[Emiliano Zapata]]
|Cowboy who helped lead the Mexican Revolution.
|-
|[[Guillotine]]
|The guillotine was invented by Dr. Joseph Guillotine. It has a heavy blade that is lifted up and then dropped onto the execution victim to severe their head. During the Reign of Terror, the guillotine was the main form of execution.
|-
|[[Franz Kafka]]
|a troubled author who wrote several classic stories about being persecuted or harmed unfairly, including The Trial (1916) and The Metamorphosis (1915).
|-
|[[National Security Agency]]
|A branch of the U.S. government staffed by mathematicians; the agency seeks for better ways to secure American communications against the interception of enemies. They also develop ways to decode the secret messages of enemies.
|-
|[[Manchuria]]
|A region in northeast China which was conquered by Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War. After being invaded by Japan in 1931, Manchuria was renamed Manchuko. The charge into Manchuria began the Asian period of World War II.
|-
|[[Muhammad Ali Pasha]]
|(1769-1849) Albanian commander in the Ottomon army; regarded as the founder of modern Egypt.
|-
|[[Standing army]]
|Army in peacetime, which became popular among nationalistic countries beginning in the 1900s
|-
|[[Automobile]]
|a passenger vehicle designed for operation on ordinary roads and typically having four wheels and a gasoline or diesel internal-combustion engine.
|-
|[[Henry Ford]]
|United States automobile manufacturer, and founder of Ford.
|-
|[[Pearl Harbor]]
|a harbor near Honolulu, on S Oahu, in Hawaii: surprise attack by Japan on the U.S. naval base and other military installations December 7, 1941.
|-
|[[Adolf Hitler]]
|German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)
|-
|[[Joseph Stalin]]
|Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)
|-
|}
[[Category:World History lectures]]

All Blacks

2011-12-02T22:32:54Z

Wh:

The '''All Blacks''' are the national [[Rugby|Rugby Union]] team of [[New Zealand]]. The team is widely regarded as the best team in the world. The All Blacks have won the tri-nations and Bledisloe cups for successive years, however have not won the [[Rugby World Cup]] in over twenty years. For example the All Blacks lost 5 games out of 51 between 2003 and the 2007 World Cup yet lost to France in the semi-finals, a team they had twice beaten that year by 40+ margins. But, they finally won the World Cup in 2011, against France, winning 8-7.

The name "All Blacks" comes from the predominantly black outfit worn by the team. Legend has it that on their first tour to the UK in 1905, a journalist described them as playing like "all backs" due to the fast and skillful nature of the play. This was subsequently mis-scribed as the "All Blacks" and the name has stuck.

The team is selected from the New Zealand Super 14 franchises: the Auckland Blues, Canterbury Crusaders, Otago Highlanders, Wellington Hurricanes and the Waikato Chiefs. Only those players playing in New Zealand are eligible for the All Blacks. This is creating quite a dilemna in New Zealand rugby as many top players are leaving for overseas clubs. The current captain is Richie McCaw and the coach is Graham Henry.

[[Category:Rugby]]
[[category:New Zealand]]

World History Homework Twelve Answers - Student 1

2011-12-02T19:00:32Z

Wh: Created page with "JessicaW 6. During World War II, both sides adopted the use of encryption and secret codes to send troop movement signals and plan attacks without the knowledge of their enemy. ..."

JessicaW

6. During World War II, both sides adopted the use of encryption and secret codes to send troop movement signals and plan attacks without the knowledge of their enemy. The Enigma machine, invented by the Germans at the end of World War I, was used to convert messages into a secret code, which could then be decoded by another machine to reveal the original message. Through Polish mathematician Marian Rejewski, who first broke the complex Enigma codes in 1932 and shared the discovery with Great Britain and France, the Allies succeeded in anticipating German military maneuvers. This code-breaking effort “Ultra” contributed, perhaps decisively, to the defeat of Nazi Germany and the war.

7. While history cannot reproduce strictly the exact occurrences twice, it certainly has played out similar events with different people and different settings. From ancient times to present day, empires and nations have risen and fallen due to the greed of dictators and the corruption of society. The example of communism and its failure to meet utopian expectations repeat in the attempts of the Soviet Union, China, and North Korea. In each case, people end up trying to escape from the tyrannical government because its programs promote nothing but bloodshed, poverty, and deterioration for the country.

8. “Everything that needs to be said has already been said. But since no one was listening, everything must be said again.” — André Gide. To predict the future, one must first look back to the past. By learning about world history and the mistakes made previously, people can take warning to avoid such consequences again. For example, as world leaders understand the mistake of Germany in naming Adolf Hitler chancellor, thus allowing him full control and oppression of the people, they can keep in mind the fatal danger of appointing a single, powerful dictator over a nation.

Terms:
Blitzkrieg, Marian Rejewski, “Ultra”, Pearl Harbor Attack, Korematsu v. United States,

World History Study Guide from 1648

2011-12-02T18:59:03Z

Wh: /* Honors terms */

This is the growing list of study terms for [[World History Lectures|World history]], from 1648 (the same midpoint used by the [[CLEP]] exams) to the present. This list will also include history in the century or so prior to 1648 which is not included in [[World History Study Guide to 1648]].

As of Nov. 20 this list has about 144 terms, and it should grow to about 400 terms by early December. ''An examination on this material will be given in late December 2011''.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Term
!Definition
|-
|[[Age of Exploration]]
|(1450-1650) A time period when nation-states in Europe (mainly England, France, Portugal and Spain) embarked on expeditions to distant lands. The American continents were discovered during this period.
|-
|[[Albert Einstein]]
|(1879-1955) American (German-born) physicist. Einstein is generally regarded as one of the very greatest scientists in history. His ideas and speculations have brought about the most profound revolution in scientific thought since Copernicus. In 1905 he published four great discoveries in theoretical physics: the special theory of relativity, the equivalence of mass and energy, the theory of Brownian motion, and the foundation of the photon theory of light. His famous special theory of relativity merged the traditionally absolute concepts of space and time into a space of four dimensions. In 1916 he advanced his general theory of relativity, which was substantiated by other scientists in 1919. In 1950 he introduced a merger of quantum theory with the general theory of relativity, thereby establishing one set of determinate laws for subatomic phenomena and large-scale physical phenomena. In 1952 the element einsteinium was identified by researchers at Berkeley, California, and named in his honor. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921.
|-
|[[balance of power]]
|the concept, first established by Europeon nations after the final defeat of Napoleon, whereby alliances called the Concert of Europe required nations to assist each other in order to defeat any one nation that became too power and started invading others.
|-
|[[Bastille Day]]
|(July 14, 1789) The day when French peasants invaded the huge Bastille prison in Paris, freeing political prisoners. This started the Great Fear, when riots broke out ever day, with peasants burning wealthy homes.
|-
|[[Big Bang]]
|The theory that developed in the early 20th century that the universe was created by an explosion.
|-
|[[caravel]]
|a miniature, highly maneuverable, lightweight ship developed by the Portuguese, which was often used to carry cargo
|-
|[[Charles Darwin]]
|(1809-1882) English naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution: that all species had evolved into complex forms of life over millions of years through the process of "natural selection," or "survival of the fittest."
|-
|[[Charles Dickens]]
|(1812-1870) Greatest English novelist of the Victorian period, who sympathized with the poor. Author of many iconic novels and characters whom we admire to this day.
|-
|[[Georges Danton|Georges Jacques Danton]]
|(1759–1794) Famous Jacobin during the French Revolution who joined and fully supported it until he saw the reign of terror and started to change his mind. Danton was subsequently executed.
|-
|[[Christopher Columbus]]
|(1451-1506) Italian explorer funded by Spain to sail in four voyages across the Atlantic ocean in search for a trade route to India, and discovered the "New World" (the Caribbean)
|-
|[[David Ricardo]]
|(1772-1823) A British classical economist who advocated the advantages of more trade between nations.
|-
|[[David Livingstone]]
|Scotsman who explored central Africa in the late 1860s to find the source of the Nile.
|-
|[[England]]
|An imperialistic nation-state based in the British isles off the western coast of Europe, which established the largest non-contiguous empire in history in the late 1800s.
|-
|[[Emilio Aguinaldo]]
|Led a rebellion against the U.S. to establish freedom in the Philippines in 1899.
|-
|[[Emiliano Zapata]]
|Cowboy who helped lead the Mexican Revolution.
|-
|[[Expressionism]]
|Style of art that arose in the 20th century that used distorted forms and bold colors to create art.
|-
|[[Forbidden City]]
|Imperial palace located in Beijing, China, which was used for twenty-four emperors during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
|-
|[[Franz Kafka]]
|Author and attorney with a troubled life that wrote several classics stories, including the short story The Metamorphosis (1915).
|-
|[[Glorious Revolution]]
|Revolution that took place in England in 1688, and replaced the Catholic King James II with the Anglican King and Queen, William and Mary.
|-
|[[imperialism]]
|the practice of one strong nation controlling another weaker nation, territory, or a group of people; several types of imperialism (from strongest to weakest forms) are: colonization, protectorates, spheres of influence, and economic.
|-
|[[Impressionism]]
|a type of painting that didn't focus on the detail but on the feeling and impressions.
|-
|[[Isaac Newton]]
|(1643-1727) the Englishman who, inspired by daily readings of the Bible, developed calculus and discovered the invisible force of gravity
|-
|[[The Enlightenment]]
|a philosophical movement in Europe in the 1700s that challenged traditional views and emphasized reason instead of faith; thinkers included Rousseau, Voltaire, Hume, Kant, Jefferson, Locke, and Diderot.
|-
|[[James Stuart]]
|Cousin of Queen Elizabeth who took over the English throne as James I. Under his reign, the "Gunpowder Plot" was invented, and the King James Version of the Bible was published. Contrary to his cousin Elizabeth, James I fought with Parliament continually.
|-
|[[Jazz]]
|music originating in New Orleans around the beginning of the 20th century and subsequently developing through various increasingly complex styles, generally marked by intricate, propulsive rhythms, polyphonic ensemble playing, improvisatory, virtuosic solos, melodic freedom, and a harmonic idiom ranging from simple diatonicism through chromaticism to atonality.
|-
|[[John Locke]]
|(1632-1704) English philosopher during the Enlightenment who created the idea of a "social contract" between the people and their government, which became the philosophical basis of rebellion in England and American Revolution when the people felt that government had broken the contract
|-
|[[Louisiana Purchase]]
|Tract of land that Napoleon sold to America for a very low price in 1803. Was the transfer of the western half of the Mississippi Valley from Spain and France to the United States.
|-
|[[Voltaire]]
|(1694-1778) French philosopher who was perhaps the greatest figure in the Enlightment, Voltaire favored '''''absolute''''' freedom and whose ideas led to French Revolution, senseless murdering, and the destruction of churches
|-
|[[nation-state]]
|(beginning in the 1400s) a single country comprised of people unified in language and culture, such as England, France and Spain, and other European nations such as Germany much later.
|-
|[[Marie Antoinette]]
|Wife of Louis XVI. Was reported to have said, "Let them eat cake!" upon hearing of the shortage of bread.
|-
|[[Monarch]]
|A person who reigns over a kingdom or empire. He may be above the law (''absolute monarch'') or subject to it (''constitutional monarchy''). The position is generally inherited (notable exception: the [[Pope]])
|-
|absolute monarch
|an all-powerful king or queen, such as the "Sun King" French King Louis XIV (in power from 1643-1715), who said, “L’etat c’est moi!” (“I am the state”)
|-
|divine right of kings
|belief they were given power by God and responsible to God alone, which lasted until religious conflict in England in the 1600s and the French Revolution in the late 1700s
|-
|Philip II
|(reigned 1556-1598) King of Spain who was the great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand; he kept Spain Catholic, and viewed Elizabeth I of England as his main rival, but his mighty Spanish Armada was crushed by a quicker English fleet in 1588.
|-
|William of Orange
|(1579) led the Netherlands in a revolt against their Spanish masters; this (along with the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the British) weakened Spanish power
|-
|[[Muhammad Ali Pasha]]
|(1769-1849) Albanian commander in the Ottomon army; regarded as the founder of modern Egypt.
|-
|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
|(1923) created the modern state of Turkey, with a combination of military rule and an elected Parliament; also converted the Arabic language to a modern, Latin-style alphabet
|-
|[[opium]]
|a harmful, addictive drug that the British sent in large amounts to China, which was a cause of the great Taiping Rebellion.
|-
|[[Capitalism]]
|An economic system that private companies own all capital goods and sell them at a competitive price. This system is almost always successful until excessive government prevails.
|-
|[[Columbian Exchange]]
|The trade of plants and animals from America to Europe; Europe to America. This was put into action some time after Columbus discovered America in 1492.
|-
|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]
|(1473-1543) a Polish Catholic scientist who started the "Scientific Revolution" with his discovery that the Earth revolves around the Sun, and published his discovery in a book at the end of this life ("On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres")
|-
|[[Hernando Cortes]]
|aided by superior weapons and horses, he led the Spanish conquest of Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec empire, capturing the Aztec ruler known as Montezuma; Cortex burned the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan and built Mexico City in its place
|-
|Francisco Pizzaro
|also aided by the use of horses and superior weapons, he led the Spanish conquest of Peru, eventually killing their emperor, Atahualpa; Pizzaro destroyed the ancient Peruvian city of Cuzco, and replaced with the city of Lima. While in Peru, Pizzaro also discovered the greatest silver mine in the Americas.
|-
|encomiendas
|beginning in 1503: Spanish system whereby a Spanish soldier (or colonist) received a section of land from the king along with the Indians or South American residents, who would then work the land for the soldier similar to slavery.
|-
|repartimientos
|1575: after complaints about the encomiendas by a Spanish monk named Bartholomew de Las Casas, a new Spanish system of repartimientos replaced it by supposedly limiting the amount of labor and requiring payment to the workers, and also requiring an application for approval by the king
|-
|[[Rasputin]]
|Peasant-turned-monk that was the only person who could heal Czar Nicholas II's son from his hemophilia.
|-
|[[John Cabot]]
|1497-1498: a British explorer (who had been born in Genoa, Italy, like Columbus) who discovered Newfoundland and the New England coast, so that land became the property of England
|-
|Jacques Cartier
|1534, 1541: French explorer who discovered Canada and the Mississippi Basin, including Louisiana; the lack of gold and silver in North America made it less interesting to Europeans than South America
|-
|[[Tsar|Czar]] (Tsar)
|Absolute emperor of Russia since the 1500's, the first being Ivan IV "The Terrible."
|-
|[[Neo-Confucianism]]
|More of a philosophy than a religion, Neo-Confucianism is a combination of Confucianism and Buddhism, and was the primary practice of the Chinese nation in the 1600's.
|-
|[[Reign of Terror]]
|Started after the execution of Louis XVI when Maximilian Robespierre guillotined numerous alleged enemies, including Marie Antoinette, and ended with his death (1794); a time of terrifying chaos when anyone could be killed for no reason
|-
|[[Robert Fulton]]
|American engineer and inventor who created the first commerical steamboat service in 1807.
|-
|[[Napoleon]]
|(lived 1769-1821) Dictator of France after the French Revolution; signed peace treaties with major European enemies, created a successful system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code, and conquered much of continental Europe; defeated at Battle of Waterloo
|-
|[[Battle of Waterloo]]
|1815 Marked the end of Napoleon's reign in France when he was defeated by Prussia and Great Britain
|-
|[[Bernhard Riemann]]
|(1826-1866) an influential German mathematician who made lasting contributions to differential geometry and analysis, some of which provided a foundation 40 years later for the theory of general relativity in physics.
|-
|[[Congress of Vienna]]
|1815: convention of European nations proposing a balance of powers among the rival nations to ensure than no single nation could threaten the others as Napolean had just done
|-
|[[Concert of Europe]]
|established during the Congress of Vienna; alliances between the nations requiring assistance of each other if war broke out, protecting against any revolutions or invasion; adopted changes including the legitimacy of monarchies and growing nationalism in Europe
|-
|[[Constitution of the United States]]
|(1787) the oldest working constitution in the world, which established a masterful design for government
|-
|[[Cotton]]
|Cotton is a natural fiber used in clothing. It comes from the seed of the cotton plant. People have grown cotton since 3000 B.C. and traded it for other goods.
|-
|[[David Hume]]
|(1711-1776) a Scottish philosopher who promoted materialism and naturalism rather than Christianity, which later influenced Charles Darwin; Hume wrote "A Treatise on Human Nature" and believed in relativism rather than absolute truth
|-
|Declaration of Independence
|(1776) an American statement of "inalienable" (God-given) rights, and asserting a right of the people break their "social contract" with a ruler (a king) when he violates those rights, such as the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
|-
|Edmund Burke
|(1729-1797) a conservative Irish statesman in the British parliament who sided with the American colonies in the period leading up to the American Revolution, coined the phrase "salutary neglect" to support economic growth in the colonies, and criticized the French Revolution when most others were praising it
|-
|The Federalist Papers
|(1788) Brilliant essays encouraging ratification of the U.S. Constitution, written mostly by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison
|-
|[[Gandhi]]
|Spiritual leader who set out to win independence for India through peaceful civil disobedience.
|-
|Immanuel Kant
|(1724-1804) a leading German philosopher, Kant felt that behavior is moral only if it would work as a rule if everyone did it (e.g., littering is immoral for one person to do it, because it wouldn't work if everyone did it); Kant's book "A Critique of Pure Reason" criticized the use of pure reason to determine morality
|-
|Industrial Revolution
|technology-driven changes in society that began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the replacement of hand tools with power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and a shift from farming to factories for many workers
|-
|James Clerk Maxwell
|(1831-1879)British physicist. Maxwell is ranked as the foremost physical scientist of the 19th century. His greatest achievement was the synthesis of the contributions of Faraday, Gauss, and Ampère into a single coherent electromagnetic theory. Of his several academic appointments the most important was the post of professor of experimental physics at Cambridge. He made contributions of fundamental importance to many branches of physics. The maxwell, a unit of magnetic flux, was named in his honor.
|-
|Johann Sebastian Bach
|1685-1750 German composer famous for Fugues, Inventions, English Suites and Passion according to St. Matthew.
|-
|Louis Pasteur
|1822–95,French chemist and bacteriologist who founded microbiology invented pasteurization, and discovered vaccinations for anthrax, rabies, and chicken cholera.
|-
|[[Louis XVI]]
|Louis XVI was the king of France from 1774 to October 1792. On August tenth during the French Revolution he was arrested. He was tried and found guilt of high treason. He was then executed by the guillotine on 21 January 1793.
|-
|[[Matthew Perry]]
|Helped to break the isolation of Japan by sailing into Edo harbor and helped the Treaty of Kanagawa to be signed in 1854.
|-
|[[Niels Bohr]]
|physicist. He won a 1922 Nobel Prize for his investigation of atomic structure and radiations. His son Aage Niels Bohr (born 1922), also a physicist, shared a 1975 Nobel Prize for discovering the asymmetry of atomic nuclei.
|-
|[[Slavery]]
|the state or condition of being a slave; a civil relationship whereby one person has absolute power over another and controls his life, liberty, and fortune
|-
|Realism
|the doctrine that universals have a real objective existence
|-
|Steamboat
|A steamboat is a waterborne ship powered by a steam engine. Historically, the steam was produced by burning coal (or less often, wood), although modern steamboats tend to use more portable fuels such as diesel gasoline.
|-
|Economies of scale
|The decrease in a firm's long-run average costs as the size of its production increases.
|-
|Enclosure movement
|Early 1700's during the industrial revolution in England.. Wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, benefiting from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land.
|-
|Adam Smith
|(1723-1790) a Scottish political economist who wrote a book with his idea about how the "invisible hand" of capitalism will create wealth and prosperity, in the "Wealth of Nations" (1776)
|-
|Factors of production
|Inputs used by companies to produce goods. Basic models of production have two input factors, labor and capital.
|-
|Oliver Cromwell
|(1599-1658) Was an English soldier, statesman, and leader of the Puritan revolution.
|-
|Queen Elizabeth
|(1558-1603) was known as the "Virgin Queen" of England and her 45-year reign was the “Elizabethan Age”; Virginia was named in her honor
|-
|Victor Hugo
|(1802-1885) Is considered one of the greatest Romanticist poets. He was a French man who wrote the classics Cromwell (1827), The Hunchback of Notre Dame of Paris (1831) and Les Miserables (1862).
|-
|[[William Prynne]]
|(1600 – 24 October 1669) Was an english lawyer, author, political figure and prominent Puritan.
|-
|[[Maximilian Robespierre]]
|(1758-1794) a French Jacobin who was most responsible for reign of terror; under the influence of the work of Rousseau, Robespierre unbendingly murdered moderates and all opponents, and was eventually killed by the guillotine himself in 1794.
|-
|French Revolution
|The French Revolution started in 1789 with the storm of the Bastille prison. The Revolution included the capture and beheading of King Louis XVI, and the Reign of Terror by Maximilien de Robespierre which ended in 1794 with Robespierre's death.
|-
|Prince Henry the Navigator
|founded the School of Navigation in Portugal in 1419, to train sailors to explore the West African coast with a goal of eventually finding sea routes to India
|-
|Bartholomew Diaz
|a Portuguese navigator who sailed around the southern tip of Africa (the Cape of Good Hope) in 1487 to establish a sea route to India
|-
|[[Ferdinand and Isabella]]
|Ferdinand and Isabella were the king and queen of Spain in the late fifteenth century A.D. They were patrons of Christopher Columbus. After reconquering the small Moorish Kingdom of Granada, they established the Spanish Inquisition (1478) and expelled the Jews and Muslims from Spain in 1492.
|-
|William and Mary
|William III (1650-1702 A.D.) was the king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1682 to 1702 A.D..They both founded the college of William and Mary in 1693. He ruled along with Queen Mary II (1662-1694 A.D.) until she died. William continued to rule until his death in 1702.
|-
|Reconquista
|(AD 722-1492) Was the regaining by Christians of Spain and Portugal, which had been under Muslim control.
|-
|Treaty of Tordesillas
|1494: established an 1100-mile long "Line of Demarcation," giving one side to Portugal and the other side to Spain for controlling the New World (Western Hemisphere)
|-
|Line of Demarcation
|a north-to-south line giving Portugal trading rights in India, China, the East Indies, East Brazil and the Spanish Americas, and giving Spain control of the remaining, vast majority of the Americas.
|-
|Ferdinand Magellan
|1519-1522: led the first successful voyage to go around the world, going around the southern tip of South America. Magellan himself was killed by Philippine natives prior to completing the last leg of the journey.
|-
|Results of Magellan's voyage
|Spain gained control of many South American territories, including Peru; Spain also obtained control over the Philippines in the Far East.
|-
|[[Otto von Bismarck]]
|(1815-1898) Was the minister president of Prussia (1862-71), and the first chancellor of the German Empire (1871-90). Known as the "Iron Chancellor".
|-
|[[Napoleon III]]
|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the President of the French Second Republic and as Napoleon III, the ruler of the Second French Empire.
|-
|First French Empire
|(1804-1814/1815) Was the empire of Napoleon I of France, and was a dominant power of most of continental Europe during the early 19th century.
|-
|Second French Empire
|Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic in France.
|-
|George Washington
|George Washington (1732-1799) was the first President of the United States (1789-1797) and Commander In Chief of the Continental Army. He was the dominant military and political leader of the new United States of America from 1775-1797, leading the American victory over Britain in the American Revolution and was the unanimous choice to serve as President. He voluntarily stepped down from office in 1796.
|-
|[[United Kingdom]]
|The term "United Kingdom" refers to the combination of "Great Britain" and "Northern Ireland" which is part of the island of Ireland.
|-
|[[Luddites]]
| A social movement in England that rioted and protested against the changes of the Industrial Revolution.
|-
|[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]
|(1770-1827) revolutionized instrumental music and took it to new heights never thought possible. Beethoven became totally deaf at the age of forty. He wrote most of his best music while he was total deaf.
|-
|King Henry VIII
|(lived 1491-1547, reigned beginning in 1509) Founded the Church of England (the Anglican Church)
|-
|[[Guillotine]]
|The guillotine was invented by Dr. Joseph Guillotine. It has a heavy blade that is lifted up and then dropped onto the execution victim to severe their head. During the Reign of Terror, the guillotine was the main form of execution.
|-
|American Revolution
|The American Revolution started when some American colonists thought that the English were taxing them too much. So, in 1776 they wrote the Declaration of Independence. The Patriots (the side of the revolutionaries) allied with France to equal the playing field. Through a series of battles that were wins and losses the Patriots came out on top and in 1783 the Treaty of Paris was signed ending the war.
|-
|American Revolution
|A revolution against the British in the American Colonies beginning in 1776 with the American Declaration of Independence.
|-
|France
|A nation-state in Europe that was ruled by a monarch until the French Revolution.
|-
|Prussia
|a very militaristic nation-state in Europe in part of the area where Germany is today
|-
|Louisiana purchase
|A purchase land made by the American Colonies in 1803 from the French empire.
|-
|Corsica
|Became one of the 27 regions of France in 1769. The birthplace of Napoleon Bonaparte.
|-
|The Communist Manifesto
|Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848. It inspired citizens across the world to partake in revolutions against seemingly unjust behavior.It lays the foundation for Marxist thinking, teaching that class struggles are the origin of all progress in society.
|-
|Sun Yixian
|Also known as Sun Yat-sen, he was the leader of the Kuomintang or nationalist Party that overthrew the Qing Dynasty of China. He also became the first leader of the former Republic of China.
|-
|Divine Right of Kings
|European doctrine that held that the authority of kings came from God.
|-
|Virginia Declaration of Rights
|A declaration of rights made by the representatives of the people of Virginia on June 7, 1776 written by George Mason.This later influenced the writting of the Declaration of Independance.
|-
|Guy Fawkes
|A conspirator against the English throne who belonged to a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605.
|-
|[[Utilitarianism]]
|proposed by Englishmen Jeremy Bentham and advocated by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), this non-Christian concept prefers overall "utility" (overall benefits minus costs) rather than individual justice. Tossing two people overboard in a lifeboat in order to save the other ten is an example.
|-
|[[John Stuart Mill]]
|(1806-1873) British philosopher and last of the English classical economists; proponent of utilitarianism and also advocated the development of labor unions and farm cooperatives, as well as emancipation by women
|-
|[[Nationalism]]
|when loyalty by a people to their nation becomes part of their identity; began in the late 1700s, around the same time as Romanticism, and later led to aggression by Germany and Japan in the 20th century.
|-
|[[Realpolitik]]
|Concept invented by Otto von Bismarck that emphasized practical politics rather than philosophy
|-
|[[Laissez-faire]]
|Approach in economics in which transactions between private parties are free from state and government intervention
|-
|Handel
|George Frederick Handel was a German composer, resident in England, and noted particularly for his oratorios, including the Messiah
|-
|Haydn
|1732--1809, Austrian composer who played a major part in establishing the classical forms of the symphony and the string quartet.
|-
|Mozart
|1756--91, Austrian composer. A child prodigy and prolific genius, his works include operas, such as The Marriage of Figaro (1786), Don Giovanni (1787), and The Magic Flute (1791), symphonies, concertos for piano, violin, clarinet, and French horn, string quartets and quintets, sonatas, songs, and Masses, such as the unfinished Requiem (1791).
|-
|Beethoven
|1770--1827, German composer, who greatly extended the form and scope of symphonic and chamber music, bridging the classical and romantic traditions. His works include nine symphonies, 32 piano sonatas, 16 string quartets, five piano concertos, a violin concerto, two masses, the opera Fidelio (1805), and choral music.
|-
|[[Nazi]]
|a member of the National Socialist German Workers' party of Germany, which in 1933, under Adolf Hitler, seized political control of the country, suppressing all opposition and establishing a dictatorship over all cultural, economic, and political activities of the people, and promulgated belief in the supremacy of Hitler as Führer, aggressive anti-Semitism, the natural supremacy of the German people, and the establishment of Germany by superior force as a dominant world power. The party was officially abolished in 1945 at the conclusion of World War II.
|-
|Gregor Mendel
|Father of Modern Genetics. As an Augustinian monk, Mendel studied Pea inheritance and interpreted his results to shape genetics till this day with his laws of Segregation and Independent assortment.
|-
|Sigmund Freud
|Father of Modern Psychiatry. Arguably a pseudoscientist, with heavy focus on Ego and Eros. Famous for invention of the "Oedipus Complex" which is arguably a reflection of his troubled personal life.
|-
|Classical Economics
|Mostly 19th century economics but also including 18th century Adam Smith, arguing for less government restriction on society.
|-
|[[Charles Spurgeon]]
|Charles Spurgeon was a Minister in England who taught that faith without works is dead and that people should try to help the poor.
|-
|[[Franco-Prussian War]]
|Otto von Bismarck started the Franco-Prussian War. He had an idea that if he enticed the French to attack Prussia that the German tribes around him would band together to defeat the opposition. The War lasted only six weeks.
|-
|[[Thomas Malthus]]
|Thomas Malthus was a British economist. He believed that the economy was inevitable going to collapse and fail.
|-
|Giuseppe Mazzini
|In Italy, a prominent nationalist, Giuseppe Mazzini, began to argue strongly for the unification of Italy as one nation. He formed the “Brotherhood of Young Italy” in 1831.
|-
|Belgium King Leopold II
|Leopold II (9 April 1835 – 17 December 1909) was the second king of the Belgians. He is chiefly remembered for being the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free state.
|-
|[[Manfred von Richtofen]]
|Better known as the "Red Baron" was (and still is) the most well known, and possibly the most admired dogfighting ace of all time.
At the end of his life, he had an impressive 80 kills. He was shot down, by an unknown person on April 21,1918.
|-
|Triple Alliance
|Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy; formed in 1879 to protect from French attacks; later became the Central Powers after Italy left and the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined
|-
|Triple Entente
|Great Britain, Russia, France; formed in 1907 against the Triple Alliance; later became the Allied Powers after Italy and Japan joined
|-
|Treaty of Versailles
|1919 Imposed limits on the size of the German army and its use of weapons and required Germany to pay reparations of $33 billion over a 30-year period; also took away some of its colonies and territories
|-
|Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
|1870-1924 Leader of the Communist Party who overthrew the Russian government; became leader of the Bolsheviks and ruled the Soviet Union, imposing a system of Marxism-Leninism which remained until the 1990s; also arranged for peace with Germany to end Russia's support of the Allies in the war in 1918
|-
|Bolsheviks
|After 1903, the more extreme Marxist group, as opposed to the Mensheviks, who wanted a sooner violent revolution; led by Lenin
|-
|quantum mechanics
|this breakthrough in physics in the early 20th century, used today by electronic technology: there is an underlying uncertainty in subatomic particles, such that they have probabilities of being in different places at the same time until they are observed
|-
|[[First Battle of Marne]]
|From September 6-12, 1914, the First Battle of Marne was a key conflict which halted the German efforts to capture France. This forced the Germans to fight a two front war. The French losses were horrific, 250,000. The German losses were similar.
|-
|[[Gallipoli Campaign]]
|Allied forces landed on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli in April 1915. The allies were not prepared for the terrain or there opponent. Nine months after the landing the allies had to retreat. They suffered 46,000 deaths among 250,000 casualties.
|-
|[[Battle of Verdun]]
|The French and the Germans fought perhaps one of the most demanding battles in history at the Battle of Verdun. The Germans initiated the battle by attacking the French city of Verdun. The battle lasted for ten months and at least 220,000 soldiers died and 480,000 were wounded in this struggle.
|-
|[[Battle of the Somme]]
|This battle started with the British and French meeting a the Somme River to begin an attack on the Germans to distract them from Verdun. The Allies bombed the Germans lines then sent 200,000 troops to storm them. The Germans were prepared for the attack and the losses were great. The British lost 20,000 men and had 40,000 wounded. The British and the French lost nearly 750,000 men.
|-
|[[Third Battle of Ypres]]
|The British hid 19 huge land mines under the German lines in southeast Ypres, Belgium over a 18 month period. The British detonated the mines and charged the lines in July 1917. The British plan worked for the beginning stages but soon failed because they did not pursue the Germans quick enough. Soon it rained the wettest fall season in years and the allies were literally stuck in the mud.
|-
|[[Communist League]]
|Was the first Marxist international organization. It was founded originally as the League of the Just by German workers in Paris in 1834.
|-
|Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher
|The newspaper that Karl Marz wrote for after moving to Paris in 1843.
|-
|[[St. Helena]]
|A British island used as a place of exile, the most notable prisoner was Napoleon.
|-
|Romanticism
|(1770-1870) a movement in poetry and the arts (including music) that emphasized individualism and the right to be different, reflecting an emphasis on thoughts and feelings, which coincided with numerous real revolutions like the French Revolution
|-
|Neoclassicism
|(1760-1850) paintings that emphasized clear linear design, using classical themes as subject matter
|-
|[[Johannes Kepler]]
|(1571-1630) a German Protestant scientist who built on Copernicus's work and discovered that planets orbited the sun in ellipses rather than circular orbits.
|-
|[[Galileo]]
|(1564-1642) a Catholic Italian astronomer, a contemporary of Kepler, who improved the design of the telescope but was punished by the Church for publishing Copernicus's theory and saying the Church approved it; the Church then banned Galileo's book ("Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World - Ptolemaic and Copernican," published in 1532)
|-
|mercantilism
|an economic system whereby a mother country (e.g., England) accumulates gold by exporting more goods than it imported, and by using her colonies (e.g., the America colonies) to ship it raw materials that could be manufactured and exported to other peoples
|-
|William Blackstone
|(1723-1780) the leading legal authority on English law, upon which American law is based; wrote the book ''The Rights of Englishmen'', in which he described the source of the rights of the people
|-
|Charles-Louis Baron de Montesquieu
|(1689-1755) a Frenchman who proposed the concept of separation of powers, and checks and balances, in government, which inspired key parts of the U.S. Constitutio; wrote a book, ''The Spirit of the Laws'', that explained essential aspects of good government
|-
|Denis Diderot
|(1713-1784) a French writer during the Enlightenment who edited an encyclopedia of scientific and social knowledge known simply as ''Encyclopedia'' (in French: ''Encyclopédie'')
|-
|Jean Jacques Rousseau
|(1712-1778) a Swiss-born political philosopher who criticized private property and laid the groundwork for future [[communist]] writers such as [[Karl Marx]]; Rousseau declared that government's goal should be to provide freedom, equality and justice, but this led to the French Revolution and hostility to churches
|-
|Gottfried [[Leibniz]]
|(1646-1716) a German Lutheran mathematician and philosopher who developed calculus independent of Isaac Newton, and whose Christian-based philosophy was opposed by Voltaire. It was Leibniz, not Newton, who first published the notation for the integral: <math>\int_a^b f(x)dx</math>
|-
|Treaty of Westphalia
|(1648) ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe, leaving a weaker Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, as well as Austria and Spain. Catholic France had sided with the winning Protestants in order to oppose the Holy Roman Empire, and France emerged strengthened and more unified as a result.
|-
|Thirty Years’ War
|(1618-1648) a religious conflict in Germany brought by Bohemian Protestants resisting against Hapsburg Catholics who were suppressing religious freedom; this war also engulfed Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Switzerland and The Holy Roman Empire in the conflict, before the Protestants (and Catholic France) won
|-
|Decline of the Holy Roman Empire
|weakened by the Ottoman Muslims, France, the Reformation, the growth of nation-states, and how the Italian and German cultures grew apart
|-
|Zulus
| A tribe of the Mthethwa African kingdoms of the late 1800's, and their most famous leader was Shaka. They were wiped out by the British in 1879.
|-
|locomotive
|developed in the early 1800s; it allowed man for the first time in history to travel faster than on horseback
|-
|King James Bible
|(1611) the magnificant English translation of the Bible, authorized by King James, which had a positive influence on the development of the English language itself
|-
|Jamestown settlement
|(1607) the first successful English settlement in the New World, in what is now Virginia
|-
|Vasco da Gama
|the first explorer to reach India by sailing eastward around Africa, between 1497 and 1499, with the help of the powerful monsoon winds. This established trade with India under the Portuguese King Manuel.
|-
|[[ The Central powers]]
|The enemies of the Allies in WWI, and they were Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman empire.
|-
|[[The Allies]]
| The Allies in WWI were Britain (her colonies), France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and in 1917, the United States, and in WWII the Allies were Britain, America, France, and Russia.
|-
|[[The Axis]]
| The Axis were the enemies of the Allies in WWII, and they were Nazi Germany, Italy (at the start of the war), and Japan.
|-
|Siege of Vienna
|1529: Christians Europeans defeated the Muslim Ottoman Turks
|-
|Battle of Lepanto
|1571: Christian Europeans defeated Muslim forces
|-
|9/11/1683, Gates of Vienna
|an alliance of Christian armies, led by the Polish King Jan III Sobieski, defeated a massive Muslim army
|-
|Seven Years’ War
|(1756-1763) France, Russia, Sweden, Poland and Austria were allied against Britain and Prussia, for control of Silesia, a region of Eastern Europe that is mostly part of Poland today. Britain and France also fought in North America (called the French & Indian War here). Britain won the war due to the genius of William Pitt ("Pittsburgh" is named after him), gaining Canada and India as a result; France was humiliated, leading to the French Revolution decades later.
|-
|Columbian Exchange
|plants and animals were brought from colonial America to Europe and vice-versa; Columbus brought from Europe to America wheat, melons, onions, grapes, sugar cane and horses. America had new fruits and vegetables, the white potato, peanuts, pumpkins, squash and chili peppers, which were then exported from America back to Europe.
|-
|slave trade
|1455-1800s: slave trade ended by a provision in the U.S. Constitution in North America, and slavery itself by the American Civil War (1861-1865); the slave trade was ended by England by Christian reformers Christian reformers William Wilberforce and John Wesley; slavery continued in Brazil until 1888
|-
|Andreas Vesalius
|(1514-64) a Renaissance physician who advanced the understanding of anatomy for physicians
|-
|William Harvey
|(1578–1657) an English physician who first understood the circulation of blood in the body
|-
|[[Rene Descartes]]
|(1596-1650) a French mathematician and philosopher who discovered analytical geometry and defined existence by, “I think, therefore I am.”
|-
|[[Francis Bacon]]
|(1561–1626) an English philosopher/scientist who promoted research based on experimentation
|-
|Ivan IV “the Terrible”
|(reigned 1547-1584) first czar of Russia, who executed many innocent people; Ivan was succeeded by his son Feodor, whose repeated failures led Russia into a “Time of Troubles.”
|-
|Mikhail Romanov
|(1613) the first of a long line of Romanov Russian czars; under Romanov rule serfs lost almost all of their freedoms
|-
|Peter the Great
|a Romanov who ruled Russia from 1682 to 1696 and instituted sweeping reforms in Russian government and society; he built St. Petersburg and tried to make European traditions a part of Russia.
|-
|El Greco
|(1541-1614) a painter, architect and sculptor best known for his paintings of saints and martyrs, and his painting of a storm over a Spanish town (“A View of Toledo”)
|-
|Diego Velázquez
|(1599-1660) a Spanish painter of portraits of the royal family and scenes from daily life at court
|-
|Miguel de Cervantes
|(1605) wrote the novel ''Don Quixote'', probably the most influential piece of Spanish literature in history
|-
|Maria Theresa
|(1717-1780) a Holy Roman empress who was the last ruler of the House of Habsburg dynasty, ruling over Austria
|-
|Frederick the Great
|(1712-1786) an absolutist King of Prussia, who built it into a powerful nation (before it became a key part of the future Germany)
|-
|War of the Austrian Succession
|(1740-1748) a broad conflict among many European nations, with the result that Prussia defeated Austria to win the territory of Silesia
|-
|Easter Rising
|(April 24-30, 1916) Irishmen seeking independence from Britain captured key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic; British suppressed this and executed its leaders.
|-
|Irish Republic
|(1919) established through the efforts of its leader, Michael Collins (1890-1922), who was then killed three years later during an Irish civil war
|-
|Northern Ireland
|divided between British Protestants and Irish Catholics, still under the control of the British
|-
|Bloody Sunday
|(1972) Irish held a peaceful march for freedom in Derry, Northern Ireland, but British soldiers responded by shooting and killing some of them, including children; the British never punished those responsible and several rock music songs commemorate the tragedy
|-
|9-11
|September 11, 2001) 19 Muslims, most from Saudi Arabia, hijacked American airplanes and flew one into each tower of the World Trade Center, a third into the Pentagon, and a fourth crashed in Pennsylvania as the passengers attempted to retake control of the plane from the terrorists.
|-
|Christian population
|steady increased from 0% of the world when Jesus was born, to about 33% of the world today.
|-
|globalism
|the opposite of “nationalism”; “globalism” views the world as one political unit, as one massive village.
|-
|The Four Tigers
|the prosperous Pacific Rim nations of [[South Korea]], [[Taiwan]], [[Singapore]] and [[Hong Kong]] (Hong Kong is now part of communist China but is allowed to remain free until at least the middle of the 21st century)
|-
|free trade
|trade (importing goods) without limitation between nations; it can cause losses in American jobs and an increase in illegal drugs shipped in from other nations
|-
|General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
|(1947) western nations promoted free trade by first freezing tariffs (taxes on goods sent between nations), and later began reducing the tariffs
|-
|World Trade Organization (WTO)
|(1995) most nations agreed to “free trade” and also established international courts for deciding trade disputes among nations
|-
|North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
|(1994) established free trade between Mexico, the United States, and Canada, and created international courts to resolve trade disputes
|-
|other free trade agreements in the Americas
|Latin American Free Trade Agreement (LAFTA ), formed in 1961), and replaced in 1981 by the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI); the South American Common Market (Mercosur) which has Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela as members; and a recently enacted Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) which the United States joined.
|-
|Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
|(1967) free trade group founded by Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines to combat communism; ASEAN later signed trade agreements with Japan (1977) and the European Community (1980)
|-
|consumerism
|people becoming obsessed with buying more than what is healthy or necessary, with brand names (like Nike) becoming more familiar than important things like the Bible
|-
|McDonaldization
|when American advertising (as in the case of McDonalds) has an influence on the world culture, causing distant children (like Chinese) to repeat a McDonald’s slogan they heard on television
|-
|Universal Declaration of Human Rights
|(1948) a United Nations declaration of basic human rights, including “life, liberty, and security of person”
|-
|Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
|(1960) a cartel formed by Middle Eastern countries to keep the price of oil higher than it would be if the members of the cartel competed with each other. Original members were Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, Iraq and also the Latin American country of Venezuela; African and Asian countries later joined OPEC too. In 2007, OPEC controlled about 2/3rds of the total oil market.
|-
|impressionism
|(late 1800s in France) moved painting away from its traditions, by emphasizing the transient effects of color and light, and attempting to capture a fleeting image or “impression”. Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir and Paul Cezanne. They often painted landscapes, and insisted on remaining outdoors until completion of the work
|-
|musical impressionism
|emphasized mood and understatement and reflected its composers’ view that pure sound (like color) is an end to itself
|-
|Aggression by Japan in the 1930s
|Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, attracted in part by the coal and iron deposits there, which began the Asian phase of World War II. In 1937, Japan invaded northern and central China.
|-
|Aggression by Italy in the 1930s
|Italy invaded and conquered Ethiopia in 1935-1936.
|-
|Aggression by Germany in the 1930s
|In 1936, Germany invaded the buffer zone separating Germany from France: the industrialized Rhineland; Germany annexed Austria in 1938 without much resistance, and on Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded and annexed western Poland despite armed resistance.
|-
|[[New Orleans]]
|a port in SE Louisiana, on the Mississippi River, about 172 km (107 miles) from the sea: the largest city in the state and the second most important port in the US; founded by the French in 1718; belonged to Spain (1763--1803). It is largely below sea level, built around the Vieux Carré (French quarter); famous for its annual Mardi Gras festival and for its part in the history of jazz; a major commercial, industrial, and transportation centre.
|-
|[[Lusitania]]
|a British luxury liner sunk by a German submarine in the North Atlantic on May 7, 1915: one of the events leading to U.S. entry into World War I.
|-

==Honors terms==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Term
!Definition
|-
|[[Adolf Hitler]]
|Leader of the NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers Party) AKA Nazis. During WW2 he was known as "der Führer" or the leader of Germany.
|-
|[[Big Bang]]
|The theory that developed in the early 20th century that the universe was created from an explosion.
|-
|[[Cold War]]
|The Cold War took place in the mid 1900's between the U.S., its allies and the Soviet Union. The war didn't actually involve battles and no bullets were fired or bombs dropped. It mostly included espionage and tense moments where each side was waiting for the other to fire their missiles.
|-
|[[Communism]]
|A powerful system of government, beginning in Russia, which states everyone must have the same amount of wealth. The forceful idea of communism creates an unequal, superficial worth for all.
|-
|[[Enigma]]
|The Enigma was a cipher used by the Axis in WWII. The German Enigma was thought at the time to be unbreakable until a 27 year old polish mathematician cracked it in 1937.
|-
|[[Enola Gay]]
|A Boeing B-29 Superfortress piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbets that on August 6, 1945 dropped "Little Boy", the first atom bomb, on the Japanese city Hiroshima.
|-
|[[Fascism]]
|Fascists believe that all actions should be done for the good of the state. Fascism is a totalitarian economic and political ideology that came to dominate the social and political systems of Italy under Benito Mussolini and Germany under Adolf Hitler.
|-
|[[Fat Man]]
|When the Japanese refused to surrender after experiencing the first atom bomb, this 10,213 pound atom bomb was dropped and detonated on the Japanese city Nagasaki. Its blast yeilded 21 kilotons of TNT or 75 million sticks of dynamite. It was the second atom bomb to be used in war.
|-
|[[The Great War]]
|Also known as World War 1. This was one of the deadliest wars in world history fought between the Central Powers and the Allies from 1914 to 1918.
|-
|[[The Holocaust]]
|The Germans blamed the Jews for all of Germanys problems. In 1935 a law was past to prevent Jews from holding Government offices. It all went down hill from there. Jews were eventually killed and sent to concentration camps for just being a Jew.
|-
|[[Joseph Stalin]]
|Brutal, Russian dictator who murdered millions of people, destroyed many religious gatherings, and worst of all, persuaded all schools to be taught to love the wicked idea of Communism.
|-
|[[Little Boy]]
|When given the green light by U.S. president Harry S. Truman, the 9,700 pound atom bomb called "Little Boy" was dropped from 31,000 feet and detonated at an altitude of 1,968 feet over the Japanese city Hiroshima. It was the first atom bomb to be used in war.
|-
|[[M1 Garand]]
|One of the most influential American firearms in history, firing a .30 Cal bullet. These were the primary weapons in both World War 2 and the Korean War.
|-
|[[Manhattan Project]]
|One day before the attack at pearl harbor, American scientists started the construction of an Atom bomb. The Project was named the Manhattan Project because it was started in Manhattan.
|-
|[[Mussolini]]
|Benito Mussolini founded Italy’s Fascist Party, emphasizing the need to improve Italy’s economy and its military. In October 1922, the Fascists protested in Rome, causing the King to make Mussolini leader of Italy. He then made it illegal to strike thinking this would make the economy bounce back.
|-
|[[Rheinische Zeitung]]
|The newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for when he lived in Cologne.
|-
|[[U-boat]]
|German submarines used to patrol the Atlantic in a terrifying manor and intercept British ships.
|-
|[[Woodrow Wilson]]
|(1856-1924)The 28th president of the United States who led the United States into World War I, secured the formation of the League of Nations, and at one point persuaded Congress to declare was on Germany in 1917.
|-
|[[World War I]]
|Deadliest conflict began on July, 28, 1914 mainly in Europe and the Middle East. World War I was between the Central Powers and Allies, but ended with the collapse of the Central Powers in November 1918.
|-
|[[World War II]]
|World War II began in the 1930's when Germany invaded Poland. It lasted until 1945 when the Allied powers defeated the Axis powers and forced them to surrender.
|-
|[[blitzkrieg]]
|German for "lightning war," high-speed attack which combines bombing with a tank invasion; first launched by Hitler against Poland in 1939
|-
|[[Marian Rejewski]]
|Polish mathematician who first broke the German Enigma code in 1932
|-
|[[Ultra]]
|Allied code-breaking effort; said by General Eisenhower to have been decisive to their victory over Germany
|-
|[[Pearl Harbor]]
|Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese launched a surprise attack on US navy fleet in Hawaii; Congress declared war on Japan and entered WWII
|-
|[[Korematsu v. United States]]
|1944 Case involving the forcing of Japanese Americans to move into interment camps during WWII; the Court sided with the government, ruling that the exclusion order was constitutional
|-
[[Category:World History lectures]]

World History Study Guide from 1648

2011-12-02T18:58:12Z

Wh: /* Honors terms */

This is the growing list of study terms for [[World History Lectures|World history]], from 1648 (the same midpoint used by the [[CLEP]] exams) to the present. This list will also include history in the century or so prior to 1648 which is not included in [[World History Study Guide to 1648]].

As of Nov. 20 this list has about 144 terms, and it should grow to about 400 terms by early December. ''An examination on this material will be given in late December 2011''.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Term
!Definition
|-
|[[Age of Exploration]]
|(1450-1650) A time period when nation-states in Europe (mainly England, France, Portugal and Spain) embarked on expeditions to distant lands. The American continents were discovered during this period.
|-
|[[Albert Einstein]]
|(1879-1955) American (German-born) physicist. Einstein is generally regarded as one of the very greatest scientists in history. His ideas and speculations have brought about the most profound revolution in scientific thought since Copernicus. In 1905 he published four great discoveries in theoretical physics: the special theory of relativity, the equivalence of mass and energy, the theory of Brownian motion, and the foundation of the photon theory of light. His famous special theory of relativity merged the traditionally absolute concepts of space and time into a space of four dimensions. In 1916 he advanced his general theory of relativity, which was substantiated by other scientists in 1919. In 1950 he introduced a merger of quantum theory with the general theory of relativity, thereby establishing one set of determinate laws for subatomic phenomena and large-scale physical phenomena. In 1952 the element einsteinium was identified by researchers at Berkeley, California, and named in his honor. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921.
|-
|[[balance of power]]
|the concept, first established by Europeon nations after the final defeat of Napoleon, whereby alliances called the Concert of Europe required nations to assist each other in order to defeat any one nation that became too power and started invading others.
|-
|[[Bastille Day]]
|(July 14, 1789) The day when French peasants invaded the huge Bastille prison in Paris, freeing political prisoners. This started the Great Fear, when riots broke out ever day, with peasants burning wealthy homes.
|-
|[[Big Bang]]
|The theory that developed in the early 20th century that the universe was created by an explosion.
|-
|[[caravel]]
|a miniature, highly maneuverable, lightweight ship developed by the Portuguese, which was often used to carry cargo
|-
|[[Charles Darwin]]
|(1809-1882) English naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution: that all species had evolved into complex forms of life over millions of years through the process of "natural selection," or "survival of the fittest."
|-
|[[Charles Dickens]]
|(1812-1870) Greatest English novelist of the Victorian period, who sympathized with the poor. Author of many iconic novels and characters whom we admire to this day.
|-
|[[Georges Danton|Georges Jacques Danton]]
|(1759–1794) Famous Jacobin during the French Revolution who joined and fully supported it until he saw the reign of terror and started to change his mind. Danton was subsequently executed.
|-
|[[Christopher Columbus]]
|(1451-1506) Italian explorer funded by Spain to sail in four voyages across the Atlantic ocean in search for a trade route to India, and discovered the "New World" (the Caribbean)
|-
|[[David Ricardo]]
|(1772-1823) A British classical economist who advocated the advantages of more trade between nations.
|-
|[[David Livingstone]]
|Scotsman who explored central Africa in the late 1860s to find the source of the Nile.
|-
|[[England]]
|An imperialistic nation-state based in the British isles off the western coast of Europe, which established the largest non-contiguous empire in history in the late 1800s.
|-
|[[Emilio Aguinaldo]]
|Led a rebellion against the U.S. to establish freedom in the Philippines in 1899.
|-
|[[Emiliano Zapata]]
|Cowboy who helped lead the Mexican Revolution.
|-
|[[Expressionism]]
|Style of art that arose in the 20th century that used distorted forms and bold colors to create art.
|-
|[[Forbidden City]]
|Imperial palace located in Beijing, China, which was used for twenty-four emperors during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
|-
|[[Franz Kafka]]
|Author and attorney with a troubled life that wrote several classics stories, including the short story The Metamorphosis (1915).
|-
|[[Glorious Revolution]]
|Revolution that took place in England in 1688, and replaced the Catholic King James II with the Anglican King and Queen, William and Mary.
|-
|[[imperialism]]
|the practice of one strong nation controlling another weaker nation, territory, or a group of people; several types of imperialism (from strongest to weakest forms) are: colonization, protectorates, spheres of influence, and economic.
|-
|[[Impressionism]]
|a type of painting that didn't focus on the detail but on the feeling and impressions.
|-
|[[Isaac Newton]]
|(1643-1727) the Englishman who, inspired by daily readings of the Bible, developed calculus and discovered the invisible force of gravity
|-
|[[The Enlightenment]]
|a philosophical movement in Europe in the 1700s that challenged traditional views and emphasized reason instead of faith; thinkers included Rousseau, Voltaire, Hume, Kant, Jefferson, Locke, and Diderot.
|-
|[[James Stuart]]
|Cousin of Queen Elizabeth who took over the English throne as James I. Under his reign, the "Gunpowder Plot" was invented, and the King James Version of the Bible was published. Contrary to his cousin Elizabeth, James I fought with Parliament continually.
|-
|[[Jazz]]
|music originating in New Orleans around the beginning of the 20th century and subsequently developing through various increasingly complex styles, generally marked by intricate, propulsive rhythms, polyphonic ensemble playing, improvisatory, virtuosic solos, melodic freedom, and a harmonic idiom ranging from simple diatonicism through chromaticism to atonality.
|-
|[[John Locke]]
|(1632-1704) English philosopher during the Enlightenment who created the idea of a "social contract" between the people and their government, which became the philosophical basis of rebellion in England and American Revolution when the people felt that government had broken the contract
|-
|[[Louisiana Purchase]]
|Tract of land that Napoleon sold to America for a very low price in 1803. Was the transfer of the western half of the Mississippi Valley from Spain and France to the United States.
|-
|[[Voltaire]]
|(1694-1778) French philosopher who was perhaps the greatest figure in the Enlightment, Voltaire favored '''''absolute''''' freedom and whose ideas led to French Revolution, senseless murdering, and the destruction of churches
|-
|[[nation-state]]
|(beginning in the 1400s) a single country comprised of people unified in language and culture, such as England, France and Spain, and other European nations such as Germany much later.
|-
|[[Marie Antoinette]]
|Wife of Louis XVI. Was reported to have said, "Let them eat cake!" upon hearing of the shortage of bread.
|-
|[[Monarch]]
|A person who reigns over a kingdom or empire. He may be above the law (''absolute monarch'') or subject to it (''constitutional monarchy''). The position is generally inherited (notable exception: the [[Pope]])
|-
|absolute monarch
|an all-powerful king or queen, such as the "Sun King" French King Louis XIV (in power from 1643-1715), who said, “L’etat c’est moi!” (“I am the state”)
|-
|divine right of kings
|belief they were given power by God and responsible to God alone, which lasted until religious conflict in England in the 1600s and the French Revolution in the late 1700s
|-
|Philip II
|(reigned 1556-1598) King of Spain who was the great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand; he kept Spain Catholic, and viewed Elizabeth I of England as his main rival, but his mighty Spanish Armada was crushed by a quicker English fleet in 1588.
|-
|William of Orange
|(1579) led the Netherlands in a revolt against their Spanish masters; this (along with the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the British) weakened Spanish power
|-
|[[Muhammad Ali Pasha]]
|(1769-1849) Albanian commander in the Ottomon army; regarded as the founder of modern Egypt.
|-
|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
|(1923) created the modern state of Turkey, with a combination of military rule and an elected Parliament; also converted the Arabic language to a modern, Latin-style alphabet
|-
|[[opium]]
|a harmful, addictive drug that the British sent in large amounts to China, which was a cause of the great Taiping Rebellion.
|-
|[[Capitalism]]
|An economic system that private companies own all capital goods and sell them at a competitive price. This system is almost always successful until excessive government prevails.
|-
|[[Columbian Exchange]]
|The trade of plants and animals from America to Europe; Europe to America. This was put into action some time after Columbus discovered America in 1492.
|-
|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]
|(1473-1543) a Polish Catholic scientist who started the "Scientific Revolution" with his discovery that the Earth revolves around the Sun, and published his discovery in a book at the end of this life ("On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres")
|-
|[[Hernando Cortes]]
|aided by superior weapons and horses, he led the Spanish conquest of Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec empire, capturing the Aztec ruler known as Montezuma; Cortex burned the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan and built Mexico City in its place
|-
|Francisco Pizzaro
|also aided by the use of horses and superior weapons, he led the Spanish conquest of Peru, eventually killing their emperor, Atahualpa; Pizzaro destroyed the ancient Peruvian city of Cuzco, and replaced with the city of Lima. While in Peru, Pizzaro also discovered the greatest silver mine in the Americas.
|-
|encomiendas
|beginning in 1503: Spanish system whereby a Spanish soldier (or colonist) received a section of land from the king along with the Indians or South American residents, who would then work the land for the soldier similar to slavery.
|-
|repartimientos
|1575: after complaints about the encomiendas by a Spanish monk named Bartholomew de Las Casas, a new Spanish system of repartimientos replaced it by supposedly limiting the amount of labor and requiring payment to the workers, and also requiring an application for approval by the king
|-
|[[Rasputin]]
|Peasant-turned-monk that was the only person who could heal Czar Nicholas II's son from his hemophilia.
|-
|[[John Cabot]]
|1497-1498: a British explorer (who had been born in Genoa, Italy, like Columbus) who discovered Newfoundland and the New England coast, so that land became the property of England
|-
|Jacques Cartier
|1534, 1541: French explorer who discovered Canada and the Mississippi Basin, including Louisiana; the lack of gold and silver in North America made it less interesting to Europeans than South America
|-
|[[Tsar|Czar]] (Tsar)
|Absolute emperor of Russia since the 1500's, the first being Ivan IV "The Terrible."
|-
|[[Neo-Confucianism]]
|More of a philosophy than a religion, Neo-Confucianism is a combination of Confucianism and Buddhism, and was the primary practice of the Chinese nation in the 1600's.
|-
|[[Reign of Terror]]
|Started after the execution of Louis XVI when Maximilian Robespierre guillotined numerous alleged enemies, including Marie Antoinette, and ended with his death (1794); a time of terrifying chaos when anyone could be killed for no reason
|-
|[[Robert Fulton]]
|American engineer and inventor who created the first commerical steamboat service in 1807.
|-
|[[Napoleon]]
|(lived 1769-1821) Dictator of France after the French Revolution; signed peace treaties with major European enemies, created a successful system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code, and conquered much of continental Europe; defeated at Battle of Waterloo
|-
|[[Battle of Waterloo]]
|1815 Marked the end of Napoleon's reign in France when he was defeated by Prussia and Great Britain
|-
|[[Bernhard Riemann]]
|(1826-1866) an influential German mathematician who made lasting contributions to differential geometry and analysis, some of which provided a foundation 40 years later for the theory of general relativity in physics.
|-
|[[Congress of Vienna]]
|1815: convention of European nations proposing a balance of powers among the rival nations to ensure than no single nation could threaten the others as Napolean had just done
|-
|[[Concert of Europe]]
|established during the Congress of Vienna; alliances between the nations requiring assistance of each other if war broke out, protecting against any revolutions or invasion; adopted changes including the legitimacy of monarchies and growing nationalism in Europe
|-
|[[Constitution of the United States]]
|(1787) the oldest working constitution in the world, which established a masterful design for government
|-
|[[Cotton]]
|Cotton is a natural fiber used in clothing. It comes from the seed of the cotton plant. People have grown cotton since 3000 B.C. and traded it for other goods.
|-
|[[David Hume]]
|(1711-1776) a Scottish philosopher who promoted materialism and naturalism rather than Christianity, which later influenced Charles Darwin; Hume wrote "A Treatise on Human Nature" and believed in relativism rather than absolute truth
|-
|Declaration of Independence
|(1776) an American statement of "inalienable" (God-given) rights, and asserting a right of the people break their "social contract" with a ruler (a king) when he violates those rights, such as the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
|-
|Edmund Burke
|(1729-1797) a conservative Irish statesman in the British parliament who sided with the American colonies in the period leading up to the American Revolution, coined the phrase "salutary neglect" to support economic growth in the colonies, and criticized the French Revolution when most others were praising it
|-
|The Federalist Papers
|(1788) Brilliant essays encouraging ratification of the U.S. Constitution, written mostly by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison
|-
|[[Gandhi]]
|Spiritual leader who set out to win independence for India through peaceful civil disobedience.
|-
|Immanuel Kant
|(1724-1804) a leading German philosopher, Kant felt that behavior is moral only if it would work as a rule if everyone did it (e.g., littering is immoral for one person to do it, because it wouldn't work if everyone did it); Kant's book "A Critique of Pure Reason" criticized the use of pure reason to determine morality
|-
|Industrial Revolution
|technology-driven changes in society that began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the replacement of hand tools with power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and a shift from farming to factories for many workers
|-
|James Clerk Maxwell
|(1831-1879)British physicist. Maxwell is ranked as the foremost physical scientist of the 19th century. His greatest achievement was the synthesis of the contributions of Faraday, Gauss, and Ampère into a single coherent electromagnetic theory. Of his several academic appointments the most important was the post of professor of experimental physics at Cambridge. He made contributions of fundamental importance to many branches of physics. The maxwell, a unit of magnetic flux, was named in his honor.
|-
|Johann Sebastian Bach
|1685-1750 German composer famous for Fugues, Inventions, English Suites and Passion according to St. Matthew.
|-
|Louis Pasteur
|1822–95,French chemist and bacteriologist who founded microbiology invented pasteurization, and discovered vaccinations for anthrax, rabies, and chicken cholera.
|-
|[[Louis XVI]]
|Louis XVI was the king of France from 1774 to October 1792. On August tenth during the French Revolution he was arrested. He was tried and found guilt of high treason. He was then executed by the guillotine on 21 January 1793.
|-
|[[Matthew Perry]]
|Helped to break the isolation of Japan by sailing into Edo harbor and helped the Treaty of Kanagawa to be signed in 1854.
|-
|[[Niels Bohr]]
|physicist. He won a 1922 Nobel Prize for his investigation of atomic structure and radiations. His son Aage Niels Bohr (born 1922), also a physicist, shared a 1975 Nobel Prize for discovering the asymmetry of atomic nuclei.
|-
|[[Slavery]]
|the state or condition of being a slave; a civil relationship whereby one person has absolute power over another and controls his life, liberty, and fortune
|-
|Realism
|the doctrine that universals have a real objective existence
|-
|Steamboat
|A steamboat is a waterborne ship powered by a steam engine. Historically, the steam was produced by burning coal (or less often, wood), although modern steamboats tend to use more portable fuels such as diesel gasoline.
|-
|Economies of scale
|The decrease in a firm's long-run average costs as the size of its production increases.
|-
|Enclosure movement
|Early 1700's during the industrial revolution in England.. Wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, benefiting from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land.
|-
|Adam Smith
|(1723-1790) a Scottish political economist who wrote a book with his idea about how the "invisible hand" of capitalism will create wealth and prosperity, in the "Wealth of Nations" (1776)
|-
|Factors of production
|Inputs used by companies to produce goods. Basic models of production have two input factors, labor and capital.
|-
|Oliver Cromwell
|(1599-1658) Was an English soldier, statesman, and leader of the Puritan revolution.
|-
|Queen Elizabeth
|(1558-1603) was known as the "Virgin Queen" of England and her 45-year reign was the “Elizabethan Age”; Virginia was named in her honor
|-
|Victor Hugo
|(1802-1885) Is considered one of the greatest Romanticist poets. He was a French man who wrote the classics Cromwell (1827), The Hunchback of Notre Dame of Paris (1831) and Les Miserables (1862).
|-
|[[William Prynne]]
|(1600 – 24 October 1669) Was an english lawyer, author, political figure and prominent Puritan.
|-
|[[Maximilian Robespierre]]
|(1758-1794) a French Jacobin who was most responsible for reign of terror; under the influence of the work of Rousseau, Robespierre unbendingly murdered moderates and all opponents, and was eventually killed by the guillotine himself in 1794.
|-
|French Revolution
|The French Revolution started in 1789 with the storm of the Bastille prison. The Revolution included the capture and beheading of King Louis XVI, and the Reign of Terror by Maximilien de Robespierre which ended in 1794 with Robespierre's death.
|-
|Prince Henry the Navigator
|founded the School of Navigation in Portugal in 1419, to train sailors to explore the West African coast with a goal of eventually finding sea routes to India
|-
|Bartholomew Diaz
|a Portuguese navigator who sailed around the southern tip of Africa (the Cape of Good Hope) in 1487 to establish a sea route to India
|-
|[[Ferdinand and Isabella]]
|Ferdinand and Isabella were the king and queen of Spain in the late fifteenth century A.D. They were patrons of Christopher Columbus. After reconquering the small Moorish Kingdom of Granada, they established the Spanish Inquisition (1478) and expelled the Jews and Muslims from Spain in 1492.
|-
|William and Mary
|William III (1650-1702 A.D.) was the king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1682 to 1702 A.D..They both founded the college of William and Mary in 1693. He ruled along with Queen Mary II (1662-1694 A.D.) until she died. William continued to rule until his death in 1702.
|-
|Reconquista
|(AD 722-1492) Was the regaining by Christians of Spain and Portugal, which had been under Muslim control.
|-
|Treaty of Tordesillas
|1494: established an 1100-mile long "Line of Demarcation," giving one side to Portugal and the other side to Spain for controlling the New World (Western Hemisphere)
|-
|Line of Demarcation
|a north-to-south line giving Portugal trading rights in India, China, the East Indies, East Brazil and the Spanish Americas, and giving Spain control of the remaining, vast majority of the Americas.
|-
|Ferdinand Magellan
|1519-1522: led the first successful voyage to go around the world, going around the southern tip of South America. Magellan himself was killed by Philippine natives prior to completing the last leg of the journey.
|-
|Results of Magellan's voyage
|Spain gained control of many South American territories, including Peru; Spain also obtained control over the Philippines in the Far East.
|-
|[[Otto von Bismarck]]
|(1815-1898) Was the minister president of Prussia (1862-71), and the first chancellor of the German Empire (1871-90). Known as the "Iron Chancellor".
|-
|[[Napoleon III]]
|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the President of the French Second Republic and as Napoleon III, the ruler of the Second French Empire.
|-
|First French Empire
|(1804-1814/1815) Was the empire of Napoleon I of France, and was a dominant power of most of continental Europe during the early 19th century.
|-
|Second French Empire
|Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic in France.
|-
|George Washington
|George Washington (1732-1799) was the first President of the United States (1789-1797) and Commander In Chief of the Continental Army. He was the dominant military and political leader of the new United States of America from 1775-1797, leading the American victory over Britain in the American Revolution and was the unanimous choice to serve as President. He voluntarily stepped down from office in 1796.
|-
|[[United Kingdom]]
|The term "United Kingdom" refers to the combination of "Great Britain" and "Northern Ireland" which is part of the island of Ireland.
|-
|[[Luddites]]
| A social movement in England that rioted and protested against the changes of the Industrial Revolution.
|-
|[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]
|(1770-1827) revolutionized instrumental music and took it to new heights never thought possible. Beethoven became totally deaf at the age of forty. He wrote most of his best music while he was total deaf.
|-
|King Henry VIII
|(lived 1491-1547, reigned beginning in 1509) Founded the Church of England (the Anglican Church)
|-
|[[Guillotine]]
|The guillotine was invented by Dr. Joseph Guillotine. It has a heavy blade that is lifted up and then dropped onto the execution victim to severe their head. During the Reign of Terror, the guillotine was the main form of execution.
|-
|American Revolution
|The American Revolution started when some American colonists thought that the English were taxing them too much. So, in 1776 they wrote the Declaration of Independence. The Patriots (the side of the revolutionaries) allied with France to equal the playing field. Through a series of battles that were wins and losses the Patriots came out on top and in 1783 the Treaty of Paris was signed ending the war.
|-
|American Revolution
|A revolution against the British in the American Colonies beginning in 1776 with the American Declaration of Independence.
|-
|France
|A nation-state in Europe that was ruled by a monarch until the French Revolution.
|-
|Prussia
|a very militaristic nation-state in Europe in part of the area where Germany is today
|-
|Louisiana purchase
|A purchase land made by the American Colonies in 1803 from the French empire.
|-
|Corsica
|Became one of the 27 regions of France in 1769. The birthplace of Napoleon Bonaparte.
|-
|The Communist Manifesto
|Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848. It inspired citizens across the world to partake in revolutions against seemingly unjust behavior.It lays the foundation for Marxist thinking, teaching that class struggles are the origin of all progress in society.
|-
|Sun Yixian
|Also known as Sun Yat-sen, he was the leader of the Kuomintang or nationalist Party that overthrew the Qing Dynasty of China. He also became the first leader of the former Republic of China.
|-
|Divine Right of Kings
|European doctrine that held that the authority of kings came from God.
|-
|Virginia Declaration of Rights
|A declaration of rights made by the representatives of the people of Virginia on June 7, 1776 written by George Mason.This later influenced the writting of the Declaration of Independance.
|-
|Guy Fawkes
|A conspirator against the English throne who belonged to a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605.
|-
|[[Utilitarianism]]
|proposed by Englishmen Jeremy Bentham and advocated by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), this non-Christian concept prefers overall "utility" (overall benefits minus costs) rather than individual justice. Tossing two people overboard in a lifeboat in order to save the other ten is an example.
|-
|[[John Stuart Mill]]
|(1806-1873) British philosopher and last of the English classical economists; proponent of utilitarianism and also advocated the development of labor unions and farm cooperatives, as well as emancipation by women
|-
|[[Nationalism]]
|when loyalty by a people to their nation becomes part of their identity; began in the late 1700s, around the same time as Romanticism, and later led to aggression by Germany and Japan in the 20th century.
|-
|[[Realpolitik]]
|Concept invented by Otto von Bismarck that emphasized practical politics rather than philosophy
|-
|[[Laissez-faire]]
|Approach in economics in which transactions between private parties are free from state and government intervention
|-
|Handel
|George Frederick Handel was a German composer, resident in England, and noted particularly for his oratorios, including the Messiah
|-
|Haydn
|1732--1809, Austrian composer who played a major part in establishing the classical forms of the symphony and the string quartet.
|-
|Mozart
|1756--91, Austrian composer. A child prodigy and prolific genius, his works include operas, such as The Marriage of Figaro (1786), Don Giovanni (1787), and The Magic Flute (1791), symphonies, concertos for piano, violin, clarinet, and French horn, string quartets and quintets, sonatas, songs, and Masses, such as the unfinished Requiem (1791).
|-
|Beethoven
|1770--1827, German composer, who greatly extended the form and scope of symphonic and chamber music, bridging the classical and romantic traditions. His works include nine symphonies, 32 piano sonatas, 16 string quartets, five piano concertos, a violin concerto, two masses, the opera Fidelio (1805), and choral music.
|-
|[[Nazi]]
|a member of the National Socialist German Workers' party of Germany, which in 1933, under Adolf Hitler, seized political control of the country, suppressing all opposition and establishing a dictatorship over all cultural, economic, and political activities of the people, and promulgated belief in the supremacy of Hitler as Führer, aggressive anti-Semitism, the natural supremacy of the German people, and the establishment of Germany by superior force as a dominant world power. The party was officially abolished in 1945 at the conclusion of World War II.
|-
|Gregor Mendel
|Father of Modern Genetics. As an Augustinian monk, Mendel studied Pea inheritance and interpreted his results to shape genetics till this day with his laws of Segregation and Independent assortment.
|-
|Sigmund Freud
|Father of Modern Psychiatry. Arguably a pseudoscientist, with heavy focus on Ego and Eros. Famous for invention of the "Oedipus Complex" which is arguably a reflection of his troubled personal life.
|-
|Classical Economics
|Mostly 19th century economics but also including 18th century Adam Smith, arguing for less government restriction on society.
|-
|[[Charles Spurgeon]]
|Charles Spurgeon was a Minister in England who taught that faith without works is dead and that people should try to help the poor.
|-
|[[Franco-Prussian War]]
|Otto von Bismarck started the Franco-Prussian War. He had an idea that if he enticed the French to attack Prussia that the German tribes around him would band together to defeat the opposition. The War lasted only six weeks.
|-
|[[Thomas Malthus]]
|Thomas Malthus was a British economist. He believed that the economy was inevitable going to collapse and fail.
|-
|Giuseppe Mazzini
|In Italy, a prominent nationalist, Giuseppe Mazzini, began to argue strongly for the unification of Italy as one nation. He formed the “Brotherhood of Young Italy” in 1831.
|-
|Belgium King Leopold II
|Leopold II (9 April 1835 – 17 December 1909) was the second king of the Belgians. He is chiefly remembered for being the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free state.
|-
|[[Manfred von Richtofen]]
|Better known as the "Red Baron" was (and still is) the most well known, and possibly the most admired dogfighting ace of all time.
At the end of his life, he had an impressive 80 kills. He was shot down, by an unknown person on April 21,1918.
|-
|Triple Alliance
|Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy; formed in 1879 to protect from French attacks; later became the Central Powers after Italy left and the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined
|-
|Triple Entente
|Great Britain, Russia, France; formed in 1907 against the Triple Alliance; later became the Allied Powers after Italy and Japan joined
|-
|Treaty of Versailles
|1919 Imposed limits on the size of the German army and its use of weapons and required Germany to pay reparations of $33 billion over a 30-year period; also took away some of its colonies and territories
|-
|Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
|1870-1924 Leader of the Communist Party who overthrew the Russian government; became leader of the Bolsheviks and ruled the Soviet Union, imposing a system of Marxism-Leninism which remained until the 1990s; also arranged for peace with Germany to end Russia's support of the Allies in the war in 1918
|-
|Bolsheviks
|After 1903, the more extreme Marxist group, as opposed to the Mensheviks, who wanted a sooner violent revolution; led by Lenin
|-
|quantum mechanics
|this breakthrough in physics in the early 20th century, used today by electronic technology: there is an underlying uncertainty in subatomic particles, such that they have probabilities of being in different places at the same time until they are observed
|-
|[[First Battle of Marne]]
|From September 6-12, 1914, the First Battle of Marne was a key conflict which halted the German efforts to capture France. This forced the Germans to fight a two front war. The French losses were horrific, 250,000. The German losses were similar.
|-
|[[Gallipoli Campaign]]
|Allied forces landed on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli in April 1915. The allies were not prepared for the terrain or there opponent. Nine months after the landing the allies had to retreat. They suffered 46,000 deaths among 250,000 casualties.
|-
|[[Battle of Verdun]]
|The French and the Germans fought perhaps one of the most demanding battles in history at the Battle of Verdun. The Germans initiated the battle by attacking the French city of Verdun. The battle lasted for ten months and at least 220,000 soldiers died and 480,000 were wounded in this struggle.
|-
|[[Battle of the Somme]]
|This battle started with the British and French meeting a the Somme River to begin an attack on the Germans to distract them from Verdun. The Allies bombed the Germans lines then sent 200,000 troops to storm them. The Germans were prepared for the attack and the losses were great. The British lost 20,000 men and had 40,000 wounded. The British and the French lost nearly 750,000 men.
|-
|[[Third Battle of Ypres]]
|The British hid 19 huge land mines under the German lines in southeast Ypres, Belgium over a 18 month period. The British detonated the mines and charged the lines in July 1917. The British plan worked for the beginning stages but soon failed because they did not pursue the Germans quick enough. Soon it rained the wettest fall season in years and the allies were literally stuck in the mud.
|-
|[[Communist League]]
|Was the first Marxist international organization. It was founded originally as the League of the Just by German workers in Paris in 1834.
|-
|Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher
|The newspaper that Karl Marz wrote for after moving to Paris in 1843.
|-
|[[St. Helena]]
|A British island used as a place of exile, the most notable prisoner was Napoleon.
|-
|Romanticism
|(1770-1870) a movement in poetry and the arts (including music) that emphasized individualism and the right to be different, reflecting an emphasis on thoughts and feelings, which coincided with numerous real revolutions like the French Revolution
|-
|Neoclassicism
|(1760-1850) paintings that emphasized clear linear design, using classical themes as subject matter
|-
|[[Johannes Kepler]]
|(1571-1630) a German Protestant scientist who built on Copernicus's work and discovered that planets orbited the sun in ellipses rather than circular orbits.
|-
|[[Galileo]]
|(1564-1642) a Catholic Italian astronomer, a contemporary of Kepler, who improved the design of the telescope but was punished by the Church for publishing Copernicus's theory and saying the Church approved it; the Church then banned Galileo's book ("Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World - Ptolemaic and Copernican," published in 1532)
|-
|mercantilism
|an economic system whereby a mother country (e.g., England) accumulates gold by exporting more goods than it imported, and by using her colonies (e.g., the America colonies) to ship it raw materials that could be manufactured and exported to other peoples
|-
|William Blackstone
|(1723-1780) the leading legal authority on English law, upon which American law is based; wrote the book ''The Rights of Englishmen'', in which he described the source of the rights of the people
|-
|Charles-Louis Baron de Montesquieu
|(1689-1755) a Frenchman who proposed the concept of separation of powers, and checks and balances, in government, which inspired key parts of the U.S. Constitutio; wrote a book, ''The Spirit of the Laws'', that explained essential aspects of good government
|-
|Denis Diderot
|(1713-1784) a French writer during the Enlightenment who edited an encyclopedia of scientific and social knowledge known simply as ''Encyclopedia'' (in French: ''Encyclopédie'')
|-
|Jean Jacques Rousseau
|(1712-1778) a Swiss-born political philosopher who criticized private property and laid the groundwork for future [[communist]] writers such as [[Karl Marx]]; Rousseau declared that government's goal should be to provide freedom, equality and justice, but this led to the French Revolution and hostility to churches
|-
|Gottfried [[Leibniz]]
|(1646-1716) a German Lutheran mathematician and philosopher who developed calculus independent of Isaac Newton, and whose Christian-based philosophy was opposed by Voltaire. It was Leibniz, not Newton, who first published the notation for the integral: <math>\int_a^b f(x)dx</math>
|-
|Treaty of Westphalia
|(1648) ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe, leaving a weaker Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, as well as Austria and Spain. Catholic France had sided with the winning Protestants in order to oppose the Holy Roman Empire, and France emerged strengthened and more unified as a result.
|-
|Thirty Years’ War
|(1618-1648) a religious conflict in Germany brought by Bohemian Protestants resisting against Hapsburg Catholics who were suppressing religious freedom; this war also engulfed Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Switzerland and The Holy Roman Empire in the conflict, before the Protestants (and Catholic France) won
|-
|Decline of the Holy Roman Empire
|weakened by the Ottoman Muslims, France, the Reformation, the growth of nation-states, and how the Italian and German cultures grew apart
|-
|Zulus
| A tribe of the Mthethwa African kingdoms of the late 1800's, and their most famous leader was Shaka. They were wiped out by the British in 1879.
|-
|locomotive
|developed in the early 1800s; it allowed man for the first time in history to travel faster than on horseback
|-
|King James Bible
|(1611) the magnificant English translation of the Bible, authorized by King James, which had a positive influence on the development of the English language itself
|-
|Jamestown settlement
|(1607) the first successful English settlement in the New World, in what is now Virginia
|-
|Vasco da Gama
|the first explorer to reach India by sailing eastward around Africa, between 1497 and 1499, with the help of the powerful monsoon winds. This established trade with India under the Portuguese King Manuel.
|-
|[[ The Central powers]]
|The enemies of the Allies in WWI, and they were Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman empire.
|-
|[[The Allies]]
| The Allies in WWI were Britain (her colonies), France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and in 1917, the United States, and in WWII the Allies were Britain, America, France, and Russia.
|-
|[[The Axis]]
| The Axis were the enemies of the Allies in WWII, and they were Nazi Germany, Italy (at the start of the war), and Japan.
|-
|Siege of Vienna
|1529: Christians Europeans defeated the Muslim Ottoman Turks
|-
|Battle of Lepanto
|1571: Christian Europeans defeated Muslim forces
|-
|9/11/1683, Gates of Vienna
|an alliance of Christian armies, led by the Polish King Jan III Sobieski, defeated a massive Muslim army
|-
|Seven Years’ War
|(1756-1763) France, Russia, Sweden, Poland and Austria were allied against Britain and Prussia, for control of Silesia, a region of Eastern Europe that is mostly part of Poland today. Britain and France also fought in North America (called the French & Indian War here). Britain won the war due to the genius of William Pitt ("Pittsburgh" is named after him), gaining Canada and India as a result; France was humiliated, leading to the French Revolution decades later.
|-
|Columbian Exchange
|plants and animals were brought from colonial America to Europe and vice-versa; Columbus brought from Europe to America wheat, melons, onions, grapes, sugar cane and horses. America had new fruits and vegetables, the white potato, peanuts, pumpkins, squash and chili peppers, which were then exported from America back to Europe.
|-
|slave trade
|1455-1800s: slave trade ended by a provision in the U.S. Constitution in North America, and slavery itself by the American Civil War (1861-1865); the slave trade was ended by England by Christian reformers Christian reformers William Wilberforce and John Wesley; slavery continued in Brazil until 1888
|-
|Andreas Vesalius
|(1514-64) a Renaissance physician who advanced the understanding of anatomy for physicians
|-
|William Harvey
|(1578–1657) an English physician who first understood the circulation of blood in the body
|-
|[[Rene Descartes]]
|(1596-1650) a French mathematician and philosopher who discovered analytical geometry and defined existence by, “I think, therefore I am.”
|-
|[[Francis Bacon]]
|(1561–1626) an English philosopher/scientist who promoted research based on experimentation
|-
|Ivan IV “the Terrible”
|(reigned 1547-1584) first czar of Russia, who executed many innocent people; Ivan was succeeded by his son Feodor, whose repeated failures led Russia into a “Time of Troubles.”
|-
|Mikhail Romanov
|(1613) the first of a long line of Romanov Russian czars; under Romanov rule serfs lost almost all of their freedoms
|-
|Peter the Great
|a Romanov who ruled Russia from 1682 to 1696 and instituted sweeping reforms in Russian government and society; he built St. Petersburg and tried to make European traditions a part of Russia.
|-
|El Greco
|(1541-1614) a painter, architect and sculptor best known for his paintings of saints and martyrs, and his painting of a storm over a Spanish town (“A View of Toledo”)
|-
|Diego Velázquez
|(1599-1660) a Spanish painter of portraits of the royal family and scenes from daily life at court
|-
|Miguel de Cervantes
|(1605) wrote the novel ''Don Quixote'', probably the most influential piece of Spanish literature in history
|-
|Maria Theresa
|(1717-1780) a Holy Roman empress who was the last ruler of the House of Habsburg dynasty, ruling over Austria
|-
|Frederick the Great
|(1712-1786) an absolutist King of Prussia, who built it into a powerful nation (before it became a key part of the future Germany)
|-
|War of the Austrian Succession
|(1740-1748) a broad conflict among many European nations, with the result that Prussia defeated Austria to win the territory of Silesia
|-
|Easter Rising
|(April 24-30, 1916) Irishmen seeking independence from Britain captured key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic; British suppressed this and executed its leaders.
|-
|Irish Republic
|(1919) established through the efforts of its leader, Michael Collins (1890-1922), who was then killed three years later during an Irish civil war
|-
|Northern Ireland
|divided between British Protestants and Irish Catholics, still under the control of the British
|-
|Bloody Sunday
|(1972) Irish held a peaceful march for freedom in Derry, Northern Ireland, but British soldiers responded by shooting and killing some of them, including children; the British never punished those responsible and several rock music songs commemorate the tragedy
|-
|9-11
|September 11, 2001) 19 Muslims, most from Saudi Arabia, hijacked American airplanes and flew one into each tower of the World Trade Center, a third into the Pentagon, and a fourth crashed in Pennsylvania as the passengers attempted to retake control of the plane from the terrorists.
|-
|Christian population
|steady increased from 0% of the world when Jesus was born, to about 33% of the world today.
|-
|globalism
|the opposite of “nationalism”; “globalism” views the world as one political unit, as one massive village.
|-
|The Four Tigers
|the prosperous Pacific Rim nations of [[South Korea]], [[Taiwan]], [[Singapore]] and [[Hong Kong]] (Hong Kong is now part of communist China but is allowed to remain free until at least the middle of the 21st century)
|-
|free trade
|trade (importing goods) without limitation between nations; it can cause losses in American jobs and an increase in illegal drugs shipped in from other nations
|-
|General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
|(1947) western nations promoted free trade by first freezing tariffs (taxes on goods sent between nations), and later began reducing the tariffs
|-
|World Trade Organization (WTO)
|(1995) most nations agreed to “free trade” and also established international courts for deciding trade disputes among nations
|-
|North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
|(1994) established free trade between Mexico, the United States, and Canada, and created international courts to resolve trade disputes
|-
|other free trade agreements in the Americas
|Latin American Free Trade Agreement (LAFTA ), formed in 1961), and replaced in 1981 by the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI); the South American Common Market (Mercosur) which has Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela as members; and a recently enacted Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) which the United States joined.
|-
|Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
|(1967) free trade group founded by Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines to combat communism; ASEAN later signed trade agreements with Japan (1977) and the European Community (1980)
|-
|consumerism
|people becoming obsessed with buying more than what is healthy or necessary, with brand names (like Nike) becoming more familiar than important things like the Bible
|-
|McDonaldization
|when American advertising (as in the case of McDonalds) has an influence on the world culture, causing distant children (like Chinese) to repeat a McDonald’s slogan they heard on television
|-
|Universal Declaration of Human Rights
|(1948) a United Nations declaration of basic human rights, including “life, liberty, and security of person”
|-
|Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
|(1960) a cartel formed by Middle Eastern countries to keep the price of oil higher than it would be if the members of the cartel competed with each other. Original members were Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, Iraq and also the Latin American country of Venezuela; African and Asian countries later joined OPEC too. In 2007, OPEC controlled about 2/3rds of the total oil market.
|-
|impressionism
|(late 1800s in France) moved painting away from its traditions, by emphasizing the transient effects of color and light, and attempting to capture a fleeting image or “impression”. Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir and Paul Cezanne. They often painted landscapes, and insisted on remaining outdoors until completion of the work
|-
|musical impressionism
|emphasized mood and understatement and reflected its composers’ view that pure sound (like color) is an end to itself
|-
|Aggression by Japan in the 1930s
|Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, attracted in part by the coal and iron deposits there, which began the Asian phase of World War II. In 1937, Japan invaded northern and central China.
|-
|Aggression by Italy in the 1930s
|Italy invaded and conquered Ethiopia in 1935-1936.
|-
|Aggression by Germany in the 1930s
|In 1936, Germany invaded the buffer zone separating Germany from France: the industrialized Rhineland; Germany annexed Austria in 1938 without much resistance, and on Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded and annexed western Poland despite armed resistance.
|-
|[[New Orleans]]
|a port in SE Louisiana, on the Mississippi River, about 172 km (107 miles) from the sea: the largest city in the state and the second most important port in the US; founded by the French in 1718; belonged to Spain (1763--1803). It is largely below sea level, built around the Vieux Carré (French quarter); famous for its annual Mardi Gras festival and for its part in the history of jazz; a major commercial, industrial, and transportation centre.
|-
|[[Lusitania]]
|a British luxury liner sunk by a German submarine in the North Atlantic on May 7, 1915: one of the events leading to U.S. entry into World War I.
|-

==Honors terms==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Term
!Definition
|-
|[[Adolf Hitler]]
|Leader of the NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers Party) AKA Nazis. During WW2 he was known as "der Führer" or the leader of Germany.
|-
|[[Big Bang]]
|The theory that developed in the early 20th century that the universe was created from an explosion.
|-
|[[Cold War]]
|The Cold War took place in the mid 1900's between the U.S., its allies and the Soviet Union. The war didn't actually involve battles and no bullets were fired or bombs dropped. It mostly included espionage and tense moments where each side was waiting for the other to fire their missiles.
|-
|[[Communism]]
|A powerful system of government, beginning in Russia, which states everyone must have the same amount of wealth. The forceful idea of communism creates an unequal, superficial worth for all.
|-
|[[Enigma]]
|The Enigma was a cipher used by the Axis in WWII. The German Enigma was thought at the time to be unbreakable until a 27 year old polish mathematician cracked it in 1937.
|-
|[[Enola Gay]]
|A Boeing B-29 Superfortress piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbets that on August 6, 1945 dropped "Little Boy", the first atom bomb, on the Japanese city Hiroshima.
|-
|[[Fascism]]
|Fascists believe that all actions should be done for the good of the state. Fascism is a totalitarian economic and political ideology that came to dominate the social and political systems of Italy under Benito Mussolini and Germany under Adolf Hitler.
|-
|[[Fat Man]]
|When the Japanese refused to surrender after experiencing the first atom bomb, this 10,213 pound atom bomb was dropped and detonated on the Japanese city Nagasaki. Its blast yeilded 21 kilotons of TNT or 75 million sticks of dynamite. It was the second atom bomb to be used in war.
|-
|[[The Great War]]
|Also known as World War 1. This was one of the deadliest wars in world history fought between the Central Powers and the Allies from 1914 to 1918.
|-
|[[The Holocaust]]
|The Germans blamed the Jews for all of Germanys problems. In 1935 a law was past to prevent Jews from holding Government offices. It all went down hill from there. Jews were eventually killed and sent to concentration camps for just being a Jew.
|-
|[[Joseph Stalin]]
|Brutal, Russian dictator who murdered millions of people, destroyed many religious gatherings, and worst of all, persuaded all schools to be taught to love the wicked idea of Communism.
|-
|[[Little Boy]]
|When given the green light by U.S. president Harry S. Truman, the 9,700 pound atom bomb called "Little Boy" was dropped from 31,000 feet and detonated at an altitude of 1,968 feet over the Japanese city Hiroshima. It was the first atom bomb to be used in war.
|-
|[[M1 Garand]]
|One of the most influential American firearms in history, firing a .30 Cal bullet. These were the primary weapons in both World War 2 and the Korean War.
|-
|[[Manhattan Project]]
|One day before the attack at pearl harbor, American scientists started the construction of an Atom bomb. The Project was named the Manhattan Project because it was started in Manhattan.
|-
|[[Mussolini]]
|Benito Mussolini founded Italy’s Fascist Party, emphasizing the need to improve Italy’s economy and its military. In October 1922, the Fascists protested in Rome, causing the King to make Mussolini leader of Italy. He then made it illegal to strike thinking this would make the economy bounce back.
|-
|[[Rheinische Zeitung]]
|The newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for when he lived in Cologne.
|-
|[[U-boat]]
|German submarines used to patrol the Atlantic in a terrifying manor and intercept British ships.
|-
|[[Woodrow Wilson]]
|(1856-1924)The 28th president of the United States who led the United States into World War I, secured the formation of the League of Nations, and at one point persuaded Congress to declare was on Germany in 1917.
|-
|[[World War I]]
|Deadliest conflict began on July, 28, 1914 mainly in Europe and the Middle East. World War I was between the Central Powers and Allies, but ended with the collapse of the Central Powers in November 1918.
|-
|[[World War II]]
|World War II began in the 1930's when Germany invaded Poland. It lasted until 1945 when the Allied powers defeated the Axis powers and forced them to surrender.
|-
|[[blitzkrieg]]
|German for "lightning war," high-speed attack which combines bombing with a tank invasion; first launched by Hitler against Poland in 1939
|-
|[[Marian Rejewski]]
|Polish mathematician who first broke the German Enigma code in 1932
|-
|[["Ultra"]]
|Allied code-breaking effort; said by General Eisenhower to have been decisive to their victory over Germany
|-
|[[Pearl Harbor Attack]]
|Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese launched a surprise attack on US navy fleet in Hawaii; Congress declared war on Japan and entered WWII
|-
|[[''Korematsu v. United States'']]
|1944 Case involving the forcing of Japanese Americans to move into interment camps during WWII; the Court sided with the government, ruling that the exclusion order was constitutional
|-
[[Category:World History lectures]]

World History Study Guide from 1648

2011-11-30T23:42:14Z

Wh:

This is the growing list of study terms for [[World History Lectures|World history]], from 1648 (the same midpoint used by the [[CLEP]] exams) to the present. This list will also include history in the century or so prior to 1648 which is not included in [[World History Study Guide to 1648]].

As of Nov. 20 this list has about 144 terms, and it should grow to about 400 terms by early December. ''An examination on this material will be given in late December 2011''.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Term
!Definition
|-
|[[Age of Exploration]]
|(1450-1650) A time period when nation-states in Europe (mainly England, France, Portugal and Spain) embarked on expeditions to distant lands. The American continents were discovered during this period.
|-
|[[Albert Einstein]]
|(1879-1955) American (German-born) physicist. Einstein is generally regarded as one of the very greatest scientists in history. His ideas and speculations have brought about the most profound revolution in scientific thought since Copernicus. In 1905 he published four great discoveries in theoretical physics: the special theory of relativity, the equivalence of mass and energy, the theory of Brownian motion, and the foundation of the photon theory of light. His famous special theory of relativity merged the traditionally absolute concepts of space and time into a space of four dimensions. In 1916 he advanced his general theory of relativity, which was substantiated by other scientists in 1919. In 1950 he introduced a merger of quantum theory with the general theory of relativity, thereby establishing one set of determinate laws for subatomic phenomena and large-scale physical phenomena. In 1952 the element einsteinium was identified by researchers at Berkeley, California, and named in his honor. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921.
|-
|[[balance of power]]
|the concept, first established by Europeon nations after the final defeat of Napoleon, whereby alliances called the Concert of Europe required nations to assist each other in order to defeat any one nation that became too power and started invading others.
|-
|[[Bastille Day]]
|(July 14, 1789) The day when French peasants invaded the huge Bastille prison in Paris, freeing political prisoners. This started the Great Fear, when riots broke out ever day, with peasants burning wealthy homes.
|-
|[[Big Bang]]
|The theory that developed in the early 20th century that the universe was created by an explosion.
|-
|[[caravel]]
|a miniature, highly maneuverable, lightweight ship developed by the Portuguese, which was often used to carry cargo
|-
|[[Charles Darwin]]
|(1809-1882) English naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution: that all species had evolved into complex forms of life over millions of years through the process of "natural selection," or "survival of the fittest."
|-
|[[Charles Dickens]]
|(1812-1870) Greatest English novelist of the Victorian period, who sympathized with the poor. Author of many iconic novels and characters whom we admire to this day.
|-
|[[Georges Danton|Georges Jacques Danton]]
|(1759–1794) Famous Jacobin during the French Revolution who joined and fully supported it until he saw the reign of terror and started to change his mind. Danton was subsequently executed.
|-
|[[Christopher Columbus]]
|(1451-1506) Italian explorer funded by Spain to sail in four voyages across the Atlantic ocean in search for a trade route to India, and discovered the "New World" (the Caribbean)
|-
|[[David Ricardo]]
|(1772-1823) A British classical economist who advocated the advantages of more trade between nations.
|-
|[[David Livingstone]]
|Scotsman who explored central Africa in the late 1860s to find the source of the Nile.
|-
|[[England]]
|An imperialistic nation-state based in the British isles off the western coast of Europe, which established the largest non-contiguous empire in history in the late 1800s.
|-
|[[Emilio Aguinaldo]]
|Led a rebellion against the U.S. to establish freedom in the Philippines in 1899.
|-
|[[Emiliano Zapata]]
|Cowboy who helped lead the Mexican Revolution.
|-
|[[Expressionism]]
|Style of art that arose in the 20th century that used distorted forms and bold colors to create art.
|-
|[[Forbidden City]]
|Imperial palace located in Beijing, China, which was used for twenty-four emperors during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
|-
|[[Franz Kafka]]
|Author and attorney with a troubled life that wrote several classics stories, including the short story The Metamorphosis (1915).
|-
|[[Glorious Revolution]]
|Revolution that took place in England in 1688, and replaced the Catholic King James II with the Anglican King and Queen, William and Mary.
|-
|[[imperialism]]
|the practice of one strong nation controlling another weaker nation, territory, or a group of people; several types of imperialism (from strongest to weakest forms) are: colonization, protectorates, spheres of influence, and economic.
|-
|[[Impressionism]]
|a type of painting that didn't focus on the detail but on the feeling and impressions.
|-
|[[Isaac Newton]]
|(1643-1727) the Englishman who, inspired by daily readings of the Bible, developed calculus and discovered the invisible force of gravity
|-
|[[The Enlightenment]]
|a philosophical movement in Europe in the 1700s that challenged traditional views and emphasized reason instead of faith; thinkers included Rousseau, Voltaire, Hume, Kant, Jefferson, Locke, and Diderot.
|-
|[[James Stuart]]
|Cousin of Queen Elizabeth who took over the English throne as James I. Under his reign, the "Gunpowder Plot" was invented, and the King James Version of the Bible was published. Contrary to his cousin Elizabeth, James I fought with Parliament continually.
|-
|[[Jazz]]
|music originating in New Orleans around the beginning of the 20th century and subsequently developing through various increasingly complex styles, generally marked by intricate, propulsive rhythms, polyphonic ensemble playing, improvisatory, virtuosic solos, melodic freedom, and a harmonic idiom ranging from simple diatonicism through chromaticism to atonality.
|-
|[[John Locke]]
|(1632-1704) English philosopher during the Enlightenment who created the idea of a "social contract" between the people and their government, which became the philosophical basis of rebellion in England and American Revolution when the people felt that government had broken the contract
|-
|[[Louisiana Purchase]]
|Tract of land that Napoleon sold to America for a very low price in 1803. Was the transfer of the western half of the Mississippi Valley from Spain and France to the United States.
|-
|[[Voltaire]]
|(1694-1778) French philosopher who was perhaps the greatest figure in the Enlightment, Voltaire favored '''''absolute''''' freedom and whose ideas led to French Revolution, senseless murdering, and the destruction of churches
|-
|[[nation-state]]
|(beginning in the 1400s) a single country comprised of people unified in language and culture, such as England, France and Spain, and other European nations such as Germany much later.
|-
|[[Marie Antoinette]]
|Wife of Louis XVI. Was reported to have said, "Let them eat cake!" upon hearing of the shortage of bread.
|-
|[[Monarch]]
|A person who reigns over a kingdom or empire. He may be above the law (''absolute monarch'') or subject to it (''constitutional monarchy''). The position is generally inherited (notable exception: the [[Pope]])
|-
|absolute monarch
|an all-powerful king or queen, such as the "Sun King" French King Louis XIV (in power from 1643-1715), who said, “L’etat c’est moi!” (“I am the state”)
|-
|divine right of kings
|belief they were given power by God and responsible to God alone, which lasted until religious conflict in England in the 1600s and the French Revolution in the late 1700s
|-
|Philip II
|(reigned 1556-1598) King of Spain who was the great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand; he kept Spain Catholic, and viewed Elizabeth I of England as his main rival, but his mighty Spanish Armada was crushed by a quicker English fleet in 1588.
|-
|William of Orange
|(1579) led the Netherlands in a revolt against their Spanish masters; this (along with the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the British) weakened Spanish power
|-
|[[Muhammad Ali Pasha]]
|(1769-1849) Albanian commander in the Ottomon army; regarded as the founder of modern Egypt.
|-
|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
|(1923) created the modern state of Turkey, with a combination of military rule and an elected Parliament; also converted the Arabic language to a modern, Latin-style alphabet
|-
|[[opium]]
|a harmful, addictive drug that the British sent in large amounts to China, which was a cause of the great Taiping Rebellion.
|-
|[[Capitalism]]
|An economic system that private companies own all capital goods and sell them at a competitive price. This system is almost always successful until excessive government prevails.
|-
|[[Columbian Exchange]]
|The trade of plants and animals from America to Europe; Europe to America. This was put into action some time after Columbus discovered America in 1492.
|-
|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]
|(1473-1543) a Polish Catholic scientist who started the "Scientific Revolution" with his discovery that the Earth revolves around the Sun, and published his discovery in a book at the end of this life ("On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres")
|-
|[[Hernando Cortes]]
|aided by superior weapons and horses, he led the Spanish conquest of Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec empire, capturing the Aztec ruler known as Montezuma; Cortex burned the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan and built Mexico City in its place
|-
|Francisco Pizzaro
|also aided by the use of horses and superior weapons, he led the Spanish conquest of Peru, eventually killing their emperor, Atahualpa; Pizzaro destroyed the ancient Peruvian city of Cuzco, and replaced with the city of Lima. While in Peru, Pizzaro also discovered the greatest silver mine in the Americas.
|-
|encomiendas
|beginning in 1503: Spanish system whereby a Spanish soldier (or colonist) received a section of land from the king along with the Indians or South American residents, who would then work the land for the soldier similar to slavery.
|-
|repartimientos
|1575: after complaints about the encomiendas by a Spanish monk named Bartholomew de Las Casas, a new Spanish system of repartimientos replaced it by supposedly limiting the amount of labor and requiring payment to the workers, and also requiring an application for approval by the king
|-
|[[Rasputin]]
|Peasant-turned-monk that was the only person who could heal Czar Nicholas II's son from his hemophilia.
|-
|[[John Cabot]]
|1497-1498: a British explorer (who had been born in Genoa, Italy, like Columbus) who discovered Newfoundland and the New England coast, so that land became the property of England
|-
|Jacques Cartier
|1534, 1541: French explorer who discovered Canada and the Mississippi Basin, including Louisiana; the lack of gold and silver in North America made it less interesting to Europeans than South America
|-
|[[Tsar|Czar]] (Tsar)
|Absolute emperor of Russia since the 1500's, the first being Ivan IV "The Terrible."
|-
|[[Neo-Confucianism]]
|More of a philosophy than a religion, Neo-Confucianism is a combination of Confucianism and Buddhism, and was the primary practice of the Chinese nation in the 1600's.
|-
|[[Reign of Terror]]
|Started after the execution of Louis XVI when Maximilian Robespierre guillotined numerous alleged enemies, including Marie Antoinette, and ended with his death (1794); a time of terrifying chaos when anyone could be killed for no reason
|-
|[[Robert Fulton]]
|American engineer and inventor who created the first commerical steamboat service in 1807.
|-
|[[Napoleon]]
|(lived 1769-1821) Dictator of France after the French Revolution; signed peace treaties with major European enemies, created a successful system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code, and conquered much of continental Europe; defeated at Battle of Waterloo
|-
|[[Battle of Waterloo]]
|1815 Marked the end of Napoleon's reign in France when he was defeated by Prussia and Great Britain
|-
|[[Bernhard Riemann]]
|(1826-1866) an influential German mathematician who made lasting contributions to differential geometry and analysis, some of which provided a foundation 40 years later for the theory of general relativity in physics.
|-
|[[Congress of Vienna]]
|1815: convention of European nations proposing a balance of powers among the rival nations to ensure than no single nation could threaten the others as Napolean had just done
|-
|[[Concert of Europe]]
|established during the Congress of Vienna; alliances between the nations requiring assistance of each other if war broke out, protecting against any revolutions or invasion; adopted changes including the legitimacy of monarchies and growing nationalism in Europe
|-
|[[Constitution of the United States]]
|(1787) the oldest working constitution in the world, which established a masterful design for government
|-
|[[Cotton]]
|Cotton is a natural fiber used in clothing. It comes from the seed of the cotton plant. People have grown cotton since 3000 B.C. and traded it for other goods.
|-
|[[David Hume]]
|(1711-1776) a Scottish philosopher who promoted materialism and naturalism rather than Christianity, which later influenced Charles Darwin; Hume wrote "A Treatise on Human Nature" and believed in relativism rather than absolute truth
|-
|Declaration of Independence
|(1776) an American statement of "inalienable" (God-given) rights, and asserting a right of the people break their "social contract" with a ruler (a king) when he violates those rights, such as the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
|-
|Edmund Burke
|(1729-1797) a conservative Irish statesman in the British parliament who sided with the American colonies in the period leading up to the American Revolution, coined the phrase "salutary neglect" to support economic growth in the colonies, and criticized the French Revolution when most others were praising it
|-
|The Federalist Papers
|(1788) Brilliant essays encouraging ratification of the U.S. Constitution, written mostly by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison
|-
|[[Gandhi]]
|Spiritual leader who set out to win independence for India through peaceful civil disobedience.
|-
|Immanuel Kant
|(1724-1804) a leading German philosopher, Kant felt that behavior is moral only if it would work as a rule if everyone did it (e.g., littering is immoral for one person to do it, because it wouldn't work if everyone did it); Kant's book "A Critique of Pure Reason" criticized the use of pure reason to determine morality
|-
|Industrial Revolution
|technology-driven changes in society that began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the replacement of hand tools with power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and a shift from farming to factories for many workers
|-
|James Clerk Maxwell
|(1831-1879)British physicist. Maxwell is ranked as the foremost physical scientist of the 19th century. His greatest achievement was the synthesis of the contributions of Faraday, Gauss, and Ampère into a single coherent electromagnetic theory. Of his several academic appointments the most important was the post of professor of experimental physics at Cambridge. He made contributions of fundamental importance to many branches of physics. The maxwell, a unit of magnetic flux, was named in his honor.
|-
|Johann Sebastian Bach
|1685-1750 German composer famous for Fugues, Inventions, English Suites and Passion according to St. Matthew.
|-
|Louis Pasteur
|1822–95,French chemist and bacteriologist who founded microbiology invented pasteurization, and discovered vaccinations for anthrax, rabies, and chicken cholera.
|-
|[[Louis XVI]]
|Louis XVI was the king of France from 1774 to October 1792. On August tenth during the French Revolution he was arrested. He was tried and found guilt of high treason. He was then executed by the guillotine on 21 January 1793.
|-
|[[Matthew Perry]]
|Helped to break the isolation of Japan by sailing into Edo harbor and helped the Treaty of Kanagawa to be signed in 1854.
|-
|[[Niels Bohr]]
|physicist. He won a 1922 Nobel Prize for his investigation of atomic structure and radiations. His son Aage Niels Bohr (born 1922), also a physicist, shared a 1975 Nobel Prize for discovering the asymmetry of atomic nuclei.
|-
|[[Slavery]]
|the state or condition of being a slave; a civil relationship whereby one person has absolute power over another and controls his life, liberty, and fortune
|-
|Realism
|the doctrine that universals have a real objective existence
|-
|Steamboat
|A steamboat is a waterborne ship powered by a steam engine. Historically, the steam was produced by burning coal (or less often, wood), although modern steamboats tend to use more portable fuels such as diesel gasoline.
|-
|Economies of scale
|The decrease in a firm's long-run average costs as the size of its production increases.
|-
|Enclosure movement
|Early 1700's during the industrial revolution in England.. Wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, benefiting from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land.
|-
|Adam Smith
|(1723-1790) a Scottish political economist who wrote a book with his idea about how the "invisible hand" of capitalism will create wealth and prosperity, in the "Wealth of Nations" (1776)
|-
|Factors of production
|Inputs used by companies to produce goods. Basic models of production have two input factors, labor and capital.
|-
|Oliver Cromwell
|(1599-1658) Was an English soldier, statesman, and leader of the Puritan revolution.
|-
|Queen Elizabeth
|(1558-1603) was known as the "Virgin Queen" of England and her 45-year reign was the “Elizabethan Age”; Virginia was named in her honor
|-
|Victor Hugo
|(1802-1885) Is considered one of the greatest Romanticist poets. He was a French man who wrote the classics Cromwell (1827), The Hunchback of Notre Dame of Paris (1831) and Les Miserables (1862).
|-
|[[William Prynne]]
|(1600 – 24 October 1669) Was an english lawyer, author, political figure and prominent Puritan.
|-
|[[Maximilian Robespierre]]
|(1758-1794) a French Jacobin who was most responsible for reign of terror; under the influence of the work of Rousseau, Robespierre unbendingly murdered moderates and all opponents, and was eventually killed by the guillotine himself in 1794.
|-
|French Revolution
|The French Revolution started in 1789 with the storm of the Bastille prison. The Revolution included the capture and beheading of King Louis XVI, and the Reign of Terror by Maximilien de Robespierre which ended in 1794 with Robespierre's death.
|-
|Prince Henry the Navigator
|founded the School of Navigation in Portugal in 1419, to train sailors to explore the West African coast with a goal of eventually finding sea routes to India
|-
|Bartholomew Diaz
|a Portuguese navigator who sailed around the southern tip of Africa (the Cape of Good Hope) in 1487 to establish a sea route to India
|-
|[[Ferdinand and Isabella]]
|Ferdinand and Isabella were the king and queen of Spain in the late fifteenth century A.D. They were patrons of Christopher Columbus. After reconquering the small Moorish Kingdom of Granada, they established the Spanish Inquisition (1478) and expelled the Jews and Muslims from Spain in 1492.
|-
|William and Mary
|William III (1650-1702 A.D.) was the king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1682 to 1702 A.D..They both founded the college of William and Mary in 1693. He ruled along with Queen Mary II (1662-1694 A.D.) until she died. William continued to rule until his death in 1702.
|-
|Reconquista
|(AD 722-1492) Was the regaining by Christians of Spain and Portugal, which had been under Muslim control.
|-
|Treaty of Tordesillas
|1494: established an 1100-mile long "Line of Demarcation," giving one side to Portugal and the other side to Spain for controlling the New World (Western Hemisphere)
|-
|Line of Demarcation
|a north-to-south line giving Portugal trading rights in India, China, the East Indies, East Brazil and the Spanish Americas, and giving Spain control of the remaining, vast majority of the Americas.
|-
|Ferdinand Magellan
|1519-1522: led the first successful voyage to go around the world, going around the southern tip of South America. Magellan himself was killed by Philippine natives prior to completing the last leg of the journey.
|-
|Results of Magellan's voyage
|Spain gained control of many South American territories, including Peru; Spain also obtained control over the Philippines in the Far East.
|-
|[[Otto von Bismarck]]
|(1815-1898) Was the minister president of Prussia (1862-71), and the first chancellor of the German Empire (1871-90). Known as the "Iron Chancellor".
|-
|[[Napoleon III]]
|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the President of the French Second Republic and as Napoleon III, the ruler of the Second French Empire.
|-
|First French Empire
|(1804-1814/1815) Was the empire of Napoleon I of France, and was a dominant power of most of continental Europe during the early 19th century.
|-
|Second French Empire
|Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic in France.
|-
|George Washington
|George Washington (1732-1799) was the first President of the United States (1789-1797) and Commander In Chief of the Continental Army. He was the dominant military and political leader of the new United States of America from 1775-1797, leading the American victory over Britain in the American Revolution and was the unanimous choice to serve as President. He voluntarily stepped down from office in 1796.
|-
|[[United Kingdom]]
|The term "United Kingdom" refers to the combination of "Great Britain" and "Northern Ireland" which is part of the island of Ireland.
|-
|[[Luddites]]
| A social movement in England that rioted and protested against the changes of the Industrial Revolution.
|-
|[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]
|(1770-1827) revolutionized instrumental music and took it to new heights never thought possible. Beethoven became totally deaf at the age of forty. He wrote most of his best music while he was total deaf.
|-
|King Henry VIII
|(lived 1491-1547, reigned beginning in 1509) Founded the Church of England (the Anglican Church)
|-
|[[Guillotine]]
|The guillotine was invented by Dr. Joseph Guillotine. It has a heavy blade that is lifted up and then dropped onto the execution victim to severe their head. During the Reign of Terror, the guillotine was the main form of execution.
|-
|American Revolution
|The American Revolution started when some American colonists thought that the English were taxing them too much. So, in 1776 they wrote the Declaration of Independence. The Patriots (the side of the revolutionaries) allied with France to equal the playing field. Through a series of battles that were wins and losses the Patriots came out on top and in 1783 the Treaty of Paris was signed ending the war.
|-
|American Revolution
|A revolution against the British in the American Colonies beginning in 1776 with the American Declaration of Independence.
|-
|France
|A nation-state in Europe that was ruled by a monarch until the French Revolution.
|-
|Prussia
|a very militaristic nation-state in Europe in part of the area where Germany is today
|-
|Louisiana purchase
|A purchase land made by the American Colonies in 1803 from the French empire.
|-
|Corsica
|Became one of the 27 regions of France in 1769. The birthplace of Napoleon Bonaparte.
|-
|The Communist Manifesto
|Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848. It inspired citizens across the world to partake in revolutions against seemingly unjust behavior.It lays the foundation for Marxist thinking, teaching that class struggles are the origin of all progress in society.
|-
|Sun Yixian
|Also known as Sun Yat-sen, he was the leader of the Kuomintang or nationalist Party that overthrew the Qing Dynasty of China. He also became the first leader of the former Republic of China.
|-
|Divine Right of Kings
|European doctrine that held that the authority of kings came from God.
|-
|Virginia Declaration of Rights
|A declaration of rights made by the representatives of the people of Virginia on June 7, 1776 written by George Mason.This later influenced the writting of the Declaration of Independance.
|-
|Guy Fawkes
|A conspirator against the English throne who belonged to a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605.
|-
|[[Utilitarianism]]
|proposed by Englishmen Jeremy Bentham and advocated by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), this non-Christian concept prefers overall "utility" (overall benefits minus costs) rather than individual justice. Tossing two people overboard in a lifeboat in order to save the other ten is an example.
|-
|[[John Stuart Mill]]
|(1806-1873) British philosopher and last of the English classical economists; proponent of utilitarianism and also advocated the development of labor unions and farm cooperatives, as well as emancipation by women
|-
|[[Nationalism]]
|when loyalty by a people to their nation becomes part of their identity; began in the late 1700s, around the same time as Romanticism, and later led to aggression by Germany and Japan in the 20th century.
|-
|[[Realpolitik]]
|Concept invented by Otto von Bismarck that emphasized practical politics rather than philosophy
|-
|[[Laissez-faire]]
|Approach in economics in which transactions between private parties are free from state and government intervention
|-
|Handel
|George Frederick Handel was a German composer, resident in England, and noted particularly for his oratorios, including the Messiah
|-
|Haydn
|1732--1809, Austrian composer who played a major part in establishing the classical forms of the symphony and the string quartet.
|-
|Mozart
|1756--91, Austrian composer. A child prodigy and prolific genius, his works include operas, such as The Marriage of Figaro (1786), Don Giovanni (1787), and The Magic Flute (1791), symphonies, concertos for piano, violin, clarinet, and French horn, string quartets and quintets, sonatas, songs, and Masses, such as the unfinished Requiem (1791).
|-
|Beethoven
|1770--1827, German composer, who greatly extended the form and scope of symphonic and chamber music, bridging the classical and romantic traditions. His works include nine symphonies, 32 piano sonatas, 16 string quartets, five piano concertos, a violin concerto, two masses, the opera Fidelio (1805), and choral music.
|-
|[[Nazi]]
|a member of the National Socialist German Workers' party of Germany, which in 1933, under Adolf Hitler, seized political control of the country, suppressing all opposition and establishing a dictatorship over all cultural, economic, and political activities of the people, and promulgated belief in the supremacy of Hitler as Führer, aggressive anti-Semitism, the natural supremacy of the German people, and the establishment of Germany by superior force as a dominant world power. The party was officially abolished in 1945 at the conclusion of World War II.
|-
|Gregor Mendel
|Father of Modern Genetics. As an Augustinian monk, Mendel studied Pea inheritance and interpreted his results to shape genetics till this day with his laws of Segregation and Independent assortment.
|-
|Sigmund Freud
|Father of Modern Psychiatry. Arguably a pseudoscientist, with heavy focus on Ego and Eros. Famous for invention of the "Oedipus Complex" which is arguably a reflection of his troubled personal life.
|-
|Classical Economics
|Mostly 19th century economics but also including 18th century Adam Smith, arguing for less government restriction on society.
|-
|[[Charles Spurgeon]]
|Charles Spurgeon was a Minister in England who taught that faith without works is dead and that people should try to help the poor.
|-
|[[Franco-Prussian War]]
|Otto von Bismarck started the Franco-Prussian War. He had an idea that if he enticed the French to attack Prussia that the German tribes around him would band together to defeat the opposition. The War lasted only six weeks.
|-
|[[Thomas Malthus]]
|Thomas Malthus was a British economist. He believed that the economy was inevitable going to collapse and fail.
|-
|Giuseppe Mazzini
|In Italy, a prominent nationalist, Giuseppe Mazzini, began to argue strongly for the unification of Italy as one nation. He formed the “Brotherhood of Young Italy” in 1831.
|-
|Belgium King Leopold II
|Leopold II (9 April 1835 – 17 December 1909) was the second king of the Belgians. He is chiefly remembered for being the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free state.
|-
|[[Manfred von Richtofen]]
|Better known as the "Red Baron" was (and still is) the most well known, and possibly the most admired dogfighting ace of all time.
At the end of his life, he had an impressive 80 kills. He was shot down, by an unknown person on April 21,1918.
|-
|Triple Alliance
|Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy; formed in 1879 to protect from French attacks; later became the Central Powers after Italy left and the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined
|-
|Triple Entente
|Great Britain, Russia, France; formed in 1907 against the Triple Alliance; later became the Allied Powers after Italy and Japan joined
|-
|Treaty of Versailles
|1919 Imposed limits on the size of the German army and its use of weapons and required Germany to pay reparations of $33 billion over a 30-year period; also took away some of its colonies and territories
|-
|Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
|1870-1924 Leader of the Communist Party who overthrew the Russian government; became leader of the Bolsheviks and ruled the Soviet Union, imposing a system of Marxism-Leninism which remained until the 1990s; also arranged for peace with Germany to end Russia's support of the Allies in the war in 1918
|-
|Bolsheviks
|After 1903, the more extreme Marxist group, as opposed to the Mensheviks, who wanted a sooner violent revolution; led by Lenin
|-
|quantum mechanics
|this breakthrough in physics in the early 20th century, used today by electronic technology: there is an underlying uncertainty in subatomic particles, such that they have probabilities of being in different places at the same time until they are observed
|-
|[[First Battle of Marne]]
|From September 6-12, 1914, the First Battle of Marne was a key conflict which halted the German efforts to capture France. This forced the Germans to fight a two front war. The French losses were horrific, 250,000. The German losses were similar.
|-
|[[Gallipoli Campaign]]
|Allied forces landed on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli in April 1915. The allies were not prepared for the terrain or there opponent. Nine months after the landing the allies had to retreat. They suffered 46,000 deaths among 250,000 casualties.
|-
|[[Battle of Verdun]]
|The French and the Germans fought perhaps one of the most demanding battles in history at the Battle of Verdun. The Germans initiated the battle by attacking the French city of Verdun. The battle lasted for ten months and at least 220,000 soldiers died and 480,000 were wounded in this struggle.
|-
|[[Battle of the Somme]]
|This battle started with the British and French meeting a the Somme River to begin an attack on the Germans to distract them from Verdun. The Allies bombed the Germans lines then sent 200,000 troops to storm them. The Germans were prepared for the attack and the losses were great. The British lost 20,000 men and had 40,000 wounded. The British and the French lost nearly 750,000 men.
|-
|[[Third Battle of Ypres]]
|The British hid 19 huge land mines under the German lines in southeast Ypres, Belgium over a 18 month period. The British detonated the mines and charged the lines in July 1917. The British plan worked for the beginning stages but soon failed because they did not pursue the Germans quick enough. Soon it rained the wettest fall season in years and the allies were literally stuck in the mud.
|-
|[[Communist League]]
|Was the first Marxist international organization. It was founded originally as the League of the Just by German workers in Paris in 1834.
|-
|Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher
|The newspaper that Karl Marz wrote for after moving to Paris in 1843.
|-
|[[St. Helena]]
|A British island used as a place of exile, the most notable prisoner was Napoleon.
|-
|Romanticism
|(1770-1870) a movement in poetry and the arts (including music) that emphasized individualism and the right to be different, reflecting an emphasis on thoughts and feelings, which coincided with numerous real revolutions like the French Revolution
|-
|Neoclassicism
|(1760-1850) paintings that emphasized clear linear design, using classical themes as subject matter
|-
|[[Johannes Kepler]]
|(1571-1630) a German Protestant scientist who built on Copernicus's work and discovered that planets orbited the sun in ellipses rather than circular orbits.
|-
|[[Galileo]]
|(1564-1642) a Catholic Italian astronomer, a contemporary of Kepler, who improved the design of the telescope but was punished by the Church for publishing Copernicus's theory and saying the Church approved it; the Church then banned Galileo's book ("Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World - Ptolemaic and Copernican," published in 1532)
|-
|mercantilism
|an economic system whereby a mother country (e.g., England) accumulates gold by exporting more goods than it imported, and by using her colonies (e.g., the America colonies) to ship it raw materials that could be manufactured and exported to other peoples
|-
|William Blackstone
|(1723-1780) the leading legal authority on English law, upon which American law is based; wrote the book ''The Rights of Englishmen'', in which he described the source of the rights of the people
|-
|Charles-Louis Baron de Montesquieu
|(1689-1755) a Frenchman who proposed the concept of separation of powers, and checks and balances, in government, which inspired key parts of the U.S. Constitutio; wrote a book, ''The Spirit of the Laws'', that explained essential aspects of good government
|-
|Denis Diderot
|(1713-1784) a French writer during the Enlightenment who edited an encyclopedia of scientific and social knowledge known simply as ''Encyclopedia'' (in French: ''Encyclopédie'')
|-
|Jean Jacques Rousseau
|(1712-1778) a Swiss-born political philosopher who criticized private property and laid the groundwork for future [[communist]] writers such as [[Karl Marx]]; Rousseau declared that government's goal should be to provide freedom, equality and justice, but this led to the French Revolution and hostility to churches
|-
|Gottfried [[Leibniz]]
|(1646-1716) a German Lutheran mathematician and philosopher who developed calculus independent of Isaac Newton, and whose Christian-based philosophy was opposed by Voltaire. It was Leibniz, not Newton, who first published the notation for the integral: <math>\int_a^b f(x)dx</math>
|-
|Treaty of Westphalia
|(1648) ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe, leaving a weaker Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, as well as Austria and Spain. Catholic France had sided with the winning Protestants in order to oppose the Holy Roman Empire, and France emerged strengthened and more unified as a result.
|-
|Thirty Years’ War
|(1618-1648) a religious conflict in Germany brought by Bohemian Protestants resisting against Hapsburg Catholics who were suppressing religious freedom; this war also engulfed Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Switzerland and The Holy Roman Empire in the conflict, before the Protestants (and Catholic France) won
|-
|Decline of the Holy Roman Empire
|weakened by the Ottoman Muslims, France, the Reformation, the growth of nation-states, and how the Italian and German cultures grew apart
|-
|Zulus
| A tribe of the Mthethwa African kingdoms of the late 1800's, and their most famous leader was Shaka. They were wiped out by the British in 1879.
|-
|locomotive
|developed in the early 1800s; it allowed man for the first time in history to travel faster than on horseback
|-
|King James Bible
|(1611) the magnificant English translation of the Bible, authorized by King James, which had a positive influence on the development of the English language itself
|-
|Jamestown settlement
|(1607) the first successful English settlement in the New World, in what is now Virginia
|-
|Vasco da Gama
|the first explorer to reach India by sailing eastward around Africa, between 1497 and 1499, with the help of the powerful monsoon winds. This established trade with India under the Portuguese King Manuel.
|-
|[[ The Central powers]]
|The enemies of the Allies in WWI, and they were Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman empire.
|-
|[[The Allies]]
| The Allies in WWI were Britain (her colonies), France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and in 1917, the United States, and in WWII the Allies were Britain, America, France, and Russia.
|-
|[[The Axis]]
| The Axis were the enemies of the Allies in WWII, and they were Nazi Germany, Italy (at the start of the war), and Japan.
|-
|Siege of Vienna
|1529: Christians Europeans defeated the Muslim Ottoman Turks
|-
|Battle of Lepanto
|1571: Christian Europeans defeated Muslim forces
|-
|9/11/1683, Gates of Vienna
|an alliance of Christian armies, led by the Polish King Jan III Sobieski, defeated a massive Muslim army
|-
|Seven Years’ War
|(1756-1763) France, Russia, Sweden, Poland and Austria were allied against Britain and Prussia, for control of Silesia, a region of Eastern Europe that is mostly part of Poland today. Britain and France also fought in North America (called the French & Indian War here). Britain won the war due to the genius of William Pitt ("Pittsburgh" is named after him), gaining Canada and India as a result; France was humiliated, leading to the French Revolution decades later.
|-
|Columbian Exchange
|plants and animals were brought from colonial America to Europe and vice-versa; Columbus brought from Europe to America wheat, melons, onions, grapes, sugar cane and horses. America had new fruits and vegetables, the white potato, peanuts, pumpkins, squash and chili peppers, which were then exported from America back to Europe.
|-
|slave trade
|1455-1800s: slave trade ended by a provision in the U.S. Constitution in North America, and slavery itself by the American Civil War (1861-1865); the slave trade was ended by England by Christian reformers Christian reformers William Wilberforce and John Wesley; slavery continued in Brazil until 1888
|-
|Andreas Vesalius
|(1514-64) a Renaissance physician who advanced the understanding of anatomy for physicians
|-
|William Harvey
|(1578–1657) an English physician who first understood the circulation of blood in the body
|-
|[[Rene Descartes]]
|(1596-1650) a French mathematician and philosopher who discovered analytical geometry and defined existence by, “I think, therefore I am.”
|-
|[[Francis Bacon]]
|(1561–1626) an English philosopher/scientist who promoted research based on experimentation
|-
|Ivan IV “the Terrible”
|(reigned 1547-1584) first czar of Russia, who executed many innocent people; Ivan was succeeded by his son Feodor, whose repeated failures led Russia into a “Time of Troubles.”
|-
|Mikhail Romanov
|(1613) the first of a long line of Romanov Russian czars; under Romanov rule serfs lost almost all of their freedoms
|-
|Peter the Great
|a Romanov who ruled Russia from 1682 to 1696 and instituted sweeping reforms in Russian government and society; he built St. Petersburg and tried to make European traditions a part of Russia.
|-
|El Greco
|(1541-1614) a painter, architect and sculptor best known for his paintings of saints and martyrs, and his painting of a storm over a Spanish town (“A View of Toledo”)
|-
|Diego Velázquez
|(1599-1660) a Spanish painter of portraits of the royal family and scenes from daily life at court
|-
|Miguel de Cervantes
|(1605) wrote the novel ''Don Quixote'', probably the most influential piece of Spanish literature in history
|-
|Maria Theresa
|(1717-1780) a Holy Roman empress who was the last ruler of the House of Habsburg dynasty, ruling over Austria
|-
|Frederick the Great
|(1712-1786) an absolutist King of Prussia, who built it into a powerful nation (before it became a key part of the future Germany)
|-
|War of the Austrian Succession
|(1740-1748) a broad conflict among many European nations, with the result that Prussia defeated Austria to win the territory of Silesia
|-
|Easter Rising
|(April 24-30, 1916) Irishmen seeking independence from Britain captured key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic; British suppressed this and executed its leaders.
|-
|Irish Republic
|(1919) established through the efforts of its leader, Michael Collins (1890-1922), who was then killed three years later during an Irish civil war
|-
|Northern Ireland
|divided between British Protestants and Irish Catholics, still under the control of the British
|-
|Bloody Sunday
|(1972) Irish held a peaceful march for freedom in Derry, Northern Ireland, but British soldiers responded by shooting and killing some of them, including children; the British never punished those responsible and several rock music songs commemorate the tragedy
|-
|9-11
|September 11, 2001) 19 Muslims, most from Saudi Arabia, hijacked American airplanes and flew one into each tower of the World Trade Center, a third into the Pentagon, and a fourth crashed in Pennsylvania as the passengers attempted to retake control of the plane from the terrorists.
|-
|Christian population
|steady increased from 0% of the world when Jesus was born, to about 33% of the world today.
|-
|globalism
|the opposite of “nationalism”; “globalism” views the world as one political unit, as one massive village.
|-
|The Four Tigers
|the prosperous Pacific Rim nations of [[South Korea]], [[Taiwan]], [[Singapore]] and [[Hong Kong]] (Hong Kong is now part of communist China but is allowed to remain free until at least the middle of the 21st century)
|-
|free trade
|trade (importing goods) without limitation between nations; it can cause losses in American jobs and an increase in illegal drugs shipped in from other nations
|-
|General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
|(1947) western nations promoted free trade by first freezing tariffs (taxes on goods sent between nations), and later began reducing the tariffs
|-
|World Trade Organization (WTO)
|(1995) most nations agreed to “free trade” and also established international courts for deciding trade disputes among nations
|-
|North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
|(1994) established free trade between Mexico, the United States, and Canada, and created international courts to resolve trade disputes
|-
|other free trade agreements in the Americas
|Latin American Free Trade Agreement (LAFTA ), formed in 1961), and replaced in 1981 by the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI); the South American Common Market (Mercosur) which has Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela as members; and a recently enacted Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) which the United States joined.
|-
|Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
|(1967) free trade group founded by Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines to combat communism; ASEAN later signed trade agreements with Japan (1977) and the European Community (1980)
|-
|consumerism
|people becoming obsessed with buying more than what is healthy or necessary, with brand names (like Nike) becoming more familiar than important things like the Bible
|-
|McDonaldization
|when American advertising (as in the case of McDonalds) has an influence on the world culture, causing distant children (like Chinese) to repeat a McDonald’s slogan they heard on television
|-
|Universal Declaration of Human Rights
|(1948) a United Nations declaration of basic human rights, including “life, liberty, and security of person”
|-
|Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
|(1960) a cartel formed by Middle Eastern countries to keep the price of oil higher than it would be if the members of the cartel competed with each other. Original members were Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, Iraq and also the Latin American country of Venezuela; African and Asian countries later joined OPEC too. In 2007, OPEC controlled about 2/3rds of the total oil market.
|-
|impressionism
|(late 1800s in France) moved painting away from its traditions, by emphasizing the transient effects of color and light, and attempting to capture a fleeting image or “impression”. Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir and Paul Cezanne. They often painted landscapes, and insisted on remaining outdoors until completion of the work
|-
|musical impressionism
|emphasized mood and understatement and reflected its composers’ view that pure sound (like color) is an end to itself
|-
|Aggression by Japan in the 1930s
|Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, attracted in part by the coal and iron deposits there, which began the Asian phase of World War II. In 1937, Japan invaded northern and central China.
|-
|Aggression by Italy in the 1930s
|Italy invaded and conquered Ethiopia in 1935-1936.
|-
|Aggression by Germany in the 1930s
|In 1936, Germany invaded the buffer zone separating Germany from France: the industrialized Rhineland; Germany annexed Austria in 1938 without much resistance, and on Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded and annexed western Poland despite armed resistance.
|-
|[[New Orleans]]
|a port in SE Louisiana, on the Mississippi River, about 172 km (107 miles) from the sea: the largest city in the state and the second most important port in the US; founded by the French in 1718; belonged to Spain (1763--1803). It is largely below sea level, built around the Vieux Carré (French quarter); famous for its annual Mardi Gras festival and for its part in the history of jazz; a major commercial, industrial, and transportation centre.
|-
|[[Lusitania]]
|a British luxury liner sunk by a German submarine in the North Atlantic on May 7, 1915: one of the events leading to U.S. entry into World War I.
|-

==Honors terms==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Term
!Definition
|-
|[[Big Bang]]
|The theory that developed in the early 20th century that the universe was created from an explosion.
|-
|[[Rheinische Zeitung]]
|The newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for when he lived in Cologne.
|-
|[[World War I]]
|Deadliest conflict began on July, 28, 1914 mainly in Europe and the Middle East. World War I was between the Central Powers and Allies, but ended with the collapse of the Central Powers in November 1918.
|-
|[[U-boat]]
|German submarines used to patrol the Atlantic in a terrifying manor and intercept British ships.
|-
|[[Woodrow Wilson]]
|(1856-1924)The 28th president of the United States who led the United States into World War I, secured the formation of the League of Nations, and at one point persuaded Congress to declare was on Germany in 1917.
|-
|[[Communism]]
|A powerful system of government, beginning in Russia, which states everyone must have the same amount of wealth. The forceful idea of communism creates an unequal, superficial worth for all.
|-
|[[Joseph Stalin]]
|Brutal, Russian dictator who murdered millions of people, destroyed many religious gatherings, and worst of all, persuaded all schools to be taught to love the wicked idea of Communism.
|-

[[Category:World History lectures]]

World History Study Guide from 1648

2011-11-30T22:56:13Z

Wh: /* Honors terms */

This is the growing list of study terms for [[World History Lectures|World history]], from 1648 (the same midpoint used by the [[CLEP]] exams) to the present. This list will also include history in the century or so prior to 1648 which is not included in [[World History Study Guide to 1648]].

As of Nov. 20 this list has about 144 terms, and it should grow to about 400 terms by early December. ''An examination on this material will be given in late December 2011''.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Term
!Definition
|-
|[[Age of Exploration]]
|(1450-1650) A time period when nation-states in Europe (mainly England, France, Portugal and Spain) embarked on expeditions to distant lands. The American continents were discovered during this period.
|-
|[[Albert Einstein]]
|(1879-1955) American (German-born) physicist. Einstein is generally regarded as one of the very greatest scientists in history. His ideas and speculations have brought about the most profound revolution in scientific thought since Copernicus. In 1905 he published four great discoveries in theoretical physics: the special theory of relativity, the equivalence of mass and energy, the theory of Brownian motion, and the foundation of the photon theory of light. His famous special theory of relativity merged the traditionally absolute concepts of space and time into a space of four dimensions. In 1916 he advanced his general theory of relativity, which was substantiated by other scientists in 1919. In 1950 he introduced a merger of quantum theory with the general theory of relativity, thereby establishing one set of determinate laws for subatomic phenomena and large-scale physical phenomena. In 1952 the element einsteinium was identified by researchers at Berkeley, California, and named in his honor. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921.
|-
|[[balance of power]]
|the concept, first established by Europeon nations after the final defeat of Napoleon, whereby alliances called the Concert of Europe required nations to assist each other in order to defeat any one nation that became too power and started invading others.
|-
|[[Bastille Day]]
|(July 14, 1789) The day when French peasants invaded the huge Bastille prison in Paris, freeing political prisoners. This started the Great Fear, when riots broke out ever day, with peasants burning wealthy homes.
|-
|[[caravel]]
|a miniature, highly maneuverable, lightweight ship developed by the Portuguese, which was often used to carry cargo
|-
|[[Charles Darwin]]
|(1809-1882) English naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution: that all species had evolved into complex forms of life over millions of years through the process of "natural selection," or "survival of the fittest."
|-
|[[Charles Dickens]]
|(1812-1870) Greatest English novelist of the Victorian period, who sympathized with the poor. Author of many iconic novels and characters whom we admire to this day.
|-
|[[Georges Danton|Georges Jacques Danton]]
|(1759–1794) Famous Jacobin during the French Revolution who joined and fully supported it until he saw the reign of terror and started to change his mind. Danton was subsequently executed.
|-
|[[Christopher Columbus]]
|(1451-1506) Italian explorer funded by Spain to sail in four voyages across the Atlantic ocean in search for a trade route to India, and discovered the "New World" (the Caribbean)
|-
|[[David Ricardo]]
|(1772-1823) A British classical economist who advocated the advantages of more trade between nations.
|-
|[[David Livingstone]]
|Scotsman who explored central Africa in the late 1860s to find the source of the Nile.
|-
|[[England]]
|An imperialistic nation-state based in the British isles off the western coast of Europe, which established the largest non-contiguous empire in history in the late 1800s.
|-
|[[Emilio Aguinaldo]]
|Led a rebellion against the U.S. to establish freedom in the Philippines in 1899.
|-
|[[Emiliano Zapata]]
|Cowboy who helped lead the Mexican Revolution.
|-
|[[Forbidden City]]
|Imperial palace located in Beijing, China, which was used for twenty-four emperors during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
|-
|[[Glorious Revolution]]
|Revolution that took place in England in 1688, and replaced the Catholic King James II with the Anglican King and Queen, William and Mary.
|-
|[[imperialism]]
|the practice of one strong nation controlling another weaker nation, territory, or a group of people; several types of imperialism (from strongest to weakest forms) are: colonization, protectorates, spheres of influence, and economic.
|-
|[[Impressionism]]
|a type of painting that didn't focus on the detail but on the feeling and impressions.
|-
|[[Isaac Newton]]
|(1643-1727) the Englishman who, inspired by daily readings of the Bible, developed calculus and discovered the invisible force of gravity
|-
|[[The Enlightenment]]
|a philosophical movement in Europe in the 1700s that challenged traditional views and emphasized reason instead of faith; thinkers included Rousseau, Voltaire, Hume, Kant, Jefferson, Locke, and Diderot.
|-
|[[James Stuart]]
|Cousin of Queen Elizabeth who took over the English throne as James I. Under his reign, the "Gunpowder Plot" was invented, and the King James Version of the Bible was published. Contrary to his cousin Elizabeth, James I fought with Parliament continually.
|-
|[[Jazz]]
|music originating in New Orleans around the beginning of the 20th century and subsequently developing through various increasingly complex styles, generally marked by intricate, propulsive rhythms, polyphonic ensemble playing, improvisatory, virtuosic solos, melodic freedom, and a harmonic idiom ranging from simple diatonicism through chromaticism to atonality.
|-
|[[John Locke]]
|(1632-1704) English philosopher during the Enlightenment who created the idea of a "social contract" between the people and their government, which became the philosophical basis of rebellion in England and American Revolution when the people felt that government had broken the contract
|-
|[[Louisiana Purchase]]
|Tract of land that Napoleon sold to America for a very low price in 1803. Was the transfer of the western half of the Mississippi Valley from Spain and France to the United States.
|-
|[[Voltaire]]
|(1694-1778) French philosopher who was perhaps the greatest figure in the Enlightment, Voltaire favored '''''absolute''''' freedom and whose ideas led to French Revolution, senseless murdering, and the destruction of churches
|-
|[[nation-state]]
|(beginning in the 1400s) a single country comprised of people unified in language and culture, such as England, France and Spain, and other European nations such as Germany much later.
|-
|[[Marie Antoinette]]
|Wife of Louis XVI. Was reported to have said, "Let them eat cake!" upon hearing of the shortage of bread.
|-
|[[Monarch]]
|A person who reigns over a kingdom or empire. He may be above the law (''absolute monarch'') or subject to it (''constitutional monarchy''). The position is generally inherited (notable exception: the [[Pope]])
|-
|absolute monarch
|an all-powerful king or queen, such as the "Sun King" French King Louis XIV (in power from 1643-1715), who said, “L’etat c’est moi!” (“I am the state”)
|-
|divine right of kings
|belief they were given power by God and responsible to God alone, which lasted until religious conflict in England in the 1600s and the French Revolution in the late 1700s
|-
|Philip II
|(reigned 1556-1598) King of Spain who was the great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand; he kept Spain Catholic, and viewed Elizabeth I of England as his main rival, but his mighty Spanish Armada was crushed by a quicker English fleet in 1588.
|-
|William of Orange
|(1579) led the Netherlands in a revolt against their Spanish masters; this (along with the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the British) weakened Spanish power
|-
|[[Muhammad Ali Pasha]]
|(1769-1849) Albanian commander in the Ottomon army; regarded as the founder of modern Egypt.
|-
|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
|(1923) created the modern state of Turkey, with a combination of military rule and an elected Parliament; also converted the Arabic language to a modern, Latin-style alphabet
|-
|[[opium]]
|a harmful, addictive drug that the British sent in large amounts to China, which was a cause of the great Taiping Rebellion.
|-
|[[Capitalism]]
|An economic system that private companies own all capital goods and sell them at a competitive price. This system is almost always successful until excessive government prevails.
|-
|[[Columbian Exchange]]
|The trade of plants and animals from America to Europe; Europe to America. This was put into action some time after Columbus discovered America in 1492.
|-
|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]
|(1473-1543) a Polish Catholic scientist who started the "Scientific Revolution" with his discovery that the Earth revolves around the Sun, and published his discovery in a book at the end of this life ("On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres")
|-
|[[Hernando Cortes]]
|aided by superior weapons and horses, he led the Spanish conquest of Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec empire, capturing the Aztec ruler known as Montezuma; Cortex burned the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan and built Mexico City in its place
|-
|Francisco Pizzaro
|also aided by the use of horses and superior weapons, he led the Spanish conquest of Peru, eventually killing their emperor, Atahualpa; Pizzaro destroyed the ancient Peruvian city of Cuzco, and replaced with the city of Lima. While in Peru, Pizzaro also discovered the greatest silver mine in the Americas.
|-
|encomiendas
|beginning in 1503: Spanish system whereby a Spanish soldier (or colonist) received a section of land from the king along with the Indians or South American residents, who would then work the land for the soldier similar to slavery.
|-
|repartimientos
|1575: after complaints about the encomiendas by a Spanish monk named Bartholomew de Las Casas, a new Spanish system of repartimientos replaced it by supposedly limiting the amount of labor and requiring payment to the workers, and also requiring an application for approval by the king
|-
|John Cabot
|1497-1498: a British explorer (who had been born in Genoa, Italy, like Columbus) who discovered Newfoundland and the New England coast, so that land became the property of England
|-
|Jacques Cartier
|1534, 1541: French explorer who discovered Canada and the Mississippi Basin, including Louisiana; the lack of gold and silver in North America made it less interesting to Europeans than South America
|-
|[[Tsar|Czar]] (Tsar)
|Absolute emperor of Russia since the 1500's, the first being Ivan IV "The Terrible."
|-
|[[Neo-Confucianism]]
|More of a philosophy than a religion, Neo-Confucianism is a combination of Confucianism and Buddhism, and was the primary practice of the Chinese nation in the 1600's.
|-
|[[Reign of Terror]]
|Started after the execution of Louis XVI when Maximilian Robespierre guillotined numerous alleged enemies, including Marie Antoinette, and ended with his death (1794); a time of terrifying chaos when anyone could be killed for no reason
|-
|[[Robert Fulton]]
|American engineer and inventor who created the first commerical steamboat service in 1807.
|-
|[[Napoleon]]
|(lived 1769-1821) Dictator of France after the French Revolution; signed peace treaties with major European enemies, created a successful system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code, and conquered much of continental Europe; defeated at Battle of Waterloo
|-
|[[Battle of Waterloo]]
|1815 Marked the end of Napoleon's reign in France when he was defeated by Prussia and Great Britain
|-
|[[Bernhard Riemann]]
|(1826-1866) an influential German mathematician who made lasting contributions to differential geometry and analysis, some of which provided a foundation 40 years later for the theory of general relativity in physics.
|-
|[[Congress of Vienna]]
|1815: convention of European nations proposing a balance of powers among the rival nations to ensure than no single nation could threaten the others as Napolean had just done
|-
|[[Concert of Europe]]
|established during the Congress of Vienna; alliances between the nations requiring assistance of each other if war broke out, protecting against any revolutions or invasion; adopted changes including the legitimacy of monarchies and growing nationalism in Europe
|-
|[[Constitution of the United States]]
|(1787) the oldest working constitution in the world, which established a masterful design for government
|-
|[[Cotton]]
|Cotton is a natural fiber used in clothing. It comes from the seed of the cotton plant. People have grown cotton since 3000 B.C. and traded it for other goods.
|-
|[[David Hume]]
|(1711-1776) a Scottish philosopher who promoted materialism and naturalism rather than Christianity, which later influenced Charles Darwin; Hume wrote "A Treatise on Human Nature" and believed in relativism rather than absolute truth
|-
|Declaration of Independence
|(1776) an American statement of "inalienable" (God-given) rights, and asserting a right of the people break their "social contract" with a ruler (a king) when he violates those rights, such as the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
|-
|Edmund Burke
|(1729-1797) a conservative Irish statesman in the British parliament who sided with the American colonies in the period leading up to the American Revolution, coined the phrase "salutary neglect" to support economic growth in the colonies, and criticized the French Revolution when most others were praising it
|-
|The Federalist Papers
|(1788) Brilliant essays encouraging ratification of the U.S. Constitution, written mostly by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison
|-
|Immanuel Kant
|(1724-1804) a leading German philosopher, Kant felt that behavior is moral only if it would work as a rule if everyone did it (e.g., littering is immoral for one person to do it, because it wouldn't work if everyone did it); Kant's book "A Critique of Pure Reason" criticized the use of pure reason to determine morality
|-
|Industrial Revolution
|technology-driven changes in society that began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the replacement of hand tools with power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and a shift from farming to factories for many workers
|-
|James Clerk Maxwell
|(1831-1879)British physicist. Maxwell is ranked as the foremost physical scientist of the 19th century. His greatest achievement was the synthesis of the contributions of Faraday, Gauss, and Ampère into a single coherent electromagnetic theory. Of his several academic appointments the most important was the post of professor of experimental physics at Cambridge. He made contributions of fundamental importance to many branches of physics. The maxwell, a unit of magnetic flux, was named in his honor.
|-
|Johann Sebastian Bach
|1685-1750 German composer famous for Fugues, Inventions, English Suites and Passion according to St. Matthew.
|-
|Louis Pasteur
|1822–95,French chemist and bacteriologist who founded microbiology invented pasteurization, and discovered vaccinations for anthrax, rabies, and chicken cholera.
|-
|[[Louis XVI]]
|Louis XVI was the king of France from 1774 to October 1792. On August tenth during the French Revolution he was arrested. He was tried and found guilt of high treason. He was then executed by the guillotine on 21 January 1793.
|-
|[[Matthew Perry]]
|Helped to break the isolation of Japan by sailing into Edo harbor and helped the Treaty of Kanagawa to be signed in 1854.
|-
|[[Niels Bohr]]
|physicist. He won a 1922 Nobel Prize for his investigation of atomic structure and radiations. His son Aage Niels Bohr (born 1922), also a physicist, shared a 1975 Nobel Prize for discovering the asymmetry of atomic nuclei.
|-
|[[Slavery]]
|the state or condition of being a slave; a civil relationship whereby one person has absolute power over another and controls his life, liberty, and fortune
|-
|Realism
|the doctrine that universals have a real objective existence
|-
|Steamboat
|A steamboat is a waterborne ship powered by a steam engine. Historically, the steam was produced by burning coal (or less often, wood), although modern steamboats tend to use more portable fuels such as diesel gasoline.
|-
|Economies of scale
|The decrease in a firm's long-run average costs as the size of its production increases.
|-
|Enclosure movement
|Early 1700's during the industrial revolution in England.. Wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, benefiting from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land.
|-
|Adam Smith
|(1723-1790) a Scottish political economist who wrote a book with his idea about how the "invisible hand" of capitalism will create wealth and prosperity, in the "Wealth of Nations" (1776)
|-
|Factors of production
|Inputs used by companies to produce goods. Basic models of production have two input factors, labor and capital.
|-
|Oliver Cromwell
|(1599-1658) Was an English soldier, statesman, and leader of the Puritan revolution.
|-
|Queen Elizabeth
|(1558-1603) was known as the "Virgin Queen" of England and her 45-year reign was the “Elizabethan Age”; Virginia was named in her honor
|-
|Victor Hugo
|(1802-1885) Is considered one of the greatest Romanticist poets. He was a French man who wrote the classics Cromwell (1827), The Hunchback of Notre Dame of Paris (1831) and Les Miserables (1862).
|-
|[[William Prynne]]
|(1600 – 24 October 1669) Was an english lawyer, author, political figure and prominent Puritan.
|-
|[[Maximilian Robespierre]]
|(1758-1794) a French Jacobin who was most responsible for reign of terror; under the influence of the work of Rousseau, Robespierre unbendingly murdered moderates and all opponents, and was eventually killed by the guillotine himself in 1794.
|-
|French Revolution
|The French Revolution started in 1789 with the storm of the Bastille prison. The Revolution included the capture and beheading of King Louis XVI, and the Reign of Terror by Maximilien de Robespierre which ended in 1794 with Robespierre's death.
|-
|Prince Henry the Navigator
|founded the School of Navigation in Portugal in 1419, to train sailors to explore the West African coast with a goal of eventually finding sea routes to India
|-
|Bartholomew Diaz
|a Portuguese navigator who sailed around the southern tip of Africa (the Cape of Good Hope) in 1487 to establish a sea route to India
|-
|[[Ferdinand and Isabella]]
|Ferdinand and Isabella were the king and queen of Spain in the late fifteenth century A.D. They were patrons of Christopher Columbus. After reconquering the small Moorish Kingdom of Granada, they established the Spanish Inquisition (1478) and expelled the Jews and Muslims from Spain in 1492.
|-
|William and Mary
|William III (1650-1702 A.D.) was the king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1682 to 1702 A.D..They both founded the college of William and Mary in 1693. He ruled along with Queen Mary II (1662-1694 A.D.) until she died. William continued to rule until his death in 1702.
|-
|Reconquista
|(AD 722-1492) Was the regaining by Christians of Spain and Portugal, which had been under Muslim control.
|-
|Treaty of Tordesillas
|1494: established an 1100-mile long "Line of Demarcation," giving one side to Portugal and the other side to Spain for controlling the New World (Western Hemisphere)
|-
|Line of Demarcation
|a north-to-south line giving Portugal trading rights in India, China, the East Indies, East Brazil and the Spanish Americas, and giving Spain control of the remaining, vast majority of the Americas.
|-
|Ferdinand Magellan
|1519-1522: led the first successful voyage to go around the world, going around the southern tip of South America. Magellan himself was killed by Philippine natives prior to completing the last leg of the journey.
|-
|Results of Magellan's voyage
|Spain gained control of many South American territories, including Peru; Spain also obtained control over the Philippines in the Far East.
|-
|[[Otto von Bismarck]]
|(1815-1898) Was the minister president of Prussia (1862-71), and the first chancellor of the German Empire (1871-90). Known as the "Iron Chancellor".
|-
|[[Napoleon III]]
|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the President of the French Second Republic and as Napoleon III, the ruler of the Second French Empire.
|-
|First French Empire
|(1804-1814/1815) Was the empire of Napoleon I of France, and was a dominant power of most of continental Europe during the early 19th century.
|-
|Second French Empire
|Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic in France.
|-
|George Washington
|George Washington (1732-1799) was the first President of the United States (1789-1797) and Commander In Chief of the Continental Army. He was the dominant military and political leader of the new United States of America from 1775-1797, leading the American victory over Britain in the American Revolution and was the unanimous choice to serve as President. He voluntarily stepped down from office in 1796.
|-
|[[United Kingdom]]
|The term "United Kingdom" refers to the combination of "Great Britain" and "Northern Ireland" which is part of the island of Ireland.
|-
|[[Luddites]]
| A social movement in England that rioted and protested against the changes of the Industrial Revolution.
|-
|[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]
|(1770-1827) revolutionized instrumental music and took it to new heights never thought possible. Beethoven became totally deaf at the age of forty. He wrote most of his best music while he was total deaf.
|-
|King Henry VIII
|(lived 1491-1547, reigned beginning in 1509) Founded the Church of England (the Anglican Church)
|-
|[[Guillotine]]
|The guillotine was invented by Dr. Joseph Guillotine. It has a heavy blade that is lifted up and then dropped onto the execution victim to severe their head. During the Reign of Terror, the guillotine was the main form of execution.
|-
|American Revolution
|The American Revolution started when some American colonists thought that the English were taxing them too much. So, in 1776 they wrote the Declaration of Independence. The Patriots (the side of the revolutionaries) allied with France to equal the playing field. Through a series of battles that were wins and losses the Patriots came out on top and in 1783 the Treaty of Paris was signed ending the war.
|-
|American Revolution
|A revolution against the British in the American Colonies beginning in 1776 with the American Declaration of Independence.
|-
|France
|A nation-state in Europe that was ruled by a monarch until the French Revolution.
|-
|Prussia
|a very militaristic nation-state in Europe in part of the area where Germany is today
|-
|Louisiana purchase
|A purchase land made by the American Colonies in 1803 from the French empire.
|-
|Corsica
|Became one of the 27 regions of France in 1769. The birthplace of Napoleon Bonaparte.
|-
|The Communist Manifesto
|Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848. It inspired citizens across the world to partake in revolutions against seemingly unjust behavior.It lays the foundation for Marxist thinking, teaching that class struggles are the origin of all progress in society.
|-
|Sun Yixian
|Also known as Sun Yat-sen, he was the leader of the Kuomintang or nationalist Party that overthrew the Qing Dynasty of China. He also became the first leader of the former Republic of China.
|-
|Divine Right of Kings
|European doctrine that held that the authority of kings came from God.
|-
|Virginia Declaration of Rights
|A declaration of rights made by the representatives of the people of Virginia on June 7, 1776 written by George Mason.This later influenced the writting of the Declaration of Independance.
|-
|Guy Fawkes
|A conspirator against the English throne who belonged to a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605.
|-
|[[Utilitarianism]]
|proposed by Englishmen Jeremy Bentham and advocated by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), this non-Christian concept prefers overall "utility" (overall benefits minus costs) rather than individual justice. Tossing two people overboard in a lifeboat in order to save the other ten is an example.
|-
|[[John Stuart Mill]]
|(1806-1873) British philosopher and last of the English classical economists; proponent of utilitarianism and also advocated the development of labor unions and farm cooperatives, as well as emancipation by women
|-
|[[Nationalism]]
|when loyalty by a people to their nation becomes part of their identity; began in the late 1700s, around the same time as Romanticism, and later led to aggression by Germany and Japan in the 20th century.
|-
|[[Realpolitik]]
|Concept invented by Otto von Bismarck that emphasized practical politics rather than philosophy
|-
|[[Laissez-faire]]
|Approach in economics in which transactions between private parties are free from state and government intervention
|-
|Handel
|George Frederick Handel was a German composer, resident in England, and noted particularly for his oratorios, including the Messiah
|-
|Haydn
|1732--1809, Austrian composer who played a major part in establishing the classical forms of the symphony and the string quartet.
|-
|Mozart
|1756--91, Austrian composer. A child prodigy and prolific genius, his works include operas, such as The Marriage of Figaro (1786), Don Giovanni (1787), and The Magic Flute (1791), symphonies, concertos for piano, violin, clarinet, and French horn, string quartets and quintets, sonatas, songs, and Masses, such as the unfinished Requiem (1791).
|-
|Beethoven
|1770--1827, German composer, who greatly extended the form and scope of symphonic and chamber music, bridging the classical and romantic traditions. His works include nine symphonies, 32 piano sonatas, 16 string quartets, five piano concertos, a violin concerto, two masses, the opera Fidelio (1805), and choral music.
|-
|[[Nazi]]
|a member of the National Socialist German Workers' party of Germany, which in 1933, under Adolf Hitler, seized political control of the country, suppressing all opposition and establishing a dictatorship over all cultural, economic, and political activities of the people, and promulgated belief in the supremacy of Hitler as Führer, aggressive anti-Semitism, the natural supremacy of the German people, and the establishment of Germany by superior force as a dominant world power. The party was officially abolished in 1945 at the conclusion of World War II.
|-
|Gregor Mendel
|Father of Modern Genetics. As an Augustinian monk, Mendel studied Pea inheritance and interpreted his results to shape genetics till this day with his laws of Segregation and Independent assortment.
|-
|Sigmund Freud
|Father of Modern Psychiatry. Arguably a pseudoscientist, with heavy focus on Ego and Eros. Famous for invention of the "Oedipus Complex" which is arguably a reflection of his troubled personal life.
|-
|Classical Economics
|Mostly 19th century economics but also including 18th century Adam Smith, arguing for less government restriction on society.
|-
|[[Charles Spurgeon]]
|Charles Spurgeon was a Minister in England who taught that faith without works is dead and that people should try to help the poor.
|-
|[[Franco-Prussian War]]
|Otto von Bismarck started the Franco-Prussian War. He had an idea that if he enticed the French to attack Prussia that the German tribes around him would band together to defeat the opposition. The War lasted only six weeks.
|-
|[[Thomas Malthus]]
|Thomas Malthus was a British economist. He believed that the economy was inevitable going to collapse and fail.
|-
|Giuseppe Mazzini
|In Italy, a prominent nationalist, Giuseppe Mazzini, began to argue strongly for the unification of Italy as one nation. He formed the “Brotherhood of Young Italy” in 1831.
|-
|Belgium King Leopold II
|Leopold II (9 April 1835 – 17 December 1909) was the second king of the Belgians. He is chiefly remembered for being the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free state.
|-
|[[Manfred von Richtofen]]
|Better known as the "Red Baron" was (and still is) the most well known, and possibly the most admired dogfighting ace of all time.
At the end of his life, he had an impressive 80 kills. He was shot down, by an unknown person on April 21,1918.
|-
|Triple Alliance
|Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy; formed in 1879 to protect from French attacks; later became the Central Powers after Italy left and the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined
|-
|Triple Entente
|Great Britain, Russia, France; formed in 1907 against the Triple Alliance; later became the Allied Powers after Italy and Japan joined
|-
|Treaty of Versailles
|1919 Imposed limits on the size of the German army and its use of weapons and required Germany to pay reparations of $33 billion over a 30-year period; also took away some of its colonies and territories
|-
|Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
|1870-1924 Leader of the Communist Party who overthrew the Russian government; became leader of the Bolsheviks and ruled the Soviet Union, imposing a system of Marxism-Leninism which remained until the 1990s; also arranged for peace with Germany to end Russia's support of the Allies in the war in 1918
|-
|Bolsheviks
|After 1903, the more extreme Marxist group, as opposed to the Mensheviks, who wanted a sooner violent revolution; led by Lenin
|-
|quantum mechanics
|this breakthrough in physics in the early 20th century, used today by electronic technology: there is an underlying uncertainty in subatomic particles, such that they have probabilities of being in different places at the same time until they are observed
|-
|[[First Battle of Marne]]
|From September 6-12, 1914, the First Battle of Marne was a key conflict which halted the German efforts to capture France. This forced the Germans to fight a two front war. The French losses were horrific, 250,000. The German losses were similar.
|-
|[[Gallipoli Campaign]]
|Allied forces landed on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli in April 1915. The allies were not prepared for the terrain or there opponent. Nine months after the landing the allies had to retreat. They suffered 46,000 deaths among 250,000 casualties.
|-
|[[Battle of Verdun]]
|The French and the Germans fought perhaps one of the most demanding battles in history at the Battle of Verdun. The Germans initiated the battle by attacking the French city of Verdun. The battle lasted for ten months and at least 220,000 soldiers died and 480,000 were wounded in this struggle.
|-
|[[Battle of the Somme]]
|This battle started with the British and French meeting a the Somme River to begin an attack on the Germans to distract them from Verdun. The Allies bombed the Germans lines then sent 200,000 troops to storm them. The Germans were prepared for the attack and the losses were great. The British lost 20,000 men and had 40,000 wounded. The British and the French lost nearly 750,000 men.
|-
|[[Third Battle of Ypres]]
|The British hid 19 huge land mines under the German lines in southeast Ypres, Belgium over a 18 month period. The British detonated the mines and charged the lines in July 1917. The British plan worked for the beginning stages but soon failed because they did not pursue the Germans quick enough. Soon it rained the wettest fall season in years and the allies were literally stuck in the mud.
|-
|[[Communist League]]
|Was the first Marxist international organization. It was founded originally as the League of the Just by German workers in Paris in 1834.
|-
|Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher
|The newspaper that Karl Marz wrote for after moving to Paris in 1843.
|-
|[[St. Helena]]
|A British island used as a place of exile, the most notable prisoner was Napoleon.
|-
|Romanticism
|(1770-1870) a movement in poetry and the arts (including music) that emphasized individualism and the right to be different, reflecting an emphasis on thoughts and feelings, which coincided with numerous real revolutions like the French Revolution
|-
|Neoclassicism
|(1760-1850) paintings that emphasized clear linear design, using classical themes as subject matter
|-
|[[Johannes Kepler]]
|(1571-1630) a German Protestant scientist who built on Copernicus's work and discovered that planets orbited the sun in ellipses rather than circular orbits.
|-
|[[Galileo]]
|(1564-1642) a Catholic Italian astronomer, a contemporary of Kepler, who improved the design of the telescope but was punished by the Church for publishing Copernicus's theory and saying the Church approved it; the Church then banned Galileo's book ("Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World - Ptolemaic and Copernican," published in 1532)
|-
|mercantilism
|an economic system whereby a mother country (e.g., England) accumulates gold by exporting more goods than it imported, and by using her colonies (e.g., the America colonies) to ship it raw materials that could be manufactured and exported to other peoples
|-
|William Blackstone
|(1723-1780) the leading legal authority on English law, upon which American law is based; wrote the book ''The Rights of Englishmen'', in which he described the source of the rights of the people
|-
|Charles-Louis Baron de Montesquieu
|(1689-1755) a Frenchman who proposed the concept of separation of powers, and checks and balances, in government, which inspired key parts of the U.S. Constitutio; wrote a book, ''The Spirit of the Laws'', that explained essential aspects of good government
|-
|Denis Diderot
|(1713-1784) a French writer during the Enlightenment who edited an encyclopedia of scientific and social knowledge known simply as ''Encyclopedia'' (in French: ''Encyclopédie'')
|-
|Jean Jacques Rousseau
|(1712-1778) a Swiss-born political philosopher who criticized private property and laid the groundwork for future [[communist]] writers such as [[Karl Marx]]; Rousseau declared that government's goal should be to provide freedom, equality and justice, but this led to the French Revolution and hostility to churches
|-
|Gottfried [[Leibniz]]
|(1646-1716) a German Lutheran mathematician and philosopher who developed calculus independent of Isaac Newton, and whose Christian-based philosophy was opposed by Voltaire. It was Leibniz, not Newton, who first published the notation for the integral: <math>\int_a^b f(x)dx</math>
|-
|Treaty of Westphalia
|(1648) ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe, leaving a weaker Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, as well as Austria and Spain. Catholic France had sided with the winning Protestants in order to oppose the Holy Roman Empire, and France emerged strengthened and more unified as a result.
|-
|Thirty Years’ War
|(1618-1648) a religious conflict in Germany brought by Bohemian Protestants resisting against Hapsburg Catholics who were suppressing religious freedom; this war also engulfed Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Switzerland and The Holy Roman Empire in the conflict, before the Protestants (and Catholic France) won
|-
|Decline of the Holy Roman Empire
|weakened by the Ottoman Muslims, France, the Reformation, the growth of nation-states, and how the Italian and German cultures grew apart
|-
|Zulus
| A tribe of the Mthethwa African kingdoms of the late 1800's, and their most famous leader was Shaka. They were wiped out by the British in 1879.
|-
|locomotive
|developed in the early 1800s; it allowed man for the first time in history to travel faster than on horseback
|-
|King James Bible
|(1611) the magnificant English translation of the Bible, authorized by King James, which had a positive influence on the development of the English language itself
|-
|Jamestown settlement
|(1607) the first successful English settlement in the New World, in what is now Virginia
|-
|Vasco da Gama
|the first explorer to reach India by sailing eastward around Africa, between 1497 and 1499, with the help of the powerful monsoon winds. This established trade with India under the Portuguese King Manuel.
|-
|[[ The Central powers]]
|The enemies of the Allies in WWI, and they were Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman empire.
|-
|[[The Allies]]
| The Allies in WWI were Britain (her colonies), France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and in 1917, the United States, and in WWII the Allies were Britain, America, France, and Russia.
|-
|[[The Axis]]
| The Axis were the enemies of the Allies in WWII, and they were Nazi Germany, Italy (at the start of the war), and Japan.
|-
|Siege of Vienna
|1529: Christians Europeans defeated the Muslim Ottoman Turks
|-
|Battle of Lepanto
|1571: Christian Europeans defeated Muslim forces
|-
|9/11/1683, Gates of Vienna
|an alliance of Christian armies, led by the Polish King Jan III Sobieski, defeated a massive Muslim army
|-
|Seven Years’ War
|(1756-1763) France, Russia, Sweden, Poland and Austria were allied against Britain and Prussia, for control of Silesia, a region of Eastern Europe that is mostly part of Poland today. Britain and France also fought in North America (called the French & Indian War here). Britain won the war due to the genius of William Pitt ("Pittsburgh" is named after him), gaining Canada and India as a result; France was humiliated, leading to the French Revolution decades later.
|-
|Columbian Exchange
|plants and animals were brought from colonial America to Europe and vice-versa; Columbus brought from Europe to America wheat, melons, onions, grapes, sugar cane and horses. America had new fruits and vegetables, the white potato, peanuts, pumpkins, squash and chili peppers, which were then exported from America back to Europe.
|-
|slave trade
|1455-1800s: slave trade ended by a provision in the U.S. Constitution in North America, and slavery itself by the American Civil War (1861-1865); the slave trade was ended by England by Christian reformers Christian reformers William Wilberforce and John Wesley; slavery continued in Brazil until 1888
|-
|Andreas Vesalius
|(1514-64) a Renaissance physician who advanced the understanding of anatomy for physicians
|-
|William Harvey
|(1578–1657) an English physician who first understood the circulation of blood in the body
|-
|[[Rene Descartes]]
|(1596-1650) a French mathematician and philosopher who discovered analytical geometry and defined existence by, “I think, therefore I am.”
|-
|[[Francis Bacon]]
|(1561–1626) an English philosopher/scientist who promoted research based on experimentation
|-
|Ivan IV “the Terrible”
|(reigned 1547-1584) first czar of Russia, who executed many innocent people; Ivan was succeeded by his son Feodor, whose repeated failures led Russia into a “Time of Troubles.”
|-
|Mikhail Romanov
|(1613) the first of a long line of Romanov Russian czars; under Romanov rule serfs lost almost all of their freedoms
|-
|Peter the Great
|a Romanov who ruled Russia from 1682 to 1696 and instituted sweeping reforms in Russian government and society; he built St. Petersburg and tried to make European traditions a part of Russia.
|-
|El Greco
|(1541-1614) a painter, architect and sculptor best known for his paintings of saints and martyrs, and his painting of a storm over a Spanish town (“A View of Toledo”)
|-
|Diego Velázquez
|(1599-1660) a Spanish painter of portraits of the royal family and scenes from daily life at court
|-
|Miguel de Cervantes
|(1605) wrote the novel ''Don Quixote'', probably the most influential piece of Spanish literature in history
|-
|Maria Theresa
|(1717-1780) a Holy Roman empress who was the last ruler of the House of Habsburg dynasty, ruling over Austria
|-
|Frederick the Great
|(1712-1786) an absolutist King of Prussia, who built it into a powerful nation (before it became a key part of the future Germany)
|-
|War of the Austrian Succession
|(1740-1748) a broad conflict among many European nations, with the result that Prussia defeated Austria to win the territory of Silesia
|-
|Easter Rising
|(April 24-30, 1916) Irishmen seeking independence from Britain captured key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic; British suppressed this and executed its leaders.
|-
|Irish Republic
|(1919) established through the efforts of its leader, Michael Collins (1890-1922), who was then killed three years later during an Irish civil war
|-
|Northern Ireland
|divided between British Protestants and Irish Catholics, still under the control of the British
|-
|Bloody Sunday
|(1972) Irish held a peaceful march for freedom in Derry, Northern Ireland, but British soldiers responded by shooting and killing some of them, including children; the British never punished those responsible and several rock music songs commemorate the tragedy
|-
|9-11
|September 11, 2001) 19 Muslims, most from Saudi Arabia, hijacked American airplanes and flew one into each tower of the World Trade Center, a third into the Pentagon, and a fourth crashed in Pennsylvania as the passengers attempted to retake control of the plane from the terrorists.
|-
|Christian population
|steady increased from 0% of the world when Jesus was born, to about 33% of the world today.
|-
|globalism
|the opposite of “nationalism”; “globalism” views the world as one political unit, as one massive village.
|-
|The Four Tigers
|the prosperous Pacific Rim nations of [[South Korea]], [[Taiwan]], [[Singapore]] and [[Hong Kong]] (Hong Kong is now part of communist China but is allowed to remain free until at least the middle of the 21st century)
|-
|free trade
|trade (importing goods) without limitation between nations; it can cause losses in American jobs and an increase in illegal drugs shipped in from other nations
|-
|General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
|(1947) western nations promoted free trade by first freezing tariffs (taxes on goods sent between nations), and later began reducing the tariffs
|-
|World Trade Organization (WTO)
|(1995) most nations agreed to “free trade” and also established international courts for deciding trade disputes among nations
|-
|North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
|(1994) established free trade between Mexico, the United States, and Canada, and created international courts to resolve trade disputes
|-
|other free trade agreements in the Americas
|Latin American Free Trade Agreement (LAFTA ), formed in 1961), and replaced in 1981 by the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI); the South American Common Market (Mercosur) which has Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela as members; and a recently enacted Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) which the United States joined.
|-
|Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
|(1967) free trade group founded by Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines to combat communism; ASEAN later signed trade agreements with Japan (1977) and the European Community (1980)
|-
|consumerism
|people becoming obsessed with buying more than what is healthy or necessary, with brand names (like Nike) becoming more familiar than important things like the Bible
|-
|McDonaldization
|when American advertising (as in the case of McDonalds) has an influence on the world culture, causing distant children (like Chinese) to repeat a McDonald’s slogan they heard on television
|-
|Universal Declaration of Human Rights
|(1948) a United Nations declaration of basic human rights, including “life, liberty, and security of person”
|-
|Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
|(1960) a cartel formed by Middle Eastern countries to keep the price of oil higher than it would be if the members of the cartel competed with each other. Original members were Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, Iraq and also the Latin American country of Venezuela; African and Asian countries later joined OPEC too. In 2007, OPEC controlled about 2/3rds of the total oil market.
|-
|impressionism
|(late 1800s in France) moved painting away from its traditions, by emphasizing the transient effects of color and light, and attempting to capture a fleeting image or “impression”. Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir and Paul Cezanne. They often painted landscapes, and insisted on remaining outdoors until completion of the work
|-
|musical impressionism
|emphasized mood and understatement and reflected its composers’ view that pure sound (like color) is an end to itself
|-
|Aggression by Japan in the 1930s
|Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, attracted in part by the coal and iron deposits there, which began the Asian phase of World War II. In 1937, Japan invaded northern and central China.
|-
|Aggression by Italy in the 1930s
|Italy invaded and conquered Ethiopia in 1935-1936.
|-
|Aggression by Germany in the 1930s
|In 1936, Germany invaded the buffer zone separating Germany from France: the industrialized Rhineland; Germany annexed Austria in 1938 without much resistance, and on Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded and annexed western Poland despite armed resistance.
|-
|[[New Orleans]]
|a port in SE Louisiana, on the Mississippi River, about 172 km (107 miles) from the sea: the largest city in the state and the second most important port in the US; founded by the French in 1718; belonged to Spain (1763--1803). It is largely below sea level, built around the Vieux Carré (French quarter); famous for its annual Mardi Gras festival and for its part in the history of jazz; a major commercial, industrial, and transportation centre.
|-
|[[Lusitania]]
|a British luxury liner sunk by a German submarine in the North Atlantic on May 7, 1915: one of the events leading to U.S. entry into World War I.
|-

==Honors terms==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Term
!Definition
|-
|[[Big Bang]]
|The theory that developed in the early 20th century that the universe was created from an explosion.
|-
|[[Rheinische Zeitung]]
|The newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for when he lived in Cologne.
|-
|[[World War I]]
|Deadliest conflict began on July, 28, 1914 mainly in Europe and the Middle East. World War I was between the Central Powers and Allies, but ended with the collapse of the Central Powers in November 1918.
|-
|[[U-boat]]
|German submarines used to patrol the Atlantic in a terrifying manor and intercept British ships.
|-
|[[Woodrow Wilson]]
|(1856-1924)The 28th president of the United States who led the United States into World War I, secured the formation of the League of Nations, and at one point persuaded Congress to declare was on Germany in 1917.
|-
|[[Communism]]
|A powerful system of government, beginning in Russia, which states everyone must have the same amount of wealth. The forceful idea of communism creates an unequal, superficial worth for all.
|-
|[[Joseph Stalin]]
|Brutal, Russian dictator who murdered millions of people, destroyed many religious gatherings, and worst of all, persuaded all schools to be taught to love the wicked idea of Communism.
|-

[[Category:World History lectures]]

World History Homework Eleven Answers - Student 1

2011-11-18T04:41:03Z

Wh: Created page with "JessicaW 7. The “secret” alliances, or the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente, added to the devastation of World War I because it involved such an unnecessarily great numbe..."

JessicaW

7. The “secret” alliances, or the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente, added to the devastation of World War I because it involved such an unnecessarily great number of parties. The Triple Alliance, made between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, was formed in 1879 as a means of protecting each other from possible aggressions by France. In 1907 Great Britain joined the alliance between Russia and France forming the Triple Entente. Thus, these two powerful groups of nations stood against each other in the first war between two sides of the world, this only sparked by an isolated act of violence between two single nations, Austria and Serbia.

8. The United States was wise when it first hesitated to join the European Wars. Because Americans had relations with both sides on the war, they were initially against getting involved. Yet incidents with Germany’s “U-boats” and their persuading Mexico to declare war against the United States swung the American opinion of entering war and in 1917, President Woodrow Wilson pushed Congress to declare war on Germany. Though our country emerged from war relatively strong compared to other combatants, the casualties and economic costs were still losses which could have been avoided.

9. The peace after the Great War did not last because the actual terms of peace remained unresolved. As the Allies convened to discuss peace terms in 1918, each nation had its own opinion, as President Wilson mainly wanted to create a “League of Nations” to resolve international conflicts in the future, while France and Britain simply wanted to punish and disarm Germany, respectively. The Treaty of Versailles ended up imposing limits on the size of the German army and its use of weapons, as well as requiring the nation to pay reparations of $33 billion over a 30-year period. This harsh enforcement was a great mistake, as Germany too suffered huge losses and simply could not satisfy the financial obligations; it would only cause them to rise again in anger to retaliate.

Terms:
Triple Alliance, Triple Entente, Treaty of Versailles, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, Bolsheviks

World History Study Guide from 1648

2011-11-18T04:39:27Z

Wh: /* Regular/non-honors study terms */

World History Homework Five Answers - Student 14

2011-11-18T01:40:36Z

Wh: Created page with "What is the difference between the "Holy Roman Empire" and the Roman Empire? The Roman Empire was in control longer than the Holy Roman Empire, it was also more widespread ..."

What is the difference between the "Holy Roman Empire" and the Roman Empire?
The Roman Empire was in control longer than the Holy Roman Empire, it was also more widespread and more advanced. However, the Holy Roman Empire was not as cruel and merciless as the Roman Empire. For instance, the Roman Empire would persecute criminals and Christians alike by feeding them to wild animals in the Coliseum, and they once sowed Carthages fields with salt so no bountiful crops could grow. The Roman Empire lasted from 27 BC-476 AD and was more power oriented then the Holy Roman Empire. The Roman Empire was so big at one time, it was forced to split into two empires. The Holy Roman empire began in 800 A.D. and was “founded” by Charlemagne, after he was crowned king, by the pope. It lasted from 800 to 1806 A.D.
5. How many "pillars" of Islam are there? Pick two of them and discuss them briefly.
There are five “Pillars of Islam” they are; Faith (Iman)Prayer(Salah)The Zakat The Fast (Sawm) and The Pilgrimage(Hajj).
Prayer, is very important to the Islams, they pray five times a day no matter what else is happening. is a part of their day like eating is a part of ours.
Faith, is also important to them, their faith shapes their lives what they eat, how they dress, whom they interact with. They take it very seriously not like some religion today.

10. Add 3 terms to the Study Guide (or 5 terms to earn credit for two questions).
Shang Dynasty

Pyramid of Giza
Colossus at Rhodes
Romulus Augustus
Paper

World History Study Guide from 1648

2011-11-16T15:56:20Z

Wh: /* Regular/non-honors study terms */

World History Study Guide from 1648

2011-11-11T22:42:25Z

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World History Study Guide from 1648

2011-11-10T16:07:40Z

Wh:

World History Study Guide from 1648

2011-11-10T02:31:42Z

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World History Study Guide from 1648

2011-11-10T02:29:56Z

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World History Study Guide from 1648

2011-11-10T01:11:18Z

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World History Study Guide from 1648

2011-11-10T01:09:45Z

Wh: /* Regular/non-honors study terms */

World History Homework Nine Answers - Student 1

2011-11-04T01:39:15Z

Wh: Created page with "JessicaW 1. After taking the midterm exam, I should try to improve my score in the future by reading all the answer choices carefully and choosing the most reasonable answer bas..."

JessicaW

1. After taking the midterm exam, I should try to improve my score in the future by reading all the answer choices carefully and choosing the most reasonable answer based on my prior knowledge. I should also continue studying the Study Guide ahead of time so I will not have to memorize everything the night before the test.

7. After the Reign of Terror ended with Robespierre’s death, Napoleon seized all the power in France as its dictator in 1799. By 1802, he had signed peace treaties with major enemies like Great Britain, Russia, and Austria and implemented a successful system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code. It was also during his reign when France sold a massive territory of land to the United States for 15 million dollars, this transaction known today as the Louisiana Purchase. After conquering most of continental Europe, Napoleon’s downfall began with his failed invasion of Russia in the winter of 1812, and in June 1815, Napoleon was finally defeated by Prussia and Great Britain at the Battle of Waterloo. I believe that Napoleon was an important political leader to the French people after the revolution, as well as one of the greatest military commanders of all time.

9. The Congress of Vienna was a convention of European nations including Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, Russia, and France after Napoleon’s final defeat. This convention proposed a balance of power among rival nations to ensure that no single nation could threaten the others. Alliances called the Concert of Europe were established between the nations requiring assistance of each other if war broke out, protecting against any revolutions or invasion. A lasting peace in Europe resulted from the impact of the new balance of powers, as well as the new legitimacy of monarchies and the creation of several independent nations.

Terms:
Reign of Terror, Napoleon, Battle of Waterloo, Congress of Vienna, Concert of Europe

World History Study Guide from 1648

2011-11-04T01:38:13Z

Wh: /* Regular/non-honors study terms */

This is the growing list of study terms for [[World History Lectures|World history]], from 1648 (the same midpoint used by the [[CLEP]] exams) to the present.

This should grow to about 500 terms -- about half non-honors and half honors -- and every term should be described in the table. ''An examination on this material will be given in late December 2011 or early January 2012''.

==Regular/non-honors study terms==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Definition
|-
|[[Age of Exploration]]
|A time period where nation-states in Europe (mainly England France Portugal and Spain) embarked on expeditions to far lands. The American continents were found during this period.
|-
|[[Caravel]]
| A miniature, highly maneuverable, light weight ship developed by the Portuguese. Often used to carry cargo.
|-
|[[England]]
|An imperialistic nation-state based out of the British isles off the coast of Europe. England was also the largest noncontiguous empire in history.
|-
|[[Forbidden City]]
| Imperial palace located in Beijing, China. Used for twenty-four emperors during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
|-
|[[Isaac Newton]]
|(1643-1727) Man who discovered and explained the invisible force of gravity.
|-
|[[The Enlightenment]]
|Characterized by rationalist philosophers challenging assumed beliefs up till the enlightenment. Possibly caused by the Scientific Revolution's ability to explain the universe. Highlights include Voltaire, Hume, Descartes, Kant, Smith, Burke, Jefferson, Locke, and Diderot.
|-
|[[John Locke]]
|1632-1704 Famous English enlightenment philosopher. Created idea of Government's Social Contract. Created idea of "Social Contract" that prompted protestant rebellion in England and American Revolution.
|-
|[[Voltaire]]
|1694-1778 Famous French Enlightenment philosopher. Voltaire taught of absolute freedom, but resulting revolution devolved into mindless bloodshed. Nevertheless Voltaire was the leader of the enlightenment and greatest figure in the Enlightenment.
|-
|[[Nation-state]]
|A country in Europe governed by a monarch. These began to develop in the 1400s the largest Three being England, France and Spain.
|-
|[[Monarch]]
|The absolute ruler of a Nation-state who is above the law.
|-
|[[Capitalism]]
|An economic system that private companies own all capital goods and sell them at a competitive price. This system is almost always successful until excessive government prevails.
|-
|[[Reign of Terror]]
|Started after the execution of Louis XVI when Maximilian Robespierre guillotined numerous alleged enemies, including Marie Antoinette, and ended with his death (1794); a time of terrifying chaos when anyone could be killed for no reason
|-
|[[Napoleon]]
|1769-1821 Dictator of France after the French Revolution; signed peace treaties with major European enemies, created a successful system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code, and conquered much of continental Europe; defeated at Battle of Waterloo
|-
|[[Battle of Waterloo]]
|1815 Marked the end of Napoleon's reign in France when he was defeated by Prussia and Great Britain
|-
|[[Congress of Vienna]]
|1815 Convention of European nations proposing a balance of powers among the rival nations to ensure than no single nation could threaten the others
|-
|[[Concert of Europe]]
|Established during the Congress of Vienna; alliances between the nations requiring assistance of each other if war broke out, protecting against any revolutions or invasion; adopted changes including the legitimacy of monarchies and growing nationalism in Europe
|}

[[Category:World History lectures]]

World History Study Guide to 1648

2011-11-03T01:28:42Z

Wh:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Description
|-
|[[Abraham]]
|2000 BC: father of Jewish people, made a covenant with God; Arabs claim descendance from Abraham's son Ishmael.
|-
|[[acropolis]]
|part of a Greek city-state that is built on a hilltop for easy defense. Example: where the democratic assembly met in Athens.
|-
|[[Plato's Academy|the Academy]]
|Founded by the Greek philosopher Plato in 387 BC, this was the world's first great center of learning.
|-
|[[Aesop]]
|a Greek writer famous for writing ''[[Aesop's Fables]]'' around 600 BC, such as "The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing," to teach life lessons
|-
|[[Alexander the Great]]
|356-323 BC: born to Philip II of Macedon and tutored by [[Aristotle]]. Conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia, and more, but not India. Alexander's conquests spread Greek culture and language, helping the future expansion of [[Christianity]].
|-
|[[Alexandria]]
|City in Egypt captured by Alexander the Great and then "Hellenized" (made Greek-like). Known for its famous library.
|-
|[[Allah]]
|The god of the [[Islamic]] religion. Followers of Allah are called Muslims.
|-
|[[Analects]]
|a record of the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius, written and compiled by his disciples circa 400-300 BC
|-
|[[Ancient world]]
|civilizations before the fall of the Western [[Roman Empire]] in AD 476
|-
|''[[Aeneid]]''
|a fictional epic poem, describing how a wandering [[Trojan]] became the ancestor of the [[Romans]], written by the great Roman poet [[Virgil]].
|-
|Anglo-Saxon
|refers both to the people of England from AD 449-1066 who came from Germanic tribes, and to their Old English language
|-
|[[Anselm]]
|a medieval Christian philosopher who founded scholasticism and developed an "ontological" proof for the existence of God based on degrees of perfection.
|-
|[[Archimedes]]
|287–212 BC: Greek mathematician and engineer. Discovered Archimedes' Principle, invented "Archimedes' screw," and built defenses against the Romans for his city of Syracuse; killed by the Romans.
|-
|[[archons]]
|Aristocratic officials elected by the Athenian government to make the laws; later overtook by tyrants who rose to power in the 600s BC
|-
|[[Arianism]]
|a heresy (false doctrine) claiming that Jesus was not God
|-
|[[aristocracy]]
|rule by the wealthy and privileged, rather than by democracy
|-
|[[Aristotle]]
|384-322 BC: Greek [[philosopher]], student of [[Plato]] and tutor to Alexander the Great. Emphasized the value of experience, and founded the Lyceum (a school resembling a university with specimens and a library)
|-
|[[Art of War]]
|first book on military strategy, written by Chinese philosopher Sun Tzu, having insights like "If ignorant both of your enemy and yourself, you are certain to be in peril."
|-
|[[Assyrian Empire]]
|1400-605 BC: was first dependent on Babylonia, then became an independent state, and finally an empire. Known for cruelty, especially to the Hebrews. Captured northern Kingdom of Israel in 722 BC.
|-
|[[Athens]]
|birthplace of democracy in 509 BC, Athens was a Greek city-state previously ruled by aristocrats. It defeat invading Persians.
|-
|[[Attila the Hun]]
|(AD 406-453): last and greatest ruler of the Huns, called the "Scourge of God"; almost defeated the Roman empire but was talked out of looting Rome by Pope Leo I.
|-
|[[Augustus Caesar]]
|the first Roman Emperor (27 BC-14 AD), whose name was Octavian; he took power away from the Roman Senate, he began "Pax Romana" (peaceful prosperity), and he was the emperor when Jesus was born
|-
|[[Aztecs]]
| A fierce type of people (AD 1200-1521), also known as "the Mexica," from Central Mexico who built a glorious capital city titled Tenochtitlan, and established three causeways to connect it to the mainland.
|-
|[[Babylon]]
|the major Mesopotamian city in the ancient Middle East, its greatest ruler was Hammurabi. Babylon developed Cuneiform, used base-60 numbers, defeated ancient Sumer about 2000 BC, and was later cruel to Hebrews.
|-
|[[Babylonia]]
|State and empire created by Babylon. First empire existed from 1900-1600 BC, later reemerged as the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 625-538 BC
|-
|[[Babylonian Exile]]
|Period of time from 597 to 538 BC, during which the Israelites were kept as prisoners in Babylon.
|-
|[[barbarian]]
|any "uncivilized" (not Roman), unshaven, ruthless warriors who would attack and invade ancient Rome (name "barbarus" means "bearded").
|-
|[[Battle of Tours]]
|Pivotal victory against the Muslims (732); led by Charles "the Hammer" of the Germanic people known as the "Franks".
|-
|B.C.E./[[C.E.]]
|anti-Christian terms for B.C./A.D., whereby "Before Common Era (B.C.E.)" replaces "Before Christ (B.C.)", and "Common Era (C.E.)" replaces "In the Year of Our Lord (A.D.)"
|-
|[[Bible]]
|Collection of Hebrew (Old Testament) and Christian (New Testament) Scriptures. Foretells the coming of a Messiah for the Hebrews, and recounts ancient history including the Tower of Babel and the Great Flood.
|-
|[[Brahman/Brahmin]]
|Brahman is the ultimate god or existence in Hinduism, of which all existence is a part; "Brahmin" means the highest class for families in the Hindu caste system
|-
|[[Bronze Age]]
|2500-1200 BC: when bronze was used for jewelry, tools, utensils, weapons; this eventually enabled the introduction of the plow for easier farming.
|-
|[[Buddha]]
|"Awakened One" in Buddhism. Siddhartha Gautama was the first Buddha.
|-
|[[Buddhism]]
|A belief system which teaches that desire causes suffering and if desire is eliminated, enlightenment and Nirvana are attained.
|-
|[[Bushi]]
| Proficient, skilled generals from Japan who raised their own "samurai" soldiers to defend and protect their land.
|-
|[[Byzantine Empire]]
|It was the eastern part of the Roman empire, based in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey), which outlasted the Western half by 1000 years.
|-
|[[Caligula]]
|(AD 37-41) cruel and senseless Roman emperor, who even declared his horse to be a Roman Senator.
|-
|[[Carolingian Court]]
|Dynasty that started with Charles Martel and his descendants, including Charlemagne, whose revival of education became known as the Carolingian Renaissance. The crowning of Charlemagne in 800 is considered the birth of the "Holy Roman Empire", also known as the Carolingian empire.
|-
|[[Carthage]]
|An ancient city on the coast of northern Africa (across the Mediterranean Sea from Italy) which fought against Rome in the three Punic Wars, which left Carthage destroyed, never to be rebuilt again.
|-
|[[caste]]
|the social rank in Hinduism: Brahmins are priests and scholars, Kshatriya are rulers, Vaishya are peasants, and Shudra are serfs. Good karma enables one to improve his caste in the next life.
|-
|[[Celts]]
|A tribal, ancient people living in what is now Ireland and Great Britain, who worshiped many gods and had priests called "druids."
|-
|[[Chaldeans]]
|The ancient Babylonians
|-
|[[Chaldean Empire]]
|Ancient Babylonian Empire that lasted from 605-562 BC
|-
|[[Chandragupta Mauryan]]
|Built the largest Indian empire ever; he was a tough and strong dictator who defeated Greek general Seleucus in 322 BC, taking from him the portion of the Greek empire slightly north of India.
|-
|[[Charlemagne]]
|King of the Franks from AD 768-814, and Holy Roman Emperor after being crowned by the Pope in AD 800
|-
|[[Charles Martel]]
|Charles "the Hammer"; Christian ruler who led the Franks to a decisive victory against the Muslims in the Battle of Tours (AD 732)
|-
|[[Chivalry]]
|Code of behavior developed during feudalism; required loyalty to God, looking out for one another, and different roles for men and women
|-
|[[China]]
|One of the world's oldest major civilizations, with a tradition of philosophers rather than religious leaders
|-
|[[Christendom]]
| A massive church-state network that consisted of religious hierarchy and held influence over all of Europe during the Middle Ages.
|-
|[[Cicero]], Marcus Tullius
|Famous Roman orator, senator and lawyer who lived from 106-43 BC, and who opposed Marc Anthony.
|-
|[[city-states]]
|Small nations consisting of only a single city each, especially in ancient Greece. Examples included Sparta, Athens and Corinth. They fought each other, but also banned together to defeat the Persians when that great empire sought to absorb Greece.
|-
|[[civilization]]
|must have towns, social and government institutions, record-keeping systems for property, and an agricultural surplus so not everyone is farming
|-
|[[classical civilizations]]
|Ancient Mediterranean civilizations that were generally pre-Christian, such as Rome, Greece, and Egypt
|-
|[[classicism]]
|Near the end of the Middle Ages, a Renaissance movement in the arts, looking back to ancient Rome and Greece for inspiration
|-
|[[Cleisthenes]]
|Established democracy in Athens in 507 BC, giving all free men the right to vote
|-
|[[Cleopatra]]
|The queen of Egypt who reigned from 51-30 BC
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
|The code of Hammurabi was one of the first set of written laws. It was a harsh code that demanded an eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth.
|-
|[[Code of Manu]]
|Hindu law containing rules and codes of conduct. Written in 200 BC in India.
|-
|[[Colosseum]]
|A massive stadium in Rome that was used to hold gladiatorial contests, chariot racing and killing Christians and others for entertainment. Originally known as the Flavian Amphitheatre.
|-
|[[comedy]]
|In ancient Greece, a play with a happy ending. All classical plays were either a "comedy" or a "tragedy".
|-
|[[Confucius]]
|A famous Chinese philosopher who came up with many ideas about ethics and social conduct
|-
|[[Constantine|Constantine (the Great)]]
|The first Christian emperor of Rome who legalized Christianity, ended the persecution of Christians, and united the eastern with the western Roman empires
|-
|[[Constantinople]]
|Now named Istanbul, it was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire beginning in AD 330. Originally known as Byzantium.
|-
|[[Council of Nicaea]]
|AD 325, a council of bishops called by Constantine to obtain agreement on various aspects of Christianity (e.g., the Trinity) and to end heresies (e.g., Arianism).
|-
|[[Crusades]]
|(AD 1099-1204): a series of four major military expeditions by Christians to free Jerusalem and make it safe for pilgrimages, beginning with the successful First Crusade but later including the looting of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade.
|-
|[[cuneiform]]
|The earliest known form of writing. Consists of lines and dashes to represent different concrete things, such as fish.
|-
|[[Cynicism]]
|Greek philosophy emphasizing living life without worldly possessions, founded by Socrates' student Antisthenes.
|-
|[[Daimyo]]
|Japanese feudal lord. Smaller agricultural workers would function under them. Daimyos began their importance after a civil war in 1467.
|-
|Darius the Great
|the king of Persia (522-486 BC) and one of the greatest rulers of the Achaemenid dynasty, best known for his failed attempts to conquer Greece; in 492 a storm destroyed his fleet, and in 490 BC Athens defeated his army at Marathon
|-
|[[David]]
|Second king of Israel, as chosen by God, and an ancestor of Jesus Christ. He expanded the kingdom of Israel.
|-
|[[Delian League]]
|Formed in 477 BC as an alliance consisting of Athens and other Greek city-states to guard against the Persia (Achaemenid) empire after the Persian Wars; but Athens misused it to impose taxes and fund Athenian projects.
|-
|[[Dharma]]
|The laws of the religions of Buddhism and Hinduism
|-
|[[diaspora]]
|The migration or scattering of a people, especially the ancient Hebrews, away from their ancestral home.
|-
|[[Diocletian]]
| The Roman emperor who tried to save the empire of Rome by dividing it into eastern and western regions. He established the "tetrarchy" (rule by four), and ruled from AD 284 to 305.
|-
|[[direct democracy]]
|laws are made by votes of the citizens, rather than by elected officials. Athens of ancient Greece was the first direct democracy.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|tribes that settled Greece, 1100-1000 BC, having an oppressive military ruling class. The "Doric order" is the simplest form of Greek architecture, consisting of a straight column without any artistic trim at the top.
|-
|[[Dravidians]]
|The lowest class of the Aryans, they were the children of mixed Aryans and not treated very well. They were people of Southern India and Sri Lanka
|-
|[[early agriculture]]
|crops such as grain being grown in places such as Egypt
|-
|[[Edict of Milan]]
|a political proclamation that legalized Christianity (and all other religions) throughout the Roman empire, issued by Constantine I in AD 313 after the Diocletian persecutions against Christians
|-
|[[Egypt]]
|One of the oldest civilizations in recorded history, going back to nearly 3000 BC
|-
|[[Eightfold Path]]
|The Buddhist way to end suffering and attain inner peace and contentment. It includes wisdom (right view and intention); ethics (right speech, action & livelihood); and mind (right effort, mindfulness & concentration).
|-
|[[Emperor]]
|A ruler or king of a country, such as Augustus Caesar as the first Roman emperor.
|-
|[[Enlightened One]]
|A translation of the name Buddha, in Buddhism
|-
|[[Enlightment]]
|A philosophical movement in the 1700s that rejected many different views.
|-
|[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]
|A Sumerian (Mesopotamia) poem preserved on stone tablets with a story bearing great resemblance to Noah's Ark and the Great Flood
|-
|[[Euclid]]
|A Greek mathematician around 300 BC who developed geometry and wrote the ''Elements''.
|-
|[[Euphrates river]]
|The Euphrates is a river that was the border of Mesopotamia and was both a trading route and a protection for Mesopotamia.
|-
|[[Fertile Crescent]]
|An area of land in the Middle East along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, where it was easy to grow crops, which was the birthplace of civilization and probably the location of the Garden of Eden.
|-
|[[feudalism]]
|way of life in Western Europe in the early Middle Ages, consisting of a "lord" who owned land (given by the king) on which "peasants" or "serfs" farmed in exchange for food and protection.
|-
|[[First Punic War]]
|between Rome and Carthage in 254-241 BC: Rome conquered the island of Sicily and developed a navy; although Rome was no match for the powerful Carthaginian navy, Romans did invent a corvus that allowed them to board enemy ships and win the war
|-
|[[Four Noble Truths]]
|in [[Buddhism]]: (1) suffering is universal, (2) craving or desire causes it, (3) the cure is to eliminate the craving or desire, and (4) following the Eightfold Path helps eliminate this desire in order to attain "nirvana" (complete contentment).
|-
|[[The Franks]]
|Germanic tribes settling in the northern part of the Roman empire (including northern France), rising in power and territory from AD 330-751 and defeating barbarians; Charles the Hammer and Charlemagne were Franks
|-
|[[Gentiles]]
|The term for peoples, such as Greeks, who are not of Jewish or Arab descent.
|-
|Golden Age
|An age of great peace and prosperity, especially in ancient Greece between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars
|-
|[[Gracchi brothers]]
|Two tribunes (high elected officials) of ancient Rome who wanted to help the poor by redistributing land from the rich
|-
|Great Schism
|AD 1054: the Eastern Orthodox Church splits from the Roman Catholic Church in a dispute over icons and statues, the origin of the Holy Spirit, and regional differences
|-
|[[Great Wall of China]]
|the long and high wall in China that was built beginning with the Qin dynasty in about 200 BC, to keep invaders out
|-
|[[Greece]]
|perhaps the greatest ancient civilization: invented democracy, developed mathematics and philosophy, and adopted ethical standards like the Hippocratic Oath (which prohibits abortion)
|-
|[[Greek drama]]
|Theatrical tradition of ancient Greece, 600-400 BC, with two main types: comedies (good ending) and tragedies (bad ending)
|-
|[[Gregory the Great]]
|One of the most significant popes, who used church money for non-religious purposes such as paying for public projects such as roads, supporting armies, and establishing government programs for the poor; this later caused controversies.
|-
|[[Gaul]]
|Now France, it was a place for barbarians to attack the Roman empire.
|-
|[[Gothic]]
|architecture of the late Middle Ages, featuring tall, perpendicular structures, long or stained-glassed rose windows, pointed arches, and flying buttresses (stone supports on the outer walls of churches)
|-
|[[Gupta empire]]
|(AD 240-550): large Indian empire that developed with algebra, the concepts of zero and infinity, and the numbers 1-9
|-
|[[Hammurabi]]
|King of Babylon, 1792-1750 BC, who developed the Code of Hammurabi, which is based on the concept of an eye for an eye
|-
|[[Han dynasty]]
|202 BC - AD 220, this was the greatest of all the Chinese dynasties and was similar to the Roman empire in expanding territory, administering justice, and enjoying peace like the Pax Romana. The Han dynasty valued education highly, and created a scholar class of people known as "shi".
|-
|[[Hannibal]]
|A military commander for Carthage who had a brilliant surprise attack against Rome during the Second Punic War
|-
|[[Hebrews]]
|God's chosen people who established the nation of Israel and wrote the Old Testament
|-
|[[Hellenistic]]
|Relating to Greek culture and language, particularly in lands beyond Greece as conquered by Alexander the Great beginning in 335 BC
|-
|[[Hernando Cortes]]
|Led the Spanish to capture and burn the Aztec capital in 1519.
|[[hieroglyphics]]
|A phonetic alphabet developed by the ancient Egyptians that uses the pictographic symbols to represent both an object and/or a phonetic sound.
|-
|[[Himalaya Mountain Range]]
|Mountain range famous for having the world's tallest peaks, including Mount Everest and K2; geographic protection that isolated ancient China
|-
|[[Hinduism]]
|An ancient polytheistic religion followed by 82% of (Asian) Indians to this day
|-
|[[Hippocrates]]
|"The father of medicine" in ancient Greece who developed the [[Hippocratic Oath]], an ethical code that all medical students traditionally repeated as a condition of graduation.
|-
|[[Holy Roman Empire]]
|Lasting from AD 800 to 1806, it included the territory in Europe under the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor. Constituent states often ruled themselves.
|-
|[[Homer]]
|An early Greek poet, famous for lengthy sagas such as ''Iliad'' and ''The Odyssey''.
|-
|[[Hsia dynasty]]
|rulers in China up until 1766 B.C., when Emperor Chieh (the last in the dynasty) was overthrown
|-
|[[Huns]]
|A confederation of Asian tribes who fought against the Romans in what is now the Ukraine, Germany, France, Italy and the Balkans. They were considered by many Romans to be the most ferocious enemies
|-
|[[ideograms]]
|In primitive societies, a graphic symbol (rather than alphabetic words like these) representing a concept or an idea
|-
|[[The Incas]]
|developed a huge empire beginning in AD 1250 in the Andes Mountains in South America, making it the largest civilization in all of the Americas
|-
|[[India]]
|A country that was home to the Indus Valley civilization and dates back over 3,000 years, and was birthplace of Hinduism and (later) Buddhism
|-
|[[Indus River Valley]]
|A fertile valley that was home to an ancient civilization and is modern Pakistan and northwestern India
|-
|[[Invisible Hand]]
|A powerful unseen force that benefits all when the government leaves free enterpise alone.
|-
|[[Iron Age]]
|An era following the Bronze age when tools and weapons were made primarily out of iron: 1200 BC in Europe, but later (600 BC) in China.
|-
|[[Isaac]]
|The promised son born to Abraham and Sarah in their old age, whom Abraham offered to sacrifice to God despite Abraham's great love for Isaac. Isaac is the father of the Israeli people.
|-
|[[Isaac Newton]]
|(1643-1727) Scientist during the Scientific Revolution and Christian fundamentalist who discovered and explained the invisible force of gravity
|-
|[[Ishmael]]
|The son born to Abraham and Sarah's servant, Hagar. Ishmael is revered by Muslims as an ancestor who was unfairly treated as an outcast after Isaac was subsequently born to Abraham and Sarah.
|-
|[[Islam]]
|the only major world religion that developed after Christ, Islam was founded by Muhammad in AD 622 and is based on the "Five Pillars of Islam."
|-
|[[Israel]]
|Nation founded by King David in 1010 BC, first temple destroyed by Babylonians in 587 BC, Jerusalem was rebuilt in 515 BC, Alexander the Great then conquered region in 332 BC.
|-
|[[Jainism]]
|Branched off of Hinduism, this religion stresses strict vegetarianism and non-violence towards all life.
|-
|[[Japan]]
|an island archipelago made up of 4 large islands and over 4,000 smaller ones, it had feudalism during the same time period that Europe did
|-
|[[Jesus]]
|The Holy Messiah of the Christian faith, and the only son of God who was promised to save all humanity. He was the only founder of a religion to perform miracles to cure the suffering, the only one to emphasize the power of faith, and the only one to give up His life for the salvation of others.
|-
|[[Joan of Arc]]
|17-year-old girl who led the French army to a remarkable military victory over the English in 1429, and was later captured and martyred by the English and made a saint by the Catholic Church
|-
|[[Johannes Kepler]]
|(1571-1630) Scientist in Scientific Revolution who built on Copernicus's work and discovered that planets orbit the sun in ellipses rather than circular orbits; also a devout Christian
|-
|[[John Locke]]
|(1632-1704) Leading political philosopher in the Enlightenment whose ideas helped the American colonists form a new government with the social contract theory
|-
|[[Judah, Kingdom of]]
|the southern kingdom of a divided nation of Israel, after the death of Solomon in 928 BC
|-
|[[Julius Caesar]]
|(100-44 BC) a military and political leader who laid out the groundwork for the future Roman empire before he was murdered by Roman senators
|-
|[[Julian Calendar]]
| The 12 month, 365-day calendar established by Julius Caesar, and the basis for the Gregorian calendar we use today.
|-
|[[Justinian|Justinian I]] and the [[Justinian Code]]
|Eastern Roman Emperor from AD 527 to 565 who developed the Justinian Code, which is the basis of civil law in many places
|-
|[[karma]]
|In Hinduism, everything a person has done. This determines status in the next life, so a Hindu wants "good karma."
|-
|[[knight]]
|An armored soldier of feudalistic Europe. These soldiers first began using plate mail around the time of the crusades.
|-
|[[Latin]]
|the powerful, concise language spoken in ancient Rome that has contributed many roots of words and terms to modern European languages. "Caveat emptor!" (let the buyer beware)
|-
|[[lord]]
|The ruler and owner of a feudalistic area, under him are the serfs.
|-
|[[Lyceum]]
|The great Greek center of learning founded by Aristotle, which then competed with the Academy
|-
|[[Niccolo Machiavelli]]
|An Italian political theorist who wrote the ''The Prince'', the most famous guide to how a conniving politician can seize power by manipulating others
|-
|[[Magna Carta]]
|A charter of personal and political liberties granted to the barons by King John of England in 1215, which later became a foundation for personal rights in the US Constitution.
|-
|[[maize]]
|corn, first grown by Native Americans, now one of the most popular foods in the world
|-
|[[Mandate of Heaven]]
|Chinese mandate that held that the gods blessed good rulers and overthrew bad ones
|-
|[[manor]]
|Under feudalism during the Middle Ages, a manor was a farm owned by a lord who had peasants to do the work and pay him rent in exchange for food, shelter and protection
|-
|[[Marc Antony]]
|A Roman commander and close friend of Caesar. He was in the 1st civil war of the Roman republic
|-
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]
|A Roman emperor known most for ending Pax Romana and conquering Germanic tribes.
|-
|[[Marcus Crassus]]
|A wealthy Roman who ruled Rome along with [[Julius Caesar]] and Pompey the Great, as a part of the first [[triumvirate]].
|-
|[[Martin Luther]]
|an important Christian figure who launched the Protestant Reformation in AD 1517 and founded the Lutheran Church based on a theory of salvation by faith alone, causing a split in the Catholic Church in Western Europe.
|-
|[[Mauryan Empire]]
|323–185 BC: a Buddhist empire covering much of modern India
|-
|[[Maya]]
|The civilization of the Mayans existed in Mesoamerica (including where Guatemala is today) from about AD 300-900. They were advanced in math and astronomy and had a written pictographic language; today 4 million people still speak the Mayan language.
|-
|[[Mesoamerica]]
|Mexico and Central America, where pre-Columbian (before Columbus' exploration in 1492) civilizations existed
|-
|[[Mesopotamia]]
|Modern-day [[Iraq]], where civilization first appeared
|-
|[[Messiah]]
|Anointed by God. Jesus Christ is the Messiah of Christianity
|-
|[[Michelangelo]]
|(AD 1475-1564) A Renaissance man known for his paintings on the Sistine Chapel ceiling and his sculptures of David and the Pieta (Mary holding Jesus after the Crucifixion).
|-
|[[Middle Ages]]
|A period of time, also called the Medieval Ages, spanning from AD 500-1500, when [[feudalism]] was common
|-
|[[Middle Kingdom]]
|2100-1650 BC: Egyptian kingdom known for its works and ideas, which ended due to a civil war
|-
|[[Ming Dynasty]]
|Kept to itself while rebuilding and strengthening its country's defenses against the Mongols. Was replaced in 1644.
|-
|[[monasteries]]
|communities of Christian monks that are set apart for God, and which preserved knowledge during the Middle Ages.
|-
|Mongol empire
|Peaked in power in the AD 1200s, held more contiguous (connected) land than any empire in history, but failed twice in trying to conquer Japan.
|-
|[[monotheism]]
|The belief in a religion worshiping only one god. [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], and [[Islam]] are monotheistic religions.
|-
|[[Moses]]
|The prophet who led the Israelites out of Egypt, gave them the Ten Commandments, and wrote the first five books of the Bible.
|-
|[[Muhammad]]
|The man who preached a new monotheistic religion "Islam", founded on only one god, Allah.
|-
|[[Nile]]
|River in Egypt which flows northward towards the Mediterranean Sea, supplying Egypt with water.
|-
|[[Nero]]
|One of the most irresponsible and cruel emperors of Rome. Nero reigned beginning when he was 16 years old, ruling until AD 69.
|-
|[[New Kingdom]]
|1550-700 BC: ancient Egypt at the time of Moses, where many buildings were construted primarily with slave labor
|-
|[[Nicene Creed]]
|A core statement of Christianity that affirms the Holy Trinity of God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Ghost
|-
|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]
|(1473-1543) Polish scientist who first sparked this movement with the bold declaration that the earth revolved around the sun, instead of sun revolving around the earth
|-
|[[Nirvana]]
|The ultimate goal of Buddhism: the end of all suffering
|-
|Normans
|Vikings who settled in northwest France (Normandy), and then invaded and conquered England in AD 1066
|-
|[[Octavian]]
|The grandnephew of Julius Caesar who became the first Emperor of Rome, ruling with his new name of Augustus Caesar.
|-
|[[Old Kingdom]]
|3000-2200 BC: the ancient Egyptian kingdom that built the famous pyramids
|-
|[[Olympics (Ancient Greek)]]
|An ancient sporting event first held in 776 BC, establishing the beginning of the Greek civilization
|-
|[[Paper]]
|Invented by Chinese in AD 100, from dipping a bamboo screen into a mixture of bark, rags and plants, and then allowing only a thin layer of pulp to dry on the bamboo screen.
|-
|[[patricians]]
|the upper 10% of the Roman republic, consisting of wealthy landowners
|-
|[[Paul]]
|an energetic evangelist for early Christianity, who wrote many letters now in the New Testament of the Bible
|-
|[[Pax Romana]]
|27 BC-180 AD: the "glory days" of the Roman empire, a time of peaceful prosperity and influence (but cruelty to Christians)
|-
|[[Peloponnesian War]]
|fought between Athens and Sparta, 431-404 BC, which was ultimately won by Sparta and its allies
|-
|[[Pentateuch]]
|The first five books of the modern Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy
|-
|[[Pepin]]
|Son of Charles Martel, Father of Charlemagne. Donated territories to the Pope and was a wise and judicious king of the Franks.
|-
|[[Persian empire]]
|550-330 BC: a large empire stretching from India to southern Europe and Egypt
|-
|[[Persian Wars]]
|492-449 BC: wars between Persia (modern-day Iran) and Greek city-states including Athens and Sparta
|-
|[[Peter]]
|a leading apostle of Jesus who became the first pope in Rome, where he was martyred
|-
|[[pharaoh]]
|the ruler in Ancient Egypt, considered by Egyptians to be a son of god
|-
|[[Philip of Macedon]]
|King of Macedonia who arranged for the homeschooling of his son, Alexander the Great.
|-
|[[Philistines]]
|ancient people who occupied the land of Canaan, who were enemies of Israel and God.
|-
|[[Phoenicians]]
|ancient people who lived and traded goods on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea, developing a new language using an alphabet of 22 letters, on which Greek, Latin, English, French, etc., are based.
|-
|Pillars of Islam
|the five basic rules of Islam: submit to Allah, pray, fast, give to the poor, and make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca (in Saudi Arabia today)
|-
|[[Plato]]
|Greek (Athens) philosopher who emphasized the value of logic, while his student Aristotle preferred the value of experience.
|-
|[[Pompey the Great]]
|Ruled Rome as a part of the first [[triumvirate]] with [[Julius Caesar]] and [[Marcus Crassus]]. Pompey is well known for ridding the Mediterranean sea of pirates.
|-
|[[polis]]
|The name for city-states in Ancient Greece
|-
|[[polytheism]]
|A religion with many gods, which was common in ancient times until Judaism and Christianity emerged.
|-
|[[Pope]]
|The leader of the Roman Catholic Church, who was most powerful in Europe during the time of the Holy Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Ptolemy]]
|(AD 90-168) a mathematician, geographer and astronomer in Hellenistic Egypt
|-
|[[Punic Wars]]
|Won by the Roman republic, enabling it to gain control of the Mediterranean Sea and control commerce
|-
|[[pyramids]]
|Very large monuments in Egypt for the burial of pharaohs, built with a precision that cannot be duplicated even today.
|-
|Qin Shia Huandgi
|the first Chinese emperor, who ruled from 221-210 BC, built new roads, and established a standard coin, weight and writing system. This Qin (or Chi'in) state was the first unified Chinese empire.
|-
|[[Qur'an (Koran)]]
|the holy book of Islam
|-
|Ramses II
|the most famous pharaoh, whose reign from 1279-1213 BC (during the New Kingdom) was the second longest in Egyptian history
|-
|[[Red Sea]]
|The Red Sea is between Egypt and the Sinai peninsula. The Israelites would have died if not for the protection of the Red Sea, yes they would have died if a miracle had not been preformed Through Moses God parted the Red Sea so the Israelites could escape from the Egyptian army.-
|-
|[[Reformation]]
|Events beginning in 1517 when German monk Saint Martin Luther nailed 95 Theses to a Church door, leading to a separation of Catholic and Protestant churches.
|-
|[[The Republic]]
|Plato's greatest writings, which form a foundation for America's system of government.
|-
|[[Renaissance]]
|a revival in artwork and Greek and Roman achievement, from the AD 1300s to the 1600s, that made the transition from medieval to modern times
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Church]]
|The Christian Church led by a Pope, beginning with Peter the Apostle. The word "catholic" means "universal".
|-
|[[Roman citizenship]]
|a special status attained by living in Rome, being birthed to a Roman citizens, or enlisting in the army for 25 years.
|-
|[[Roman empire]]
|(27 BC-476 AD) Began when August Caesar became emperor, and ended 500 years later when barbarians overran it; the Roman empire civilized western Europe, built roads, established laws, and eventually spread Christianity.
|-
|[[Roman law]]
|began with a code of laws inscribed in the Twelve Tables, establishing the concept of "justice" - rule by principle and not by whim
|-
|[[Roman military]]
|considered to be invincible; each soldier was equipped with shields, helmets, swords, and javelins
|-
|[[Roman republic]]
|509-27 BC: The first republic in history, it was located in Rome and inspired some of the principles of the government of the United States. The Roman republic ended when Augustus Caesar took full power and established the Roman empire.
|-
|Roman senate
|300 members representing wealthy families in Rome, it dominated the Roman republic; similar to the U.S. Senate today
|-
|Romanesque
|architecture popular in the early Middle Ages, featuring thick walls, rounded arches and small windows
|-
|[[Rome]]
|the capital city of the Roman empire, and of modern day Italy; supposedly founded by Romulus and Remus, and named after Romulus after he killed his brother
|-
|[[Rosetta Stone]]
|ancient text written on stone in three different languages, which enabled the first translations of Egyptian hieroglyphics
|-
|[[Royal Road]]
|ancient Persian highway rebuilt by Darius the Great
|-
|[[samurai]]
|elite warriors of feudalistic Japan who followed a special honor code called Bushido
|-
|[[Saul]]
|the first king of Israel, appointed by God; Saul was a flawed man, jealous of David.
|-
|[[Satraps]]
|Governors in the distant lands of the Persian empire, which extended to Egypt and Arabia, who were carefully watched by the "King's Eyes and Ears" soldiers to prevent rebellions
|-
|[[scholasticism]]
|Christian philosophy from the AD 900s-1500s that developed logic in the direction of God
|-
|[[scientific revolution]]
|The beginning of modern science in the AD mid-1500s, starting with the recognition by Copernicus that the Earth revolves around the Sun
|-
|[[Second Punic War]]
|between Rome and Carthage in 218-202 BC; Carthage's leader Hannibal led his army with elephants over the Alps to surprise the Romans, but could not conquer Rome itself; by the end Rome had acquired Spain
|-
|[[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]]
|a listing of the most impressive public works in the world, written by Greek writer Antipater in the 2nd century BC (200-100 BC)
|-
|[[Shang Dynasty]]
|first major dynasty of China, which lasted from 1766 BC (when T'ang overthrew the prior dynasty) to 1122 BC
|-
|[[Shiite Muslims]]
|fundamentalist Muslims who are considered more aggressive than Sunni Muslims
|-
|[[Shinto]]
|The national religion of Japan, which considered the emperor to be descended from a godlike "sun kami"; Shinto is sometimes considered more of a code of conduct rather than a religion.
|-
|[[shogun]]
|a feudalistic military ruler of Japan
|-
|[[Siddhartha Gautama]]
|the Buddha, and the founder of the religion of Buddhism
|-
|[[Silk Road]]
|A trade route from East China to Central Asia and Europe
|-
|[[Sir Isaac Newton]]
|Discovered the explained the force of gravity. Many say he was the second most influential man after Jesus Christ.
|-
|[[Socrates]]
|The first great Greek philosopher, Socrates taught that the visible world is not all of reality; Socrates taught Plato, who later taught Aristotle
|-
|[[Socratic method]]
|A teaching method developed by [[Socrates]], which consists of asking questions and is used today in law schools
|-
|[[Solomon]]
|Third king of Israel and the author of ''Proverbs'', ''Ecclesiastes'' and ''Song of Solomon''; known for his wise justice
|-
|[[Solon of Athens]]
|One of the Seven Sages of ancient Greece, who believed that one should "keep everything with moderation"
|-
|[[Sparta]]
|a Greek city-state well-known for its military prowess, which won the Peloponnesian war against Athens.
|-
|[[Spread of Buddhism]]
|Buddhism traveled outside of India along the Silk Road
|-
|[[St. Augustine]]
|(AD 354-430) a father of the early Christian church who wrote intellectual discussions of the faith entitled ''Confessions'', ''City of God'', and ''On Christian Doctrine''
|-
|[[Sumer]]
|Ancient homeland of the Sumerians, located in Mesopotamia, located in where Iraq is today
|-
|[[Sunni Muslims]]
|moderate Muslims who oppose the more aggressive Shiite Muslims
|-
|[[Sumerians]]
|the earliest civilizations living in the Middle East, where inventions included the wheel and the first known form of writing
|-
|[[Taijitu]]
|Also called "Yin and Yang," this is the symbol for Taoism. It represents a constant interaction and harmony in nature between two forces having opposite qualities.
|-
|[[Taoism (Daoism)]]
|Chinese philosophy of seeking harmony with nature by recognizing that two major forces are opposed to each other
|-
|[[Ten Commandments]]
|the laws of the God of Israel handed down to Moses
|-
|[[Theocracy]]
|a government ruled by the laws of a specific religion, as in some Muslim nations today
|-
|[[Thomas Aquinas]]
|(AD 1225–1274) A brilliant medieval priest who merged Aristotle's insights with Christian faith, and wrote ''Summa Theologica'' as a summary of Christian theology that is studied even today
|-
|[[Third Punic War]]
|Romans conquered and destroyed Carthage in 146 BC and then went into Macedonia and Greece to defeat them in revenge for having helped Hannibal; Rome then controlled the entire western civilized world (all the land around the Mediterranean)
|-
|[[Thucydides]]
|Greek historian who wrote ''History of the Peloponnesian War''
|-
|[[Toltecs]]
|A northern Mexican nomadic tribe that reigned over a city called Tula (AD 900-1200) in present-day Mexico City.
|-
|[[Tragedy]]
|A type of drama or poetic saga that has an unhappy ending. Common in ancient Greece, this type of work focused on the followed the fall of a character, often because of a specific character flaw such as envy or greed.
|-
|[[Troy]]
|an ancient city whose destruction was recorded in the Iliad, and its survivors supposedly helped found Rome
|-
|[[Tutankhamen]]
|"King Tut": a young Egyptian pharaoh who ruled from 1341-1323 BC. Archaeologist Howard Carter first discovered his tomb in 1922, shedding light on ancient Egyptian culture.
|-
|[[Twelve Tables]]
|450 BC: basic and successful Roman laws that filled twelve tablets, such as "If one is slain while committing theft by night, he is rightly slain."
|-
|[[Vassals]]
|Performed military services to the lords in exchange for protection and land in the feudal system.
|-
|[[Vedas]]
|Holy books of Hinduism
|-
|[[Virgil]]
|(70-19 BC) a Roman poet & philosopher, friend of Octavian (Augustus Caesar), and author of the ''Aeneid''. Portrayed in the Middle Ages as a noble pagan and symbol of wisdom.
|-
|[[Vishnu]]
|Supreme god of Hinduism
|-
|[[Visigoths]]
|a confederacy of Germanic tribes that harassed the Roman empire but later fell in AD 711 to the Moors, who were North African Muslims
|-
|[[Voltaire]]
|(1694-1778) Leading philosopher in the Enlightenment, advocating freedom and emphasizing his form of reason, written in "The Candide"; his ideas later formed the basis of the French Revolution
|-
|[[Vulgate]]
|The Latin translation by Saint Jerome of the Hebrew Old Testament and the Greek New Testament. It was then used as the authoritative Bible for over 1000 years.
|-
|[[Warring States Period]]
|475-221 BC: war period in ancient China also known for the philosophical schools that flourished
|-
|[[Wheel]]
|The ancient Mesopotamia invention, originally in the form of a potter’s wheel; the wheel is considered the first and greatest of man's inventions.
|-
|[[Yahweh]]
|God as described in the [[Old Testament]], written as YHWH in the original Hebrew (which lacked vowels).
|-
|[[Yangtze River]]
|Longest river in Asia which flows south for 3000 miles; navigable from the sea for half of its course; the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers are the most important rivers in Chinese history
|-
|[[Yellow River]]
|Second longest river in Asia; known also as Huang He and "the cradle of Chinese civilization," it runs westward from the Yellow Sea and has a tendency to flood surrounding lands such its course can change with devastating results
|-
|[[Zeus]]
|Highest of Greek Gods, God of Thunder, supposedly father of the gods.
|-
|[[Zhou dynasty]] (or Chou dynasty)
|1071-221 BC: it was the longest lasting dynasty in China and included both Prince Zheng as a leader, and Confucius as the major philosopher. This dynasty benefited from the Iron Age after 600 BC.
|-
|[[Ziggurat]]
|man-made step-sided structures resembling pyramids that were built in Mesopotamia. The [[Tower of Babel]], described in Genesis 11, may have been a giant ziggurat.
|-
|[[Zoroastrianism]]
|Polytheistic religion founded between 1200 and 600 BC by the Persians.
|}

==Honors terms==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Description
|-
|[[Aeneas]]
|according to legend, a prince who escaped from Troy whose son founded Rome and whose grandson, Brutus, founded the Britons in England
|-
|[[Aeschylus]]
|the oldest of the three great Athenian tragic playwrights (next to [[Sophocles]] and [[Euripides]]), 525-456 BC
|-
|[[Age of Metal]]
|discovery of metals for use in tools: copper (beginning 3500 BC), bronze (beginning 2500 BC), and iron (beginning 1200 BC) were developed as tools.
|-
|[[Age of Pericles]]
|the "golden age" of Athens, led by Pericles, who introduced a form of direct democracy from 461-429 BC
|-
|[[Ahuramazda]]
|the Creator in Persia's religion of Zoroastrianism
|-
|[[Queen Ahhotep|Ahhotep]]
|a Middle Kingdom Pharaoh who repelled the Hyksos people from Egypt
|-
|[[Akkadian Empire]]
|a Sumerian empire (2360-2180 BC) located in the fertile crescent in the lower Mesopotamia and north of the Sumer River
|-
|[[Alluvial]]
|a deposit of sediment (alluvium) in a river bed
|-
|archons
|in the early Greek empire (around 700 BC), archons were government officials elected by the land-owning aristocrats; the archons then made the law
|-
|[[Aristophanes]]
|(456-380 BC) an Athenian playwright who wrote comedies and political satires
|-
|[[Ark of the Covenant]]
|The chest used by the Hebrews to contain the tablets of the Law given to Moses by God.
|-
|[[Aryans]]
|A semi-nomadic Nordic tribe who invaded and settled India around 1500 B.C.
|-
|[[Ashoka]]
|Emperor of the Mauryan Empire of India (273-232 B.C.). Upset by the horrors of war (despite winning), he converted to Buddhism and recorded Buddha's teachings on thousands of rock pillars.
|-
|Assembly of Centuries
|the group of representatives who approved new laws in the Roman republic
|-
|Assembly of Tribes
|the governing entity that held the election of representatives
|-
|[[Ashoka]]
|Emperor of the Mauryan Empire of India (273-232 B.C.). Upset by the horrors of war (despite winning), he converted to Buddhism and recorded Buddha's teachings on thousands of rock pillars.
|-
|Aztecs
|An aggressive type of people from Central Mexico who adopted many legends and customs from their ancestors. They built a capital city called Tenochtitlan, and established three causeways to connect it to the mainland.
|-
|-
|[[Bantu]]
|Over 400 tribes in Africa that share the Bantu language and common customs.
|-
|[[Barracks Emperors]]
|A series of Roman emperors (235-284 AD) who used the Roman army as a base for political power. These emperors usually had a poor, rural background.
|-
|[[Battle of Marathon]]
|In August 490 B.C., King Darius I of Persia brought his army to the plains of Marathon to invade Athens. Despite being outnumbered ten to one, the Athenian army defeated the Persians.
|-
|Battle of Chalons
|451 BC: one of the bloodiest battles in world history and the last major victory of the Roman empire, when it defeated Attila the Hun in what is now France; Attila returned later for revenge and could have looted Rome
|-
|[[Bhagavad Gita]]
|A section of the Mahabharata, the Bhagavad Gita is an ancient Hindu text written in Sanskrit which consists of Krishna's writings on philosophy and morality.
|-
|[[Breda]]
|Became one of the leaders of the Hun, but was killed by his power-hungry brother, Attila the Hun.
|-
|[[Caesar's Commentaries]]
|A history by Julius Caesar describing the wars he fought.
|-
|[[Caligula]]
|A Roman emperor, ruling from 37 AD to 41 AD, who is historically depicted as a brutal monster, and who was so hated that he was murdered by his own guards.
|-
|[[Canaan]]
|The geographical area that encompasses modern-day Israel, the West Bank and a portion of land east of the Jordan River.
|-
|[[Canon of the Medicine]]
|Book written by Ibn Sina during the Golden Age of Islam describing many diseases and their causes.
|-
|[[Catal Huyuk]]
|An ancient settlement in southern Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey.
|-
|[[Catholic Monarchs]]
|The title given by Pope Alexander VI to King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, whose marriage in 1469 unified Spain led to its conversion back to a Catholic nation from Islam (the "Reconquest").
|-
|[[Cato the Censor]]
|A Roman statesman who during the Punic War called for the destruction of Carthage.
|-
|[[Champollion, Jean]]
|Jean Champollion (1790-1832) is the father of Egyptology (the study of Egypt), and who translated a portion of the Rosetta Stone.
|-
|[[Chandragupta Maurya]]
|The founder of the Mauryan Empire in India who ruled between 320 and 293 B.C. The first Indian emperor to be converted to Jainism, he eventually renounced his throne and joined a group of nomadic Jain monks.
|-
|[[Christian Catacombs]]
|Ancient, secret underground burial places for Christians, which served as secret passageways for Christians to meet and worship God together.
|-
|[[Cicero]]
|A Roman consul, statesman, lawyer, philosopher and author. After Julius Caesar's assassination, Cicero was one of the most powerful politicians in Rome, and was Mark Antony's rival.
|-
|[[Cincinnatus]]
|A Roman hero for whom the city of Cincinnati, Ohio is named. In 458 B.C., he raised an army in Rome and came to the aid of the consul Minucius and his men, who were trapped by the Aequians. Cincinnatus also voluntarily giving up power, surpassed only by George Washington in that respect.
|-
|[[Claudius]]
|Roman emperor who became ruler after his nephew Caligula's assassination, he ruled from 41-54 AD, when he was poisoned by his wife Agrippina. Britain came under Roman rule during his reign, and his edict expelling the Jews from Rome is mentioned in the Book of Acts in the Bible.
|-
|[[Cleopatra]]
|Seven Egyptian queens of Greek decent that ruled from 193 BC until 30 BC during the Ptolemaic Dynasty. The most famous, Cleopatra VII Philopator, Egypt's last independent ruler, had affairs with both Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
|An elaborate code of law created by Hammurabi that called for harsh punishment, such as an eye for an eye, a foot for a foot.
|-
|[[Confucianism]]
|A Chinese ethical and moral philosophy based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius that focuses on human morality and right action. It has had a significant influence on the development on the culture and history of East Asia.
|-
|[[Constitutional monarchy]]
|A government with a constitution that acknowledges a monarch as head of state with varying degrees of influence in the running of the country. Countries with constitutional monarchies include the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Denmark, the Netherlands and Spain.
|-
|[[consul]]
|An elected governmental position in ancient Rome that held executive authority and military command of the Roman republic.
|-
|[[Copts]]
|The Coptic Church originated in Egypt around 50 AD when St. Mark the Evangelist traveled to Alexandria, and is one of the oldest Christian denominations. Its leader is the Patriarch of Alexandria, who is called Pope.
|-
|[[Covenant]]
|An oath or promise.
|-
|[[Cynicism]]
|A Greek philosophy founded by Antisthenes (444 BC - 365 BC) that rejects worldly pleasure in favor of happiness derived from virtue.
|-
|[[Cyrus]]
|A Persian emperor (576 BC – 529 BC) who conquered Babylon and sent the Jews back to Israel.
|-
|[[Darius]]
|A Persian emperor (521 BC – 486 BC) who quelled the Ionian Revolt and invaded Greece, but was forced to withdraw at the Battle of Marathon.
|-
|[[Delian League]]
|A confederation during the Persian Wars controlled by Athens, and consisting of Athens and other Greek city-states and Aegean towns. Its navy helped defend Greece from Persia.
|-
|[[Demosthenes (Greek statesman)|Demosthenes]]
|A ancient Greek statesman who spoke against Philip II of Macedonia in speeches that came to be known as "Philippics". He also attempted to convince Greeks to rise up against Macedonian rule after the death of Philip's son, Alexander the Great.
|-
|[[Diadochi]]
|After the death of Alexander the Great, his empire was partitioned among the rivalling generals of his army, the so-called diadochi ("successors").
|-
|[[Diocletian]]
|The last Barrack Emperor of Rome, he ruled from 284-305 AD. He divided the Roman Empire into eastern and western regions in an attempt to save the empire, and formed a tetrarchy of four rulers, two for each region. He required the military to worship the Roman pagan gods, making it impossible for Christians to be soldiers, and persecuted them.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|Tribes that settled in Greece between 1100 BC and 1000 BC, and had a military ruling class, which persisted in Sparta and Crete even after democracy was established in Athens. These tribes created the simplest style of Greek architecture, known as the Doric order, which consisted of unadorned, straight columns.
|-
|Draco
|a tyrant in Athens during the early Greek empire (600s B.C.) who established a set of written laws that were so strict that the term "draconian" today refers to overly harsh rules of punishment
|-
|[[Dravidians]]
|Dravidians are the people of southern India and Sri Lanka who speak the Dravidian languages and are found in the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka.
|-
|[[Empress Lu]]
|The wife of the Chinese emperor Han Gaozu, who after her husband's death had all other possible heirs murdered and installed her son as emperor, ruling as regent until her death.
|-
|[[Epicureanism]]
|A philosophy founded by Epicurus in the late 4th century that holds the belief that great happiness is achievable through the avoidance of pain and fear. It does not believe in divine power interacting with humanity.
|-
|[[Etruscans]]
|People who settled in the Italian peninsula prior to 700 BC. Most Etruscan cities ran on a democratic-style system. Their culture influenced the later Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Euripides]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 480-406.
|-
|[[Exodus]]
|The abrupt departure of the people of Israel from Egypt, as told in the Book of Exodus in the Bible.
|-
|[[Ezana]]
|Ezana was the king of Axum, in Africa, ruling from AD 330-350. He was the first Christian king in Africa.
|-
|[[Five Good Emperors]]
|Five consecutive Roman emperors who ruled between 96 AD to 180 AD and were elected due to talent rather than family connections.
|-
|[[foraging society]]
|A pre-farming economy based upon scavenging, hunting, and gathering resources.
|-
|[[Four Emperors Era]]
|A series of Roman emperors who ruled in quick succession in 68-69 AD.
|-
|[[Franks]]
|A Germanic people that, beginning in the 4th century AD, eventually conquered the areas of France, Benelux, Belgium, The Netherlands and portions of Germany.
|-
|[[Gaul]]
|The Roman name for the area comprising modern-day France and Belgium, and parts of northern Italy, western Switzerland and Germany, and the Netherlands. This area was under Roman rule for most of its existence.
|-
|[[Golden mean]]
|Is considered the middle between two extremes in philosophy.
|-
|[[Great Canal]]
|A canal that connected the Nile River to the Red Sea, built during the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.
|-
|[[Hadrian]]
|The third of the "Five Good Emperors" of the Roman Empire, Hadrian ruled from AD 117 to 138 and had two main achievements: he ended Rome's costly territorial expansion, fortifying her boundaries with numerous "Walls of Hadrian," and he effectively "Hellenized" Rome by anointing Athens the empire’s cultural center, thereby enhancing learning.
|-
|[[Han empire]]
|was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms.
|-
|[[Harappa]]
|A city that is part of the Indus Valley Civilization. It is part of modern Pakistan
|-
|[[Hatshepsut]]
|Originally a regent for her son, Thutmose III, Hatshepsut was the longest reigning female ruler of Egypt. She ruled during the eighth dynasty from 1479-1458 B.C. She established trade networks for Egypt and thus collected most of the wealth of the eighth dynasty. She was eventually dethroned when her son took power at the age of 22. Her monuments are the Temple of Karnak, Deirle-Bahri, and Speos Artemidos.
|-
|[[Hellenistic culture]]
|Greek culture after the death of Alexander in 323 B.C., when Greek influence extended throughout the territory he conquered; Hellenistic culture was renowned for its strict code of ethics, its culinary prowess, and its use of metal.
|-
|[[heliocentric]]
|Recognizing that the Sun ("helio" is Greek for "sun"), and not Earth, is the center of solar system.
|-
|[[Helot]]
|A person from the class of serfs in the city-state of Sparta (700s - 300s B.C.) in ancient Greece.
|-
|[[Herodotus]]
|Greek historian (484 to 425 BC), the "father of history". His book is simply called ''Histories'' and describes the Persian Wars.
|-
|[[Hiram]]
|The Phoenician king of Tyre. Ruled from 980-947 B.C.
|-
|[[Hittites]]
|An ancient people in the Middle East that gained control of most of Mesopotamia in 1650 B.C. due to their advanced inventions, such as horse-drawn chariots.
|-
|[[Horace]]
|The leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus, lived from 65-8 B.C.
|-
|[[humanism]]
|Thee Greek emphasis on reason, ethics and rational thinking rather than religion.
|-
|[[Hyksos]]
|Refers to a people who entered - possibly forcibly - into Egypt, and built their capital at Avaris in the Nile Delta area in about 1648 B.C.
|-
|[[Ides (of March)]]
|The 15th of March, May, July and October in the ancient Roman calendar. The 13th is the ides of all the other months. Julius Caesar was murdered on the ides of March.
|-
|[[Invisible Hand]]
|If government allows free enterprise to flourish on its own, without interference by government, then an “invisible hand” harnesses the power of self-interest for the overall good of society. Companies are guided by this “invisible hand” to work in a way that is beneficial to others, and the overall wealth and progress of society will increase.
|-
|[[Imperator]]
|A title first used by Octavian (Augustus Caesar), literally meaning in Latin “general” or “commander”, giving him power over the entire army.
|-
|[[Iron Smelting]]
|A technology comprised of the extraction of usable metal from iron ore.
|-
|[[Iliad]]
|a great Greek work of literature written by Homer in the 800s or 700s B.C., describing the mythical Trojan War
|-
|Incas
|a member of any of the dominant groups of South American Indian peoples who established an empire in Peru prior to the Spanish conquest.
|-
|[[Indo-European]]
|A very general classification of peoples that includes all the way from India to Egypt.
|-
|[[Jericho]]
|A city in Israel by the Jordan River. Mentioned extensively in the Bible. Joshua and the Israelites marched around this city and blew trumpets in order to destroy it and to reach the promised land.
|-
|[[Josephus]]
| Flavius Josephus AD 37-101 Jewish general and historian who took part in the Jewish revolt against the Romans and later worked for a Roman patron.
|-
|[[Judaism]]
|The monotheistic religion of the Hebrews, also the oldest religion that remains currently active.
|-
|[[Kami]]
|Spirits in the Shinto religion that reside in prominent natural features and people. Shrines are often built to Kami.
|-
|[[Kassites]]
|Led by their king [[Agumkakrine]], they took advantage of the [[Hittite]] raid of 1595 B.C. and occupied the [[Babylonian]] region, where they ruled for over 400 years.
|-
|[[Kautilya]]
|Advisor to Chaundragupta Maurya, wrote book
"Arthoshastra" on maintaining political power.
|-
|[[Khmer Empire]]
|This empire peaked in A.D. 1200 in modern Cambodia, thriving on rice production and trade with China and India. The Khmer empire built the Angkor Wat, a temple dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu with mixed Southeast Asian and Indian art.
|-
|[[Khufu]]
|Egyptian pharaoh who had the pyramid of Giza built
|-
|[[Khyber Pass]]
|An important break in the mountains between Pakistan and Afghanistan, pivotal in military campaigns by Alexander the Great, Aryans, Muslims, and later the British, who had to overcome defensive positions taken from above by local tribesman.
|-
|[[Kush]]
|Was part of a larger region called Nubia.
|-
|[[Larger Vehicle]]
|a form of Buddhism practiced in China, Korea, Japan and Tibet, teaching how to attain full enlightenment for the sake of others. (Also known as Mahayana Buddhism.)
|-
|[[Last Roman Emperor]]
| The last ruler of the Roman Empire was Romulus Augustus, who ruled from October of AD 475 to September of AD 476
|-
|legalism
|Legalism is the excessive adherence to law or formula.
|-
|[[Legions]]
|Legions were the principal unit of the Roman army comprising 3,000 to 6,000 foot soldiers and cavalry in addition to the foot soldiers.
|-
|[[Lesser Vehicle]]
|in Buddhism, describes how to attain freedom from one's own suffering.
|-
|[[Livy]]
|A Roman historian (59 BC - 17 AD) who wrote a monumental history of Rome from its beginnings to his day.
|-
|[[Loess]]
|A type of soil derived form glacial deposits consisting of fine yellow silt that is extremely crumbly. The silt from Loess Plateau of north-west China, carried along by the Yellow River, has given that river its distinctive name.
|-
|[[Magadha]]
|Led Aryans to join and try to repel the Persians.
|-
|[[Mahayana]]
|the later of the two great schools of Buddhism, chiefly in China, Tibet, and Japan, characterized by eclecticism and a general belief in a common search for salvation, sometimes thought to be attainable through faith alone.
|-
|[[Manichaeism]]
|A belief system teaching that there exists two separate, opposite and equally ultimate Principles: the Light and the Darkness.
|-
|[[Marathon]]
|A small town about 26 miles from Athens where the Greeks won a key battle against the Persians in 490 B.C., and a messenger ran the distance to deliver the news to Athens, inspiring the modern marathon race today.
|-
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]
|Roman emperor from AD 161 to 180. Marcus Aurelius was also a philosopher, a Stoic, and wrote a famous book, ''Meditations''.
|-
|[[Marius]]
|Roman general and consul: opponent of Lucius Cornelius Sulla.
|-
|[[Masada]]
|a mountaintop fortress in East Israel on the South West shore of the Dead Sea: site of Zealots' last stand against the Romans during revolt of AD 66–73.
|-
|[[Menes]]
|Was a legendary Pharoah of Egypt from somewhere between 3100-2850 BC.
|-
|[[Meroe]]
|a ruined city in Sudan, on the Nile, NE of Khartoum: a capital of ancient Ethiopia that was destroyed AD c350.
|-
|[[Mesolithic Age]]
|Before the beginning of recorded history in 3500 B.C., when humans changed from hunting and gathering food to producing food, as in planting and farming.
|-
|[[Minoan Civilization]]
|A civilization that flourished on the island of Crete from around the 27th century B.C., to the 15th century B.C.
|-
|Moche
|A South American civilization that existed in northern Peru from AD 100-800
|-
|[[Moksha]]
|Means liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth in the Hindu religion.
|-
|[[monsoons]]
|Tropical storms, particularly in the climate of India, where the "southwest monsoon" occurs from about mid-June to the first week in October, and consists of winds carrying heavy rainfall from the Indian Ocean and resulting in widespread flooding
|-
|[[Mount Sinai]]
|A 7,498 foot mountain, located in Southern Sinai, now part of modern Egypt.The location where Moses received the Ten Commandments from God.
|-
|[[Muhammad Ali]]
|Muhammad Ali was a professional boxer during the 1960’s and 70’s he was perhaps the most famous Muslim of the western world at this time. During the Vietnam war he refused to be drafted because it was not a “holy war.”
|-
|[[Mycenaean Civilization]]
|Was an early Indo-European civilization of Greece.
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar I]]
|was the emperor of the Babylonian Empire from 1146 to 1123 BC.
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar II]]
| Lived from 635 BC- 562 BC, was King of the Chaldeans and final conqueror of the Southern Kingdom of Israel, called "Judah." He was the first of many heads of state of foreign superpowers to come to a possibly salvific knowledge of God.
|-
|[[Neolithic Age]]
|The last part of the Stone Age (neo = "new", lithic = "of/like stone"), before the invention of metallurgy. It immediately preceded the rise of the first civilizations.
|-
|[[Nero]]
| Was the Emperor of Rome from AD 54-68. He blamed the great fire of Rome on the Christians who were unpopular due to their belief in one God.
|-
|[[Nerva]]
|Roman emperor from AD 96 to 98. Following the turmoils after Nero's death, he stood at the beginning of a long peaceful and prosperous time in the history of the Roman empire.
|-
|[[Nile River]]
|A river that ran throughout all of Egypt and fueled its entire agricultural and economic system.
|-
|[[Nineveh]]
|The capital of Assyria, seized and destroyed by the Chaldeans in 612 B.C.
|-
|[[Nok culture]]
|The African culture where the people created the first terracotta production as well as iron-smelting technology.
|-
|[[Oath of the Hindu Physician]]
|Oath requiring, among other things, that doctors not to drink alcohol and to have an honest doctor-patient relationship.
|-
|[[Octavian]]
|Also known as Augustus Caesar (63 BC - AD 14) was the first Roman emperor. He was originally called Gaius Octavius Thurinus until he changed it after being adopted by Julius Caesar in 44 B.C.
|-
|[[Odyssey]]
|The Odyssey was an epic poem written by the [[Greek]] poet [[Homer]]. It traces the journey home to Greece by a hero of the Trojan war and the troubles he faces at the hands of gods and men.
|-
|[[Olmec]]
|The first major Pre-Columbian civilization in Mexico
|-
|oracle bone
|First concrete evidence that the Shang Dynasty really existed. They were generally used as medicine by grinding them up into powder but they were also used to write on.
|-
|[[Origen]]
|was an early Christian philosopher, who lived in the East, and especially in Alexandria
|-
|[[Ostrogoths]]
|Were a Germanic tribe influential in the last days of the Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Ovid]]
|Ovid or Publius Ovidius Naso was a famous Roman poet, known for his Heroides, Amores, Ars Amatoria, and Metamorphosis. He lived from 43 BC to 17 AD
|-
|[[Paleolithic Age]]
| Is the name given by atheists to the first part of the Stone age, followed by the Neolithic Age. During the Paleolithic Age, atheists believe people harvested wild plants and animals for food.
|-
|[[papyrus]]
|A thin parchment constructed from reeds near the Nile River
|-
|pariah
|An outcast or any person or animal that is despised.
|-
|[[Parthenon]]
| The Parthenon is a celebrated marble temple of Athene, on the Acropolis at Athens. It was of the pure Doric order, and has had an important influence on art.
|-
|[[patricians]]
|A patrician is a person of high honor or rank.
|-
|Pericles
|493-429 BC: a fabulous orator, he led Athens during its Golden Age (between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars), and expanded democracy: "Government in the hands of the many, not of the few," he said.
|-
|[[Peru]]
|Peru is a country in South America with a rich history. Once dominated by the Incas, Peru fell to the Spanish in the 16th Century.
|-
|[[Petra]]
|Petra was an ancient city that lasted from some time in 6th century B.C. to 360 AD when an earthquake destroyed their water supply. The city is famous for its buildings carved in red sandstone and given the name the pink city. Also Indiana Jones was filmed there.
|-
|[[phalanx]]
|common Greek military formation, which is rectangular
|-
|[[Philippides]]
|An athlete sent by Athens to run 150 miles to Sparta as they needed help in their battle against Persia, where they were outnumbered 10 to 1. His remarkable ability continues to inspire ambitious joggers today.
|-
|[[Philo]]
|(20 BC - 50 AD) was a Jewish historian from Alexandria in the first century. He combined Judaism and Greek philosophy.
|-
|[[pictograph]]
|A pictorial symbol for a word or phrase. Pictographs are the foundation for cuneiform and hieroglyphics, having been discovered in Egypt and Mesopotamia from before 3000 B.C.
|-
|[[Pisistratids]]
|Was a ruler of Athens around 570 B.C.
|-
|[[plebian]]
|A Plebian was one of the lower classes in the early Roman world, such as small farmers and shopkeepers, similar to a commoner in Medieval Europe. This status was inherited in ancient Rome, though it could change through marriage or (rarely) promotion.
|-
|[[Plutarch]]
|(46 to 127 AD.)Was a Greek historian, philosopher, biographer, and priest.

|-
|[[praetors]]
|one of a number of elected magistrates charged chiefly with the administration of civil justice and ranking next below a consul.
|-
|[[Poseidon]]
|The god of the sea, rivers, floods, droughts, earthquakes, and the creator of horses; known as the "Earth Shaker". He is a son of Cronus and Rhea and brother to Zeus and Hades. In classical artwork, he was depicted as a mature man of sturdy build with a dark beard, and holding a trident.
|-
|[[Prehistory]]
|Before 3400 B.C.
|-
|purdah
|The seclusion of women from the sight of men or strangers. Purdah is practiced most in the Muslim and Hindu religions.
|-
|[[Pythagorus]]
|A Greek philosopher mathematician (569-475 B.C.), best known for his Pythagorean Theorem which equates the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle to the sum of the squares of each side. His philosophy included abstracting 2 ships + 2 ships = 4 ships to the more general truth that 2 of anything plus 2 of anything = 4 of anything.
|-
|[[Ramayana]]
| A Sandskrit epic, depicting the life and adventures of Ramachandra.
|-
|[[Ramses II]]
| Ramses II was the king of Egypt. His reign is remembered by his constant war with the Hittites.
|-
|[[Rembrandt]]
| A Dutch painted who lived from 1606-1669 AD
|-
|[[Rig Veda]]
|A collection of over one thousand hymns that date back to as early as two thousand B.C.
|-
|[[Romance of Three Kingdoms]]
|Is a novel written by Luo Guanzhong in the Han Dynasty when it fell into disorganization. (AD 220-280)
|-
|[[Romulus and Remus]]
|Rome obtained its name from Romulus and Remus, who were twins, and by legend the the sons of Mars who were rescued from death by a mother wolf after his uncle threw him into the Tiber river out of jealousy.
|-
|[[rule of tyrants]]
|during the early Greek empire in the 600s, a series of tyrants ruled Athens. One was "Draco", who imposed the same penalty of death for every crime, no matter how minor!
|-
|[[Saint Patrick]]
|Born in Wales and grew up in England. Later traveled to Ireland and converted the Celts there to Christianity in the mid-400s AD
|-
|[[Sanctuary]]
|Medieval right of criminals on the run to enter churches and be untouchable by authorities.
|-
|[[Sargon the Great]]
|The first person in recorded history to create an empire or multi-ethnic state.
|-
|[[Sati (Buddhism)]]
|Mindfulness, self-collectedness, powers of reference and retention. In some contexts, the word sati when used alone covers alertness
|-
|[[Satrap]]
|Local governors established in distant lands by the powerful Persian ruler Cyrus
|-
|[[Saxons]]
|Were a Germanic tribe, eventually settling in England and North Western France.
|-
|[[Schliemann, Heinrich]]
|German archeologist who was an excavator of Troy. His work supported the idea that Homer's Iliad and Virgil's Aeneid reflected real historical events.
|-
|[[Scipio]]
|(236 BC -183 BC) Was the Roman General during the Second Punic War who brought about the final defeat of Carthage at the Battle of Zama in 202 B.C.
|-
|[[Seneca]]
|Roman philosopher (a [[Stoicism|Stoic]]), statesman and playwright; teacher of [[Nero]]. BC 4 - AD 65.
|-
|[[Shang dynasty]]
|Was a major ancient Chinese dynasty from about 1766 to 1122 BC. Built cities in northern China along the Yellow River. It consisted of city-states which were often at war with one another.
|-
|[[Shang Yang]]
|Was a Chinese statesman and philosopher. He promoted Legalism, which was like the divine right of kings in the West.
|-
|[[Shi]]
|A scholar class created by the Han dynasty
|-
|[[Shiva]]
|In Hinduism, Shiva "the Destroyer" is the third member of the Trimurti, or the "Hindu triad", along with Brahma "the Creator" and Vishnu "the Preserver".
|-
|[[Slavs]]
|Slavic people who settled the Steppe and cultivated the soil in AD 100. They lived in tribes and villages and were vulnerable to nomadic fighters like the Huns. They established a trade city known as Kiev which exists to this day.
|[[Song Dynasty]]
|About 50 years after the fall of the Tang dynasty, the Song dynasty united China again under centralized rule. This dynasty governed for about 300 years, from A.D. 960 to 1279. It emphasized education even more than the Tang dynasty did. Art and literature thrived. Paper money was invented during the Song dynasty.
|-
|[[Song Dynasty]]
|About 50 years after the fall of the Tang dynasty, the Song dynasty united China again under centralized rule. This dynasty governed for about 300 years, from A.D. 960 to 1279. It emphasized education even more than the Tang dynasty did. Art and literature thrived. Paper money was invented during the Song dynasty.
|-
|[[Solon]]
| Solon was an Athenian statesman who introduced economic, political, and legal reforms.
|-
|[[Sophocles]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 497-406.
|-
|[[Steppes]]
|Steppes are large areas of flat unforested grassland in southeastern Europe or Siberia.
|-
|[[stirrup]]
|a metal frame for each foot when riding a horse; invented in China in 322 BC and used to great advantage in battle, because they make it easier to control the horse and shoot arrows with accuracy
|-
|[[Stoicism]]
| The second of the two main Greek philosophical schools of thought. Stoicism sought to find a sense of divine justice, deemphasizing pain and pleasure for the goal of reason, logic, and self discipline.
|-
|[[Stone age]]
|The stone age is believed to be at time before men had metal working skills in our prehistory. Young Earth Creationists dispute the exsistence of a stone age rather there were stone working cultures.
|-
|[[Stupa]]
|An ornate Buddhist dome-like stone structure originally built to cover items believed to be relics of the Buddha.
|-
|[[Sui Dynasty]]
|The Sui dynasty established centralized rule in China in A.D. 589 for the first time since the Han dynasty in A.D. 220. In other words, China went without a centralized government for over 300 years, from 220 to the establishment of the Sui Dynasty in 589.The Sui dynasty ruled for only a very brief period of 29 years, until A.D. 618. But in that brief period of time it accomplished something magnificent: it built the Grand Canal to connect northern and southern China.
|-
|[[Sulla]]
| (138-78 BC) was a Roman general and dictator during the Republican period. He won Rome's first civil war. Reforms during his time gave the Senate more power.
|-
|Sunna
|d
|-
|[[Sumuabum]]
|Was an Amorite king who established a Babylonian Kingdom in 1894 BC.
|-
|[[Suttee]]
|An ancient Hindu practice in India where a wife sacrifices herself upon her husband's funeral pyre. Outlawed by the British Raj.
|-
|[[Tacitus]]
| (AD 55-120) Was the Roman author of Histories, Annals, and Germania, describing first century Rome. His work chronicles Nero's blaming of the Christians for the fire in Rome and the resulting large scale persecution of Christians that ensued.
|-
|[[Taj Mahal]]
|A marble memorial located in Agra, India. It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, Queen Mumtaz Mahal, who died in childbirth.
|-
|[[Tang Dynasty]]
|The Tang dynasty ruled for nearly 300 years, from A.D. 618 to 907. This is known as the golden age of art and poetry in China. New territories were acquired, including Manchuria, Tibet, Korea and northern Vietnam.
|-
|[[The Tale of Gengi]]
|The world's first psychological novel. Was written in the 1000s and about Japanese culture.
|-
|Teotihuacan
|Known as "City of the gods," Teotihuacan (AD 100-900) was perhaps the most powerful and largest city-state in Mesoamerica. They worshiped many gods and lived in barrios (suburbs or ghettos) around the city.
|-
|[[terra cotta]]
|A hard fired clay, distinctively brownish-red colored traditionally used for architectural purposes, especially ornamental, and for pottery and sculpture.
|-
|Terracotta army
|when Shia Huandgi (the first emperor of China) died in 210 B.C he was buried with an army of life sized terracotta warriors, which all had different expressions on their carved faces.
|-
|[[Thales]]
|Thales of Miletus (ca. 624 BC–ca. 546 BC) was the first Greek philosopher. He successfully predicted the solar eclipse of 585 BC and posited that water was the basic principle of all matter in the world.
|-
|[[Thales of Melitus]]
|a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who tried to explain natural phenomena without the use of mythology; was regarded by Aristotle as the first |philosopher in the Greek tradition.
|-
|[[Theravada]]
| Oldest surviving Buddhist school, founded in India
|-
|[[Thirty Years' War]]
|A religious conflict as Catholic states sought to suppress Protestantism. It began as a fight between Bohemian Protestants and Hapsburg Catholics in 1618, and soon became a political conflict for power that included Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Sweden, and the Habsburg dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire. The war ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.
|-
|[[Thutmos III]]
|The 6th Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. The first 22 of years of his reign he was co-regent with his stepmother, Hatshepsut. Reigned from 1479 BC to 1425 BC;
|-
|[[Tiber River]]
|One of the longest Italian rivers, over 250 miles long, it flows through the city of Rome.
|-
|[[Tiberius]]
|a tyrannical Roman emperor who reigned from AD 14-37
|-
|[[Tigris and Euphrates]]
|Two rivers where civilization began in [[Mesopotamia]] before 3500 B.C., as described in the Book of [[Genesis]] and also confirmed by non-biblical sources.
|-
|[[Titus and Domitian]]
|The two sons of Emperor Vespasian. Titus ruled from AD 79–81; Domitian ruled from AD 81-96.
|-
|Toltecs
|AD 900-1200: a northern Mexican nomadic tribe that ruled about 50 miles north of present-day Mexico City, in a city called Tula
|-
|[[Torah]]
|the Jewish name for the first five books of the Bible, meaning Law.
|-
|[[Trajan]]
|Was a Roman Emperor from 98 to 117 AD and the second of the Five Good Emperors.
|-
|[[Tribal Assembly]]
|Was a Roman assembly of plebians & patricians, composed of members of 35 various Roman tribes
|-
|[[Triumvirate]]
|A triumvirate is a system of governance led by 3 leaders. The two most important triumvirates of ancient times were those of Rome: one led by Julius Caesar, Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great") and Marcus Crassus; the other led by Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. It was the failings of these triumvirates that lead to the downfall of the Republic, and the emergence of the Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Untouchables]]
|People at the very bottom of the Hindu caste system. Their Hindi name is "Dalits." Under the system,these people literally are not be touched because they are considered to be so undesirable.
|-
|[[Upanishads]]
|Hindu scriptures that describe reincarnation. Written in Sanskrit, they predate the teachings of Buddha by several centuries.
|-
|[[Ur]]
|Important city-state in Mesopotamia
|-
|[[Vandals]]
|Eastern Germanic tribe that sacked Rome in AD 455. Sweeping through Gaul and Spain they finally settled in North Africa. The Spanish region of Andalusia is named after them.
|-
|[[Vergil]]
|Writer of Famous Roman Mythology "The Aeneid."
|-
|[[Vespasian]]
|a Roman Emperor (AD 70-79), also the general in charge of putting down the Jewish revolt near the end of the AD 60s
|-
|[[Xenephos]]
|(435-354 B.C.) Was historian, philosopher, and military commander, born at Athens, son of an Athenian of good position; was a pupil and friend of Socrates.
|-
|[[Xenophon]]
|Famous Greek writer, Writer of renowned historical work "The Anabasis."
|-
|[[Xerxes]]
|A Persian king in the 5th century BC who attacked and conquered much of Greece, before being defeated in a naval battle in the Battle of Salamis and forced to withdraw back to Babylon
|-
|[[Zealots]]
|A group of Jews in the 1st century AD who sought the violent overthrow and expulsion of Rome from Israel. Their most famous battle (and defeat) came at Masada, a mountain fortress that still holds spiritual significance for Israel today.
|-
|[[Zeno]]
|a Greek philosopher who proposed Paradoxes, such as how a destination is never reached if the traveler goes half the distance to the goal an infinite number of times.
|-
|}
 
[[Category:World History lectures]]

World History Study Guide to 1648

2011-10-28T03:00:08Z

Wh:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Description
|-
|[[Abraham]]
|2000 BC: father of Jewish people, made a covenant with God; Arabs claim descendance from Abraham's son Ishmael.
|-
|[[acropolis]]
|part of a Greek city-state that is built on a hilltop for easy defense. Example: where the democratic assembly met in Athens.
|-
|[[Plato's Academy|the Academy]]
|Founded by the Greek philosopher Plato in 387 BC, this was the world's first great center of learning.
|-
|[[Aesop]]
|a Greek writer famous for writing ''[[Aesop's Fables]]'' around 600 BC, such as "The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing," to teach life lessons
|-
|[[Alexander the Great]]
|356-323 BC: born to Philip II of Macedon and tutored by [[Aristotle]]. Conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia, and more, but not India. Alexander's conquests spread Greek culture and language, helping the future expansion of [[Christianity]].
|-
|[[Alexandria]]
|City in Egypt captured by Alexander the Great and then "Hellenized" (made Greek-like). Known for its famous library.
|-
|[[Allah]]
|The god of the [[Islamic]] religion. Followers of Allah are called Muslims.
|-
|[[Analects]]
|a record of the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius, written and compiled by his disciples circa 400-300 BC
|-
|[[Ancient world]]
|civilizations before the fall of the Western [[Roman Empire]] in AD 476
|-
|''[[Aeneid]]''
|a fictional epic poem, describing how a wandering [[Trojan]] became the ancestor of the [[Romans]], written by the great Roman poet [[Virgil]].
|-
|Anglo-Saxon
|refers both to the people of England from AD 449-1066 who came from Germanic tribes, and to their Old English language
|-
|[[Anselm]]
|a medieval Christian philosopher who founded scholasticism and developed an "ontological" proof for the existence of God based on degrees of perfection.
|-
|[[Archimedes]]
|287–212 BC: Greek mathematician and engineer. Discovered Archimedes' Principle, invented "Archimedes' screw," and built defenses against the Romans for his city of Syracuse; killed by the Romans.
|-
|[[archons]]
|Aristocratic officials elected by the Athenian government to make the laws; later overtook by tyrants who rose to power in the 600s BC
|-
|[[Arianism]]
|a heresy (false doctrine) claiming that Jesus was not God
|-
|[[aristocracy]]
|rule by the wealthy and privileged, rather than by democracy
|-
|[[Aristotle]]
|384-322 BC: Greek [[philosopher]], student of [[Plato]] and tutor to Alexander the Great. Emphasized the value of experience, and founded the Lyceum (a school resembling a university with specimens and a library)
|-
|[[Art of War]]
|first book on military strategy, written by Chinese philosopher Sun Tzu, having insights like "If ignorant both of your enemy and yourself, you are certain to be in peril."
|-
|[[Assyrian Empire]]
|1400-605 BC: was first dependent on Babylonia, then became an independent state, and finally an empire. Known for cruelty, especially to the Hebrews. Captured northern Kingdom of Israel in 722 BC.
|-
|[[Athens]]
|birthplace of democracy in 509 BC, Athens was a Greek city-state previously ruled by aristocrats. It defeat invading Persians.
|-
|[[Attila the Hun]]
|(AD 406-453): last and greatest ruler of the Huns, called the "Scourge of God"; almost defeated the Roman empire but was talked out of looting Rome by Pope Leo I.
|-
|[[Augustus Caesar]]
|the first Roman Emperor (27 BC-14 AD), whose name was Octavian; he took power away from the Roman Senate, he began "Pax Romana" (peaceful prosperity), and he was the emperor when Jesus was born
|-
|[[Aztecs]]
| A fierce type of people (AD 1200-1521), also known as "the Mexica," from Central Mexico who built a glorious capital city titled Tenochtitlan, and established three causeways to connect it to the mainland.
|-
|[[Babylon]]
|the major Mesopotamian city in the ancient Middle East, its greatest ruler was Hammurabi. Babylon developed Cuneiform, used base-60 numbers, defeated ancient Sumer about 2000 BC, and was later cruel to Hebrews.
|-
|[[Babylonia]]
|State and empire created by Babylon. First empire existed from 1900-1600 BC, later reemerged as the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 625-538 BC
|-
|[[Babylonian Exile]]
|Period of time from 597 to 538 BC, during which the Israelites were kept as prisoners in Babylon.
|-
|[[barbarian]]
|any "uncivilized" (not Roman), unshaven, ruthless warriors who would attack and invade ancient Rome (name "barbarus" means "bearded").
|-
|[[Battle of Tours]]
|Pivotal victory against the Muslims (732); led by Charles "the Hammer" of the Germanic people known as the "Franks".
|-
|B.C.E./[[C.E.]]
|anti-Christian terms for B.C./A.D., whereby "Before Common Era (B.C.E.)" replaces "Before Christ (B.C.)", and "Common Era (C.E.)" replaces "In the Year of Our Lord (A.D.)"
|-
|[[Bible]]
|Collection of Hebrew (Old Testament) and Christian (New Testament) Scriptures. Foretells the coming of a Messiah for the Hebrews, and recounts ancient history including the Tower of Babel and the Great Flood.
|-
|[[Brahman/Brahmin]]
|Brahman is the ultimate god or existence in Hinduism, of which all existence is a part; "Brahmin" means the highest class for families in the Hindu caste system
|-
|[[Bronze Age]]
|2500-1200 BC: when bronze was used for jewelry, tools, utensils, weapons; this eventually enabled the introduction of the plow for easier farming.
|-
|[[Buddha]]
|"Awakened One" in Buddhism. Siddhartha Gautama was the first Buddha.
|-
|[[Buddhism]]
|A belief system which teaches that desire causes suffering and if desire is eliminated, enlightenment and Nirvana are attained.
|-
|[[Bushi]]
| Proficient, skilled generals from Japan who raised their own "samurai" soldiers to defend and protect their land.
|-
|[[Byzantine Empire]]
|It was the eastern part of the Roman empire, based in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey), which outlasted the Western half by 1000 years.
|-
|[[Caligula]]
|(AD 37-41) cruel and senseless Roman emperor, who even declared his horse to be a Roman Senator.
|-
|[[Carolingian Court]]
|Dynasty that started with Charles Martel and his descendants, including Charlemagne, whose revival of education became known as the Carolingian Renaissance. The crowning of Charlemagne in 800 is considered the birth of the "Holy Roman Empire", also known as the Carolingian empire.
|-
|[[Carthage]]
|An ancient city on the coast of northern Africa (across the Mediterranean Sea from Italy) which fought against Rome in the three Punic Wars, which left Carthage destroyed, never to be rebuilt again.
|-
|[[caste]]
|the social rank in Hinduism: Brahmins are priests and scholars, Kshatriya are rulers, Vaishya are peasants, and Shudra are serfs. Good karma enables one to improve his caste in the next life.
|-
|[[Celts]]
|A tribal, ancient people living in what is now Ireland and Great Britain, who worshiped many gods and had priests called "druids."
|-
|[[Chaldeans]]
|The ancient Babylonians
|-
|[[Chaldean Empire]]
|Ancient Babylonian Empire that lasted from 605-562 BC
|-
|[[Chandragupta Mauryan]]
|Built the largest Indian empire ever; he was a tough and strong dictator who defeated Greek general Seleucus in 322 BC, taking from him the portion of the Greek empire slightly north of India.
|-
|[[Charlemagne]]
|King of the Franks from AD 768-814, and Holy Roman Emperor after being crowned by the Pope in AD 800
|-
|[[Charles Martel]]
|Charles "the Hammer"; Christian ruler who led the Franks to a decisive victory against the Muslims in the Battle of Tours (AD 732)
|-
|[[Chivalry]]
|Code of behavior developed during feudalism; required loyalty to God, looking out for one another, and different roles for men and women
|-
|[[China]]
|One of the world's oldest major civilizations, with a tradition of philosophers rather than religious leaders
|-
|[[Christendom]]
| A massive church-state network that consisted of religious hierarchy and held influence over all of Europe during the Middle Ages.
|-
|[[Cicero]], Marcus Tullius
|Famous Roman orator, senator and lawyer who lived from 106-43 BC, and who opposed Marc Anthony.
|-
|[[city-states]]
|Small nations consisting of only a single city each, especially in ancient Greece. Examples included Sparta, Athens and Corinth. They fought each other, but also banned together to defeat the Persians when that great empire sought to absorb Greece.
|-
|[[civilization]]
|must have towns, social and government institutions, record-keeping systems for property, and an agricultural surplus so not everyone is farming
|-
|[[classical civilizations]]
|Ancient Mediterranean civilizations that were generally pre-Christian, such as Rome, Greece, and Egypt
|-
|[[classicism]]
|Near the end of the Middle Ages, a Renaissance movement in the arts, looking back to ancient Rome and Greece for inspiration
|-
|[[Cleisthenes]]
|Established democracy in Athens in 507 BC, giving all free men the right to vote
|-
|[[Cleopatra]]
|The queen of Egypt who reigned from 51-30 BC
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
|The code of Hammurabi was one of the first set of written laws. It was a harsh code that demanded an eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth.
|-
|[[Code of Manu]]
|Hindu law containing rules and codes of conduct. Written in 200 BC in India.
|-
|[[Colosseum]]
|A massive stadium in Rome that was used to hold gladiatorial contests, chariot racing and killing Christians and others for entertainment. Originally known as the Flavian Amphitheatre.
|-
|[[comedy]]
|In ancient Greece, a play with a happy ending. All classical plays were either a "comedy" or a "tragedy".
|-
|[[Confucius]]
|A famous Chinese philosopher who came up with many ideas about ethics and social conduct
|-
|[[Constantine|Constantine (the Great)]]
|The first Christian emperor of Rome who legalized Christianity, ended the persecution of Christians, and united the eastern with the western Roman empires
|-
|[[Constantinople]]
|Now named Istanbul, it was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire beginning in AD 330. Originally known as Byzantium.
|-
|[[Council of Nicaea]]
|AD 325, a council of bishops called by Constantine to obtain agreement on various aspects of Christianity (e.g., the Trinity) and to end heresies (e.g., Arianism).
|-
|[[Crusades]]
|(AD 1099-1204): a series of four major military expeditions by Christians to free Jerusalem and make it safe for pilgrimages, beginning with the successful First Crusade but later including the looting of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade.
|-
|[[cuneiform]]
|The earliest known form of writing. Consists of lines and dashes to represent different concrete things, such as fish.
|-
|[[Cynicism]]
|Greek philosophy emphasizing living life without worldly possessions, founded by Socrates' student Antisthenes.
|-
|[[Daimyo]]
|Japanese feudal lord. Smaller agricultural workers would function under them. Daimyos began their importance after a civil war in 1467.
|-
|Darius the Great
|the king of Persia (522-486 BC) and one of the greatest rulers of the Achaemenid dynasty, best known for his failed attempts to conquer Greece; in 492 a storm destroyed his fleet, and in 490 BC Athens defeated his army at Marathon
|-
|[[David]]
|Second king of Israel, as chosen by God, and an ancestor of Jesus Christ. He expanded the kingdom of Israel.
|-
|[[Delian League]]
|Formed in 477 BC as an alliance consisting of Athens and other Greek city-states to guard against the Persia (Achaemenid) empire after the Persian Wars; but Athens misused it to impose taxes and fund Athenian projects.
|-
|[[Dharma]]
|The laws of the religions of Buddhism and Hinduism
|-
|[[diaspora]]
|The migration or scattering of a people, especially the ancient Hebrews, away from their ancestral home.
|-
|[[Diocletian]]
| The Roman emperor who tried to save the empire of Rome by dividing it into eastern and western regions. He established the "tetrarchy" (rule by four), and ruled from AD 284 to 305.
|-
|[[direct democracy]]
|laws are made by votes of the citizens, rather than by elected officials. Athens of ancient Greece was the first direct democracy.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|tribes that settled Greece, 1100-1000 BC, having an oppressive military ruling class. The "Doric order" is the simplest form of Greek architecture, consisting of a straight column without any artistic trim at the top.
|-
|[[Dravidians]]
|The lowest class of the Aryans, they were the children of mixed Aryans and not treated very well. They were people of Southern India and Sri Lanka
|-
|[[early agriculture]]
|crops such as grain being grown in places such as Egypt
|-
|[[Edict of Milan]]
|a political proclamation that legalized Christianity (and all other religions) throughout the Roman empire, issued by Constantine I in AD 313 after the Diocletian persecutions against Christians
|-
|[[Egypt]]
|One of the oldest civilizations in recorded history, going back to nearly 3000 BC
|-
|[[Eightfold Path]]
|The Buddhist way to end suffering and attain inner peace and contentment. It includes wisdom (right view and intention); ethics (right speech, action & livelihood); and mind (right effort, mindfulness & concentration).
|-
|[[Emperor]]
|A ruler or king of a country, such as Augustus Caesar as the first Roman emperor.
|-
|[[Enlightened One]]
|A translation of the name Buddha, in Buddhism
|-
|[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]
|A Sumerian (Mesopotamia) poem preserved on stone tablets with a story bearing great resemblance to Noah's Ark and the Great Flood
|-
|[[Euclid]]
|A Greek mathematician around 300 BC who developed geometry and wrote the ''Elements''.
|-
|[[Euphrates river]]
|The Euphrates is a river that was the border of Mesopotamia and was both a trading route and a protection for Mesopotamia.
|-
|[[Fertile Crescent]]
|An area of land in the Middle East along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, where it was easy to grow crops, which was the birthplace of civilization and probably the location of the Garden of Eden.
|-
|[[feudalism]]
|way of life in Western Europe in the early Middle Ages, consisting of a "lord" who owned land (given by the king) on which "peasants" or "serfs" farmed in exchange for food and protection.
|-
|[[First Punic War]]
|between Rome and Carthage in 254-241 BC: Rome conquered the island of Sicily and developed a navy; although Rome was no match for the powerful Carthaginian navy, Romans did invent a corvus that allowed them to board enemy ships and win the war
|-
|[[Four Noble Truths]]
|in [[Buddhism]]: (1) suffering is universal, (2) craving or desire causes it, (3) the cure is to eliminate the craving or desire, and (4) following the Eightfold Path helps eliminate this desire in order to attain "nirvana" (complete contentment).
|-
|[[The Franks]]
|Germanic tribes settling in the northern part of the Roman empire (including northern France), rising in power and territory from AD 330-751 and defeating barbarians; Charles the Hammer and Charlemagne were Franks
|-
|[[Gentiles]]
|The term for peoples, such as Greeks, who are not of Jewish or Arab descent.
|-
|Golden Age
|An age of great peace and prosperity, especially in ancient Greece between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars
|-
|[[Gracchi brothers]]
|Two tribunes (high elected officials) of ancient Rome who wanted to help the poor by redistributing land from the rich
|-
|Great Schism
|AD 1054: the Eastern Orthodox Church splits from the Roman Catholic Church in a dispute over icons and statues, the origin of the Holy Spirit, and regional differences
|-
|[[Great Wall of China]]
|the long and high wall in China that was built beginning with the Qin dynasty in about 200 BC, to keep invaders out
|-
|[[Greece]]
|perhaps the greatest ancient civilization: invented democracy, developed mathematics and philosophy, and adopted ethical standards like the Hippocratic Oath (which prohibits abortion)
|-
|[[Greek drama]]
|Theatrical tradition of ancient Greece, 600-400 BC, with two main types: comedies (good ending) and tragedies (bad ending)
|-
|[[Gregory the Great]]
|One of the most significant popes, who used church money for non-religious purposes such as paying for public projects such as roads, supporting armies, and establishing government programs for the poor; this later caused controversies.
|-
|[[Gaul]]
|Now France, it was a place for barbarians to attack the Roman empire.
|-
|[[Gothic]]
|architecture of the late Middle Ages, featuring tall, perpendicular structures, long or stained-glassed rose windows, pointed arches, and flying buttresses (stone supports on the outer walls of churches)
|-
|[[Gupta empire]]
|(AD 240-550): large Indian empire that developed with algebra, the concepts of zero and infinity, and the numbers 1-9
|-
|[[Hammurabi]]
|King of Babylon, 1792-1750 BC, who developed the Code of Hammurabi, which is based on the concept of an eye for an eye
|-
|[[Han dynasty]]
|202 BC - AD 220, this was the greatest of all the Chinese dynasties and was similar to the Roman empire in expanding territory, administering justice, and enjoying peace like the Pax Romana. The Han dynasty valued education highly, and created a scholar class of people known as "shi".
|-
|[[Hannibal]]
|A military commander for Carthage who had a brilliant surprise attack against Rome during the Second Punic War
|-
|[[Hebrews]]
|God's chosen people who established the nation of Israel and wrote the Old Testament
|-
|[[Hellenistic]]
|Relating to Greek culture and language, particularly in lands beyond Greece as conquered by Alexander the Great beginning in 335 BC
|-
|[[hieroglyphics]]
|A phonetic alphabet developed by the ancient Egyptians that uses the pictographic symbols to represent both an object and/or a phonetic sound.
|-
|[[Himalaya Mountain Range]]
|Mountain range famous for having the world's tallest peaks, including Mount Everest and K2; geographic protection that isolated ancient China
|-
|[[Hinduism]]
|An ancient polytheistic religion followed by 82% of (Asian) Indians to this day
|-
|[[Hippocrates]]
|"The father of medicine" in ancient Greece who developed the [[Hippocratic Oath]], an ethical code that all medical students traditionally repeated as a condition of graduation.
|-
|[[Holy Roman Empire]]
|Lasting from AD 800 to 1806, it included the territory in Europe under the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor. Constituent states often ruled themselves.
|-
|[[Homer]]
|An early Greek poet, famous for lengthy sagas such as ''Iliad'' and ''The Odyssey''.
|-
|[[Hsia dynasty]]
|rulers in China up until 1766 B.C., when Emperor Chieh (the last in the dynasty) was overthrown
|-
|[[Huns]]
|A confederation of Asian tribes who fought against the Romans in what is now the Ukraine, Germany, France, Italy and the Balkans. They were considered by many Romans to be the most ferocious enemies
|-
|[[ideograms]]
|In primitive societies, a graphic symbol (rather than alphabetic words like these) representing a concept or an idea
|-
|[[The Incas]]
|developed a huge empire beginning in AD 1250 in the Andes Mountains in South America, making it the largest civilization in all of the Americas
|-
|[[India]]
|A country that was home to the Indus Valley civilization and dates back over 3,000 years, and was birthplace of Hinduism and (later) Buddhism
|-
|[[Indus River Valley]]
|A fertile valley that was home to an ancient civilization and is modern Pakistan and northwestern India
|-
|[[Iron Age]]
|An era following the Bronze age when tools and weapons were made primarily out of iron: 1200 BC in Europe, but later (600 BC) in China.
|-
|[[Isaac]]
|The promised son born to Abraham and Sarah in their old age, whom Abraham offered to sacrifice to God despite Abraham's great love for Isaac. Isaac is the father of the Israeli people.
|-
|[[Isaac Newton]]
|(1643-1727) Scientist during the Scientific Revolution and Christian fundamentalist who discovered and explained the invisible force of gravity
|-
|[[Ishmael]]
|The son born to Abraham and Sarah's servant, Hagar. Ishmael is revered by Muslims as an ancestor who was unfairly treated as an outcast after Isaac was subsequently born to Abraham and Sarah.
|-
|[[Islam]]
|the only major world religion that developed after Christ, Islam was founded by Muhammad in AD 622 and is based on the "Five Pillars of Islam."
|-
|[[Israel]]
|Nation founded by King David in 1010 BC, first temple destroyed by Babylonians in 587 BC, Jerusalem was rebuilt in 515 BC, Alexander the Great then conquered region in 332 BC.
|-
|[[Jainism]]
|Branched off of Hinduism, this religion stresses strict vegetarianism and non-violence towards all life.
|-
|[[Japan]]
|an island archipelago made up of 4 large islands and over 4,000 smaller ones, it had feudalism during the same time period that Europe did
|-
|[[Jesus]]
|The Holy Messiah of the Christian faith, and the only son of God who was promised to save all humanity. He was the only founder of a religion to perform miracles to cure the suffering, the only one to emphasize the power of faith, and the only one to give up His life for the salvation of others.
|-
|[[Joan of Arc]]
|17-year-old girl who led the French army to a remarkable military victory over the English in 1429, and was later captured and martyred by the English and made a saint by the Catholic Church
|-
|[[Johannes Kepler]]
|(1571-1630) Scientist in Scientific Revolution who built on Copernicus's work and discovered that planets orbit the sun in ellipses rather than circular orbits; also a devout Christian
|-
|[[John Locke]]
|(1632-1704) Leading political philosopher in the Enlightenment whose ideas helped the American colonists form a new government with the social contract theory
|-
|[[Judah, Kingdom of]]
|the southern kingdom of a divided nation of Israel, after the death of Solomon in 928 BC
|-
|[[Julius Caesar]]
|(100-44 BC) a military and political leader who laid out the groundwork for the future Roman empire before he was murdered by Roman senators
|-
|[[Julian Calendar]]
| The 12 month, 365-day calendar established by Julius Caesar, and the basis for the Gregorian calendar we use today.
|-
|[[Justinian|Justinian I]] and the [[Justinian Code]]
|Eastern Roman Emperor from AD 527 to 565 who developed the Justinian Code, which is the basis of civil law in many places
|-
|[[karma]]
|In Hinduism, everything a person has done. This determines status in the next life, so a Hindu wants "good karma."
|-
|[[knight]]
|An armored soldier of feudalistic Europe. These soldiers first began using plate mail around the time of the crusades.
|-
|[[Latin]]
|the powerful, concise language spoken in ancient Rome that has contributed many roots of words and terms to modern European languages. "Caveat emptor!" (let the buyer beware)
|-
|[[lord]]
|The ruler and owner of a feudalistic area, under him are the serfs.
|-
|[[Lyceum]]
|The great Greek center of learning founded by Aristotle, which then competed with the Academy
|-
|[[Niccolo Machiavelli]]
|An Italian political theorist who wrote the ''The Prince'', the most famous guide to how a conniving politician can seize power by manipulating others
|-
|[[Magna Carta]]
|A charter of personal and political liberties granted to the barons by King John of England in 1215, which later became a foundation for personal rights in the US Constitution.
|-
|[[maize]]
|corn, first grown by Native Americans, now one of the most popular foods in the world
|-
|[[Mandate of Heaven]]
|Chinese mandate that held that the gods blessed good rulers and overthrew bad ones
|-
|[[manor]]
|Under feudalism during the Middle Ages, a manor was a farm owned by a lord who had peasants to do the work and pay him rent in exchange for food, shelter and protection
|-
|[[Marc Antony]]
|A Roman commander and close friend of Caesar. He was in the 1st civil war of the Roman republic
|-
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]
|A Roman emperor known most for ending Pax Romana and conquering Germanic tribes.
|-
|[[Marcus Crassus]]
|A wealthy Roman who ruled Rome along with [[Julius Caesar]] and Pompey the Great, as a part of the first [[triumvirate]].
|-
|[[Martin Luther]]
|an important Christian figure who launched the Protestant Reformation in AD 1517 and founded the Lutheran Church based on a theory of salvation by faith alone, causing a split in the Catholic Church in Western Europe.
|-
|[[Mauryan Empire]]
|323–185 BC: a Buddhist empire covering much of modern India
|-
|[[Maya]]
|The civilization of the Mayans existed in Mesoamerica (including where Guatemala is today) from about AD 300-900. They were advanced in math and astronomy and had a written pictographic language; today 4 million people still speak the Mayan language.
|-
|[[Mesoamerica]]
|Mexico and Central America, where pre-Columbian (before Columbus' exploration in 1492) civilizations existed
|-
|[[Mesopotamia]]
|Modern-day [[Iraq]], where civilization first appeared
|-
|[[Messiah]]
|Anointed by God. Jesus Christ is the Messiah of Christianity
|-
|[[Michelangelo]]
|(AD 1475-1564) A Renaissance man known for his paintings on the Sistine Chapel ceiling and his sculptures of David and the Pieta (Mary holding Jesus after the Crucifixion).
|-
|[[Middle Ages]]
|A period of time, also called the Medieval Ages, spanning from AD 500-1500, when [[feudalism]] was common
|-
|[[Middle Kingdom]]
|2100-1650 BC: Egyptian kingdom known for its works and ideas, which ended due to a civil war
|-
|[[monasteries]]
|communities of Christian monks that are set apart for God, and which preserved knowledge during the Middle Ages.
|-
|Mongol empire
|Peaked in power in the AD 1200s, held more contiguous (connected) land than any empire in history, but failed twice in trying to conquer Japan.
|-
|[[monotheism]]
|The belief in a religion worshiping only one god. [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], and [[Islam]] are monotheistic religions.
|-
|[[Moses]]
|The prophet who led the Israelites out of Egypt, gave them the Ten Commandments, and wrote the first five books of the Bible.
|-
|[[Muhammad]]
|The man who preached a new monotheistic religion "Islam", founded on only one god, Allah.
|-
|[[Nile]]
|River in Egypt which flows northward towards the Mediterranean Sea, supplying Egypt with water.
|-
|[[Nero]]
|One of the most irresponsible and cruel emperors of Rome. Nero reigned beginning when he was 16 years old, ruling until AD 69.
|-
|[[New Kingdom]]
|1550-700 BC: ancient Egypt at the time of Moses, where many buildings were construted primarily with slave labor
|-
|[[Nicene Creed]]
|A core statement of Christianity that affirms the Holy Trinity of God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Ghost
|-
|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]
|(1473-1543) Polish scientist who first sparked this movement with the bold declaration that the earth revolved around the sun, instead of sun revolving around the earth
|-
|[[Nirvana]]
|The ultimate goal of Buddhism: the end of all suffering
|-
|Normans
|Vikings who settled in northwest France (Normandy), and then invaded and conquered England in AD 1066
|-
|[[Octavian]]
|The grandnephew of Julius Caesar who became the first Emperor of Rome, ruling with his new name of Augustus Caesar.
|-
|[[Old Kingdom]]
|3000-2200 BC: the ancient Egyptian kingdom that built the famous pyramids
|-
|[[Olympics (Ancient Greek)]]
|An ancient sporting event first held in 776 BC, establishing the beginning of the Greek civilization
|-
|[[Paper]]
|Invented by Chinese in AD 100, from dipping a bamboo screen into a mixture of bark, rags and plants, and then allowing only a thin layer of pulp to dry on the bamboo screen.
|-
|[[patricians]]
|the upper 10% of the Roman republic, consisting of wealthy landowners
|-
|[[Paul]]
|an energetic evangelist for early Christianity, who wrote many letters now in the New Testament of the Bible
|-
|[[Pax Romana]]
|27 BC-180 AD: the "glory days" of the Roman empire, a time of peaceful prosperity and influence (but cruelty to Christians)
|-
|[[Peloponnesian War]]
|fought between Athens and Sparta, 431-404 BC, which was ultimately won by Sparta and its allies
|-
|[[Pentateuch]]
|The first five books of the modern Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy
|-
|[[Pepin]]
|Son of Charles Martel, Father of Charlemagne. Donated territories to the Pope and was a wise and judicious king of the Franks.
|-
|[[Persian empire]]
|550-330 BC: a large empire stretching from India to southern Europe and Egypt
|-
|[[Persian Wars]]
|492-449 BC: wars between Persia (modern-day Iran) and Greek city-states including Athens and Sparta
|-
|[[Peter]]
|a leading apostle of Jesus who became the first pope in Rome, where he was martyred
|-
|[[pharaoh]]
|the ruler in Ancient Egypt, considered by Egyptians to be a son of god
|-
|[[Philip of Macedon]]
|King of Macedonia who arranged for the homeschooling of his son, Alexander the Great.
|-
|[[Philistines]]
|ancient people who occupied the land of Canaan, who were enemies of Israel and God.
|-
|[[Phoenicians]]
|ancient people who lived and traded goods on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea, developing a new language using an alphabet of 22 letters, on which Greek, Latin, English, French, etc., are based.
|-
|Pillars of Islam
|the five basic rules of Islam: submit to Allah, pray, fast, give to the poor, and make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca (in Saudi Arabia today)
|-
|[[Plato]]
|Greek (Athens) philosopher who emphasized the value of logic, while his student Aristotle preferred the value of experience.
|-
|[[Pompey the Great]]
|Ruled Rome as a part of the first [[triumvirate]] with [[Julius Caesar]] and [[Marcus Crassus]]. Pompey is well known for ridding the Mediterranean sea of pirates.
|-
|[[polis]]
|The name for city-states in Ancient Greece
|-
|[[polytheism]]
|A religion with many gods, which was common in ancient times until Judaism and Christianity emerged.
|-
|[[Pope]]
|The leader of the Roman Catholic Church, who was most powerful in Europe during the time of the Holy Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Ptolemy]]
|(AD 90-168) a mathematician, geographer and astronomer in Hellenistic Egypt
|-
|[[Punic Wars]]
|Won by the Roman republic, enabling it to gain control of the Mediterranean Sea and control commerce
|-
|[[pyramids]]
|Very large monuments in Egypt for the burial of pharaohs, built with a precision that cannot be duplicated even today.
|-
|Qin Shia Huandgi
|the first Chinese emperor, who ruled from 221-210 BC, built new roads, and established a standard coin, weight and writing system. This Qin (or Chi'in) state was the first unified Chinese empire.
|-
|[[Qur'an (Koran)]]
|the holy book of Islam
|-
|Ramses II
|the most famous pharaoh, whose reign from 1279-1213 BC (during the New Kingdom) was the second longest in Egyptian history
|-
|[[Red Sea]]
|The Red Sea is between Egypt and the Sinai peninsula. The Israelites would have died if not for the protection of the Red Sea, yes they would have died if a miracle had not been preformed Through Moses God parted the Red Sea so the Israelites could escape from the Egyptian army.-
|-
|[[Reformation]]
|Events beginning in 1517 when German monk Saint Martin Luther nailed 95 Theses to a Church door, leading to a separation of Catholic and Protestant churches.
|-
|[[The Republic]]
|Plato's greatest writings, which form a foundation for America's system of government.
|-
|[[Renaissance]]
|a revival in artwork and Greek and Roman achievement, from the AD 1300s to the 1600s, that made the transition from medieval to modern times
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Church]]
|The Christian Church led by a Pope, beginning with Peter the Apostle. The word "catholic" means "universal".
|-
|[[Roman citizenship]]
|a special status attained by living in Rome, being birthed to a Roman citizens, or enlisting in the army for 25 years.
|-
|[[Roman empire]]
|(27 BC-476 AD) Began when August Caesar became emperor, and ended 500 years later when barbarians overran it; the Roman empire civilized western Europe, built roads, established laws, and eventually spread Christianity.
|-
|[[Roman law]]
|began with a code of laws inscribed in the Twelve Tables, establishing the concept of "justice" - rule by principle and not by whim
|-
|[[Roman military]]
|considered to be invincible; each soldier was equipped with shields, helmets, swords, and javelins
|-
|[[Roman republic]]
|509-27 BC: The first republic in history, it was located in Rome and inspired some of the principles of the government of the United States. The Roman republic ended when Augustus Caesar took full power and established the Roman empire.
|-
|Roman senate
|300 members representing wealthy families in Rome, it dominated the Roman republic; similar to the U.S. Senate today
|-
|Romanesque
|architecture popular in the early Middle Ages, featuring thick walls, rounded arches and small windows
|-
|[[Rome]]
|the capital city of the Roman empire, and of modern day Italy; supposedly founded by Romulus and Remus, and named after Romulus after he killed his brother
|-
|[[Rosetta Stone]]
|ancient text written on stone in three different languages, which enabled the first translations of Egyptian hieroglyphics
|-
|[[Royal Road]]
|ancient Persian highway rebuilt by Darius the Great
|-
|[[samurai]]
|elite warriors of feudalistic Japan who followed a special honor code called Bushido
|-
|[[Saul]]
|the first king of Israel, appointed by God; Saul was a flawed man, jealous of David.
|-
|[[Satraps]]
|Governors in the distant lands of the Persian empire, which extended to Egypt and Arabia, who were carefully watched by the "King's Eyes and Ears" soldiers to prevent rebellions
|-
|[[scholasticism]]
|Christian philosophy from the AD 900s-1500s that developed logic in the direction of God
|-
|[[scientific revolution]]
|The beginning of modern science in the AD mid-1500s, starting with the recognition by Copernicus that the Earth revolves around the Sun
|-
|[[Second Punic War]]
|between Rome and Carthage in 218-202 BC; Carthage's leader Hannibal led his army with elephants over the Alps to surprise the Romans, but could not conquer Rome itself; by the end Rome had acquired Spain
|-
|[[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]]
|a listing of the most impressive public works in the world, written by Greek writer Antipater in the 2nd century BC (200-100 BC)
|-
|[[Shang Dynasty]]
|first major dynasty of China, which lasted from 1766 BC (when T'ang overthrew the prior dynasty) to 1122 BC
|-
|[[Shiite Muslims]]
|fundamentalist Muslims who are considered more aggressive than Sunni Muslims
|-
|[[Shinto]]
|The national religion of Japan, which considered the emperor to be descended from a godlike "sun kami"; Shinto is sometimes considered more of a code of conduct rather than a religion.
|-
|[[shogun]]
|a feudalistic military ruler of Japan
|-
|[[Siddhartha Gautama]]
|the Buddha, and the founder of the religion of Buddhism
|-
|[[Silk Road]]
|A trade route from East China to Central Asia and Europe
|-
|[[Socrates]]
|The first great Greek philosopher, Socrates taught that the visible world is not all of reality; Socrates taught Plato, who later taught Aristotle
|-
|[[Socratic method]]
|A teaching method developed by [[Socrates]], which consists of asking questions and is used today in law schools
|-
|[[Solomon]]
|Third king of Israel and the author of ''Proverbs'', ''Ecclesiastes'' and ''Song of Solomon''; known for his wise justice
|-
|[[Solon of Athens]]
|One of the Seven Sages of ancient Greece, who believed that one should "keep everything with moderation"
|-
|[[Sparta]]
|a Greek city-state well-known for its military prowess, which won the Peloponnesian war against Athens.
|-
|[[Spread of Buddhism]]
|Buddhism traveled outside of India along the Silk Road
|-
|[[St. Augustine]]
|(AD 354-430) a father of the early Christian church who wrote intellectual discussions of the faith entitled ''Confessions'', ''City of God'', and ''On Christian Doctrine''
|-
|[[Sumer]]
|Ancient homeland of the Sumerians, located in Mesopotamia, located in where Iraq is today
|-
|[[Sunni Muslims]]
|moderate Muslims who oppose the more aggressive Shiite Muslims
|-
|[[Sumerians]]
|the earliest civilizations living in the Middle East, where inventions included the wheel and the first known form of writing
|-
|[[Taijitu]]
|Also called "Yin and Yang," this is the symbol for Taoism. It represents a constant interaction and harmony in nature between two forces having opposite qualities.
|-
|[[Taoism (Daoism)]]
|Chinese philosophy of seeking harmony with nature by recognizing that two major forces are opposed to each other
|-
|[[Ten Commandments]]
|the laws of the God of Israel handed down to Moses
|-
|[[Theocracy]]
|a government ruled by the laws of a specific religion, as in some Muslim nations today
|-
|[[Thomas Aquinas]]
|(AD 1225–1274) A brilliant medieval priest who merged Aristotle's insights with Christian faith, and wrote ''Summa Theologica'' as a summary of Christian theology that is studied even today
|-
|[[Third Punic War]]
|Romans conquered and destroyed Carthage in 146 BC and then went into Macedonia and Greece to defeat them in revenge for having helped Hannibal; Rome then controlled the entire western civilized world (all the land around the Mediterranean)
|-
|[[Thucydides]]
|Greek historian who wrote ''History of the Peloponnesian War''
|-
|[[Toltecs]]
|A northern Mexican nomadic tribe that reigned over a city called Tula (AD 900-1200) in present-day Mexico City.
|-
|[[Tragedy]]
|A type of drama or poetic saga that has an unhappy ending. Common in ancient Greece, this type of work focused on the followed the fall of a character, often because of a specific character flaw such as envy or greed.
|-
|[[Troy]]
|an ancient city whose destruction was recorded in the Iliad, and its survivors supposedly helped found Rome
|-
|[[Tutankhamen]]
|"King Tut": a young Egyptian pharaoh who ruled from 1341-1323 BC. Archaeologist Howard Carter first discovered his tomb in 1922, shedding light on ancient Egyptian culture.
|-
|[[Twelve Tables]]
|450 BC: basic and successful Roman laws that filled twelve tablets, such as "If one is slain while committing theft by night, he is rightly slain."
|-
|[[Vassals]]
|Performed military services to the lords in exchange for protection and land in the feudal system.
|-
|[[Vedas]]
|Holy books of Hinduism
|-
|[[Virgil]]
|(70-19 BC) a Roman poet & philosopher, friend of Octavian (Augustus Caesar), and author of the ''Aeneid''. Portrayed in the Middle Ages as a noble pagan and symbol of wisdom.
|-
|[[Vishnu]]
|Supreme god of Hinduism
|-
|[[Visigoths]]
|a confederacy of Germanic tribes that harassed the Roman empire but later fell in AD 711 to the Moors, who were North African Muslims
|-
|[[Voltaire]]
|(1694-1778) Leading philosopher in the Enlightenment, advocating freedom and emphasizing his form of reason, written in "The Candide"; his ideas later formed the basis of the French Revolution
|-
|[[Vulgate]]
|The Latin translation by Saint Jerome of the Hebrew Old Testament and the Greek New Testament. It was then used as the authoritative Bible for over 1000 years.
|-
|[[Warring States Period]]
|475-221 BC: war period in ancient China also known for the philosophical schools that flourished
|-
|[[Wheel]]
|The ancient Mesopotamia invention, originally in the form of a potter’s wheel; the wheel is considered the first and greatest of man's inventions.
|-
|[[Yahweh]]
|God as described in the [[Old Testament]], written as YHWH in the original Hebrew (which lacked vowels).
|-
|[[Yangtze River]]
|Longest river in Asia which flows south for 3000 miles; navigable from the sea for half of its course; the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers are the most important rivers in Chinese history
|-
|[[Yellow River]]
|Second longest river in Asia; known also as Huang He and "the cradle of Chinese civilization," it runs westward from the Yellow Sea and has a tendency to flood surrounding lands such its course can change with devastating results
|-
|[[Zeus]]
|Highest of Greek Gods, God of Thunder, supposedly father of the gods.
|-
|[[Zhou dynasty]] (or Chou dynasty)
|1071-221 BC: it was the longest lasting dynasty in China and included both Prince Zheng as a leader, and Confucius as the major philosopher. This dynasty benefited from the Iron Age after 600 BC.
|-
|[[Ziggurat]]
|man-made step-sided structures resembling pyramids that were built in Mesopotamia. The [[Tower of Babel]], described in Genesis 11, may have been a giant ziggurat.
|-
|[[Zoroastrianism]]
|Polytheistic religion founded between 1200 and 600 BC by the Persians.
|}

==Honors terms==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Description
|-
|[[Aeneas]]
|according to legend, a prince who escaped from Troy whose son founded Rome and whose grandson, Brutus, founded the Britons in England
|-
|[[Aeschylus]]
|the oldest of the three great Athenian tragic playwrights (next to [[Sophocles]] and [[Euripides]]), 525-456 BC
|-
|[[Age of Metal]]
|discovery of metals for use in tools: copper (beginning 3500 BC), bronze (beginning 2500 BC), and iron (beginning 1200 BC) were developed as tools.
|-
|[[Age of Pericles]]
|the "golden age" of Athens, led by Pericles, who introduced a form of direct democracy from 461-429 BC
|-
|[[Ahuramazda]]
|the Creator in Persia's religion of Zoroastrianism
|-
|[[Queen Ahhotep|Ahhotep]]
|a Middle Kingdom Pharaoh who repelled the Hyksos people from Egypt
|-
|[[Akkadian Empire]]
|a Sumerian empire (2360-2180 BC) located in the fertile crescent in the lower Mesopotamia and north of the Sumer River
|-
|[[Alluvial]]
|a deposit of sediment (alluvium) in a river bed
|-
|archons
|in the early Greek empire (around 700 BC), archons were government officials elected by the land-owning aristocrats; the archons then made the law
|-
|[[Aristophanes]]
|(456-380 BC) an Athenian playwright who wrote comedies and political satires
|-
|[[Ark of the Covenant]]
|The chest used by the Hebrews to contain the tablets of the Law given to Moses by God.
|-
|[[Aryans]]
|A semi-nomadic Nordic tribe who invaded and settled India around 1500 B.C.
|-
|[[Ashoka]]
|Emperor of the Mauryan Empire of India (273-232 B.C.). Upset by the horrors of war (despite winning), he converted to Buddhism and recorded Buddha's teachings on thousands of rock pillars.
|-
|Assembly of Centuries
|the group of representatives who approved new laws in the Roman republic
|-
|Assembly of Tribes
|the governing entity that held the election of representatives
|-
|[[Ashoka]]
|Emperor of the Mauryan Empire of India (273-232 B.C.). Upset by the horrors of war (despite winning), he converted to Buddhism and recorded Buddha's teachings on thousands of rock pillars.
|-
|Aztecs
|An aggressive type of people from Central Mexico who adopted many legends and customs from their ancestors. They built a capital city called Tenochtitlan, and established three causeways to connect it to the mainland.
|-
|-
|[[Bantu]]
|Over 400 tribes in Africa that share the Bantu language and common customs.
|-
|[[Barracks Emperors]]
|A series of Roman emperors (235-284 AD) who used the Roman army as a base for political power. These emperors usually had a poor, rural background.
|-
|[[Battle of Marathon]]
|In August 490 B.C., King Darius I of Persia brought his army to the plains of Marathon to invade Athens. Despite being outnumbered ten to one, the Athenian army defeated the Persians.
|-
|Battle of Chalons
|451 BC: one of the bloodiest battles in world history and the last major victory of the Roman empire, when it defeated Attila the Hun in what is now France; Attila returned later for revenge and could have looted Rome
|-
|[[Bhagavad Gita]]
|A section of the Mahabharata, the Bhagavad Gita is an ancient Hindu text written in Sanskrit which consists of Krishna's writings on philosophy and morality.
|-
|[[Breda]]
|Became one of the leaders of the Hun, but was killed by his power-hungry brother, Attila the Hun.
|-
|[[Caesar's Commentaries]]
|A history by Julius Caesar describing the wars he fought.
|-
|[[Caligula]]
|A Roman emperor, ruling from 37 AD to 41 AD, who is historically depicted as a brutal monster, and who was so hated that he was murdered by his own guards.
|-
|[[Canaan]]
|The geographical area that encompasses modern-day Israel, the West Bank and a portion of land east of the Jordan River.
|-
|[[Canon of the Medicine]]
|Book written by Ibn Sina during the Golden Age of Islam describing many diseases and their causes.
|-
|[[Catal Huyuk]]
|An ancient settlement in southern Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey.
|-
|[[Catholic Monarchs]]
|The title given by Pope Alexander VI to King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, whose marriage in 1469 unified Spain led to its conversion back to a Catholic nation from Islam (the "Reconquest").
|-
|[[Cato the Censor]]
|A Roman statesman who during the Punic War called for the destruction of Carthage.
|-
|[[Champollion, Jean]]
|Jean Champollion (1790-1832) is the father of Egyptology (the study of Egypt), and who translated a portion of the Rosetta Stone.
|-
|[[Chandragupta Maurya]]
|The founder of the Mauryan Empire in India who ruled between 320 and 293 B.C. The first Indian emperor to be converted to Jainism, he eventually renounced his throne and joined a group of nomadic Jain monks.
|-
|[[Christian Catacombs]]
|Ancient, secret underground burial places for Christians, which served as secret passageways for Christians to meet and worship God together.
|-
|[[Cicero]]
|A Roman consul, statesman, lawyer, philosopher and author. After Julius Caesar's assassination, Cicero was one of the most powerful politicians in Rome, and was Mark Antony's rival.
|-
|[[Cincinnatus]]
|A Roman hero for whom the city of Cincinnati, Ohio is named. In 458 B.C., he raised an army in Rome and came to the aid of the consul Minucius and his men, who were trapped by the Aequians. Cincinnatus also voluntarily giving up power, surpassed only by George Washington in that respect.
|-
|[[Claudius]]
|Roman emperor who became ruler after his nephew Caligula's assassination, he ruled from 41-54 AD, when he was poisoned by his wife Agrippina. Britain came under Roman rule during his reign, and his edict expelling the Jews from Rome is mentioned in the Book of Acts in the Bible.
|-
|[[Cleopatra]]
|Seven Egyptian queens of Greek decent that ruled from 193 BC until 30 BC during the Ptolemaic Dynasty. The most famous, Cleopatra VII Philopator, Egypt's last independent ruler, had affairs with both Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
|An elaborate code of law created by Hammurabi that called for harsh punishment, such as an eye for an eye, a foot for a foot.
|-
|[[Confucianism]]
|A Chinese ethical and moral philosophy based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius that focuses on human morality and right action. It has had a significant influence on the development on the culture and history of East Asia.
|-
|[[Constitutional monarchy]]
|A government with a constitution that acknowledges a monarch as head of state with varying degrees of influence in the running of the country. Countries with constitutional monarchies include the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Denmark, the Netherlands and Spain.
|-
|[[consul]]
|An elected governmental position in ancient Rome that held executive authority and military command of the Roman republic.
|-
|[[Copts]]
|The Coptic Church originated in Egypt around 50 AD when St. Mark the Evangelist traveled to Alexandria, and is one of the oldest Christian denominations. Its leader is the Patriarch of Alexandria, who is called Pope.
|-
|[[Covenant]]
|An oath or promise.
|-
|[[Cynicism]]
|A Greek philosophy founded by Antisthenes (444 BC - 365 BC) that rejects worldly pleasure in favor of happiness derived from virtue.
|-
|[[Cyrus]]
|A Persian emperor (576 BC – 529 BC) who conquered Babylon and sent the Jews back to Israel.
|-
|[[Darius]]
|A Persian emperor (521 BC – 486 BC) who quelled the Ionian Revolt and invaded Greece, but was forced to withdraw at the Battle of Marathon.
|-
|[[Delian League]]
|A confederation during the Persian Wars controlled by Athens, and consisting of Athens and other Greek city-states and Aegean towns. Its navy helped defend Greece from Persia.
|-
|[[Demosthenes (Greek statesman)|Demosthenes]]
|A ancient Greek statesman who spoke against Philip II of Macedonia in speeches that came to be known as "Philippics". He also attempted to convince Greeks to rise up against Macedonian rule after the death of Philip's son, Alexander the Great.
|-
|[[Diadochi]]
|After the death of Alexander the Great, his empire was partitioned among the rivalling generals of his army, the so-called diadochi ("successors").
|-
|[[Diocletian]]
|The last Barrack Emperor of Rome, he ruled from 284-305 AD. He divided the Roman Empire into eastern and western regions in an attempt to save the empire, and formed a tetrarchy of four rulers, two for each region. He required the military to worship the Roman pagan gods, making it impossible for Christians to be soldiers, and persecuted them.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|Tribes that settled in Greece between 1100 BC and 1000 BC, and had a military ruling class, which persisted in Sparta and Crete even after democracy was established in Athens. These tribes created the simplest style of Greek architecture, known as the Doric order, which consisted of unadorned, straight columns.
|-
|Draco
|a tyrant in Athens during the early Greek empire (600s B.C.) who established a set of written laws that were so strict that the term "draconian" today refers to overly harsh rules of punishment
|-
|[[Dravidians]]
|Dravidians are the people of southern India and Sri Lanka who speak the Dravidian languages and are found in the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka.
|-
|[[Empress Lu]]
|The wife of the Chinese emperor Han Gaozu, who after her husband's death had all other possible heirs murdered and installed her son as emperor, ruling as regent until her death.
|-
|[[Epicureanism]]
|A philosophy founded by Epicurus in the late 4th century that holds the belief that great happiness is achievable through the avoidance of pain and fear. It does not believe in divine power interacting with humanity.
|-
|[[Etruscans]]
|People who settled in the Italian peninsula prior to 700 BC. Most Etruscan cities ran on a democratic-style system. Their culture influenced the later Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Euripides]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 480-406.
|-
|[[Exodus]]
|The abrupt departure of the people of Israel from Egypt, as told in the Book of Exodus in the Bible.
|-
|[[Ezana]]
|Ezana was the king of Axum, in Africa, ruling from AD 330-350. He was the first Christian king in Africa.
|-
|[[Five Good Emperors]]
|Five consecutive Roman emperors who ruled between 96 AD to 180 AD and were elected due to talent rather than family connections.
|-
|[[foraging society]]
|A pre-farming economy based upon scavenging, hunting, and gathering resources.
|-
|[[Four Emperors Era]]
|A series of Roman emperors who ruled in quick succession in 68-69 AD.
|-
|[[Franks]]
|A Germanic people that, beginning in the 4th century AD, eventually conquered the areas of France, Benelux, Belgium, The Netherlands and portions of Germany.
|-
|[[Gaul]]
|The Roman name for the area comprising modern-day France and Belgium, and parts of northern Italy, western Switzerland and Germany, and the Netherlands. This area was under Roman rule for most of its existence.
|-
|[[Golden mean]]
|Is considered the middle between two extremes in philosophy.
|-
|[[Great Canal]]
|A canal that connected the Nile River to the Red Sea, built during the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.
|-
|[[Hadrian]]
|The third of the "Five Good Emperors" of the Roman Empire, Hadrian ruled from AD 117 to 138 and had two main achievements: he ended Rome's costly territorial expansion, fortifying her boundaries with numerous "Walls of Hadrian," and he effectively "Hellenized" Rome by anointing Athens the empire’s cultural center, thereby enhancing learning.
|-
|[[Han empire]]
|was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms.
|-
|[[Harappa]]
|A city that is part of the Indus Valley Civilization. It is part of modern Pakistan
|-
|[[Hatshepsut]]
|Originally a regent for her son, Thutmose III, Hatshepsut was the longest reigning female ruler of Egypt. She ruled during the eighth dynasty from 1479-1458 B.C. She established trade networks for Egypt and thus collected most of the wealth of the eighth dynasty. She was eventually dethroned when her son took power at the age of 22. Her monuments are the Temple of Karnak, Deirle-Bahri, and Speos Artemidos.
|-
|[[Hellenistic culture]]
|Greek culture after the death of Alexander in 323 B.C., when Greek influence extended throughout the territory he conquered; Hellenistic culture was renowned for its strict code of ethics, its culinary prowess, and its use of metal.
|-
|[[heliocentric]]
|Recognizing that the Sun ("helio" is Greek for "sun"), and not Earth, is the center of solar system.
|-
|[[Helot]]
|A person from the class of serfs in the city-state of Sparta (700s - 300s B.C.) in ancient Greece.
|-
|[[Herodotus]]
|Greek historian (484 to 425 BC), the "father of history". His book is simply called ''Histories'' and describes the Persian Wars.
|-
|[[Hiram]]
|The Phoenician king of Tyre. Ruled from 980-947 B.C.
|-
|[[Hittites]]
|An ancient people in the Middle East that gained control of most of Mesopotamia in 1650 B.C. due to their advanced inventions, such as horse-drawn chariots.
|-
|[[Horace]]
|The leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus, lived from 65-8 B.C.
|-
|[[humanism]]
|Thee Greek emphasis on reason, ethics and rational thinking rather than religion.
|-
|[[Hyksos]]
|Refers to a people who entered - possibly forcibly - into Egypt, and built their capital at Avaris in the Nile Delta area in about 1648 B.C.
|-
|[[Ides (of March)]]
|The 15th of March, May, July and October in the ancient Roman calendar. The 13th is the ides of all the other months. Julius Caesar was murdered on the ides of March.
|-
|[[Imperator]]
|A title first used by Octavian (Augustus Caesar), literally meaning in Latin “general” or “commander”, giving him power over the entire army.
|-
|[[Iron Smelting]]
|A technology comprised of the extraction of usable metal from iron ore.
|-
|[[Iliad]]
|a great Greek work of literature written by Homer in the 800s or 700s B.C., describing the mythical Trojan War
|-
|Incas
|a member of any of the dominant groups of South American Indian peoples who established an empire in Peru prior to the Spanish conquest.
|-
|[[Indo-European]]
|A very general classification of peoples that includes all the way from India to Egypt.
|-
|[[Jericho]]
|A city in Israel by the Jordan River. Mentioned extensively in the Bible. Joshua and the Israelites marched around this city and blew trumpets in order to destroy it and to reach the promised land.
|-
|[[Josephus]]
| Flavius Josephus AD 37-101 Jewish general and historian who took part in the Jewish revolt against the Romans and later worked for a Roman patron.
|-
|[[Judaism]]
|The monotheistic religion of the Hebrews, also the oldest religion that remains currently active.
|-
|[[Kami]]
|Spirits in the Shinto religion that reside in prominent natural features and people. Shrines are often built to Kami.
|-
|[[Kassites]]
|Led by their king [[Agumkakrine]], they took advantage of the [[Hittite]] raid of 1595 B.C. and occupied the [[Babylonian]] region, where they ruled for over 400 years.
|-
|[[Kautilya]]
|Advisor to Chaundragupta Maurya, wrote book
"Arthoshastra" on maintaining political power.
|-
|[[Khufu]]
|Egyptian pharaoh who had the pyramid of Giza built
|-
|[[Khyber Pass]]
|An important break in the mountains between Pakistan and Afghanistan, pivotal in military campaigns by Alexander the Great, Aryans, Muslims, and later the British, who had to overcome defensive positions taken from above by local tribesman.
|-
|[[Kush]]
|Was part of a larger region called Nubia.
|-
|[[Larger Vehicle]]
|a form of Buddhism practiced in China, Korea, Japan and Tibet, teaching how to attain full enlightenment for the sake of others. (Also known as Mahayana Buddhism.)
|-
|[[Last Roman Emperor]]
| The last ruler of the Roman Empire was Romulus Augustus, who ruled from October of AD 475 to September of AD 476
|-
|legalism
|Legalism is the excessive adherence to law or formula.
|-
|[[Legions]]
|Legions were the principal unit of the Roman army comprising 3,000 to 6,000 foot soldiers and cavalry in addition to the foot soldiers.
|-
|[[Lesser Vehicle]]
|in Buddhism, describes how to attain freedom from one's own suffering.
|-
|[[Livy]]
|A Roman historian (59 BC - 17 AD) who wrote a monumental history of Rome from its beginnings to his day.
|-
|[[Loess]]
|A type of soil derived form glacial deposits consisting of fine yellow silt that is extremely crumbly. The silt from Loess Plateau of north-west China, carried along by the Yellow River, has given that river its distinctive name.
|-
|[[Magadha]]
|Led Aryans to join and try to repel the Persians.
|-
|[[Mahayana]]
|the later of the two great schools of Buddhism, chiefly in China, Tibet, and Japan, characterized by eclecticism and a general belief in a common search for salvation, sometimes thought to be attainable through faith alone.
|-
|[[Manichaeism]]
|A belief system teaching that there exists two separate, opposite and equally ultimate Principles: the Light and the Darkness.
|-
|[[Marathon]]
|A small town about 26 miles from Athens where the Greeks won a key battle against the Persians in 490 B.C., and a messenger ran the distance to deliver the news to Athens, inspiring the modern marathon race today.
|-
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]
|Roman emperor from AD 161 to 180. Marcus Aurelius was also a philosopher, a Stoic, and wrote a famous book, ''Meditations''.
|-
|[[Marius]]
|Roman general and consul: opponent of Lucius Cornelius Sulla.
|-
|[[Masada]]
|a mountaintop fortress in East Israel on the South West shore of the Dead Sea: site of Zealots' last stand against the Romans during revolt of AD 66–73.
|-
|[[Menes]]
|Was a legendary Pharoah of Egypt from somewhere between 3100-2850 BC.
|-
|[[Meroe]]
|a ruined city in Sudan, on the Nile, NE of Khartoum: a capital of ancient Ethiopia that was destroyed AD c350.
|-
|[[Mesolithic Age]]
|Before the beginning of recorded history in 3500 B.C., when humans changed from hunting and gathering food to producing food, as in planting and farming.
|-
|[[Minoan Civilization]]
|A civilization that flourished on the island of Crete from around the 27th century B.C., to the 15th century B.C.
|-
|Moche
|A South American civilization that existed in northern Peru from AD 100-800
|-
|[[Moksha]]
|Means liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth in the Hindu religion.
|-
|[[monsoons]]
|Tropical storms, particularly in the climate of India, where the "southwest monsoon" occurs from about mid-June to the first week in October, and consists of winds carrying heavy rainfall from the Indian Ocean and resulting in widespread flooding
|-
|[[Mount Sinai]]
|A 7,498 foot mountain, located in Southern Sinai, now part of modern Egypt.The location where Moses received the Ten Commandments from God.
|-
|[[Muhammad Ali]]
|Muhammad Ali was a professional boxer during the 1960’s and 70’s he was perhaps the most famous Muslim of the western world at this time. During the Vietnam war he refused to be drafted because it was not a “holy war.”
|-
|[[Mycenaean Civilization]]
|Was an early Indo-European civilization of Greece.
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar I]]
|was the emperor of the Babylonian Empire from 1146 to 1123 BC.
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar II]]
| Lived from 635 BC- 562 BC, was King of the Chaldeans and final conqueror of the Southern Kingdom of Israel, called "Judah." He was the first of many heads of state of foreign superpowers to come to a possibly salvific knowledge of God.
|-
|[[Neolithic Age]]
|The last part of the Stone Age (neo = "new", lithic = "of/like stone"), before the invention of metallurgy. It immediately preceded the rise of the first civilizations.
|-
|[[Nero]]
| Was the Emperor of Rome from AD 54-68. He blamed the great fire of Rome on the Christians who were unpopular due to their belief in one God.
|-
|[[Nerva]]
|Roman emperor from AD 96 to 98. Following the turmoils after Nero's death, he stood at the beginning of a long peaceful and prosperous time in the history of the Roman empire.
|-
|[[Nile River]]
|A river that ran throughout all of Egypt and fueled its entire agricultural and economic system.
|-
|[[Nineveh]]
|The capital of Assyria, seized and destroyed by the Chaldeans in 612 B.C.
|-
|[[Nok culture]]
|The African culture where the people created the first terracotta production as well as iron-smelting technology.
|-
|[[Oath of the Hindu Physician]]
|Oath requiring, among other things, that doctors not to drink alcohol and to have an honest doctor-patient relationship.
|-
|[[Octavian]]
|Also known as Augustus Caesar (63 BC - AD 14) was the first Roman emperor. He was originally called Gaius Octavius Thurinus until he changed it after being adopted by Julius Caesar in 44 B.C.
|-
|[[Odyssey]]
|The Odyssey was an epic poem written by the [[Greek]] poet [[Homer]]. It traces the journey home to Greece by a hero of the Trojan war and the troubles he faces at the hands of gods and men.
|-
|[[Olmec]]
|The first major Pre-Columbian civilization in Mexico
|-
|oracle bone
|First concrete evidence that the Shang Dynasty really existed. They were generally used as medicine by grinding them up into powder but they were also used to write on.
|-
|[[Origen]]
|was an early Christian philosopher, who lived in the East, and especially in Alexandria
|-
|[[Ostrogoths]]
|Were a Germanic tribe influential in the last days of the Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Ovid]]
|Ovid or Publius Ovidius Naso was a famous Roman poet, known for his Heroides, Amores, Ars Amatoria, and Metamorphosis. He lived from 43 BC to 17 AD
|-
|[[Paleolithic Age]]
| Is the name given by atheists to the first part of the Stone age, followed by the Neolithic Age. During the Paleolithic Age, atheists believe people harvested wild plants and animals for food.
|-
|[[papyrus]]
|A thin parchment constructed from reeds near the Nile River
|-
|pariah
|An outcast or any person or animal that is despised.
|-
|[[Parthenon]]
| The Parthenon is a celebrated marble temple of Athene, on the Acropolis at Athens. It was of the pure Doric order, and has had an important influence on art.
|-
|[[patricians]]
|A patrician is a person of high honor or rank.
|-
|Pericles
|493-429 BC: a fabulous orator, he led Athens during its Golden Age (between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars), and expanded democracy: "Government in the hands of the many, not of the few," he said.
|-
|[[Peru]]
|Peru is a country in South America with a rich history. Once dominated by the Incas, Peru fell to the Spanish in the 16th Century.
|-
|[[Petra]]
|Petra was an ancient city that lasted from some time in 6th century B.C. to 360 AD when an earthquake destroyed their water supply. The city is famous for its buildings carved in red sandstone and given the name the pink city. Also Indiana Jones was filmed there.
|-
|[[phalanx]]
|common Greek military formation, which is rectangular
|-
|[[Philippides]]
|An athlete sent by Athens to run 150 miles to Sparta as they needed help in their battle against Persia, where they were outnumbered 10 to 1. His remarkable ability continues to inspire ambitious joggers today.
|-
|[[Philo]]
|(20 BC - 50 AD) was a Jewish historian from Alexandria in the first century. He combined Judaism and Greek philosophy.
|-
|[[pictograph]]
|A pictorial symbol for a word or phrase. Pictographs are the foundation for cuneiform and hieroglyphics, having been discovered in Egypt and Mesopotamia from before 3000 B.C.
|-
|[[Pisistratids]]
|Was a ruler of Athens around 570 B.C.
|-
|[[plebian]]
|A Plebian was one of the lower classes in the early Roman world, such as small farmers and shopkeepers, similar to a commoner in Medieval Europe. This status was inherited in ancient Rome, though it could change through marriage or (rarely) promotion.
|-
|[[Plutarch]]
|(46 to 127 AD.)Was a Greek historian, philosopher, biographer, and priest.

|-
|[[praetors]]
|one of a number of elected magistrates charged chiefly with the administration of civil justice and ranking next below a consul.
|-
|[[Poseidon]]
|The god of the sea, rivers, floods, droughts, earthquakes, and the creator of horses; known as the "Earth Shaker". He is a son of Cronus and Rhea and brother to Zeus and Hades. In classical artwork, he was depicted as a mature man of sturdy build with a dark beard, and holding a trident.
|-
|[[Prehistory]]
|Before 3400 B.C.
|-
|purdah
|The seclusion of women from the sight of men or strangers. Purdah is practiced most in the Muslim and Hindu religions.
|-
|[[Pythagorus]]
|A Greek philosopher mathematician (569-475 B.C.), best known for his Pythagorean Theorem which equates the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle to the sum of the squares of each side. His philosophy included abstracting 2 ships + 2 ships = 4 ships to the more general truth that 2 of anything plus 2 of anything = 4 of anything.
|-
|[[Ramayana]]
| A Sandskrit epic, depicting the life and adventures of Ramachandra.
|-
|[[Ramses II]]
| Ramses II was the king of Egypt. His reign is remembered by his constant war with the Hittites.
|-
|[[Rembrandt]]
| A Dutch painted who lived from 1606-1669 AD
|-
|[[Rig Veda]]
|A collection of over one thousand hymns that date back to as early as two thousand B.C.
|-
|[[Romance of Three Kingdoms]]
|Is a novel written by Luo Guanzhong in the Han Dynasty when it fell into disorganization. (AD 220-280)
|-
|[[Romulus and Remus]]
|Rome obtained its name from Romulus and Remus, who were twins, and by legend the the sons of Mars who were rescued from death by a mother wolf after his uncle threw him into the Tiber river out of jealousy.
|-
|[[rule of tyrants]]
|during the early Greek empire in the 600s, a series of tyrants ruled Athens. One was "Draco", who imposed the same penalty of death for every crime, no matter how minor!
|-
|[[Saint Patrick]]
|Born in Wales and grew up in England. Later traveled to Ireland and converted the Celts there to Christianity in the mid-400s AD
|-
|[[Sanctuary]]
|Medieval right of criminals on the run to enter churches and be untouchable by authorities.
|-
|[[Sargon the Great]]
|The first person in recorded history to create an empire or multi-ethnic state.
|-
|[[Sati (Buddhism)]]
|Mindfulness, self-collectedness, powers of reference and retention. In some contexts, the word sati when used alone covers alertness
|-
|[[Satrap]]
|Local governors established in distant lands by the powerful Persian ruler Cyrus
|-
|[[Saxons]]
|Were a Germanic tribe, eventually settling in England and North Western France.
|-
|[[Schliemann, Heinrich]]
|German archeologist who was an excavator of Troy. His work supported the idea that Homer's Iliad and Virgil's Aeneid reflected real historical events.
|-
|[[Scipio]]
|(236 BC -183 BC) Was the Roman General during the Second Punic War who brought about the final defeat of Carthage at the Battle of Zama in 202 B.C.
|-
|[[Seneca]]
|Roman philosopher (a [[Stoicism|Stoic]]), statesman and playwright; teacher of [[Nero]]. BC 4 - AD 65.
|-
|[[Shang dynasty]]
|Was a major ancient Chinese dynasty from about 1766 to 1122 BC. Built cities in northern China along the Yellow River. It consisted of city-states which were often at war with one another.
|-
|[[Shang Yang]]
|Was a Chinese statesman and philosopher. He promoted Legalism, which was like the divine right of kings in the West.
|-
|[[Shi]]
|A scholar class created by the Han dynasty
|-
|[[Shiva]]
|In Hinduism, Shiva "the Destroyer" is the third member of the Trimurti, or the "Hindu triad", along with Brahma "the Creator" and Vishnu "the Preserver".
|-
|[[Slavs]]
|Slavic people who settled the Steppe and cultivated the soil in AD 100. They lived in tribes and villages and were vulnerable to nomadic fighters like the Huns. They established a trade city known as Kiev which exists to this day.
|-
|[[Solon]]
| Solon was an Athenian statesman who introduced economic, political, and legal reforms.
|-
|[[Sophocles]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 497-406.
|-
|[[Steppes]]
|Steppes are large areas of flat unforested grassland in southeastern Europe or Siberia.
|-
|[[stirrup]]
|a metal frame for each foot when riding a horse; invented in China in 322 BC and used to great advantage in battle, because they make it easier to control the horse and shoot arrows with accuracy
|-
|[[Stoicism]]
| The second of the two main Greek philosophical schools of thought. Stoicism sought to find a sense of divine justice, deemphasizing pain and pleasure for the goal of reason, logic, and self discipline.
|-
|[[Stone age]]
|The stone age is believed to be at time before men had metal working skills in our prehistory. Young Earth Creationists dispute the exsistence of a stone age rather there were stone working cultures.
|-
|[[Stupa]]
|An ornate Buddhist dome-like stone structure originally built to cover items believed to be relics of the Buddha.
|-
|[[Sulla]]
| (138-78 BC) was a Roman general and dictator during the Republican period. He won Rome's first civil war. Reforms during his time gave the Senate more power.
|-
|Sunna
|d
|-
|[[Sumuabum]]
|Was an Amorite king who established a Babylonian Kingdom in 1894 BC.
|-
|[[Suttee]]
|An ancient Hindu practice in India where a wife sacrifices herself upon her husband's funeral pyre. Outlawed by the British Raj.
|-
|[[Tacitus]]
| (AD 55-120) Was the Roman author of Histories, Annals, and Germania, describing first century Rome. His work chronicles Nero's blaming of the Christians for the fire in Rome and the resulting large scale persecution of Christians that ensued.
|-
|[[Taj Mahal]]
|A marble memorial located in Agra, India. It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, Queen Mumtaz Mahal, who died in childbirth.
|-
|[[The Tale of Gengi]]
|The world's first psychological novel. Was written in the 1000s and about Japanese culture.
|-
|Teotihuacan
|Known as "City of the gods," Teotihuacan (AD 100-900) was perhaps the most powerful and largest city-state in Mesoamerica. They worshiped many gods and lived in barrios (suburbs or ghettos) around the city.
|-
|[[terra cotta]]
|A hard fired clay, distinctively brownish-red colored traditionally used for architectural purposes, especially ornamental, and for pottery and sculpture.
|-
|Terracotta army
|when Shia Huandgi (the first emperor of China) died in 210 B.C he was buried with an army of life sized terracotta warriors, which all had different expressions on their carved faces.
|-
|[[Thales]]
|Thales of Miletus (ca. 624 BC–ca. 546 BC) was the first Greek philosopher. He successfully predicted the solar eclipse of 585 BC and posited that water was the basic principle of all matter in the world.
|-
|[[Thales of Melitus]]
|a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who tried to explain natural phenomena without the use of mythology; was regarded by Aristotle as the first |philosopher in the Greek tradition.
|-
|[[Theravada]]
| Oldest surviving Buddhist school, founded in India
|-
|[[Thirty Years' War]]
|A religious conflict as Catholic states sought to suppress Protestantism. It began as a fight between Bohemian Protestants and Hapsburg Catholics in 1618, and soon became a political conflict for power that included Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Sweden, and the Habsburg dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire. The war ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.
|-
|[[Thutmos III]]
|The 6th Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. The first 22 of years of his reign he was co-regent with his stepmother, Hatshepsut. Reigned from 1479 BC to 1425 BC;
|-
|[[Tiber River]]
|One of the longest Italian rivers, over 250 miles long, it flows through the city of Rome.
|-
|[[Tiberius]]
|a tyrannical Roman emperor who reigned from AD 14-37
|-
|[[Tigris and Euphrates]]
|Two rivers where civilization began in [[Mesopotamia]] before 3500 B.C., as described in the Book of [[Genesis]] and also confirmed by non-biblical sources.
|-
|[[Titus and Domitian]]
|The two sons of Emperor Vespasian. Titus ruled from AD 79–81; Domitian ruled from AD 81-96.
|-
|Toltecs
|AD 900-1200: a northern Mexican nomadic tribe that ruled about 50 miles north of present-day Mexico City, in a city called Tula
|-
|[[Torah]]
|the Jewish name for the first five books of the Bible, meaning Law.
|-
|[[Trajan]]
|Was a Roman Emperor from 98 to 117 AD and the second of the Five Good Emperors.
|-
|[[Tribal Assembly]]
|Was a Roman assembly of plebians & patricians, composed of members of 35 various Roman tribes
|-
|[[Triumvirate]]
|A triumvirate is a system of governance led by 3 leaders. The two most important triumvirates of ancient times were those of Rome: one led by Julius Caesar, Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great") and Marcus Crassus; the other led by Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. It was the failings of these triumvirates that lead to the downfall of the Republic, and the emergence of the Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Untouchables]]
|People at the very bottom of the Hindu caste system. Their Hindi name is "Dalits." Under the system,these people literally are not be touched because they are considered to be so undesirable.
|-
|[[Upanishads]]
|Hindu scriptures that describe reincarnation. Written in Sanskrit, they predate the teachings of Buddha by several centuries.
|-
|[[Ur]]
|Important city-state in Mesopotamia
|-
|[[Vandals]]
|Eastern Germanic tribe that sacked Rome in AD 455. Sweeping through Gaul and Spain they finally settled in North Africa. The Spanish region of Andalusia is named after them.
|-
|[[Vergil]]
|Writer of Famous Roman Mythology "The Aeneid."
|-
|[[Vespasian]]
|a Roman Emperor (AD 70-79), also the general in charge of putting down the Jewish revolt near the end of the AD 60s
|-
|[[Xenephos]]
|(435-354 B.C.) Was historian, philosopher, and military commander, born at Athens, son of an Athenian of good position; was a pupil and friend of Socrates.
|-
|[[Xenophon]]
|Famous Greek writer, Writer of renowned historical work "The Anabasis."
|-
|[[Xerxes]]
|A Persian king in the 5th century BC who attacked and conquered much of Greece, before being defeated in a naval battle in the Battle of Salamis and forced to withdraw back to Babylon
|-
|[[Zealots]]
|A group of Jews in the 1st century AD who sought the violent overthrow and expulsion of Rome from Israel. Their most famous battle (and defeat) came at Masada, a mountain fortress that still holds spiritual significance for Israel today.
|-
|[[Zeno]]
|a Greek philosopher who proposed Paradoxes, such as how a destination is never reached if the traveler goes half the distance to the goal an infinite number of times.
|-
|}
 
[[Category:World History lectures]]

World History Study Guide to 1648

2011-10-28T02:55:14Z

Wh:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Description
|-
|[[Abraham]]
|2000 BC: father of Jewish people, made a covenant with God; Arabs claim descendance from Abraham's son Ishmael.
|-
|[[acropolis]]
|part of a Greek city-state that is built on a hilltop for easy defense. Example: where the democratic assembly met in Athens.
|-
|[[Plato's Academy|the Academy]]
|Founded by the Greek philosopher Plato in 387 BC, this was the world's first great center of learning.
|-
|[[Aesop]]
|a Greek writer famous for writing ''[[Aesop's Fables]]'' around 600 BC, such as "The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing," to teach life lessons
|-
|[[Alexander the Great]]
|356-323 BC: born to Philip II of Macedon and tutored by [[Aristotle]]. Conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia, and more, but not India. Alexander's conquests spread Greek culture and language, helping the future expansion of [[Christianity]].
|-
|[[Alexandria]]
|City in Egypt captured by Alexander the Great and then "Hellenized" (made Greek-like). Known for its famous library.
|-
|[[Allah]]
|The god of the [[Islamic]] religion. Followers of Allah are called Muslims.
|-
|[[Analects]]
|a record of the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius, written and compiled by his disciples circa 400-300 BC
|-
|[[Ancient world]]
|civilizations before the fall of the Western [[Roman Empire]] in AD 476
|-
|''[[Aeneid]]''
|a fictional epic poem, describing how a wandering [[Trojan]] became the ancestor of the [[Romans]], written by the great Roman poet [[Virgil]].
|-
|Anglo-Saxon
|refers both to the people of England from AD 449-1066 who came from Germanic tribes, and to their Old English language
|-
|[[Anselm]]
|a medieval Christian philosopher who founded scholasticism and developed an "ontological" proof for the existence of God based on degrees of perfection.
|-
|[[Archimedes]]
|287–212 BC: Greek mathematician and engineer. Discovered Archimedes' Principle, invented "Archimedes' screw," and built defenses against the Romans for his city of Syracuse; killed by the Romans.
|-
|[[archons]]
|Aristocratic officials elected by the Athenian government to make the laws; later overtook by tyrants who rose to power in the 600s BC
|-
|[[Arianism]]
|a heresy (false doctrine) claiming that Jesus was not God
|-
|[[aristocracy]]
|rule by the wealthy and privileged, rather than by democracy
|-
|[[Aristotle]]
|384-322 BC: Greek [[philosopher]], student of [[Plato]] and tutor to Alexander the Great. Emphasized the value of experience, and founded the Lyceum (a school resembling a university with specimens and a library)
|-
|[[Art of War]]
|first book on military strategy, written by Chinese philosopher Sun Tzu, having insights like "If ignorant both of your enemy and yourself, you are certain to be in peril."
|-
|[[Assyrian Empire]]
|1400-605 BC: was first dependent on Babylonia, then became an independent state, and finally an empire. Known for cruelty, especially to the Hebrews. Captured northern Kingdom of Israel in 722 BC.
|-
|[[Athens]]
|birthplace of democracy in 509 BC, Athens was a Greek city-state previously ruled by aristocrats. It defeat invading Persians.
|-
|[[Attila the Hun]]
|(AD 406-453): last and greatest ruler of the Huns, called the "Scourge of God"; almost defeated the Roman empire but was talked out of looting Rome by Pope Leo I.
|-
|[[Augustus Caesar]]
|the first Roman Emperor (27 BC-14 AD), whose name was Octavian; he took power away from the Roman Senate, he began "Pax Romana" (peaceful prosperity), and he was the emperor when Jesus was born
|-
|[[Aztecs]]
| A fierce type of people (AD 1200-1521), also known as "the Mexica," from Central Mexico who built a glorious capital city titled Tenochtitlan, and established three causeways to connect it to the mainland.
|-
|[[Babylon]]
|the major Mesopotamian city in the ancient Middle East, its greatest ruler was Hammurabi. Babylon developed Cuneiform, used base-60 numbers, defeated ancient Sumer about 2000 BC, and was later cruel to Hebrews.
|-
|[[Babylonia]]
|State and empire created by Babylon. First empire existed from 1900-1600 BC, later reemerged as the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 625-538 BC
|-
|[[Babylonian Exile]]
|Period of time from 597 to 538 BC, during which the Israelites were kept as prisoners in Babylon.
|-
|[[barbarian]]
|any "uncivilized" (not Roman), unshaven, ruthless warriors who would attack and invade ancient Rome (name "barbarus" means "bearded").
|-
|[[Battle of Tours]]
|Pivotal victory against the Muslims (732); led by Charles "the Hammer" of the Germanic people known as the "Franks".
|-
|B.C.E./[[C.E.]]
|anti-Christian terms for B.C./A.D., whereby "Before Common Era (B.C.E.)" replaces "Before Christ (B.C.)", and "Common Era (C.E.)" replaces "In the Year of Our Lord (A.D.)"
|-
|[[Bible]]
|Collection of Hebrew (Old Testament) and Christian (New Testament) Scriptures. Foretells the coming of a Messiah for the Hebrews, and recounts ancient history including the Tower of Babel and the Great Flood.
|-
|[[Brahman/Brahmin]]
|Brahman is the ultimate god or existence in Hinduism, of which all existence is a part; "Brahmin" means the highest class for families in the Hindu caste system
|-
|[[Bronze Age]]
|2500-1200 BC: when bronze was used for jewelry, tools, utensils, weapons; this eventually enabled the introduction of the plow for easier farming.
|-
|[[Buddha]]
|"Awakened One" in Buddhism. Siddhartha Gautama was the first Buddha.
|-
|[[Buddhism]]
|A belief system which teaches that desire causes suffering and if desire is eliminated, enlightenment and Nirvana are attained.
|-
|[[Bushi]]
| Proficient, skilled generals from Japan who raised their own "samurai" soldiers to defend and protect their land.
|-
|[[Byzantine Empire]]
|It was the eastern part of the Roman empire, based in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey), which outlasted the Western half by 1000 years.
|-
|[[Caligula]]
|(AD 37-41) cruel and senseless Roman emperor, who even declared his horse to be a Roman Senator.
|-
|[[Carolingian Court]]
|Dynasty that started with Charles Martel and his descendants, including Charlemagne, whose revival of education became known as the Carolingian Renaissance. The crowning of Charlemagne in 800 is considered the birth of the "Holy Roman Empire", also known as the Carolingian empire.
|-
|[[Carthage]]
|An ancient city on the coast of northern Africa (across the Mediterranean Sea from Italy) which fought against Rome in the three Punic Wars, which left Carthage destroyed, never to be rebuilt again.
|-
|[[caste]]
|the social rank in Hinduism: Brahmins are priests and scholars, Kshatriya are rulers, Vaishya are peasants, and Shudra are serfs. Good karma enables one to improve his caste in the next life.
|-
|[[Celts]]
|A tribal, ancient people living in what is now Ireland and Great Britain, who worshiped many gods and had priests called "druids."
|-
|[[Chaldeans]]
|The ancient Babylonians
|-
|[[Chaldean Empire]]
|Ancient Babylonian Empire that lasted from 605-562 BC
|-
|[[Chandragupta Mauryan]]
|Built the largest Indian empire ever; he was a tough and strong dictator who defeated Greek general Seleucus in 322 BC, taking from him the portion of the Greek empire slightly north of India.
|-
|[[Charlemagne]]
|King of the Franks from AD 768-814, and Holy Roman Emperor after being crowned by the Pope in AD 800
|-
|[[Charles Martel]]
|Charles "the Hammer"; Christian ruler who led the Franks to a decisive victory against the Muslims in the Battle of Tours (AD 732)
|-
|[[Chivalry]]
|Code of behavior developed during feudalism; required loyalty to God, looking out for one another, and different roles for men and women
|-
|[[China]]
|One of the world's oldest major civilizations, with a tradition of philosophers rather than religious leaders
|-
|[[Christendom]]
| A massive church-state network that consisted of religious hierarchy and held influence over all of Europe during the Middle Ages.
|-
|[[Cicero]], Marcus Tullius
|Famous Roman orator, senator and lawyer who lived from 106-43 BC, and who opposed Marc Anthony.
|-
|[[city-states]]
|Small nations consisting of only a single city each, especially in ancient Greece. Examples included Sparta, Athens and Corinth. They fought each other, but also banned together to defeat the Persians when that great empire sought to absorb Greece.
|-
|[[civilization]]
|must have towns, social and government institutions, record-keeping systems for property, and an agricultural surplus so not everyone is farming
|-
|[[classical civilizations]]
|Ancient Mediterranean civilizations that were generally pre-Christian, such as Rome, Greece, and Egypt
|-
|[[classicism]]
|Near the end of the Middle Ages, a Renaissance movement in the arts, looking back to ancient Rome and Greece for inspiration
|-
|[[Cleisthenes]]
|Established democracy in Athens in 507 BC, giving all free men the right to vote
|-
|[[Cleopatra]]
|The queen of Egypt who reigned from 51-30 BC
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
|The code of Hammurabi was one of the first set of written laws. It was a harsh code that demanded an eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth.
|-
|[[Code of Manu]]
|Hindu law containing rules and codes of conduct. Written in 200 BC in India.
|-
|[[Colosseum]]
|A massive stadium in Rome that was used to hold gladiatorial contests, chariot racing and killing Christians and others for entertainment. Originally known as the Flavian Amphitheatre.
|-
|[[comedy]]
|In ancient Greece, a play with a happy ending. All classical plays were either a "comedy" or a "tragedy".
|-
|[[Confucius]]
|A famous Chinese philosopher who came up with many ideas about ethics and social conduct
|-
|[[Constantine|Constantine (the Great)]]
|The first Christian emperor of Rome who legalized Christianity, ended the persecution of Christians, and united the eastern with the western Roman empires
|-
|[[Constantinople]]
|Now named Istanbul, it was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire beginning in AD 330. Originally known as Byzantium.
|-
|[[Council of Nicaea]]
|AD 325, a council of bishops called by Constantine to obtain agreement on various aspects of Christianity (e.g., the Trinity) and to end heresies (e.g., Arianism).
|-
|[[Crusades]]
|(AD 1099-1204): a series of four major military expeditions by Christians to free Jerusalem and make it safe for pilgrimages, beginning with the successful First Crusade but later including the looting of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade.
|-
|[[cuneiform]]
|The earliest known form of writing. Consists of lines and dashes to represent different concrete things, such as fish.
|-
|[[Cynicism]]
|Greek philosophy emphasizing living life without worldly possessions, founded by Socrates' student Antisthenes.
|-
|[[Daimyo]]
|Japanese feudal lord. Smaller agricultural workers would function under them. Daimyos began their importance after a civil war in 1467.
|-
|Darius the Great
|the king of Persia (522-486 BC) and one of the greatest rulers of the Achaemenid dynasty, best known for his failed attempts to conquer Greece; in 492 a storm destroyed his fleet, and in 490 BC Athens defeated his army at Marathon
|-
|[[David]]
|Second king of Israel, as chosen by God, and an ancestor of Jesus Christ. He expanded the kingdom of Israel.
|-
|[[Delian League]]
|Formed in 477 BC as an alliance consisting of Athens and other Greek city-states to guard against the Persia (Achaemenid) empire after the Persian Wars; but Athens misused it to impose taxes and fund Athenian projects.
|-
|[[Dharma]]
|The laws of the religions of Buddhism and Hinduism
|-
|[[diaspora]]
|The migration or scattering of a people, especially the ancient Hebrews, away from their ancestral home.
|-
|[[Diocletian]]
| The Roman emperor who tried to save the empire of Rome by dividing it into eastern and western regions. He established the "tetrarchy" (rule by four), and ruled from AD 284 to 305.
|-
|[[direct democracy]]
|laws are made by votes of the citizens, rather than by elected officials. Athens of ancient Greece was the first direct democracy.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|tribes that settled Greece, 1100-1000 BC, having an oppressive military ruling class. The "Doric order" is the simplest form of Greek architecture, consisting of a straight column without any artistic trim at the top.
|-
|[[Dravidians]]
|The lowest class of the Aryans, they were the children of mixed Aryans and not treated very well. They were people of Southern India and Sri Lanka
|-
|[[early agriculture]]
|crops such as grain being grown in places such as Egypt
|-
|[[Edict of Milan]]
|a political proclamation that legalized Christianity (and all other religions) throughout the Roman empire, issued by Constantine I in AD 313 after the Diocletian persecutions against Christians
|-
|[[Egypt]]
|One of the oldest civilizations in recorded history, going back to nearly 3000 BC
|-
|[[Eightfold Path]]
|The Buddhist way to end suffering and attain inner peace and contentment. It includes wisdom (right view and intention); ethics (right speech, action & livelihood); and mind (right effort, mindfulness & concentration).
|-
|[[Emperor]]
|A ruler or king of a country, such as Augustus Caesar as the first Roman emperor.
|-
|[[Enlightened One]]
|A translation of the name Buddha, in Buddhism
|-
|[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]
|A Sumerian (Mesopotamia) poem preserved on stone tablets with a story bearing great resemblance to Noah's Ark and the Great Flood
|-
|[[Euclid]]
|A Greek mathematician around 300 BC who developed geometry and wrote the ''Elements''.
|-
|[[Euphrates river]]
|The Euphrates is a river that was the border of Mesopotamia and was both a trading route and a protection for Mesopotamia.
|-
|[[Fertile Crescent]]
|An area of land in the Middle East along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, where it was easy to grow crops, which was the birthplace of civilization and probably the location of the Garden of Eden.
|-
|[[feudalism]]
|way of life in Western Europe in the early Middle Ages, consisting of a "lord" who owned land (given by the king) on which "peasants" or "serfs" farmed in exchange for food and protection.
|-
|[[First Punic War]]
|between Rome and Carthage in 254-241 BC: Rome conquered the island of Sicily and developed a navy; although Rome was no match for the powerful Carthaginian navy, Romans did invent a corvus that allowed them to board enemy ships and win the war
|-
|[[Four Noble Truths]]
|in [[Buddhism]]: (1) suffering is universal, (2) craving or desire causes it, (3) the cure is to eliminate the craving or desire, and (4) following the Eightfold Path helps eliminate this desire in order to attain "nirvana" (complete contentment).
|-
|[[The Franks]]
|Germanic tribes settling in the northern part of the Roman empire (including northern France), rising in power and territory from AD 330-751 and defeating barbarians; Charles the Hammer and Charlemagne were Franks
|-
|[[Gentiles]]
|The term for peoples, such as Greeks, who are not of Jewish or Arab descent.
|-
|Golden Age
|An age of great peace and prosperity, especially in ancient Greece between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars
|-
|[[Gracchi brothers]]
|Two tribunes (high elected officials) of ancient Rome who wanted to help the poor by redistributing land from the rich
|-
|Great Schism
|AD 1054: the Eastern Orthodox Church splits from the Roman Catholic Church in a dispute over icons and statues, the origin of the Holy Spirit, and regional differences
|-
|[[Great Wall of China]]
|the long and high wall in China that was built beginning with the Qin dynasty in about 200 BC, to keep invaders out
|-
|[[Greece]]
|perhaps the greatest ancient civilization: invented democracy, developed mathematics and philosophy, and adopted ethical standards like the Hippocratic Oath (which prohibits abortion)
|-
|[[Greek drama]]
|Theatrical tradition of ancient Greece, 600-400 BC, with two main types: comedies (good ending) and tragedies (bad ending)
|-
|[[Gregory the Great]]
|One of the most significant popes, who used church money for non-religious purposes such as paying for public projects such as roads, supporting armies, and establishing government programs for the poor; this later caused controversies.
|-
|[[Gaul]]
|Now France, it was a place for barbarians to attack the Roman empire.
|-
|[[Gothic]]
|architecture of the late Middle Ages, featuring tall, perpendicular structures, long or stained-glassed rose windows, pointed arches, and flying buttresses (stone supports on the outer walls of churches)
|-
|[[Gupta empire]]
|(AD 240-550): large Indian empire that developed with algebra, the concepts of zero and infinity, and the numbers 1-9
|-
|[[Hammurabi]]
|King of Babylon, 1792-1750 BC, who developed the Code of Hammurabi, which is based on the concept of an eye for an eye
|-
|[[Han dynasty]]
|202 BC - AD 220, this was the greatest of all the Chinese dynasties and was similar to the Roman empire in expanding territory, administering justice, and enjoying peace like the Pax Romana. The Han dynasty valued education highly, and created a scholar class of people known as "shi".
|-
|[[Hannibal]]
|A military commander for Carthage who had a brilliant surprise attack against Rome during the Second Punic War
|-
|[[Hebrews]]
|God's chosen people who established the nation of Israel and wrote the Old Testament
|-
|[[Hellenistic]]
|Relating to Greek culture and language, particularly in lands beyond Greece as conquered by Alexander the Great beginning in 335 BC
|-
|[[hieroglyphics]]
|A phonetic alphabet developed by the ancient Egyptians that uses the pictographic symbols to represent both an object and/or a phonetic sound.
|-
|[[Himalaya Mountain Range]]
|Mountain range famous for having the world's tallest peaks, including Mount Everest and K2; geographic protection that isolated ancient China
|-
|[[Hinduism]]
|An ancient polytheistic religion followed by 82% of (Asian) Indians to this day
|-
|[[Hippocrates]]
|"The father of medicine" in ancient Greece who developed the [[Hippocratic Oath]], an ethical code that all medical students traditionally repeated as a condition of graduation.
|-
|[[Holy Roman Empire]]
|Lasting from AD 800 to 1806, it included the territory in Europe under the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor. Constituent states often ruled themselves.
|-
|[[Homer]]
|An early Greek poet, famous for lengthy sagas such as ''Iliad'' and ''The Odyssey''.
|-
|[[Hsia dynasty]]
|rulers in China up until 1766 B.C., when Emperor Chieh (the last in the dynasty) was overthrown
|-
|[[Huns]]
|A confederation of Asian tribes who fought against the Romans in what is now the Ukraine, Germany, France, Italy and the Balkans. They were considered by many Romans to be the most ferocious enemies
|-
|[[ideograms]]
|In primitive societies, a graphic symbol (rather than alphabetic words like these) representing a concept or an idea
|-
|[[The Incas]]
|developed a huge empire beginning in AD 1250 in the Andes Mountains in South America, making it the largest civilization in all of the Americas
|-
|[[India]]
|A country that was home to the Indus Valley civilization and dates back over 3,000 years, and was birthplace of Hinduism and (later) Buddhism
|-
|[[Indus River Valley]]
|A fertile valley that was home to an ancient civilization and is modern Pakistan and northwestern India
|-
|[[Iron Age]]
|An era following the Bronze age when tools and weapons were made primarily out of iron: 1200 BC in Europe, but later (600 BC) in China.
|-
|[[Isaac]]
|The promised son born to Abraham and Sarah in their old age, whom Abraham offered to sacrifice to God despite Abraham's great love for Isaac. Isaac is the father of the Israeli people.
|-
|[[Isaac Newton]]
|(1643-1727) Scientist during the Scientific Revolution and Christian fundamentalist who discovered and explained the invisible force of gravity
|-
|[[Ishmael]]
|The son born to Abraham and Sarah's servant, Hagar. Ishmael is revered by Muslims as an ancestor who was unfairly treated as an outcast after Isaac was subsequently born to Abraham and Sarah.
|-
|[[Islam]]
|the only major world religion that developed after Christ, Islam was founded by Muhammad in AD 622 and is based on the "Five Pillars of Islam."
|-
|[[Israel]]
|Nation founded by King David in 1010 BC, first temple destroyed by Babylonians in 587 BC, Jerusalem was rebuilt in 515 BC, Alexander the Great then conquered region in 332 BC.
|-
|[[Jainism]]
|Branched off of Hinduism, this religion stresses strict vegetarianism and non-violence towards all life.
|-
|[[Japan]]
|an island archipelago made up of 4 large islands and over 4,000 smaller ones, it had feudalism during the same time period that Europe did
|-
|[[Jesus]]
|The Holy Messiah of the Christian faith, and the only son of God who was promised to save all humanity. He was the only founder of a religion to perform miracles to cure the suffering, the only one to emphasize the power of faith, and the only one to give up His life for the salvation of others.
|-
|[[Joan of Arc]]
|17-year-old girl who led the French army to a remarkable military victory over the English in 1429, and was later captured and martyred by the English and made a saint by the Catholic Church
|-
|[[Johannes Kepler]]
|(1571-1630) Scientist in Scientific Revolution who built on Copernicus's work and discovered that planets orbit the sun in ellipses rather than circular orbits; also a devout Christian
|-
|[[John Locke]]
|(1632-1704) Leading political philosopher in the Enlightenment whose ideas helped the American colonists form a new government with the social contract theory
|-
|[[Judah, Kingdom of]]
|the southern kingdom of a divided nation of Israel, after the death of Solomon in 928 BC
|-
|[[Julius Caesar]]
|(100-44 BC) a military and political leader who laid out the groundwork for the future Roman empire before he was murdered by Roman senators
|-
|[[Julian Calendar]]
| The 12 month, 365-day calendar established by Julius Caesar, and the basis for the Gregorian calendar we use today.
|-
|[[Justinian|Justinian I]] and the [[Justinian Code]]
|Eastern Roman Emperor from AD 527 to 565 who developed the Justinian Code, which is the basis of civil law in many places
|-
|[[karma]]
|In Hinduism, everything a person has done. This determines status in the next life, so a Hindu wants "good karma."
|-
|[[knight]]
|An armored soldier of feudalistic Europe. These soldiers first began using plate mail around the time of the crusades.
|-
|[[Latin]]
|the powerful, concise language spoken in ancient Rome that has contributed many roots of words and terms to modern European languages. "Caveat emptor!" (let the buyer beware)
|-
|[[lord]]
|The ruler and owner of a feudalistic area, under him are the serfs.
|-
|[[Lyceum]]
|The great Greek center of learning founded by Aristotle, which then competed with the Academy
|-
|[[Niccolo Machiavelli]]
|An Italian political theorist who wrote the ''The Prince'', the most famous guide to how a conniving politician can seize power by manipulating others
|-
|[[Magna Carta]]
|A charter of personal and political liberties granted to the barons by King John of England in 1215, which later became a foundation for personal rights in the US Constitution.
|-
|[[maize]]
|corn, first grown by Native Americans, now one of the most popular foods in the world
|-
|[[Mandate of Heaven]]
|Chinese mandate that held that the gods blessed good rulers and overthrew bad ones
|-
|[[manor]]
|Under feudalism during the Middle Ages, a manor was a farm owned by a lord who had peasants to do the work and pay him rent in exchange for food, shelter and protection
|-
|[[Marc Antony]]
|A Roman commander and close friend of Caesar. He was in the 1st civil war of the Roman republic
|-
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]
|A Roman emperor known most for ending Pax Romana and conquering Germanic tribes.
|-
|[[Marcus Crassus]]
|A wealthy Roman who ruled Rome along with [[Julius Caesar]] and Pompey the Great, as a part of the first [[triumvirate]].
|-
|[[Martin Luther]]
|an important Christian figure who launched the Protestant Reformation in AD 1517 and founded the Lutheran Church based on a theory of salvation by faith alone, causing a split in the Catholic Church in Western Europe.
|-
|[[Mauryan Empire]]
|323–185 BC: a Buddhist empire covering much of modern India
|-
|[[Maya]]
|The civilization of the Mayans existed in Mesoamerica (including where Guatemala is today) from about AD 300-900. They were advanced in math and astronomy and had a written pictographic language; today 4 million people still speak the Mayan language.
|-
|[[Mesoamerica]]
|Mexico and Central America, where pre-Columbian (before Columbus' exploration in 1492) civilizations existed
|-
|[[Mesopotamia]]
|Modern-day [[Iraq]], where civilization first appeared
|-
|[[Messiah]]
|Anointed by God. Jesus Christ is the Messiah of Christianity
|-
|[[Michelangelo]]
|(AD 1475-1564) A Renaissance man known for his paintings on the Sistine Chapel ceiling and his sculptures of David and the Pieta (Mary holding Jesus after the Crucifixion).
|-
|[[Middle Ages]]
|A period of time, also called the Medieval Ages, spanning from AD 500-1500, when [[feudalism]] was common
|-
|[[Middle Kingdom]]
|2100-1650 BC: Egyptian kingdom known for its works and ideas, which ended due to a civil war
|-
|[[monasteries]]
|communities of Christian monks that are set apart for God, and which preserved knowledge during the Middle Ages.
|-
|Mongol empire
|Peaked in power in the AD 1200s, held more contiguous (connected) land than any empire in history, but failed twice in trying to conquer Japan.
|-
|[[monotheism]]
|The belief in a religion worshiping only one god. [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], and [[Islam]] are monotheistic religions.
|-
|[[Moses]]
|The prophet who led the Israelites out of Egypt, gave them the Ten Commandments, and wrote the first five books of the Bible.
|-
|[[Muhammad]]
|The man who preached a new monotheistic religion "Islam", founded on only one god, Allah.
|-
|[[Nile]]
|River in Egypt which flows northward towards the Mediterranean Sea, supplying Egypt with water.
|-
|[[Nero]]
|One of the most irresponsible and cruel emperors of Rome. Nero reigned beginning when he was 16 years old, ruling until AD 69.
|-
|[[New Kingdom]]
|1550-700 BC: ancient Egypt at the time of Moses, where many buildings were construted primarily with slave labor
|-
|[[Nicene Creed]]
|A core statement of Christianity that affirms the Holy Trinity of God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Ghost
|-
|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]
|(1473-1543) Polish scientist who first sparked this movement with the bold declaration that the earth revolved around the sun, instead of sun revolving around the earth
|-
|[[Nirvana]]
|The ultimate goal of Buddhism: the end of all suffering
|-
|Normans
|Vikings who settled in northwest France (Normandy), and then invaded and conquered England in AD 1066
|-
|[[Octavian]]
|The grandnephew of Julius Caesar who became the first Emperor of Rome, ruling with his new name of Augustus Caesar.
|-
|[[Old Kingdom]]
|3000-2200 BC: the ancient Egyptian kingdom that built the famous pyramids
|-
|[[Olympics (Ancient Greek)]]
|An ancient sporting event first held in 776 BC, establishing the beginning of the Greek civilization
|-
|[[Paper]]
|Invented by Chinese in AD 100, from dipping a bamboo screen into a mixture of bark, rags and plants, and then allowing only a thin layer of pulp to dry on the bamboo screen.
|-
|[[patricians]]
|the upper 10% of the Roman republic, consisting of wealthy landowners
|-
|[[Paul]]
|an energetic evangelist for early Christianity, who wrote many letters now in the New Testament of the Bible
|-
|[[Pax Romana]]
|27 BC-180 AD: the "glory days" of the Roman empire, a time of peaceful prosperity and influence (but cruelty to Christians)
|-
|[[Peloponnesian War]]
|fought between Athens and Sparta, 431-404 BC, which was ultimately won by Sparta and its allies
|-
|[[Pentateuch]]
|The first five books of the modern Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy
|-
|[[Pepin]]
|Son of Charles Martel, Father of Charlemagne. Donated territories to the Pope and was a wise and judicious king of the Franks.
|-
|[[Persian empire]]
|550-330 BC: a large empire stretching from India to southern Europe and Egypt
|-
|[[Persian Wars]]
|492-449 BC: wars between Persia (modern-day Iran) and Greek city-states including Athens and Sparta
|-
|[[Peter]]
|a leading apostle of Jesus who became the first pope in Rome, where he was martyred
|-
|[[pharaoh]]
|the ruler in Ancient Egypt, considered by Egyptians to be a son of god
|-
|[[Philip of Macedon]]
|King of Macedonia who arranged for the homeschooling of his son, Alexander the Great.
|-
|[[Philistines]]
|ancient people who occupied the land of Canaan, who were enemies of Israel and God.
|-
|[[Phoenicians]]
|ancient people who lived and traded goods on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea, developing a new language using an alphabet of 22 letters, on which Greek, Latin, English, French, etc., are based.
|-
|Pillars of Islam
|the five basic rules of Islam: submit to Allah, pray, fast, give to the poor, and make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca (in Saudi Arabia today)
|-
|[[Plato]]
|Greek (Athens) philosopher who emphasized the value of logic, while his student Aristotle preferred the value of experience.
|-
|[[Pompey the Great]]
|Ruled Rome as a part of the first [[triumvirate]] with [[Julius Caesar]] and [[Marcus Crassus]]. Pompey is well known for ridding the Mediterranean sea of pirates.
|-
|[[polis]]
|The name for city-states in Ancient Greece
|-
|[[polytheism]]
|A religion with many gods, which was common in ancient times until Judaism and Christianity emerged.
|-
|[[Pope]]
|The leader of the Roman Catholic Church, who was most powerful in Europe during the time of the Holy Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Ptolemy]]
|(AD 90-168) a mathematician, geographer and astronomer in Hellenistic Egypt
|-
|[[Punic Wars]]
|Won by the Roman republic, enabling it to gain control of the Mediterranean Sea and control commerce
|-
|[[pyramids]]
|Very large monuments in Egypt for the burial of pharaohs, built with a precision that cannot be duplicated even today.
|-
|Qin Shia Huandgi
|the first Chinese emperor, who ruled from 221-210 BC, built new roads, and established a standard coin, weight and writing system. This Qin (or Chi'in) state was the first unified Chinese empire.
|-
|[[Qur'an (Koran)]]
|the holy book of Islam
|-
|Ramses II
|the most famous pharaoh, whose reign from 1279-1213 BC (during the New Kingdom) was the second longest in Egyptian history
|-
|[[Red Sea]]
|The Red Sea is between Egypt and the Sinai peninsula. The Israelites would have died if not for the protection of the Red Sea, yes they would have died if a miracle had not been preformed Through Moses God parted the Red Sea so the Israelites could escape from the Egyptian army.-
|-
|[[Reformation]]
|Events beginning in 1517 when German monk Saint Martin Luther nailed 95 Theses to a Church door, leading to a separation of Catholic and Protestant churches.
|-
|[[The Republic]]
|Plato's greatest writings, which form a foundation for America's system of government.
|-
|[[Renaissance]]
|a revival in artwork and Greek and Roman achievement, from the AD 1300s to the 1600s, that made the transition from medieval to modern times
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Church]]
|The Christian Church led by a Pope, beginning with Peter the Apostle. The word "catholic" means "universal".
|-
|[[Roman citizenship]]
|a special status attained by living in Rome, being birthed to a Roman citizens, or enlisting in the army for 25 years.
|-
|[[Roman empire]]
|(27 BC-476 AD) Began when August Caesar became emperor, and ended 500 years later when barbarians overran it; the Roman empire civilized western Europe, built roads, established laws, and eventually spread Christianity.
|-
|[[Roman law]]
|began with a code of laws inscribed in the Twelve Tables, establishing the concept of "justice" - rule by principle and not by whim
|-
|[[Roman military]]
|considered to be invincible; each soldier was equipped with shields, helmets, swords, and javelins
|-
|[[Roman republic]]
|509-27 BC: The first republic in history, it was located in Rome and inspired some of the principles of the government of the United States. The Roman republic ended when Augustus Caesar took full power and established the Roman empire.
|-
|Roman senate
|300 members representing wealthy families in Rome, it dominated the Roman republic; similar to the U.S. Senate today
|-
|Romanesque
|architecture popular in the early Middle Ages, featuring thick walls, rounded arches and small windows
|-
|[[Rome]]
|the capital city of the Roman empire, and of modern day Italy; supposedly founded by Romulus and Remus, and named after Romulus after he killed his brother
|-
|[[Rosetta Stone]]
|ancient text written on stone in three different languages, which enabled the first translations of Egyptian hieroglyphics
|-
|[[Royal Road]]
|ancient Persian highway rebuilt by Darius the Great
|-
|[[samurai]]
|elite warriors of feudalistic Japan who followed a special honor code called Bushido
|-
|[[Saul]]
|the first king of Israel, appointed by God; Saul was a flawed man, jealous of David.
|-
|[[Satraps]]
|Governors in the distant lands of the Persian empire, which extended to Egypt and Arabia, who were carefully watched by the "King's Eyes and Ears" soldiers to prevent rebellions
|-
|[[scholasticism]]
|Christian philosophy from the AD 900s-1500s that developed logic in the direction of God
|-
|[[scientific revolution]]
|The beginning of modern science in the AD mid-1500s, starting with the recognition by Copernicus that the Earth revolves around the Sun
|-
|[[Second Punic War]]
|between Rome and Carthage in 218-202 BC; Carthage's leader Hannibal led his army with elephants over the Alps to surprise the Romans, but could not conquer Rome itself; by the end Rome had acquired Spain
|-
|[[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]]
|a listing of the most impressive public works in the world, written by Greek writer Antipater in the 2nd century BC (200-100 BC)
|-
|[[Shang Dynasty]]
|first major dynasty of China, which lasted from 1766 BC (when T'ang overthrew the prior dynasty) to 1122 BC
|-
|[[Shiite Muslims]]
|fundamentalist Muslims who are considered more aggressive than Sunni Muslims
|-
|[[Shinto]]
|The national religion of Japan, which considered the emperor to be descended from a godlike "sun kami"; Shinto is sometimes considered more of a code of conduct rather than a religion.
|-
|[[shogun]]
|a feudalistic military ruler of Japan
|-
|[[Siddhartha Gautama]]
|the Buddha, and the founder of the religion of Buddhism
|-
|[[Silk Road]]
|A trade route from East China to Central Asia and Europe
|-
|[[Socrates]]
|The first great Greek philosopher, Socrates taught that the visible world is not all of reality; Socrates taught Plato, who later taught Aristotle
|-
|[[Socratic method]]
|A teaching method developed by [[Socrates]], which consists of asking questions and is used today in law schools
|-
|[[Solomon]]
|Third king of Israel and the author of ''Proverbs'', ''Ecclesiastes'' and ''Song of Solomon''; known for his wise justice
|-
|[[Solon of Athens]]
|One of the Seven Sages of ancient Greece, who believed that one should "keep everything with moderation"
|-
|[[Sparta]]
|a Greek city-state well-known for its military prowess, which won the Peloponnesian war against Athens.
|-
|[[Spread of Buddhism]]
|Buddhism traveled outside of India along the Silk Road
|-
|[[St. Augustine]]
|(AD 354-430) a father of the early Christian church who wrote intellectual discussions of the faith entitled ''Confessions'', ''City of God'', and ''On Christian Doctrine''
|-
|[[Sumer]]
|Ancient homeland of the Sumerians, located in Mesopotamia, located in where Iraq is today
|-
|[[Sunni Muslims]]
|moderate Muslims who oppose the more aggressive Shiite Muslims
|-
|[[Sumerians]]
|the earliest civilizations living in the Middle East, where inventions included the wheel and the first known form of writing
|-
|[[Taijitu]]
|Also called "Yin and Yang," this is the symbol for Taoism. It represents a constant interaction and harmony in nature between two forces having opposite qualities.
|-
|[[Taoism (Daoism)]]
|Chinese philosophy of seeking harmony with nature by recognizing that two major forces are opposed to each other
|-
|[[Ten Commandments]]
|the laws of the God of Israel handed down to Moses
|-
|[[Theocracy]]
|a government ruled by the laws of a specific religion, as in some Muslim nations today
|-
|[[Thomas Aquinas]]
|(AD 1225–1274) A brilliant medieval priest who merged Aristotle's insights with Christian faith, and wrote ''Summa Theologica'' as a summary of Christian theology that is studied even today
|-
|[[Third Punic War]]
|Romans conquered and destroyed Carthage in 146 BC and then went into Macedonia and Greece to defeat them in revenge for having helped Hannibal; Rome then controlled the entire western civilized world (all the land around the Mediterranean)
|-
|[[Thucydides]]
|Greek historian who wrote ''History of the Peloponnesian War''
|-
|[[Toltecs]]
|A northern Mexican nomadic tribe that reigned over a city called Tula (AD 900-1200) in present-day Mexico City.
|-
|[[Tragedy]]
|A type of drama or poetic saga that has an unhappy ending. Common in ancient Greece, this type of work focused on the followed the fall of a character, often because of a specific character flaw such as envy or greed.
|-
|[[Troy]]
|an ancient city whose destruction was recorded in the Iliad, and its survivors supposedly helped found Rome
|-
|[[Tutankhamen]]
|"King Tut": a young Egyptian pharaoh who ruled from 1341-1323 BC. Archaeologist Howard Carter first discovered his tomb in 1922, shedding light on ancient Egyptian culture.
|-
|[[Twelve Tables]]
|450 BC: basic and successful Roman laws that filled twelve tablets, such as "If one is slain while committing theft by night, he is rightly slain."
|-
|[[Vassals]]
|Performed military services to the lords in exchange for protection and land in the feudal system.
|-
|[[Vedas]]
|Holy books of Hinduism
|-
|[[Virgil]]
|(70-19 BC) a Roman poet & philosopher, friend of Octavian (Augustus Caesar), and author of the ''Aeneid''. Portrayed in the Middle Ages as a noble pagan and symbol of wisdom.
|-
|[[Vishnu]]
|Supreme god of Hinduism
|-
|[[Visigoths]]
|a confederacy of Germanic tribes that harassed the Roman empire but later fell in AD 711 to the Moors, who were North African Muslims
|-
|[[Voltaire]]
|(1694-1778) Leading philosopher in the Enlightenment, advocating freedom and emphasizing his form of reason, written in "The Candide"; his ideas later formed the basis of the French Revolution
|
|[[Vulgate]]
|The Latin translation by Saint Jerome of the Hebrew Old Testament and the Greek New Testament. It was then used as the authoritative Bible for over 1000 years.
|-
|[[Warring States Period]]
|475-221 BC: war period in ancient China also known for the philosophical schools that flourished
|-
|[[Wheel]]
|The ancient Mesopotamia invention, originally in the form of a potter’s wheel; the wheel is considered the first and greatest of man's inventions.
|-
|[[Yahweh]]
|God as described in the [[Old Testament]], written as YHWH in the original Hebrew (which lacked vowels).
|-
|[[Yangtze River]]
|Longest river in Asia which flows south for 3000 miles; navigable from the sea for half of its course; the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers are the most important rivers in Chinese history
|-
|[[Yellow River]]
|Second longest river in Asia; known also as Huang He and "the cradle of Chinese civilization," it runs westward from the Yellow Sea and has a tendency to flood surrounding lands such its course can change with devastating results
|-
|[[Zeus]]
|Highest of Greek Gods, God of Thunder, supposedly father of the gods.
|-
|[[Zhou dynasty]] (or Chou dynasty)
|1071-221 BC: it was the longest lasting dynasty in China and included both Prince Zheng as a leader, and Confucius as the major philosopher. This dynasty benefited from the Iron Age after 600 BC.
|-
|[[Ziggurat]]
|man-made step-sided structures resembling pyramids that were built in Mesopotamia. The [[Tower of Babel]], described in Genesis 11, may have been a giant ziggurat.
|-
|[[Zoroastrianism]]
|Polytheistic religion founded between 1200 and 600 BC by the Persians.
|}

==Honors terms==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Description
|-
|[[Aeneas]]
|according to legend, a prince who escaped from Troy whose son founded Rome and whose grandson, Brutus, founded the Britons in England
|-
|[[Aeschylus]]
|the oldest of the three great Athenian tragic playwrights (next to [[Sophocles]] and [[Euripides]]), 525-456 BC
|-
|[[Age of Metal]]
|discovery of metals for use in tools: copper (beginning 3500 BC), bronze (beginning 2500 BC), and iron (beginning 1200 BC) were developed as tools.
|-
|[[Age of Pericles]]
|the "golden age" of Athens, led by Pericles, who introduced a form of direct democracy from 461-429 BC
|-
|[[Ahuramazda]]
|the Creator in Persia's religion of Zoroastrianism
|-
|[[Queen Ahhotep|Ahhotep]]
|a Middle Kingdom Pharaoh who repelled the Hyksos people from Egypt
|-
|[[Akkadian Empire]]
|a Sumerian empire (2360-2180 BC) located in the fertile crescent in the lower Mesopotamia and north of the Sumer River
|-
|[[Alluvial]]
|a deposit of sediment (alluvium) in a river bed
|-
|archons
|in the early Greek empire (around 700 BC), archons were government officials elected by the land-owning aristocrats; the archons then made the law
|-
|[[Aristophanes]]
|(456-380 BC) an Athenian playwright who wrote comedies and political satires
|-
|[[Ark of the Covenant]]
|The chest used by the Hebrews to contain the tablets of the Law given to Moses by God.
|-
|[[Aryans]]
|A semi-nomadic Nordic tribe who invaded and settled India around 1500 B.C.
|-
|[[Ashoka]]
|Emperor of the Mauryan Empire of India (273-232 B.C.). Upset by the horrors of war (despite winning), he converted to Buddhism and recorded Buddha's teachings on thousands of rock pillars.
|-
|Assembly of Centuries
|the group of representatives who approved new laws in the Roman republic
|-
|Assembly of Tribes
|the governing entity that held the election of representatives
|-
|[[Ashoka]]
|Emperor of the Mauryan Empire of India (273-232 B.C.). Upset by the horrors of war (despite winning), he converted to Buddhism and recorded Buddha's teachings on thousands of rock pillars.
|-
|Aztecs
|An aggressive type of people from Central Mexico who adopted many legends and customs from their ancestors. They built a capital city called Tenochtitlan, and established three causeways to connect it to the mainland.
|-
|-
|[[Bantu]]
|Over 400 tribes in Africa that share the Bantu language and common customs.
|-
|[[Barracks Emperors]]
|A series of Roman emperors (235-284 AD) who used the Roman army as a base for political power. These emperors usually had a poor, rural background.
|-
|[[Battle of Marathon]]
|In August 490 B.C., King Darius I of Persia brought his army to the plains of Marathon to invade Athens. Despite being outnumbered ten to one, the Athenian army defeated the Persians.
|-
|Battle of Chalons
|451 BC: one of the bloodiest battles in world history and the last major victory of the Roman empire, when it defeated Attila the Hun in what is now France; Attila returned later for revenge and could have looted Rome
|-
|[[Bhagavad Gita]]
|A section of the Mahabharata, the Bhagavad Gita is an ancient Hindu text written in Sanskrit which consists of Krishna's writings on philosophy and morality.
|-
|[[Breda]]
|Became one of the leaders of the Hun, but was killed by his power-hungry brother, Attila the Hun.
|-
|[[Caesar's Commentaries]]
|A history by Julius Caesar describing the wars he fought.
|-
|[[Caligula]]
|A Roman emperor, ruling from 37 AD to 41 AD, who is historically depicted as a brutal monster, and who was so hated that he was murdered by his own guards.
|-
|[[Canaan]]
|The geographical area that encompasses modern-day Israel, the West Bank and a portion of land east of the Jordan River.
|-
|[[Canon of the Medicine]]
|Book written by Ibn Sina during the Golden Age of Islam describing many diseases and their causes.
|-
|[[Catal Huyuk]]
|An ancient settlement in southern Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey.
|-
|[[Catholic Monarchs]]
|The title given by Pope Alexander VI to King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, whose marriage in 1469 unified Spain led to its conversion back to a Catholic nation from Islam (the "Reconquest").
|-
|[[Cato the Censor]]
|A Roman statesman who during the Punic War called for the destruction of Carthage.
|-
|[[Champollion, Jean]]
|Jean Champollion (1790-1832) is the father of Egyptology (the study of Egypt), and who translated a portion of the Rosetta Stone.
|-
|[[Chandragupta Maurya]]
|The founder of the Mauryan Empire in India who ruled between 320 and 293 B.C. The first Indian emperor to be converted to Jainism, he eventually renounced his throne and joined a group of nomadic Jain monks.
|-
|[[Christian Catacombs]]
|Ancient, secret underground burial places for Christians, which served as secret passageways for Christians to meet and worship God together.
|-
|[[Cicero]]
|A Roman consul, statesman, lawyer, philosopher and author. After Julius Caesar's assassination, Cicero was one of the most powerful politicians in Rome, and was Mark Antony's rival.
|-
|[[Cincinnatus]]
|A Roman hero for whom the city of Cincinnati, Ohio is named. In 458 B.C., he raised an army in Rome and came to the aid of the consul Minucius and his men, who were trapped by the Aequians. Cincinnatus also voluntarily giving up power, surpassed only by George Washington in that respect.
|-
|[[Claudius]]
|Roman emperor who became ruler after his nephew Caligula's assassination, he ruled from 41-54 AD, when he was poisoned by his wife Agrippina. Britain came under Roman rule during his reign, and his edict expelling the Jews from Rome is mentioned in the Book of Acts in the Bible.
|-
|[[Cleopatra]]
|Seven Egyptian queens of Greek decent that ruled from 193 BC until 30 BC during the Ptolemaic Dynasty. The most famous, Cleopatra VII Philopator, Egypt's last independent ruler, had affairs with both Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
|An elaborate code of law created by Hammurabi that called for harsh punishment, such as an eye for an eye, a foot for a foot.
|-
|[[Confucianism]]
|A Chinese ethical and moral philosophy based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius that focuses on human morality and right action. It has had a significant influence on the development on the culture and history of East Asia.
|-
|[[Constitutional monarchy]]
|A government with a constitution that acknowledges a monarch as head of state with varying degrees of influence in the running of the country. Countries with constitutional monarchies include the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Denmark, the Netherlands and Spain.
|-
|[[consul]]
|An elected governmental position in ancient Rome that held executive authority and military command of the Roman republic.
|-
|[[Copts]]
|The Coptic Church originated in Egypt around 50 AD when St. Mark the Evangelist traveled to Alexandria, and is one of the oldest Christian denominations. Its leader is the Patriarch of Alexandria, who is called Pope.
|-
|[[Covenant]]
|An oath or promise.
|-
|[[Cynicism]]
|A Greek philosophy founded by Antisthenes (444 BC - 365 BC) that rejects worldly pleasure in favor of happiness derived from virtue.
|-
|[[Cyrus]]
|A Persian emperor (576 BC – 529 BC) who conquered Babylon and sent the Jews back to Israel.
|-
|[[Darius]]
|A Persian emperor (521 BC – 486 BC) who quelled the Ionian Revolt and invaded Greece, but was forced to withdraw at the Battle of Marathon.
|-
|[[Delian League]]
|A confederation during the Persian Wars controlled by Athens, and consisting of Athens and other Greek city-states and Aegean towns. Its navy helped defend Greece from Persia.
|-
|[[Demosthenes (Greek statesman)|Demosthenes]]
|A ancient Greek statesman who spoke against Philip II of Macedonia in speeches that came to be known as "Philippics". He also attempted to convince Greeks to rise up against Macedonian rule after the death of Philip's son, Alexander the Great.
|-
|[[Diadochi]]
|After the death of Alexander the Great, his empire was partitioned among the rivalling generals of his army, the so-called diadochi ("successors").
|-
|[[Diocletian]]
|The last Barrack Emperor of Rome, he ruled from 284-305 AD. He divided the Roman Empire into eastern and western regions in an attempt to save the empire, and formed a tetrarchy of four rulers, two for each region. He required the military to worship the Roman pagan gods, making it impossible for Christians to be soldiers, and persecuted them.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|Tribes that settled in Greece between 1100 BC and 1000 BC, and had a military ruling class, which persisted in Sparta and Crete even after democracy was established in Athens. These tribes created the simplest style of Greek architecture, known as the Doric order, which consisted of unadorned, straight columns.
|-
|Draco
|a tyrant in Athens during the early Greek empire (600s B.C.) who established a set of written laws that were so strict that the term "draconian" today refers to overly harsh rules of punishment
|-
|[[Dravidians]]
|Dravidians are the people of southern India and Sri Lanka who speak the Dravidian languages and are found in the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka.
|-
|[[Empress Lu]]
|The wife of the Chinese emperor Han Gaozu, who after her husband's death had all other possible heirs murdered and installed her son as emperor, ruling as regent until her death.
|-
|[[Epicureanism]]
|A philosophy founded by Epicurus in the late 4th century that holds the belief that great happiness is achievable through the avoidance of pain and fear. It does not believe in divine power interacting with humanity.
|-
|[[Etruscans]]
|People who settled in the Italian peninsula prior to 700 BC. Most Etruscan cities ran on a democratic-style system. Their culture influenced the later Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Euripides]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 480-406.
|-
|[[Exodus]]
|The abrupt departure of the people of Israel from Egypt, as told in the Book of Exodus in the Bible.
|-
|[[Ezana]]
|Ezana was the king of Axum, in Africa, ruling from AD 330-350. He was the first Christian king in Africa.
|-
|[[Five Good Emperors]]
|Five consecutive Roman emperors who ruled between 96 AD to 180 AD and were elected due to talent rather than family connections.
|-
|[[foraging society]]
|A pre-farming economy based upon scavenging, hunting, and gathering resources.
|-
|[[Four Emperors Era]]
|A series of Roman emperors who ruled in quick succession in 68-69 AD.
|-
|[[Franks]]
|A Germanic people that, beginning in the 4th century AD, eventually conquered the areas of France, Benelux, Belgium, The Netherlands and portions of Germany.
|-
|[[Gaul]]
|The Roman name for the area comprising modern-day France and Belgium, and parts of northern Italy, western Switzerland and Germany, and the Netherlands. This area was under Roman rule for most of its existence.
|-
|[[Golden mean]]
|Is considered the middle between two extremes in philosophy.
|-
|[[Great Canal]]
|A canal that connected the Nile River to the Red Sea, built during the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.
|-
|[[Hadrian]]
|The third of the "Five Good Emperors" of the Roman Empire, Hadrian ruled from AD 117 to 138 and had two main achievements: he ended Rome's costly territorial expansion, fortifying her boundaries with numerous "Walls of Hadrian," and he effectively "Hellenized" Rome by anointing Athens the empire’s cultural center, thereby enhancing learning.
|-
|[[Han empire]]
|was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms.
|-
|[[Harappa]]
|A city that is part of the Indus Valley Civilization. It is part of modern Pakistan
|-
|[[Hatshepsut]]
|Originally a regent for her son, Thutmose III, Hatshepsut was the longest reigning female ruler of Egypt. She ruled during the eighth dynasty from 1479-1458 B.C. She established trade networks for Egypt and thus collected most of the wealth of the eighth dynasty. She was eventually dethroned when her son took power at the age of 22. Her monuments are the Temple of Karnak, Deirle-Bahri, and Speos Artemidos.
|-
|[[Hellenistic culture]]
|Greek culture after the death of Alexander in 323 B.C., when Greek influence extended throughout the territory he conquered; Hellenistic culture was renowned for its strict code of ethics, its culinary prowess, and its use of metal.
|-
|[[heliocentric]]
|Recognizing that the Sun ("helio" is Greek for "sun"), and not Earth, is the center of solar system.
|-
|[[Helot]]
|A person from the class of serfs in the city-state of Sparta (700s - 300s B.C.) in ancient Greece.
|-
|[[Herodotus]]
|Greek historian (484 to 425 BC), the "father of history". His book is simply called ''Histories'' and describes the Persian Wars.
|-
|[[Hiram]]
|The Phoenician king of Tyre. Ruled from 980-947 B.C.
|-
|[[Hittites]]
|An ancient people in the Middle East that gained control of most of Mesopotamia in 1650 B.C. due to their advanced inventions, such as horse-drawn chariots.
|-
|[[Horace]]
|The leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus, lived from 65-8 B.C.
|-
|[[humanism]]
|Thee Greek emphasis on reason, ethics and rational thinking rather than religion.
|-
|[[Hyksos]]
|Refers to a people who entered - possibly forcibly - into Egypt, and built their capital at Avaris in the Nile Delta area in about 1648 B.C.
|-
|[[Ides (of March)]]
|The 15th of March, May, July and October in the ancient Roman calendar. The 13th is the ides of all the other months. Julius Caesar was murdered on the ides of March.
|-
|[[Imperator]]
|A title first used by Octavian (Augustus Caesar), literally meaning in Latin “general” or “commander”, giving him power over the entire army.
|-
|[[Iron Smelting]]
|A technology comprised of the extraction of usable metal from iron ore.
|-
|[[Iliad]]
|a great Greek work of literature written by Homer in the 800s or 700s B.C., describing the mythical Trojan War
|-
|Incas
|a member of any of the dominant groups of South American Indian peoples who established an empire in Peru prior to the Spanish conquest.
|-
|[[Indo-European]]
|A very general classification of peoples that includes all the way from India to Egypt.
|-
|[[Jericho]]
|A city in Israel by the Jordan River. Mentioned extensively in the Bible. Joshua and the Israelites marched around this city and blew trumpets in order to destroy it and to reach the promised land.
|-
|[[Josephus]]
| Flavius Josephus AD 37-101 Jewish general and historian who took part in the Jewish revolt against the Romans and later worked for a Roman patron.
|-
|[[Judaism]]
|The monotheistic religion of the Hebrews, also the oldest religion that remains currently active.
|-
|[[Kami]]
|Spirits in the Shinto religion that reside in prominent natural features and people. Shrines are often built to Kami.
|-
|[[Kassites]]
|Led by their king [[Agumkakrine]], they took advantage of the [[Hittite]] raid of 1595 B.C. and occupied the [[Babylonian]] region, where they ruled for over 400 years.
|-
|[[Kautilya]]
|Advisor to Chaundragupta Maurya, wrote book
"Arthoshastra" on maintaining political power.
|-
|[[Khufu]]
|Egyptian pharaoh who had the pyramid of Giza built
|-
|[[Khyber Pass]]
|An important break in the mountains between Pakistan and Afghanistan, pivotal in military campaigns by Alexander the Great, Aryans, Muslims, and later the British, who had to overcome defensive positions taken from above by local tribesman.
|-
|[[Kush]]
|Was part of a larger region called Nubia.
|-
|[[Larger Vehicle]]
|a form of Buddhism practiced in China, Korea, Japan and Tibet, teaching how to attain full enlightenment for the sake of others. (Also known as Mahayana Buddhism.)
|-
|[[Last Roman Emperor]]
| The last ruler of the Roman Empire was Romulus Augustus, who ruled from October of AD 475 to September of AD 476
|-
|legalism
|Legalism is the excessive adherence to law or formula.
|-
|[[Legions]]
|Legions were the principal unit of the Roman army comprising 3,000 to 6,000 foot soldiers and cavalry in addition to the foot soldiers.
|-
|[[Lesser Vehicle]]
|in Buddhism, describes how to attain freedom from one's own suffering.
|-
|[[Livy]]
|A Roman historian (59 BC - 17 AD) who wrote a monumental history of Rome from its beginnings to his day.
|-
|[[Loess]]
|A type of soil derived form glacial deposits consisting of fine yellow silt that is extremely crumbly. The silt from Loess Plateau of north-west China, carried along by the Yellow River, has given that river its distinctive name.
|-
|[[Magadha]]
|Led Aryans to join and try to repel the Persians.
|-
|[[Mahayana]]
|the later of the two great schools of Buddhism, chiefly in China, Tibet, and Japan, characterized by eclecticism and a general belief in a common search for salvation, sometimes thought to be attainable through faith alone.
|-
|[[Manichaeism]]
|A belief system teaching that there exists two separate, opposite and equally ultimate Principles: the Light and the Darkness.
|-
|[[Marathon]]
|A small town about 26 miles from Athens where the Greeks won a key battle against the Persians in 490 B.C., and a messenger ran the distance to deliver the news to Athens, inspiring the modern marathon race today.
|-
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]
|Roman emperor from AD 161 to 180. Marcus Aurelius was also a philosopher, a Stoic, and wrote a famous book, ''Meditations''.
|-
|[[Marius]]
|Roman general and consul: opponent of Lucius Cornelius Sulla.
|-
|[[Masada]]
|a mountaintop fortress in East Israel on the South West shore of the Dead Sea: site of Zealots' last stand against the Romans during revolt of AD 66–73.
|-
|[[Menes]]
|Was a legendary Pharoah of Egypt from somewhere between 3100-2850 BC.
|-
|[[Meroe]]
|a ruined city in Sudan, on the Nile, NE of Khartoum: a capital of ancient Ethiopia that was destroyed AD c350.
|-
|[[Mesolithic Age]]
|Before the beginning of recorded history in 3500 B.C., when humans changed from hunting and gathering food to producing food, as in planting and farming.
|-
|[[Minoan Civilization]]
|A civilization that flourished on the island of Crete from around the 27th century B.C., to the 15th century B.C.
|-
|Moche
|A South American civilization that existed in northern Peru from AD 100-800
|-
|[[Moksha]]
|Means liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth in the Hindu religion.
|-
|[[monsoons]]
|Tropical storms, particularly in the climate of India, where the "southwest monsoon" occurs from about mid-June to the first week in October, and consists of winds carrying heavy rainfall from the Indian Ocean and resulting in widespread flooding
|-
|[[Mount Sinai]]
|A 7,498 foot mountain, located in Southern Sinai, now part of modern Egypt.The location where Moses received the Ten Commandments from God.
|-
|[[Muhammad Ali]]
|Muhammad Ali was a professional boxer during the 1960’s and 70’s he was perhaps the most famous Muslim of the western world at this time. During the Vietnam war he refused to be drafted because it was not a “holy war.”
|-
|[[Mycenaean Civilization]]
|Was an early Indo-European civilization of Greece.
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar I]]
|was the emperor of the Babylonian Empire from 1146 to 1123 BC.
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar II]]
| Lived from 635 BC- 562 BC, was King of the Chaldeans and final conqueror of the Southern Kingdom of Israel, called "Judah." He was the first of many heads of state of foreign superpowers to come to a possibly salvific knowledge of God.
|-
|[[Neolithic Age]]
|The last part of the Stone Age (neo = "new", lithic = "of/like stone"), before the invention of metallurgy. It immediately preceded the rise of the first civilizations.
|-
|[[Nero]]
| Was the Emperor of Rome from AD 54-68. He blamed the great fire of Rome on the Christians who were unpopular due to their belief in one God.
|-
|[[Nerva]]
|Roman emperor from AD 96 to 98. Following the turmoils after Nero's death, he stood at the beginning of a long peaceful and prosperous time in the history of the Roman empire.
|-
|[[Nile River]]
|A river that ran throughout all of Egypt and fueled its entire agricultural and economic system.
|-
|[[Nineveh]]
|The capital of Assyria, seized and destroyed by the Chaldeans in 612 B.C.
|-
|[[Nok culture]]
|The African culture where the people created the first terracotta production as well as iron-smelting technology.
|-
|[[Oath of the Hindu Physician]]
|Oath requiring, among other things, that doctors not to drink alcohol and to have an honest doctor-patient relationship.
|-
|[[Octavian]]
|Also known as Augustus Caesar (63 BC - AD 14) was the first Roman emperor. He was originally called Gaius Octavius Thurinus until he changed it after being adopted by Julius Caesar in 44 B.C.
|-
|[[Odyssey]]
|The Odyssey was an epic poem written by the [[Greek]] poet [[Homer]]. It traces the journey home to Greece by a hero of the Trojan war and the troubles he faces at the hands of gods and men.
|-
|[[Olmec]]
|The first major Pre-Columbian civilization in Mexico
|-
|oracle bone
|First concrete evidence that the Shang Dynasty really existed. They were generally used as medicine by grinding them up into powder but they were also used to write on.
|-
|[[Origen]]
|was an early Christian philosopher, who lived in the East, and especially in Alexandria
|-
|[[Ostrogoths]]
|Were a Germanic tribe influential in the last days of the Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Ovid]]
|Ovid or Publius Ovidius Naso was a famous Roman poet, known for his Heroides, Amores, Ars Amatoria, and Metamorphosis. He lived from 43 BC to 17 AD
|-
|[[Paleolithic Age]]
| Is the name given by atheists to the first part of the Stone age, followed by the Neolithic Age. During the Paleolithic Age, atheists believe people harvested wild plants and animals for food.
|-
|[[papyrus]]
|A thin parchment constructed from reeds near the Nile River
|-
|pariah
|An outcast or any person or animal that is despised.
|-
|[[Parthenon]]
| The Parthenon is a celebrated marble temple of Athene, on the Acropolis at Athens. It was of the pure Doric order, and has had an important influence on art.
|-
|[[patricians]]
|A patrician is a person of high honor or rank.
|-
|Pericles
|493-429 BC: a fabulous orator, he led Athens during its Golden Age (between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars), and expanded democracy: "Government in the hands of the many, not of the few," he said.
|-
|[[Peru]]
|Peru is a country in South America with a rich history. Once dominated by the Incas, Peru fell to the Spanish in the 16th Century.
|-
|[[Petra]]
|Petra was an ancient city that lasted from some time in 6th century B.C. to 360 AD when an earthquake destroyed their water supply. The city is famous for its buildings carved in red sandstone and given the name the pink city. Also Indiana Jones was filmed there.
|-
|[[phalanx]]
|common Greek military formation, which is rectangular
|-
|[[Philippides]]
|An athlete sent by Athens to run 150 miles to Sparta as they needed help in their battle against Persia, where they were outnumbered 10 to 1. His remarkable ability continues to inspire ambitious joggers today.
|-
|[[Philo]]
|(20 BC - 50 AD) was a Jewish historian from Alexandria in the first century. He combined Judaism and Greek philosophy.
|-
|[[pictograph]]
|A pictorial symbol for a word or phrase. Pictographs are the foundation for cuneiform and hieroglyphics, having been discovered in Egypt and Mesopotamia from before 3000 B.C.
|-
|[[Pisistratids]]
|Was a ruler of Athens around 570 B.C.
|-
|[[plebian]]
|A Plebian was one of the lower classes in the early Roman world, such as small farmers and shopkeepers, similar to a commoner in Medieval Europe. This status was inherited in ancient Rome, though it could change through marriage or (rarely) promotion.
|-
|[[Plutarch]]
|(46 to 127 AD.)Was a Greek historian, philosopher, biographer, and priest.

|-
|[[praetors]]
|one of a number of elected magistrates charged chiefly with the administration of civil justice and ranking next below a consul.
|-
|[[Poseidon]]
|The god of the sea, rivers, floods, droughts, earthquakes, and the creator of horses; known as the "Earth Shaker". He is a son of Cronus and Rhea and brother to Zeus and Hades. In classical artwork, he was depicted as a mature man of sturdy build with a dark beard, and holding a trident.
|-
|[[Prehistory]]
|Before 3400 B.C.
|-
|purdah
|The seclusion of women from the sight of men or strangers. Purdah is practiced most in the Muslim and Hindu religions.
|-
|[[Pythagorus]]
|A Greek philosopher mathematician (569-475 B.C.), best known for his Pythagorean Theorem which equates the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle to the sum of the squares of each side. His philosophy included abstracting 2 ships + 2 ships = 4 ships to the more general truth that 2 of anything plus 2 of anything = 4 of anything.
|-
|[[Ramayana]]
| A Sandskrit epic, depicting the life and adventures of Ramachandra.
|-
|[[Ramses II]]
| Ramses II was the king of Egypt. His reign is remembered by his constant war with the Hittites.
|-
|[[Rembrandt]]
| A Dutch painted who lived from 1606-1669 AD
|-
|[[Rig Veda]]
|A collection of over one thousand hymns that date back to as early as two thousand B.C.
|-
|[[Romance of Three Kingdoms]]
|Is a novel written by Luo Guanzhong in the Han Dynasty when it fell into disorganization. (AD 220-280)
|-
|[[Romulus and Remus]]
|Rome obtained its name from Romulus and Remus, who were twins, and by legend the the sons of Mars who were rescued from death by a mother wolf after his uncle threw him into the Tiber river out of jealousy.
|-
|[[rule of tyrants]]
|during the early Greek empire in the 600s, a series of tyrants ruled Athens. One was "Draco", who imposed the same penalty of death for every crime, no matter how minor!
|-
|[[Saint Patrick]]
|Born in Wales and grew up in England. Later traveled to Ireland and converted the Celts there to Christianity in the mid-400s AD
|-
|[[Sanctuary]]
|Medieval right of criminals on the run to enter churches and be untouchable by authorities.
|-
|[[Sargon the Great]]
|The first person in recorded history to create an empire or multi-ethnic state.
|-
|[[Sati (Buddhism)]]
|Mindfulness, self-collectedness, powers of reference and retention. In some contexts, the word sati when used alone covers alertness
|-
|[[Satrap]]
|Local governors established in distant lands by the powerful Persian ruler Cyrus
|-
|[[Saxons]]
|Were a Germanic tribe, eventually settling in England and North Western France.
|-
|[[Schliemann, Heinrich]]
|German archeologist who was an excavator of Troy. His work supported the idea that Homer's Iliad and Virgil's Aeneid reflected real historical events.
|-
|[[Scipio]]
|(236 BC -183 BC) Was the Roman General during the Second Punic War who brought about the final defeat of Carthage at the Battle of Zama in 202 B.C.
|-
|[[Seneca]]
|Roman philosopher (a [[Stoicism|Stoic]]), statesman and playwright; teacher of [[Nero]]. BC 4 - AD 65.
|-
|[[Shang dynasty]]
|Was a major ancient Chinese dynasty from about 1766 to 1122 BC. Built cities in northern China along the Yellow River. It consisted of city-states which were often at war with one another.
|-
|[[Shang Yang]]
|Was a Chinese statesman and philosopher. He promoted Legalism, which was like the divine right of kings in the West.
|-
|[[Shi]]
|A scholar class created by the Han dynasty
|-
|[[Shiva]]
|In Hinduism, Shiva "the Destroyer" is the third member of the Trimurti, or the "Hindu triad", along with Brahma "the Creator" and Vishnu "the Preserver".
|-
|[[Slavs]]
|Slavic people who settled the Steppe and cultivated the soil in AD 100. They lived in tribes and villages and were vulnerable to nomadic fighters like the Huns. They established a trade city known as Kiev which exists to this day.
|-
|[[Solon]]
| Solon was an Athenian statesman who introduced economic, political, and legal reforms.
|-
|[[Sophocles]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 497-406.
|-
|[[Steppes]]
|Steppes are large areas of flat unforested grassland in southeastern Europe or Siberia.
|-
|[[stirrup]]
|a metal frame for each foot when riding a horse; invented in China in 322 BC and used to great advantage in battle, because they make it easier to control the horse and shoot arrows with accuracy
|-
|[[Stoicism]]
| The second of the two main Greek philosophical schools of thought. Stoicism sought to find a sense of divine justice, deemphasizing pain and pleasure for the goal of reason, logic, and self discipline.
|-
|[[Stone age]]
|The stone age is believed to be at time before men had metal working skills in our prehistory. Young Earth Creationists dispute the exsistence of a stone age rather there were stone working cultures.
|-
|[[Stupa]]
|An ornate Buddhist dome-like stone structure originally built to cover items believed to be relics of the Buddha.
|-
|[[Sulla]]
| (138-78 BC) was a Roman general and dictator during the Republican period. He won Rome's first civil war. Reforms during his time gave the Senate more power.
|-
|Sunna
|d
|-
|[[Sumuabum]]
|Was an Amorite king who established a Babylonian Kingdom in 1894 BC.
|-
|[[Suttee]]
|An ancient Hindu practice in India where a wife sacrifices herself upon her husband's funeral pyre. Outlawed by the British Raj.
|-
|[[Tacitus]]
| (AD 55-120) Was the Roman author of Histories, Annals, and Germania, describing first century Rome. His work chronicles Nero's blaming of the Christians for the fire in Rome and the resulting large scale persecution of Christians that ensued.
|-
|[[Taj Mahal]]
|A marble memorial located in Agra, India. It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, Queen Mumtaz Mahal, who died in childbirth.
|-
|[[The Tale of Gengi]]
|The world's first psychological novel. Was written in the 1000s and about Japanese culture.
|-
|Teotihuacan
|Known as "City of the gods," Teotihuacan (AD 100-900) was perhaps the most powerful and largest city-state in Mesoamerica. They worshiped many gods and lived in barrios (suburbs or ghettos) around the city.
|-
|[[terra cotta]]
|A hard fired clay, distinctively brownish-red colored traditionally used for architectural purposes, especially ornamental, and for pottery and sculpture.
|-
|Terracotta army
|when Shia Huandgi (the first emperor of China) died in 210 B.C he was buried with an army of life sized terracotta warriors, which all had different expressions on their carved faces.
|-
|[[Thales]]
|Thales of Miletus (ca. 624 BC–ca. 546 BC) was the first Greek philosopher. He successfully predicted the solar eclipse of 585 BC and posited that water was the basic principle of all matter in the world.
|-
|[[Thales of Melitus]]
|a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who tried to explain natural phenomena without the use of mythology; was regarded by Aristotle as the first |philosopher in the Greek tradition.
|-
|[[Theravada]]
| Oldest surviving Buddhist school, founded in India
|-
|[[Thirty Years' War]]
|A religious conflict as Catholic states sought to suppress Protestantism. It began as a fight between Bohemian Protestants and Hapsburg Catholics in 1618, and soon became a political conflict for power that included Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Sweden, and the Habsburg dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire. The war ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.
|-
|[[Thutmos III]]
|The 6th Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. The first 22 of years of his reign he was co-regent with his stepmother, Hatshepsut. Reigned from 1479 BC to 1425 BC;
|-
|[[Tiber River]]
|One of the longest Italian rivers, over 250 miles long, it flows through the city of Rome.
|-
|[[Tiberius]]
|a tyrannical Roman emperor who reigned from AD 14-37
|-
|[[Tigris and Euphrates]]
|Two rivers where civilization began in [[Mesopotamia]] before 3500 B.C., as described in the Book of [[Genesis]] and also confirmed by non-biblical sources.
|-
|[[Titus and Domitian]]
|The two sons of Emperor Vespasian. Titus ruled from AD 79–81; Domitian ruled from AD 81-96.
|-
|Toltecs
|AD 900-1200: a northern Mexican nomadic tribe that ruled about 50 miles north of present-day Mexico City, in a city called Tula
|-
|[[Torah]]
|the Jewish name for the first five books of the Bible, meaning Law.
|-
|[[Trajan]]
|Was a Roman Emperor from 98 to 117 AD and the second of the Five Good Emperors.
|-
|[[Tribal Assembly]]
|Was a Roman assembly of plebians & patricians, composed of members of 35 various Roman tribes
|-
|[[Triumvirate]]
|A triumvirate is a system of governance led by 3 leaders. The two most important triumvirates of ancient times were those of Rome: one led by Julius Caesar, Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great") and Marcus Crassus; the other led by Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. It was the failings of these triumvirates that lead to the downfall of the Republic, and the emergence of the Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Untouchables]]
|People at the very bottom of the Hindu caste system. Their Hindi name is "Dalits." Under the system,these people literally are not be touched because they are considered to be so undesirable.
|-
|[[Upanishads]]
|Hindu scriptures that describe reincarnation. Written in Sanskrit, they predate the teachings of Buddha by several centuries.
|-
|[[Ur]]
|Important city-state in Mesopotamia
|-
|[[Vandals]]
|Eastern Germanic tribe that sacked Rome in AD 455. Sweeping through Gaul and Spain they finally settled in North Africa. The Spanish region of Andalusia is named after them.
|-
|[[Vergil]]
|Writer of Famous Roman Mythology "The Aeneid."
|-
|[[Vespasian]]
|a Roman Emperor (AD 70-79), also the general in charge of putting down the Jewish revolt near the end of the AD 60s
|-
|[[Xenephos]]
|(435-354 B.C.) Was historian, philosopher, and military commander, born at Athens, son of an Athenian of good position; was a pupil and friend of Socrates.
|-
|[[Xenophon]]
|Famous Greek writer, Writer of renowned historical work "The Anabasis."
|-
|[[Xerxes]]
|A Persian king in the 5th century BC who attacked and conquered much of Greece, before being defeated in a naval battle in the Battle of Salamis and forced to withdraw back to Babylon
|-
|[[Zealots]]
|A group of Jews in the 1st century AD who sought the violent overthrow and expulsion of Rome from Israel. Their most famous battle (and defeat) came at Masada, a mountain fortress that still holds spiritual significance for Israel today.
|-
|[[Zeno]]
|a Greek philosopher who proposed Paradoxes, such as how a destination is never reached if the traveler goes half the distance to the goal an infinite number of times.
|-
|}
 
[[Category:World History lectures]]

World History Homework Four Answers - Student 8

2011-10-20T16:55:13Z

Wh: Created page with "Maddie N. 6. Enter 3 terms and descriptions into the online Study Guide (5 terms and descriptions are worth two questions). I added 5 terms to the study guide: Ezana Petra Dravi..."

Maddie N.
6. Enter 3 terms and descriptions into the online Study Guide (5 terms and descriptions are worth two questions).
I added 5 terms to the study guide:
Ezana
Petra
Dravidians
Qin Dynasty
Red Sea
4. Explain what Pax Romana was.
Pax Roman (Roman Peace) was a time of no wars in Rome from 27B.C.- A.D.180. it was during the time of strong rulers such as Augustus (Octavian) Caesar.
1. Who is your favorite Roman emperor, and why?
Augustus (Octavian) Caesar the first emperor of Rome is my favorite Roman Emporor. During his time, there was peace. He was not a very cruel ruler like some of his successors. He lived from B.C. 63 to 14 AD and reigned from 27 B.C. to A.D.14

World History Study Guide to 1648

2011-10-20T16:53:27Z

Wh:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Description
|-
|[[Abraham]]
|2000 BC: father of Jewish people, made a covenant with God; Arabs claim descendance from Abraham's son Ishmael.
|-
|[[acropolis]]
|part of a Greek city-state that is built on a hilltop for easy defense. Example: where the democratic assembly met in Athens.
|-
|[[Plato's Academy|the Academy]]
|Founded by the Greek philosopher Plato in 387 BC, this was the world's first great center of learning.
|-
|[[Aesop]]
|a Greek writer famous for writing ''[[Aesop's Fables]]'' around 600 BC, such as "The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing," to teach life lessons
|-
|[[Alexander the Great]]
|356-323 BC: born to Philip II of Macedon and tutored by [[Aristotle]]. Conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia, and more, but not India. Alexander's conquests spread Greek culture and language, helping the future expansion of [[Christianity]].
|-
|[[Alexandria]]
|City in Egypt captured by Alexander the Great and then "Hellenized" (made Greek-like). Known for its famous library.
|-
|[[Allah]]
|The god of the [[Islamic]] religion. Followers of Allah are called Muslims.
|-
|[[Analects]]
|a record of the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius, written and compiled by his disciples circa 400-300 BC
|-
|[[Ancient world]]
|civilizations before the fall of the Western [[Roman Empire]] in AD 476
|-
|''[[Aeneid]]''
|a fictional epic poem, describing how a wandering [[Trojan]] became the ancestor of the [[Romans]], written by the great Roman poet [[Virgil]].
|-
|Anglo-Saxon
|refers both to the people of England from AD 449-1066 who came from Germanic tribes, and to their Old English language
|-
|[[Anselm]]
|a medieval Christian philosopher who founded scholasticism and developed an "ontological" proof for the existence of God based on degrees of perfection.
|-
|[[Archimedes]]
|287–212 BC: Greek mathematician and engineer. Discovered Archimedes' Principle, invented "Archimedes' screw," and built defenses against the Romans for his city of Syracuse; killed by the Romans.
|-
|[[archons]]
|Aristocratic officials elected by the Athenian government to make the laws; later overtook by tyrants who rose to power in the 600s BC
|-
|[[Arianism]]
|a heresy (false doctrine) claiming that Jesus was not God
|-
|[[aristocracy]]
|rule by the wealthy and privileged, rather than by democracy
|-
|[[Aristotle]]
|384-322 BC: Greek [[philosopher]], student of [[Plato]] and tutor to Alexander the Great. Emphasized the value of experience, and founded the Lyceum (a school resembling a university with specimens and a library)
|-
|[[Art of War]]
|first book on military strategy, written by Chinese philosopher Sun Tzu, having insights like "If ignorant both of your enemy and yourself, you are certain to be in peril."
|-
|[[Assyrian Empire]]
|1400-605 BC: was first dependent on Babylonia, then became an independent state, and finally an empire. Known for cruelty, especially to the Hebrews. Captured northern Kingdom of Israel in 722 BC.
|-
|[[Athens]]
|birthplace of democracy in 509 BC, Athens was a Greek city-state previously ruled by aristocrats. It defeat invading Persians.
|-
|[[Attila the Hun]]
|(AD 406-453): last and greatest ruler of the Huns, called the "Scourge of God"; almost defeated the Roman empire but was talked out of looting Rome by Pope Leo I.
|-
|[[Augustus Caesar]]
|the first Roman Emperor (27 BC-14 AD), whose name was Octavian; he took power away from the Roman Senate, he began "Pax Romana" (peaceful prosperity), and he was the emperor when Jesus was born
|-
|[[Aztecs]]
| A fierce type of people (AD 1200-1521), also known as "the Mexica," from Central Mexico who built a glorious capital city titled Tenochtitlan, and established three causeways to connect it to the mainland.
|-
|[[Babylon]]
|the major Mesopotamian city in the ancient Middle East, its greatest ruler was Hammurabi. Babylon developed Cuneiform, used base-60 numbers, defeated ancient Sumer about 2000 BC, and was later cruel to Hebrews.
|-
|[[Babylonia]]
|State and empire created by Babylon. First empire existed from 1900-1600 BC, later reemerged as the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 625-538 BC
|-
|[[Babylonian Exile]]
|Period of time from 597 to 538 BC, during which the Israelites were kept as prisoners in Babylon.
|-
|[[barbarian]]
|any "uncivilized" (not Roman), unshaven, ruthless warriors who would attack and invade ancient Rome (name "barbarus" means "bearded").
|-
|[[Battle of Tours]]
|Pivotal victory against the Muslims (732); led by Charles "the Hammer" of the Germanic people known as the "Franks".
|-
|B.C.E./[[C.E.]]
|anti-Christian terms for B.C./A.D., whereby "Before Common Era (B.C.E.)" replaces "Before Christ (B.C.)", and "Common Era (C.E.)" replaces "In the Year of Our Lord (A.D.)"
|-
|[[Bible]]
|Collection of Hebrew (Old Testament) and Christian (New Testament) Scriptures. Foretells the coming of a Messiah for the Hebrews, and recounts ancient history including the Tower of Babel and the Great Flood.
|-
|[[Brahman/Brahmin]]
|Brahman is the ultimate god or existence in Hinduism, of which all existence is a part; "Brahmin" means the highest class for families in the Hindu caste system
|-
|[[Bronze Age]]
|2500-1200 BC: when bronze was used for jewelry, tools, utensils, weapons; this eventually enabled the introduction of the plow for easier farming.
|-
|[[Buddha]]
|"Awakened One" in Buddhism. Siddhartha Gautama was the first Buddha.
|-
|[[Buddhism]]
|A belief system which teaches that desire causes suffering and if desire is eliminated, enlightenment and Nirvana are attained.
|-
|[[Bushi]]
| Proficient, skilled generals from Japan who raised their own "samurai" soldiers to defend and protect their land.
|-
|[[Byzantine Empire]]
|It was the eastern part of the Roman empire, based in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey), which outlasted the Western half by 1000 years.
|-
|[[Caligula]]
|(AD 37-41) cruel and senseless Roman emperor, who even declared his horse to be a Roman Senator.
|-
|[[Carolingian Court]]
|Dynasty that started with Charles Martel and his descendants, including Charlemagne, whose revival of education became known as the Carolingian Renaissance. The crowning of Charlemagne in 800 is considered the birth of the "Holy Roman Empire", also known as the Carolingian empire.
|-
|[[Carthage]]
|An ancient city on the coast of northern Africa (across the Mediterranean Sea from Italy) which fought against Rome in the three Punic Wars, which left Carthage destroyed, never to be rebuilt again.
|-
|[[caste]]
|the social rank in Hinduism: Brahmins are priests and scholars, Kshatriya are rulers, Vaishya are peasants, and Shudra are serfs. Good karma enables one to improve his caste in the next life.
|-
|[[Celts]]
|A tribal, ancient people living in what is now Ireland and Great Britain, who worshiped many gods and had priests called "druids."
|-
|[[Chaldeans]]
|The ancient Babylonians
|-
|[[Chaldean Empire]]
|Ancient Babylonian Empire that lasted from 605-562 BC
|-
|[[Chandragupta Mauryan]]
|Built the largest Indian empire ever; he was a tough and strong dictator who defeated Greek general Seleucus in 322 BC, taking from him the portion of the Greek empire slightly north of India.
|-
|[[Charlemagne]]
|King of the Franks from AD 768-814, and Holy Roman Emperor after being crowned by the Pope in AD 800
|-
|[[Charles Martel]]
|Charles "the Hammer"; Christian ruler who led the Franks to a decisive victory against the Muslims in the Battle of Tours (AD 732)
|-
|[[Chivalry]]
|Code of behavior developed during feudalism; required loyalty to God, looking out for one another, and different roles for men and women
|-
|[[China]]
|One of the world's oldest major civilizations, with a tradition of philosophers rather than religious leaders
|-
|[[Christendom]]
| A massive church-state network that consisted of religious hierarchy and held influence over all of Europe during the Middle Ages.
|-
|[[Cicero]], Marcus Tullius
|Famous Roman orator, senator and lawyer who lived from 106-43 BC, and who opposed Marc Anthony.
|-
|[[city-states]]
|Small nations consisting of only a single city each, especially in ancient Greece. Examples included Sparta, Athens and Corinth. They fought each other, but also banned together to defeat the Persians when that great empire sought to absorb Greece.
|-
|[[civilization]]
|must have towns, social and government institutions, record-keeping systems for property, and an agricultural surplus so not everyone is farming
|-
|[[classical civilizations]]
|Ancient Mediterranean civilizations that were generally pre-Christian, such as Rome, Greece, and Egypt
|-
|[[classicism]]
|Near the end of the Middle Ages, a Renaissance movement in the arts, looking back to ancient Rome and Greece for inspiration
|-
|[[Cleisthenes]]
|Established democracy in Athens in 507 BC, giving all free men the right to vote
|-
|[[Cleopatra]]
|The queen of Egypt who reigned from 51-30 BC
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
|The code of Hammurabi was one of the first set of written laws. It was a harsh code that demanded an eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth.
|-
|[[Code of Manu]]
|Hindu law containing rules and codes of conduct. Written in 200 BC in India.
|-
|[[Colosseum]]
|A massive stadium in Rome that was used to hold gladiatorial contests, chariot racing and killing Christians and others for entertainment. Originally known as the Flavian Amphitheatre.
|-
|[[comedy]]
|In ancient Greece, a play with a happy ending. All classical plays were either a "comedy" or a "tragedy".
|-
|[[Confucius]]
|A famous Chinese philosopher who came up with many ideas about ethics and social conduct
|-
|[[Constantine|Constantine (the Great)]]
|The first Christian emperor of Rome who legalized Christianity, ended the persecution of Christians, and united the eastern with the western Roman empires
|-
|[[Constantinople]]
|Now named Istanbul, it was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire beginning in AD 330. Originally known as Byzantium.
|-
|[[Council of Nicaea]]
|AD 325, a council of bishops called by Constantine to obtain agreement on various aspects of Christianity (e.g., the Trinity) and to end heresies (e.g., Arianism).
|-
|[[Crusades]]
|(AD 1099-1204): a series of four major military expeditions by Christians to free Jerusalem and make it safe for pilgrimages, beginning with the successful First Crusade but later including the looting of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade.
|-
|[[cuneiform]]
|The earliest known form of writing. Consists of lines and dashes to represent different concrete things, such as fish.
|-
|[[Cynicism]]
|Greek philosophy emphasizing living life without worldly possessions, founded by Socrates' student Antisthenes.
|-
|[[Daimyo]]
|Japanese feudal lord. Smaller agricultural workers would function under them. Daimyos began their importance after a civil war in 1467.
|-
|Darius the Great
|the king of Persia (522-486 BC) and one of the greatest rulers of the Achaemenid dynasty, best known for his failed attempts to conquer Greece; in 492 a storm destroyed his fleet, and in 490 BC Athens defeated his army at Marathon
|-
|[[David]]
|Second king of Israel, as chosen by God, and an ancestor of Jesus Christ. He expanded the kingdom of Israel.
|-
|[[Delian League]]
|Formed in 477 BC as an alliance consisting of Athens and other Greek city-states to guard against the Persia (Achaemenid) empire after the Persian Wars; but Athens misused it to impose taxes and fund Athenian projects.
|-
|[[Dharma]]
|The laws of the religions of Buddhism and Hinduism
|-
|[[diaspora]]
|The migration or scattering of a people, especially the ancient Hebrews, away from their ancestral home.
|-
|[[Diocletian]]
| The Roman emperor who tried to save the empire of Rome by dividing it into eastern and western regions. He established the "tetrarchy" (rule by four), and ruled from AD 284 to 305.
|-
|[[direct democracy]]
|laws are made by votes of the citizens, rather than by elected officials. Athens of ancient Greece was the first direct democracy.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|[[Dravidians]]
|-
|tribes that settled Greece, 1100-1000 BC, having an oppressive military ruling class. The "Doric order" is the simplest form of Greek architecture, consisting of a straight column without any artistic trim at the top.
The lowest class of the Aryans, they were the children of mixed Aryans and not treated very well. They were people of Southern India and Sri Lanka
|-
|[[early agriculture]]
|crops such as grain being grown in places such as Egypt
|-
|[[Edict of Milan]]
|a political proclamation that legalized Christianity (and all other religions) throughout the Roman empire, issued by Constantine I in AD 313 after the Diocletian persecutions against Christians
|-
|[[Egypt]]
|One of the oldest civilizations in recorded history, going back to nearly 3000 BC
|-
|[[Eightfold Path]]
|The Buddhist way to end suffering and attain inner peace and contentment. It includes wisdom (right view and intention); ethics (right speech, action & livelihood); and mind (right effort, mindfulness & concentration).
|-
|[[Emperor]]
|A ruler or king of a country, such as Augustus Caesar as the first Roman emperor.
|-
|[[Enlightened One]]
|A translation of the name Buddha, in Buddhism
|-
|[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]
|A Sumerian (Mesopotamia) poem preserved on stone tablets with a story bearing great resemblance to Noah's Ark and the Great Flood
|-
|[[Euclid]]
|A Greek mathematician around 300 BC who developed geometry and wrote the ''Elements''.
|-
|[[Euphrates river]]
|The Euphrates is a river that was the border of Mesopotamia and was both a trading route and a protection for Mesopotamia.
|-
|[[Fertile Crescent]]
|An area of land in the Middle East along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, where it was easy to grow crops, which was the birthplace of civilization and probably the location of the Garden of Eden.
|-
|[[feudalism]]
|way of life in Western Europe in the early Middle Ages, consisting of a "lord" who owned land (given by the king) on which "peasants" or "serfs" farmed in exchange for food and protection.
|-
|[[First Punic War]]
|between Rome and Carthage in 254-241 BC: Rome conquered the island of Sicily and developed a navy; although Rome was no match for the powerful Carthaginian navy, Romans did invent a corvus that allowed them to board enemy ships and win the war
|-
|[[Four Noble Truths]]
|in [[Buddhism]]: (1) suffering is universal, (2) craving or desire causes it, (3) the cure is to eliminate the craving or desire, and (4) following the Eightfold Path helps eliminate this desire in order to attain "nirvana" (complete contentment).
|-
|[[The Franks]]
|Germanic tribes settling in the northern part of the Roman empire (including northern France), rising in power and territory from AD 330-751 and defeating barbarians; Charles the Hammer and Charlemagne were Franks
|-
|[[Gentiles]]
|The term for peoples, such as Greeks, who are not of Jewish or Arab descent.
|-
|Golden Age
|An age of great peace and prosperity, especially in ancient Greece between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars
|-
|[[Gracchi brothers]]
|Two tribunes (high elected officials) of ancient Rome who wanted to help the poor by redistributing land from the rich
|-
|Great Schism
|AD 1054: the Eastern Orthodox Church splits from the Roman Catholic Church in a dispute over icons and statues, the origin of the Holy Spirit, and regional differences
|-
|[[Great Wall of China]]
|the long and high wall in China that was built beginning with the Qin dynasty in about 200 BC, to keep invaders out
|-
|[[Greece]]
|perhaps the greatest ancient civilization: invented democracy, developed mathematics and philosophy, and adopted ethical standards like the Hippocratic Oath (which prohibits abortion)
|-
|[[Greek drama]]
|Theatrical tradition of ancient Greece, 600-400 BC, with two main types: comedies (good ending) and tragedies (bad ending)
|-
|[[Gregory the Great]]
|One of the most significant popes, who used church money for non-religious purposes such as paying for public projects such as roads, supporting armies, and establishing government programs for the poor; this later caused controversies.
|-
|[[Gaul]]
|Now France, it was a place for barbarians to attack the Roman empire.
|-
|[[Gothic]]
|architecture of the late Middle Ages, featuring tall, perpendicular structures, long or stained-glassed rose windows, pointed arches, and flying buttresses (stone supports on the outer walls of churches)
|-
|[[Gupta empire]]
|(AD 240-550): large Indian empire that developed with algebra, the concepts of zero and infinity, and the numbers 1-9
|-
|[[Hammurabi]]
|King of Babylon, 1792-1750 BC, who developed the Code of Hammurabi, which is based on the concept of an eye for an eye
|-
|[[Han dynasty]]
|202 BC - AD 220, this was the greatest of all the Chinese dynasties and was similar to the Roman empire in expanding territory, administering justice, and enjoying peace like the Pax Romana. The Han dynasty valued education highly, and created a scholar class of people known as "shi".
|-
|[[Hannibal]]
|A military commander for Carthage who had a brilliant surprise attack against Rome during the Second Punic War
|-
|[[Hebrews]]
|God's chosen people who established the nation of Israel and wrote the Old Testament
|-
|[[Hellenistic]]
|Relating to Greek culture and language, particularly in lands beyond Greece as conquered by Alexander the Great beginning in 335 BC
|-
|[[hieroglyphics]]
|A phonetic alphabet developed by the ancient Egyptians that uses the pictographic symbols to represent both an object and/or a phonetic sound.
|-
|[[Himalaya Mountain Range]]
|Mountain range famous for having the world's tallest peaks, including Mount Everest and K2; geographic protection that isolated ancient China
|-
|[[Hinduism]]
|An ancient polytheistic religion followed by 82% of (Asian) Indians to this day
|-
|[[Hippocrates]]
|"The father of medicine" in ancient Greece who developed the [[Hippocratic Oath]], an ethical code that all medical students traditionally repeated as a condition of graduation.
|-
|[[Holy Roman Empire]]
|Lasting from AD 800 to 1806, it included the territory in Europe under the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor. Constituent states often ruled themselves.
|-
|[[Homer]]
|An early Greek poet, famous for lengthy sagas such as ''Iliad'' and ''The Odyssey''.
|-
|[[Hsia dynasty]]
|rulers in China up until 1766 B.C., when Emperor Chieh (the last in the dynasty) was overthrown
|-
|[[Huns]]
|A confederation of Asian tribes who fought against the Romans in what is now the Ukraine, Germany, France, Italy and the Balkans. They were considered by many Romans to be the most ferocious enemies
|-
|[[ideograms]]
|In primitive societies, a graphic symbol (rather than alphabetic words like these) representing a concept or an idea
|-
|[[The Incas]]
|developed a huge empire beginning in AD 1250 in the Andes Mountains in South America, making it the largest civilization in all of the Americas
|-
|[[India]]
|A country that was home to the Indus Valley civilization and dates back over 3,000 years, and was birthplace of Hinduism and (later) Buddhism
|-
|[[Indus River Valley]]
|A fertile valley that was home to an ancient civilization and is modern Pakistan and northwestern India
|-
|[[Iron Age]]
|An era following the Bronze age when tools and weapons were made primarily out of iron: 1200 BC in Europe, but later (600 BC) in China.
|-
|[[Isaac]]
|The promised son born to Abraham and Sarah in their old age, whom Abraham offered to sacrifice to God despite Abraham's great love for Isaac. Isaac is the father of the Israeli people.
|-
|[[Ishmael]]
|The son born to Abraham and Sarah's servant, Hagar. Ishmael is revered by Muslims as an ancestor who was unfairly treated as an outcast after Isaac was subsequently born to Abraham and Sarah.
|-
|[[Islam]]
|the only major world religion that developed after Christ, Islam was founded by Muhammad in AD 622 and is based on the "Five Pillars of Islam."
|-
|[[Israel]]
|Nation founded by King David in 1010 BC, first temple destroyed by Babylonians in 587 BC, Jerusalem was rebuilt in 515 BC, Alexander the Great then conquered region in 332 BC.
|-
|[[Jainism]]
|Branched off of Hinduism, this religion stresses strict vegetarianism and non-violence towards all life.
|-
|[[Japan]]
|an island archipelago made up of 4 large islands and over 4,000 smaller ones, it had feudalism during the same time period that Europe did
|-
|[[Jesus]]
|The Holy Messiah of the Christian faith, and the only son of God who was promised to save all humanity. He was the only founder of a religion to perform miracles to cure the suffering, the only one to emphasize the power of faith, and the only one to give up His life for the salvation of others.
|-
|[[Joan of Arc]]
|17-year-old girl who led the French army to a remarkable military victory over the English in 1429, and was later captured and martyred by the English and made a saint by the Catholic Church
|-
|[[Judah, Kingdom of]]
|the southern kingdom of a divided nation of Israel, after the death of Solomon in 928 BC
|-
|[[Julius Caesar]]
|(100-44 BC) a military and political leader who laid out the groundwork for the future Roman empire before he was murdered by Roman senators
|-
|[[Julian Calendar]]
| The 12 month, 365-day calendar established by Julius Caesar, and the basis for the Gregorian calendar we use today.
|-
|[[Justinian|Justinian I]] and the [[Justinian Code]]
|Eastern Roman Emperor from AD 527 to 565 who developed the Justinian Code, which is the basis of civil law in many places
|-
|[[karma]]
|In Hinduism, everything a person has done. This determines status in the next life, so a Hindu wants "good karma."
|-
|[[knight]]
|An armored soldier of feudalistic Europe. These soldiers first began using plate mail around the time of the crusades.
|-
|[[Latin]]
|the powerful, concise language spoken in ancient Rome that has contributed many roots of words and terms to modern European languages. "Caveat emptor!" (let the buyer beware)
|-
|[[lord]]
|The ruler and owner of a feudalistic area, under him are the serfs.
|-
|[[Lyceum]]
|The great Greek center of learning founded by Aristotle, which then competed with the Academy
|-
|[[Niccolo Machiavelli]]
|An Italian political theorist who wrote the ''The Prince'', the most famous guide to how a conniving politician can seize power by manipulating others
|-
|[[Magna Carta]]
|A charter of personal and political liberties granted to the barons by King John of England in 1215, which later became a foundation for personal rights in the US Constitution.
|-
|[[maize]]
|corn, first grown by Native Americans, now one of the most popular foods in the world
|-
|[[Mandate of Heaven]]
|Chinese mandate that held that the gods blessed good rulers and overthrew bad ones
|-
|[[manor]]
|Under feudalism during the Middle Ages, a manor was a farm owned by a lord who had peasants to do the work and pay him rent in exchange for food, shelter and protection
|-
|[[Marc Antony]]
|A Roman commander and close friend of Caesar. He was in the 1st civil war of the Roman republic
|-
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]
|A Roman emperor known most for ending Pax Romana and conquering Germanic tribes.
|-
|[[Marcus Crassus]]
|A wealthy Roman who ruled Rome along with [[Julius Caesar]] and Pompey the Great, as a part of the first [[triumvirate]].
|-
|[[Martin Luther]]
|an important Christian figure who launched the Protestant Reformation in AD 1517 and founded the Lutheran Church based on a theory of salvation by faith alone, causing a split in the Catholic Church in Western Europe.
|-
|[[Mauryan Empire]]
|323–185 BC: a Buddhist empire covering much of modern India
|-
|[[Maya]]
|The civilization of the Mayans existed in Mesoamerica (including where Guatemala is today) from about AD 300-900. They were advanced in math and astronomy and had a written pictographic language; today 4 million people still speak the Mayan language.
|-
|[[Mesoamerica]]
|Mexico and Central America, where pre-Columbian (before Columbus' exploration in 1492) civilizations existed
|-
|[[Mesopotamia]]
|Modern-day [[Iraq]], where civilization first appeared
|-
|[[Messiah]]
|Anointed by God. Jesus Christ is the Messiah of Christianity
|-
|[[Michelangelo]]
|(AD 1475-1564) A Renaissance man known for his paintings on the Sistine Chapel ceiling and his sculptures of David and the Pieta (Mary holding Jesus after the Crucifixion).
|-
|[[Middle Ages]]
|A period of time, also called the Medieval Ages, spanning from AD 500-1500, when [[feudalism]] was common
|-
|[[Middle Kingdom]]
|2100-1650 BC: Egyptian kingdom known for its works and ideas, which ended due to a civil war
|-
|[[monasteries]]
|communities of Christian monks that are set apart for God, and which preserved knowledge during the Middle Ages.
|-
|Mongol empire
|Peaked in power in the AD 1200s, held more contiguous (connected) land than any empire in history, but failed twice in trying to conquer Japan.
|-
|[[monotheism]]
|The belief in a religion worshiping only one god. [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], and [[Islam]] are monotheistic religions.
|-
|[[Moses]]
|The prophet who led the Israelites out of Egypt, gave them the Ten Commandments, and wrote the first five books of the Bible.
|-
|[[Muhammad]]
|The man who preached a new monotheistic religion "Islam", founded on only one god, Allah.
|-
|[[Nile]]
|River in Egypt which flows northward towards the Mediterranean Sea, supplying Egypt with water.
|-
|[[Nero]]
|One of the most irresponsible and cruel emperors of Rome. Nero reigned beginning when he was 16 years old, ruling until AD 69.
|-
|[[New Kingdom]]
|1550-700 BC: ancient Egypt at the time of Moses, where many buildings were construted primarily with slave labor
|-
|[[Nicene Creed]]
|A core statement of Christianity that affirms the Holy Trinity of God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Ghost
|-
|[[Nirvana]]
|The ultimate goal of Buddhism: the end of all suffering
|-
|Normans
|Vikings who settled in northwest France (Normandy), and then invaded and conquered England in AD 1066
|-
|[[Octavian]]
|The grandnephew of Julius Caesar who became the first Emperor of Rome, ruling with his new name of Augustus Caesar.
|-
|[[Old Kingdom]]
|3000-2200 BC: the ancient Egyptian kingdom that built the famous pyramids
|-
|[[Olympics (Ancient Greek)]]
|An ancient sporting event first held in 776 BC, establishing the beginning of the Greek civilization
|-
|[[Paper]]
|Invented by Chinese in AD 100, from dipping a bamboo screen into a mixture of bark, rags and plants, and then allowing only a thin layer of pulp to dry on the bamboo screen.
|-
|[[patricians]]
|the upper 10% of the Roman republic, consisting of wealthy landowners
|-
|[[Paul]]
|an energetic evangelist for early Christianity, who wrote many letters now in the New Testament of the Bible
|-
|[[Pax Romana]]
|27 BC-180 AD: the "glory days" of the Roman empire, a time of peaceful prosperity and influence (but cruelty to Christians)
|-
|[[Peloponnesian War]]
|fought between Athens and Sparta, 431-404 BC, which was ultimately won by Sparta and its allies
|-
|[[Pentateuch]]
|The first five books of the modern Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy
|-
|[[Pepin]]
|Son of Charles Martel, Father of Charlemagne. Donated territories to the Pope and was a wise and judicious king of the Franks.
|-
|[[Persian empire]]
|550-330 BC: a large empire stretching from India to southern Europe and Egypt
|-
|[[Persian Wars]]
|492-449 BC: wars between Persia (modern-day Iran) and Greek city-states including Athens and Sparta
|-
|[[Peter]]
|a leading apostle of Jesus who became the first pope in Rome, where he was martyred
|-
|[[pharaoh]]
|the ruler in Ancient Egypt, considered by Egyptians to be a son of god
|-
|[[Philip of Macedon]]
|King of Macedonia who arranged for the homeschooling of his son, Alexander the Great.
|-
|[[Philistines]]
|ancient people who occupied the land of Canaan, who were enemies of Israel and God.
|-
|[[Phoenicians]]
|ancient people who lived and traded goods on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea, developing a new language using an alphabet of 22 letters, on which Greek, Latin, English, French, etc., are based.
|-
|Pillars of Islam
|the five basic rules of Islam: submit to Allah, pray, fast, give to the poor, and make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca (in Saudi Arabia today)
|-
|[[Plato]]
|Greek (Athens) philosopher who emphasized the value of logic, while his student Aristotle preferred the value of experience.
|-
|[[Pompey the Great]]
|Ruled Rome as a part of the first [[triumvirate]] with [[Julius Caesar]] and [[Marcus Crassus]]. Pompey is well known for ridding the Mediterranean sea of pirates.
|-
|[[polis]]
|The name for city-states in Ancient Greece
|-
|[[polytheism]]
|A religion with many gods, which was common in ancient times until Judaism and Christianity emerged.
|-
|[[Pope]]
|The leader of the Roman Catholic Church, who was most powerful in Europe during the time of the Holy Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Ptolemy]]
|(AD 90-168) a mathematician, geographer and astronomer in Hellenistic Egypt
|-
|[[Punic Wars]]
|Won by the Roman republic, enabling it to gain control of the Mediterranean Sea and control commerce
|-
|[[pyramids]]
|Very large monuments in Egypt for the burial of pharaohs, built with a precision that cannot be duplicated even today.
|-
|was a dynasty in China that existed from 221-206 B.C. It was ruled by Qin Shia Huandgi. Qin was the first man to control the whole of China.
|[[Qin Dynsaty]]
|Qin Shia Huandgi
|the first Chinese emperor, who ruled from 221-210 BC, built new roads, and established a standard coin, weight and writing system. This Qin (or Chi'in) state was the first unified Chinese empire.
|-
|[[Qur'an (Koran)]]
|the holy book of Islam
|-
|-|-
|the most famous pharaoh, whose reign from 1279-1213 BC (during the New Kingdom) was the second longest in Egyptian history

|-|[[Red Sea]]
|The Red Sea is between Egypt and the Sinai peninsula. The Israelites would have died if not for the protection of the Red Sea, yes they would have died if a miracle had not been preformed Through Moses God parted the Red Sea so the Israelites could escape from the Egyptian army.-
|-
|[[Reformation]]
|Events beginning in 1517 when German monk Saint Martin Luther nailed 95 Theses to a Church door, leading to a separation of Catholic and Protestant churches.
|-
|[[The Republic]]
|Plato's greatest writings, which form a foundation for America's system of government.
|-
|[[Renaissance]]
|a revival in artwork and Greek and Roman achievement, from the AD 1300s to the 1600s, that made the transition from medieval to modern times
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Church]]
|The Christian Church led by a Pope, beginning with Peter the Apostle. The word "catholic" means "universal".
|-
|[[Roman citizenship]]
|a special status attained by living in Rome, being birthed to a Roman citizens, or enlisting in the army for 25 years.
|-
|[[Roman empire]]
|(27 BC-476 AD) Began when August Caesar became emperor, and ended 500 years later when barbarians overran it; the Roman empire civilized western Europe, built roads, established laws, and eventually spread Christianity.
|-
|[[Roman law]]
|began with a code of laws inscribed in the Twelve Tables, establishing the concept of "justice" - rule by principle and not by whim
|-
|[[Roman military]]
|considered to be invincible; each soldier was equipped with shields, helmets, swords, and javelins
|-
|[[Roman republic]]
|509-27 BC: The first republic in history, it was located in Rome and inspired some of the principles of the government of the United States. The Roman republic ended when Augustus Caesar took full power and established the Roman empire.
|-
|Roman senate
|300 members representing wealthy families in Rome, it dominated the Roman republic; similar to the U.S. Senate today
|-
|Romanesque
|architecture popular in the early Middle Ages, featuring thick walls, rounded arches and small windows
|-
|[[Rome]]
|the capital city of the Roman empire, and of modern day Italy; supposedly founded by Romulus and Remus, and named after Romulus after he killed his brother
|-
|[[Rosetta Stone]]
|ancient text written on stone in three different languages, which enabled the first translations of Egyptian hieroglyphics
|-
|[[Royal Road]]
|ancient Persian highway rebuilt by Darius the Great
|-
|[[samurai]]
|elite warriors of feudalistic Japan who followed a special honor code called Bushido
|-
|[[Saul]]
|the first king of Israel, appointed by God; Saul was a flawed man, jealous of David.
|-
|[[Satraps]]
|Governors in the distant lands of the Persian empire, which extended to Egypt and Arabia, who were carefully watched by the "King's Eyes and Ears" soldiers to prevent rebellions
|-
|[[scholasticism]]
|Christian philosophy from the AD 900s-1500s that developed logic in the direction of God
|-
|[[scientific revolution]]
|The beginning of modern science in the AD mid-1500s, starting with the recognition by Copernicus that the Earth revolves around the Sun
|-
|[[Second Punic War]]
|between Rome and Carthage in 218-202 BC; Carthage's leader Hannibal led his army with elephants over the Alps to surprise the Romans, but could not conquer Rome itself; by the end Rome had acquired Spain
|-
|[[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]]
|a listing of the most impressive public works in the world, written by Greek writer Antipater in the 2nd century BC (200-100 BC)
|-
|[[Shang Dynasty]]
|first major dynasty of China, which lasted from 1766 BC (when T'ang overthrew the prior dynasty) to 1122 BC
|-
|[[Shiite Muslims]]
|fundamentalist Muslims who are considered more aggressive than Sunni Muslims
|-
|[[Shinto]]
|The national religion of Japan, which considered the emperor to be descended from a godlike "sun kami"; Shinto is sometimes considered more of a code of conduct rather than a religion.
|-
|[[shogun]]
|a feudalistic military ruler of Japan
|-
|[[Siddhartha Gautama]]
|the Buddha, and the founder of the religion of Buddhism
|-
|[[Silk Road]]
|A trade route from East China to Central Asia and Europe
|-
|[[Socrates]]
|The first great Greek philosopher, Socrates taught that the visible world is not all of reality; Socrates taught Plato, who later taught Aristotle
|-
|[[Socratic method]]
|A teaching method developed by [[Socrates]], which consists of asking questions and is used today in law schools
|-
|[[Solomon]]
|Third king of Israel and the author of ''Proverbs'', ''Ecclesiastes'' and ''Song of Solomon''; known for his wise justice
|-
|[[Solon of Athens]]
|One of the Seven Sages of ancient Greece, who believed that one should "keep everything with moderation"
|-
|[[Sparta]]
|a Greek city-state well-known for its military prowess, which won the Peloponnesian war against Athens.
|-
|[[Spread of Buddhism]]
|Buddhism traveled outside of India along the Silk Road
|-
|[[St. Augustine]]
|(AD 354-430) a father of the early Christian church who wrote intellectual discussions of the faith entitled ''Confessions'', ''City of God'', and ''On Christian Doctrine''
|-
|[[Sumer]]
|Ancient homeland of the Sumerians, located in Mesopotamia, located in where Iraq is today
|-
|[[Sunni Muslims]]
|moderate Muslims who oppose the more aggressive Shiite Muslims
|-
|[[Sumerians]]
|the earliest civilizations living in the Middle East, where inventions included the wheel and the first known form of writing
|-
|[[Taijitu]]
|Also called "Yin and Yang," this is the symbol for Taoism. It represents a constant interaction and harmony in nature between two forces having opposite qualities.
|-
|[[Taoism (Daoism)]]
|Chinese philosophy of seeking harmony with nature by recognizing that two major forces are opposed to each other
|-
|[[Ten Commandments]]
|the laws of the God of Israel handed down to Moses
|-
|[[Theocracy]]
|a government ruled by the laws of a specific religion, as in some Muslim nations today
|-
|[[Thomas Aquinas]]
|(AD 1225–1274) A brilliant medieval priest who merged Aristotle's insights with Christian faith, and wrote ''Summa Theologica'' as a summary of Christian theology that is studied even today
|-
|[[Third Punic War]]
|Romans conquered and destroyed Carthage in 146 BC and then went into Macedonia and Greece to defeat them in revenge for having helped Hannibal; Rome then controlled the entire western civilized world (all the land around the Mediterranean)
|-
|[[Thucydides]]
|Greek historian who wrote ''History of the Peloponnesian War''
|-
|[[Toltecs]]
|A northern Mexican nomadic tribe that reigned over a city called Tula (AD 900-1200) in present-day Mexico City.
|-
|[[Tragedy]]
|A type of drama or poetic saga that has an unhappy ending. Common in ancient Greece, this type of work focused on the followed the fall of a character, often because of a specific character flaw such as envy or greed.
|-
|[[Troy]]
|an ancient city whose destruction was recorded in the Iliad, and its survivors supposedly helped found Rome
|-
|[[Tutankhamen]]
|"King Tut": a young Egyptian pharaoh who ruled from 1341-1323 BC. Archaeologist Howard Carter first discovered his tomb in 1922, shedding light on ancient Egyptian culture.
|-
|[[Twelve Tables]]
|450 BC: basic and successful Roman laws that filled twelve tablets, such as "If one is slain while committing theft by night, he is rightly slain."
|-
|[[Vassals]]
|Performed military services to the lords in exchange for protection and land in the feudal system.
|-
|[[Vedas]]
|Holy books of Hinduism
|-
|[[Virgil]]
|(70-19 BC) a Roman poet & philosopher, friend of Octavian (Augustus Caesar), and author of the ''Aeneid''. Portrayed in the Middle Ages as a noble pagan and symbol of wisdom.
|-
|[[Vishnu]]
|Supreme god of Hinduism
|-
|[[Visigoths]]
|a confederacy of Germanic tribes that harassed the Roman empire but later fell in AD 711 to the Moors, who were North African Muslims
|-
|[[Vulgate]]
|The Latin translation by Saint Jerome of the Hebrew Old Testament and the Greek New Testament. It was then used as the authoritative Bible for over 1000 years.
|-
|[[Warring States Period]]
|475-221 BC: war period in ancient China also known for the philosophical schools that flourished
|-
|[[Wheel]]
|The ancient Mesopotamia invention, originally in the form of a potter’s wheel; the wheel is considered the first and greatest of man's inventions.
|-
|[[Yahweh]]
|God as described in the [[Old Testament]], written as YHWH in the original Hebrew (which lacked vowels).
|-
|[[Yangtze River]]
|Longest river in Asia which flows south for 3000 miles; navigable from the sea for half of its course; the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers are the most important rivers in Chinese history
|-
|[[Yellow River]]
|Second longest river in Asia; known also as Huang He and "the cradle of Chinese civilization," it runs westward from the Yellow Sea and has a tendency to flood surrounding lands such its course can change with devastating results
|-
|[[Zeus]]
|Highest of Greek Gods, God of Thunder, supposedly father of the gods.
|-
|[[Zhou dynasty]] (or Chou dynasty)
|1071-221 BC: it was the longest lasting dynasty in China and included both Prince Zheng as a leader, and Confucius as the major philosopher. This dynasty benefited from the Iron Age after 600 BC.
|-
|[[Ziggurat]]
|man-made step-sided structures resembling pyramids that were built in Mesopotamia. The [[Tower of Babel]], described in Genesis 11, may have been a giant ziggurat.
|-
|[[Zoroastrianism]]
|Polytheistic religion founded between 1200 and 600 BC by the Persians.
|}

==Honors terms==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Description
|-
|[[Aeneas]]
|according to legend, a prince who escaped from Troy whose son founded Rome and whose grandson, Brutus, founded the Britons in England
|-
|[[Aeschylus]]
|the oldest of the three great Athenian tragic playwrights (next to [[Sophocles]] and [[Euripides]]), 525-456 BC
|-
|[[Age of Metal]]
|discovery of metals for use in tools: copper (beginning 3500 BC), bronze (beginning 2500 BC), and iron (beginning 1200 BC) were developed as tools.
|-
|[[Age of Pericles]]
|the "golden age" of Athens, led by Pericles, who introduced a form of direct democracy from 461-429 BC
|-
|[[Ahuramazda]]
|the Creator in Persia's religion of Zoroastrianism
|-
|[[Queen Ahhotep|Ahhotep]]
|a Middle Kingdom Pharaoh who repelled the Hyksos people from Egypt
|-
|[[Akkadian Empire]]
|a Sumerian empire (2360-2180 BC) located in the fertile crescent in the lower Mesopotamia and north of the Sumer River
|-
|[[Alluvial]]
|a deposit of sediment (alluvium) in a river bed
|-
|archons
|in the early Greek empire (around 700 BC), archons were government officials elected by the land-owning aristocrats; the archons then made the law
|-
|[[Aristophanes]]
|(456-380 BC) an Athenian playwright who wrote comedies and political satires
|-
|[[Ark of the Covenant]]
|The chest used by the Hebrews to contain the tablets of the Law given to Moses by God.
|-
|[[Aryans]]
|A semi-nomadic Nordic tribe who invaded and settled India around 1500 B.C.
|-
|[[Ashoka]]
|Emperor of the Mauryan Empire of India (273-232 B.C.). Upset by the horrors of war (despite winning), he converted to Buddhism and recorded Buddha's teachings on thousands of rock pillars.
|-
|Assembly of Centuries
|the group of representatives who approved new laws in the Roman republic
|-
|Assembly of Tribes
|the governing entity that held the election of representatives
|-
|[[Ashoka]]
|Emperor of the Mauryan Empire of India (273-232 B.C.). Upset by the horrors of war (despite winning), he converted to Buddhism and recorded Buddha's teachings on thousands of rock pillars.
|-
|Aztecs
|An aggressive type of people from Central Mexico who adopted many legends and customs from their ancestors. They built a capital city called Tenochtitlan, and established three causeways to connect it to the mainland.
|-
|-
|[[Bantu]]
|Over 400 tribes in Africa that share the Bantu language and common customs.
|-
|[[Barracks Emperors]]
|A series of Roman emperors (235-284 AD) who used the Roman army as a base for political power. These emperors usually had a poor, rural background.
|-
|[[Battle of Marathon]]
|In August 490 B.C., King Darius I of Persia brought his army to the plains of Marathon to invade Athens. Despite being outnumbered ten to one, the Athenian army defeated the Persians.
|-
|Battle of Chalons
|451 BC: one of the bloodiest battles in world history and the last major victory of the Roman empire, when it defeated Attila the Hun in what is now France; Attila returned later for revenge and could have looted Rome
|-
|[[Bhagavad Gita]]
|A section of the Mahabharata, the Bhagavad Gita is an ancient Hindu text written in Sanskrit which consists of Krishna's writings on philosophy and morality.
|-
|[[Breda]]
|Became one of the leaders of the Hun, but was killed by his power-hungry brother, Attila the Hun.
|-
|[[Caesar's Commentaries]]
|A history by Julius Caesar describing the wars he fought.
|-
|[[Caligula]]
|A Roman emperor, ruling from 37 AD to 41 AD, who is historically depicted as a brutal monster, and who was so hated that he was murdered by his own guards.
|-
|[[Canaan]]
|The geographical area that encompasses modern-day Israel, the West Bank and a portion of land east of the Jordan River.
|-
|[[Canon of the Medicine]]
|Book written by Ibn Sina during the Golden Age of Islam describing many diseases and their causes.
|-
|[[Catal Huyuk]]
|An ancient settlement in southern Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey.
|-
|[[Catholic Monarchs]]
|The title given by Pope Alexander VI to King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, whose marriage in 1469 unified Spain led to its conversion back to a Catholic nation from Islam (the "Reconquest").
|-
|[[Cato the Censor]]
|A Roman statesman who during the Punic War called for the destruction of Carthage.
|-
|[[Champollion, Jean]]
|Jean Champollion (1790-1832) is the father of Egyptology (the study of Egypt), and who translated a portion of the Rosetta Stone.
|-
|[[Chandragupta Maurya]]
|The founder of the Mauryan Empire in India who ruled between 320 and 293 B.C. The first Indian emperor to be converted to Jainism, he eventually renounced his throne and joined a group of nomadic Jain monks.
|-
|[[Christian Catacombs]]
|Ancient, secret underground burial places for Christians, which served as secret passageways for Christians to meet and worship God together.
|-
|[[Cicero]]
|A Roman consul, statesman, lawyer, philosopher and author. After Julius Caesar's assassination, Cicero was one of the most powerful politicians in Rome, and was Mark Antony's rival.
|-
|[[Cincinnatus]]
|A Roman hero for whom the city of Cincinnati, Ohio is named. In 458 B.C., he raised an army in Rome and came to the aid of the consul Minucius and his men, who were trapped by the Aequians. Cincinnatus also voluntarily giving up power, surpassed only by George Washington in that respect.
|-
|[[Claudius]]
|Roman emperor who became ruler after his nephew Caligula's assassination, he ruled from 41-54 AD, when he was poisoned by his wife Agrippina. Britain came under Roman rule during his reign, and his edict expelling the Jews from Rome is mentioned in the Book of Acts in the Bible.
|-
|[[Cleopatra]]
|Seven Egyptian queens of Greek decent that ruled from 193 BC until 30 BC during the Ptolemaic Dynasty. The most famous, Cleopatra VII Philopator, Egypt's last independent ruler, had affairs with both Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
|An elaborate code of law created by Hammurabi that called for harsh punishment, such as an eye for an eye, a foot for a foot.
|-
|[[Confucianism]]
|A Chinese ethical and moral philosophy based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius that focuses on human morality and right action. It has had a significant influence on the development on the culture and history of East Asia.
|-
|[[Constitutional monarchy]]
|A government with a constitution that acknowledges a monarch as head of state with varying degrees of influence in the running of the country. Countries with constitutional monarchies include the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Denmark, the Netherlands and Spain.
|-
|[[consul]]
|An elected governmental position in ancient Rome that held executive authority and military command of the Roman republic.
|-
|[[Copts]]
|The Coptic Church originated in Egypt around 50 AD when St. Mark the Evangelist traveled to Alexandria, and is one of the oldest Christian denominations. Its leader is the Patriarch of Alexandria, who is called Pope.
|-
|[[Covenant]]
|An oath or promise.
|-
|[[Cynicism]]
|A Greek philosophy founded by Antisthenes (444 BC - 365 BC) that rejects worldly pleasure in favor of happiness derived from virtue.
|-
|[[Cyrus]]
|A Persian emperor (576 BC – 529 BC) who conquered Babylon and sent the Jews back to Israel.
|-
|[[Darius]]
|A Persian emperor (521 BC – 486 BC) who quelled the Ionian Revolt and invaded Greece, but was forced to withdraw at the Battle of Marathon.
|-
|[[Delian League]]
|A confederation during the Persian Wars controlled by Athens, and consisting of Athens and other Greek city-states and Aegean towns. Its navy helped defend Greece from Persia.
|-
|[[Demosthenes (Greek statesman)|Demosthenes]]
|A ancient Greek statesman who spoke against Philip II of Macedonia in speeches that came to be known as "Philippics". He also attempted to convince Greeks to rise up against Macedonian rule after the death of Philip's son, Alexander the Great.
|-
|[[Diadochi]]
|After the death of Alexander the Great, his empire was partitioned among the rivalling generals of his army, the so-called diadochi ("successors").
|-
|[[Diocletian]]
|The last Barrack Emperor of Rome, he ruled from 284-305 AD. He divided the Roman Empire into eastern and western regions in an attempt to save the empire, and formed a tetrarchy of four rulers, two for each region. He required the military to worship the Roman pagan gods, making it impossible for Christians to be soldiers, and persecuted them.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|Tribes that settled in Greece between 1100 BC and 1000 BC, and had a military ruling class, which persisted in Sparta and Crete even after democracy was established in Athens. These tribes created the simplest style of Greek architecture, known as the Doric order, which consisted of unadorned, straight columns.
|-
|Draco
|a tyrant in Athens during the early Greek empire (600s B.C.) who established a set of written laws that were so strict that the term "draconian" today refers to overly harsh rules of punishment
|-
|[[Dravidians]]
|Dravidians are the people of southern India and Sri Lanka who speak the Dravidian languages and are found in the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka.
|-
|[[Empress Lu]]
|The wife of the Chinese emperor Han Gaozu, who after her husband's death had all other possible heirs murdered and installed her son as emperor, ruling as regent until her death.
|-
|[[Epicureanism]]
|A philosophy founded by Epicurus in the late 4th century that holds the belief that great happiness is achievable through the avoidance of pain and fear. It does not believe in divine power interacting with humanity.
|-
|[[Etruscans]]
|People who settled in the Italian peninsula prior to 700 BC. Most Etruscan cities ran on a democratic-style system. Their culture influenced the later Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Euripides]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 480-406.
|-
|[[Exodus]]
|The abrupt departure of the people of Israel from Egypt, as told in the Book of Exodus in the Bible.
|-
|[[Ezana]]
|Ezana was the king of Axum, in Africa, ruling from AD 330-350. He was the first Christian king in Africa.
|-
|[[Five Good Emperors]]
|Five consecutive Roman emperors who ruled between 96 AD to 180 AD and were elected due to talent rather than family connections.
|-
|[[foraging society]]
|A pre-farming economy based upon scavenging, hunting, and gathering resources.
|-
|[[Four Emperors Era]]
|A series of Roman emperors who ruled in quick succession in 68-69 AD.
|-
|[[Franks]]
|A Germanic people that, beginning in the 4th century AD, eventually conquered the areas of France, Benelux, Belgium, The Netherlands and portions of Germany.
|-
|[[Gaul]]
|The Roman name for the area comprising modern-day France and Belgium, and parts of northern Italy, western Switzerland and Germany, and the Netherlands. This area was under Roman rule for most of its existence.
|-
|[[Golden mean]]
|Is considered the middle between two extremes in philosophy.
|-
|[[Great Canal]]
|A canal that connected the Nile River to the Red Sea, built during the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.
|-
|[[Hadrian]]
|The third of the "Five Good Emperors" of the Roman Empire, Hadrian ruled from AD 117 to 138 and had two main achievements: he ended Rome's costly territorial expansion, fortifying her boundaries with numerous "Walls of Hadrian," and he effectively "Hellenized" Rome by anointing Athens the empire’s cultural center, thereby enhancing learning.
|-
|[[Han empire]]
|was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms.
|-
|[[Harappa]]
|A city that is part of the Indus Valley Civilization. It is part of modern Pakistan
|-
|[[Hatshepsut]]
|Originally a regent for her son, Thutmose III, Hatshepsut was the longest reigning female ruler of Egypt. She ruled during the eighth dynasty from 1479-1458 B.C. She established trade networks for Egypt and thus collected most of the wealth of the eighth dynasty. She was eventually dethroned when her son took power at the age of 22. Her monuments are the Temple of Karnak, Deirle-Bahri, and Speos Artemidos.
|-
|[[Hellenistic culture]]
|Greek culture after the death of Alexander in 323 B.C., when Greek influence extended throughout the territory he conquered; Hellenistic culture was renowned for its strict code of ethics, its culinary prowess, and its use of metal.
|-
|[[heliocentric]]
|Recognizing that the Sun ("helio" is Greek for "sun"), and not Earth, is the center of solar system.
|-
|[[Helot]]
|A person from the class of serfs in the city-state of Sparta (700s - 300s B.C.) in ancient Greece.
|-
|[[Herodotus]]
|Greek historian (484 to 425 BC), the "father of history". His book is simply called ''Histories'' and describes the Persian Wars.
|-
|[[Hiram]]
|The Phoenician king of Tyre. Ruled from 980-947 B.C.
|-
|[[Hittites]]
|An ancient people in the Middle East that gained control of most of Mesopotamia in 1650 B.C. due to their advanced inventions, such as horse-drawn chariots.
|-
|[[Horace]]
|The leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus, lived from 65-8 B.C.
|-
|[[humanism]]
|Thee Greek emphasis on reason, ethics and rational thinking rather than religion.
|-
|[[Hyksos]]
|Refers to a people who entered - possibly forcibly - into Egypt, and built their capital at Avaris in the Nile Delta area in about 1648 B.C.
|-
|[[Ides (of March)]]
|The 15th of March, May, July and October in the ancient Roman calendar. The 13th is the ides of all the other months. Julius Caesar was murdered on the ides of March.
|-
|[[Imperator]]
|A title first used by Octavian (Augustus Caesar), literally meaning in Latin “general” or “commander”, giving him power over the entire army.
|-
|[[Iron Smelting]]
|A technology comprised of the extraction of usable metal from iron ore.
|-
|[[Iliad]]
|a great Greek work of literature written by Homer in the 800s or 700s B.C., describing the mythical Trojan War
|-
|Incas
|a member of any of the dominant groups of South American Indian peoples who established an empire in Peru prior to the Spanish conquest.
|-
|[[Indo-European]]
|A very general classification of peoples that includes all the way from India to Egypt.
|-
|[[Jericho]]
|A city in Israel by the Jordan River. Mentioned extensively in the Bible. Joshua and the Israelites marched around this city and blew trumpets in order to destroy it and to reach the promised land.
|-
|[[Josephus]]
| Flavius Josephus AD 37-101 Jewish general and historian who took part in the Jewish revolt against the Romans and later worked for a Roman patron.
|-
|[[Judaism]]
|The monotheistic religion of the Hebrews, also the oldest religion that remains currently active.
|-
|[[Kami]]
|Spirits in the Shinto religion that reside in prominent natural features and people. Shrines are often built to Kami.
|-
|[[Kassites]]
|Led by their king [[Agumkakrine]], they took advantage of the [[Hittite]] raid of 1595 B.C. and occupied the [[Babylonian]] region, where they ruled for over 400 years.
|-
|[[Kautilya]]
|Advisor to Chaundragupta Maurya, wrote book
"Arthoshastra" on maintaining political power.
|-
|[[Khufu]]
|Egyptian pharaoh who had the pyramid of Giza built
|-
|[[Khyber Pass]]
|An important break in the mountains between Pakistan and Afghanistan, pivotal in military campaigns by Alexander the Great, Aryans, Muslims, and later the British, who had to overcome defensive positions taken from above by local tribesman.
|-
|[[Kush]]
|Was part of a larger region called Nubia.
|-
|[[Larger Vehicle]]
|a form of Buddhism practiced in China, Korea, Japan and Tibet, teaching how to attain full enlightenment for the sake of others. (Also known as Mahayana Buddhism.)
|-
|[[Last Roman Emperor]]
| The last ruler of the Roman Empire was Romulus Augustus, who ruled from October of AD 475 to September of AD 476
|-
|legalism
|Legalism is the excessive adherence to law or formula.
|-
|[[Legions]]
|Legions were the principal unit of the Roman army comprising 3,000 to 6,000 foot soldiers and cavalry in addition to the foot soldiers.
|-
|[[Lesser Vehicle]]
|in Buddhism, describes how to attain freedom from one's own suffering.
|-
|[[Livy]]
|A Roman historian (59 BC - 17 AD) who wrote a monumental history of Rome from its beginnings to his day.
|-
|[[Loess]]
|A type of soil derived form glacial deposits consisting of fine yellow silt that is extremely crumbly. The silt from Loess Plateau of north-west China, carried along by the Yellow River, has given that river its distinctive name.
|-
|[[Magadha]]
|Led Aryans to join and try to repel the Persians.
|-
|[[Mahayana]]
|the later of the two great schools of Buddhism, chiefly in China, Tibet, and Japan, characterized by eclecticism and a general belief in a common search for salvation, sometimes thought to be attainable through faith alone.
|-
|[[Manichaeism]]
|A belief system teaching that there exists two separate, opposite and equally ultimate Principles: the Light and the Darkness.
|-
|[[Marathon]]
|A small town about 26 miles from Athens where the Greeks won a key battle against the Persians in 490 B.C., and a messenger ran the distance to deliver the news to Athens, inspiring the modern marathon race today.
|-
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]
|Roman emperor from AD 161 to 180. Marcus Aurelius was also a philosopher, a Stoic, and wrote a famous book, ''Meditations''.
|-
|[[Marius]]
|Roman general and consul: opponent of Lucius Cornelius Sulla.
|-
|[[Masada]]
|a mountaintop fortress in East Israel on the South West shore of the Dead Sea: site of Zealots' last stand against the Romans during revolt of AD 66–73.
|-
|[[Menes]]
|Was a legendary Pharoah of Egypt from somewhere between 3100-2850 BC.
|-
|[[Meroe]]
|a ruined city in Sudan, on the Nile, NE of Khartoum: a capital of ancient Ethiopia that was destroyed AD c350.
|-
|[[Mesolithic Age]]
|Before the beginning of recorded history in 3500 B.C., when humans changed from hunting and gathering food to producing food, as in planting and farming.
|-
|[[Minoan Civilization]]
|A civilization that flourished on the island of Crete from around the 27th century B.C., to the 15th century B.C.
|-
|Moche
|A South American civilization that existed in northern Peru from AD 100-800
|-
|[[Moksha]]
|Means liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth in the Hindu religion.
|-
|[[monsoons]]
|Tropical storms, particularly in the climate of India, where the "southwest monsoon" occurs from about mid-June to the first week in October, and consists of winds carrying heavy rainfall from the Indian Ocean and resulting in widespread flooding
|-
|[[Mount Sinai]]
|A 7,498 foot mountain, located in Southern Sinai, now part of modern Egypt.The location where Moses received the Ten Commandments from God.
|-
|[[Muhammad Ali]]
|Muhammad Ali was a professional boxer during the 1960’s and 70’s he was perhaps the most famous Muslim of the western world at this time. During the Vietnam war he refused to be drafted because it was not a “holy war.”
|-
|[[Mycenaean Civilization]]
|Was an early Indo-European civilization of Greece.
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar I]]
|was the emperor of the Babylonian Empire from 1146 to 1123 BC.
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar II]]
| Lived from 635 BC- 562 BC, was King of the Chaldeans and final conqueror of the Southern Kingdom of Israel, called "Judah." He was the first of many heads of state of foreign superpowers to come to a possibly salvific knowledge of God.
|-
|[[Neolithic Age]]
|The last part of the Stone Age (neo = "new", lithic = "of/like stone"), before the invention of metallurgy. It immediately preceded the rise of the first civilizations.
|-
|[[Nero]]
| Was the Emperor of Rome from AD 54-68. He blamed the great fire of Rome on the Christians who were unpopular due to their belief in one God.
|-
|[[Nerva]]
|Roman emperor from AD 96 to 98. Following the turmoils after Nero's death, he stood at the beginning of a long peaceful and prosperous time in the history of the Roman empire.
|-
|[[Nile River]]
|A river that ran throughout all of Egypt and fueled its entire agricultural and economic system.
|-
|[[Nineveh]]
|The capital of Assyria, seized and destroyed by the Chaldeans in 612 B.C.
|-
|[[Nok culture]]
|The African culture where the people created the first terracotta production as well as iron-smelting technology.
|-
|[[Oath of the Hindu Physician]]
|Oath requiring, among other things, that doctors not to drink alcohol and to have an honest doctor-patient relationship.
|-
|[[Octavian]]
|Also known as Augustus Caesar (63 BC - AD 14) was the first Roman emperor. He was originally called Gaius Octavius Thurinus until he changed it after being adopted by Julius Caesar in 44 B.C.
|-
|[[Odyssey]]
|The Odyssey was an epic poem written by the [[Greek]] poet [[Homer]]. It traces the journey home to Greece by a hero of the Trojan war and the troubles he faces at the hands of gods and men.
|-
|[[Olmec]]
|The first major Pre-Columbian civilization in Mexico
|-
|oracle bone
|First concrete evidence that the Shang Dynasty really existed. They were generally used as medicine by grinding them up into powder but they were also used to write on.
|-
|[[Origen]]
|was an early Christian philosopher, who lived in the East, and especially in Alexandria
|-
|[[Ostrogoths]]
|Were a Germanic tribe influential in the last days of the Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Ovid]]
|Ovid or Publius Ovidius Naso was a famous Roman poet, known for his Heroides, Amores, Ars Amatoria, and Metamorphosis. He lived from 43 BC to 17 AD
|-
|[[Paleolithic Age]]
| Is the name given by atheists to the first part of the Stone age, followed by the Neolithic Age. During the Paleolithic Age, atheists believe people harvested wild plants and animals for food.
|-
|[[papyrus]]
|A thin parchment constructed from reeds near the Nile River
|-
|pariah
|An outcast or any person or animal that is despised.
|-
|[[Parthenon]]
| The Parthenon is a celebrated marble temple of Athene, on the Acropolis at Athens. It was of the pure Doric order, and has had an important influence on art.
|-
|[[patricians]]
|A patrician is a person of high honor or rank.
|-
|Pericles
|493-429 BC: a fabulous orator, he led Athens during its Golden Age (between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars), and expanded democracy: "Government in the hands of the many, not of the few," he said.
|-
|[[Peru]]
|Peru is a country in South America with a rich history. Once dominated by the Incas, Peru fell to the Spanish in the 16th Century.
|-
|[[Petra]]
|Petra was an ancient city that lasted from some time in 6th century B.C. to 360 AD when an earthquake destroyed their water supply. The city is famous for its buildings carved in red sandstone and given the name the pink city. Also Indiana Jones was filmed there.
|-
|[[phalanx]]
|common Greek military formation, which is rectangular
|-
|[[Philippides]]
|An athlete sent by Athens to run 150 miles to Sparta as they needed help in their battle against Persia, where they were outnumbered 10 to 1. His remarkable ability continues to inspire ambitious joggers today.
|-
|[[Philo]]
|(20 BC - 50 AD) was a Jewish historian from Alexandria in the first century. He combined Judaism and Greek philosophy.
|-
|[[pictograph]]
|A pictorial symbol for a word or phrase. Pictographs are the foundation for cuneiform and hieroglyphics, having been discovered in Egypt and Mesopotamia from before 3000 B.C.
|-
|[[Pisistratids]]
|Was a ruler of Athens around 570 B.C.
|-
|[[plebian]]
|A Plebian was one of the lower classes in the early Roman world, such as small farmers and shopkeepers, similar to a commoner in Medieval Europe. This status was inherited in ancient Rome, though it could change through marriage or (rarely) promotion.
|-
|[[Plutarch]]
|(46 to 127 AD.)Was a Greek historian, philosopher, biographer, and priest.

|-
|[[praetors]]
|one of a number of elected magistrates charged chiefly with the administration of civil justice and ranking next below a consul.
|-
|[[Poseidon]]
|The god of the sea, rivers, floods, droughts, earthquakes, and the creator of horses; known as the "Earth Shaker". He is a son of Cronus and Rhea and brother to Zeus and Hades. In classical artwork, he was depicted as a mature man of sturdy build with a dark beard, and holding a trident.
|-
|[[Prehistory]]
|Before 3400 B.C.
|-
|purdah
|The seclusion of women from the sight of men or strangers. Purdah is practiced most in the Muslim and Hindu religions.
|-
|[[Pythagorus]]
|A Greek philosopher mathematician (569-475 B.C.), best known for his Pythagorean Theorem which equates the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle to the sum of the squares of each side. His philosophy included abstracting 2 ships + 2 ships = 4 ships to the more general truth that 2 of anything plus 2 of anything = 4 of anything.
|-
|[[Ramayana]]
| A Sandskrit epic, depicting the life and adventures of Ramachandra.
|-
|[[Ramses II]]
| Ramses II was the king of Egypt. His reign is remembered by his constant war with the Hittites.
|-
|[[Rembrandt]]
| A Dutch painted who lived from 1606-1669 AD
|-
|[[Rig Veda]]
|A collection of over one thousand hymns that date back to as early as two thousand B.C.
|-
|[[Romance of Three Kingdoms]]
|Is a novel written by Luo Guanzhong in the Han Dynasty when it fell into disorganization. (AD 220-280)
|-
|[[Romulus and Remus]]
|Rome obtained its name from Romulus and Remus, who were twins, and by legend the the sons of Mars who were rescued from death by a mother wolf after his uncle threw him into the Tiber river out of jealousy.
|-
|[[rule of tyrants]]
|during the early Greek empire in the 600s, a series of tyrants ruled Athens. One was "Draco", who imposed the same penalty of death for every crime, no matter how minor!
|-
|[[Saint Patrick]]
|Born in Wales and grew up in England. Later traveled to Ireland and converted the Celts there to Christianity in the mid-400s AD
|-
|[[Sanctuary]]
|Medieval right of criminals on the run to enter churches and be untouchable by authorities.
|-
|[[Sargon the Great]]
|The first person in recorded history to create an empire or multi-ethnic state.
|-
|[[Sati (Buddhism)]]
|Mindfulness, self-collectedness, powers of reference and retention. In some contexts, the word sati when used alone covers alertness
|-
|[[Satrap]]
|Local governors established in distant lands by the powerful Persian ruler Cyrus
|-
|[[Saxons]]
|Were a Germanic tribe, eventually settling in England and North Western France.
|-
|[[Schliemann, Heinrich]]
|German archeologist who was an excavator of Troy. His work supported the idea that Homer's Iliad and Virgil's Aeneid reflected real historical events.
|-
|[[Scipio]]
|(236 BC -183 BC) Was the Roman General during the Second Punic War who brought about the final defeat of Carthage at the Battle of Zama in 202 B.C.
|-
|[[Seneca]]
|Roman philosopher (a [[Stoicism|Stoic]]), statesman and playwright; teacher of [[Nero]]. BC 4 - AD 65.
|-
|[[Shang dynasty]]
|Was a major ancient Chinese dynasty from about 1766 to 1122 BC. Built cities in northern China along the Yellow River. It consisted of city-states which were often at war with one another.
|-
|[[Shang Yang]]
|Was a Chinese statesman and philosopher. He promoted Legalism, which was like the divine right of kings in the West.
|-
|[[Shi]]
|A scholar class created by the Han dynasty
|-
|[[Shiva]]
|In Hinduism, Shiva "the Destroyer" is the third member of the Trimurti, or the "Hindu triad", along with Brahma "the Creator" and Vishnu "the Preserver".
|-
|[[Slavs]]
|Slavic people who settled the Steppe and cultivated the soil in AD 100. They lived in tribes and villages and were vulnerable to nomadic fighters like the Huns. They established a trade city known as Kiev which exists to this day.
|-
|[[Solon]]
| Solon was an Athenian statesman who introduced economic, political, and legal reforms.
|-
|[[Sophocles]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 497-406.
|-
|[[Steppes]]
|Steppes are large areas of flat unforested grassland in southeastern Europe or Siberia.
|-
|[[stirrup]]
|a metal frame for each foot when riding a horse; invented in China in 322 BC and used to great advantage in battle, because they make it easier to control the horse and shoot arrows with accuracy
|-
|[[Stoicism]]
| The second of the two main Greek philosophical schools of thought. Stoicism sought to find a sense of divine justice, deemphasizing pain and pleasure for the goal of reason, logic, and self discipline.
|-
|[[Stone age]]
|The stone age is believed to be at time before men had metal working skills in our prehistory. Young Earth Creationists dispute the exsistence of a stone age rather there were stone working cultures.
|-
|[[Stupa]]
|An ornate Buddhist dome-like stone structure originally built to cover items believed to be relics of the Buddha.
|-
|[[Sulla]]
| (138-78 BC) was a Roman general and dictator during the Republican period. He won Rome's first civil war. Reforms during his time gave the Senate more power.
|-
|Sunna
|d
|-
|[[Sumuabum]]
|Was an Amorite king who established a Babylonian Kingdom in 1894 BC.
|-
|[[Suttee]]
|An ancient Hindu practice in India where a wife sacrifices herself upon her husband's funeral pyre. Outlawed by the British Raj.
|-
|[[Tacitus]]
| (AD 55-120) Was the Roman author of Histories, Annals, and Germania, describing first century Rome. His work chronicles Nero's blaming of the Christians for the fire in Rome and the resulting large scale persecution of Christians that ensued.
|-
|[[Taj Mahal]]
|A marble memorial located in Agra, India. It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, Queen Mumtaz Mahal, who died in childbirth.
|-
|[[The Tale of Gengi]]
|The world's first psychological novel. Was written in the 1000s and about Japanese culture.
|-
|Teotihuacan
|Known as "City of the gods," Teotihuacan (AD 100-900) was perhaps the most powerful and largest city-state in Mesoamerica. They worshiped many gods and lived in barrios (suburbs or ghettos) around the city.
|-
|[[terra cotta]]
|A hard fired clay, distinctively brownish-red colored traditionally used for architectural purposes, especially ornamental, and for pottery and sculpture.
|-
|Terracotta army
|when Shia Huandgi (the first emperor of China) died in 210 B.C he was buried with an army of life sized terracotta warriors, which all had different expressions on their carved faces.
|-
|[[Thales]]
|Thales of Miletus (ca. 624 BC–ca. 546 BC) was the first Greek philosopher. He successfully predicted the solar eclipse of 585 BC and posited that water was the basic principle of all matter in the world.
|-
|[[Thales of Melitus]]
|a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who tried to explain natural phenomena without the use of mythology; was regarded by Aristotle as the first |philosopher in the Greek tradition.
|-
|[[Theravada]]
| Oldest surviving Buddhist school, founded in India
|-
|[[Thirty Years' War]]
|A religious conflict as Catholic states sought to suppress Protestantism. It began as a fight between Bohemian Protestants and Hapsburg Catholics in 1618, and soon became a political conflict for power that included Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Sweden, and the Habsburg dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire. The war ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.
|-
|[[Thutmos III]]
|The 6th Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. The first 22 of years of his reign he was co-regent with his stepmother, Hatshepsut. Reigned from 1479 BC to 1425 BC;
|-
|[[Tiber River]]
|One of the longest Italian rivers, over 250 miles long, it flows through the city of Rome.
|-
|[[Tiberius]]
|a tyrannical Roman emperor who reigned from AD 14-37
|-
|[[Tigris and Euphrates]]
|Two rivers where civilization began in [[Mesopotamia]] before 3500 B.C., as described in the Book of [[Genesis]] and also confirmed by non-biblical sources.
|-
|[[Titus and Domitian]]
|The two sons of Emperor Vespasian. Titus ruled from AD 79–81; Domitian ruled from AD 81-96.
|-
|Toltecs
|AD 900-1200: a northern Mexican nomadic tribe that ruled about 50 miles north of present-day Mexico City, in a city called Tula
|-
|[[Torah]]
|the Jewish name for the first five books of the Bible, meaning Law.
|-
|[[Trajan]]
|Was a Roman Emperor from 98 to 117 AD and the second of the Five Good Emperors.
|-
|[[Tribal Assembly]]
|Was a Roman assembly of plebians & patricians, composed of members of 35 various Roman tribes
|-
|[[Triumvirate]]
|A triumvirate is a system of governance led by 3 leaders. The two most important triumvirates of ancient times were those of Rome: one led by Julius Caesar, Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great") and Marcus Crassus; the other led by Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. It was the failings of these triumvirates that lead to the downfall of the Republic, and the emergence of the Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Untouchables]]
|People at the very bottom of the Hindu caste system. Their Hindi name is "Dalits." Under the system,these people literally are not be touched because they are considered to be so undesirable.
|-
|[[Upanishads]]
|Hindu scriptures that describe reincarnation. Written in Sanskrit, they predate the teachings of Buddha by several centuries.
|-
|[[Ur]]
|Important city-state in Mesopotamia
|-
|[[Vandals]]
|Eastern Germanic tribe that sacked Rome in AD 455. Sweeping through Gaul and Spain they finally settled in North Africa. The Spanish region of Andalusia is named after them.
|-
|[[Vergil]]
|Writer of Famous Roman Mythology "The Aeneid."
|-
|[[Vespasian]]
|a Roman Emperor (AD 70-79), also the general in charge of putting down the Jewish revolt near the end of the AD 60s
|-
|[[Xenephos]]
|(435-354 B.C.) Was historian, philosopher, and military commander, born at Athens, son of an Athenian of good position; was a pupil and friend of Socrates.
|-
|[[Xenophon]]
|Famous Greek writer, Writer of renowned historical work "The Anabasis."
|-
|[[Xerxes]]
|A Persian king in the 5th century BC who attacked and conquered much of Greece, before being defeated in a naval battle in the Battle of Salamis and forced to withdraw back to Babylon
|-
|[[Zealots]]
|A group of Jews in the 1st century AD who sought the violent overthrow and expulsion of Rome from Israel. Their most famous battle (and defeat) came at Masada, a mountain fortress that still holds spiritual significance for Israel today.
|-
|[[Zeno]]
|a Greek philosopher who proposed Paradoxes, such as how a destination is never reached if the traveler goes half the distance to the goal an infinite number of times.
|-
|}
 
[[Category:World History lectures]]

World History Homework Five Answers - Student 4

2011-10-13T14:56:25Z

Wh:

World History Homework Five  

Instructor: Andy Schlafly

Billy F.

'''Who was "Charles the Hammer," and why was he important?'''
Charles “the Hammer” Martel let the Franks in a sound defeat against massive Muslim forces at the Battle of Tours in 732. If not for this pivotal defeat, all of Europe might have become Muslim.    5. How many "pillars" of Islam are there? Pick two of them and discuss them briefly.

'''There are 5 “pillars” of Islam.'''
''Prayer:'' Muslim prayer is very ritualized. Millions of Muslims turn towards Mecca every day and pray. It is required that Muslims pray 5 times a day every day, at day break, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and evening. Prayers are said in Arabic, regardless of your native language.
''The Hajj:'' The Hajj is the pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia. This is the fifth pillar of Islam, and must be carried out by every Muslim at least once in his lifetime. The pilgrimage takes place between the 8th and 12th day of Dhu al-Hijjah, the last month of the Islamic calendar.
 

'''Add 3 terms to the Study Guide''' (or 5 terms to earn credit for two questions).
I did Moksha, Moche, Minoan Civilization, Schliemann, Heinrich, and Hiram 

World History Homework Five Answers - Student 4

2011-10-13T14:55:28Z

Wh: Created page with "World History Homework Five  Instructor: Andy Schlafly Billy F. '''Who was "Charles the Hammer," and why was he important?''' Charles “the Hammer” Martel let the Franks i..."

World History Homework Five  Instructor: Andy Schlafly
Billy F.

'''Who was "Charles the Hammer," and why was he important?'''
Charles “the Hammer” Martel let the Franks in a sound defeat against massive Muslim forces at the Battle of Tours in 732. If not for this pivotal defeat, all of Europe might have become Muslim.    5. How many "pillars" of Islam are there? Pick two of them and discuss them briefly.

'''There are 5 “pillars” of Islam.'''
''Prayer:'' Muslim prayer is very ritualized. Millions of Muslims turn towards Mecca every day and pray. It is required that Muslims pray 5 times a day every day, at day break, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and evening. Prayers are said in Arabic, regardless of your native language.
''The Hajj:'' The Hajj is the pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia. This is the fifth pillar of Islam, and must be carried out by every Muslim at least once in his lifetime. The pilgrimage takes place between the 8th and 12th day of Dhu al-Hijjah, the last month of the Islamic calendar.
 
'''Add 3 terms to the Study Guide''' (or 5 terms to earn credit for two questions).
I did Moksha, Moche, Minoan Civilization, Schliemann, Heinrich, and Hiram 

World History Study Guide to 1648

2011-10-13T14:52:29Z

Wh: /* Honors terms */

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Description
|-
|[[Abraham]]
|2000 BC: father of Jewish people, made a covenant with God; Arabs claim descendance from Abraham's son Ishmael.
|-
|[[acropolis]]
|part of a Greek city-state that is built on a hilltop for easy defense. Example: where the democratic assembly met in Athens.
|-
|[[Plato's Academy|the Academy]]
|Founded by the Greek philosopher Plato in 387 BC, this was the world's first great center of learning.
|-
|[[Aesop]]
|a Greek writer famous for writing ''[[Aesop's Fables]]'' around 600 BC, such as "The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing," to teach life lessons
|-
|[[Alexander the Great]]
|356-323 BC: born to Philip II of Macedon and tutored by [[Aristotle]]. Conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia, and more, but not India. Alexander's conquests spread Greek culture and language, helping the future expansion of [[Christianity]].
|-
|[[Alexandria]]
|City in Egypt captured by Alexander the Great and then "Hellenized" (made Greek-like). Known for its famous library.
|-
|[[Allah]]
|The god of the [[Islamic]] religion. Followers of Allah are called Muslims.
|-
|[[Analects]]
|a record of the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius, written and compiled by his disciples circa 400-300 BC
|-
|[[Ancient world]]
|civilizations before the fall of the Western [[Roman Empire]] in AD 476
|-
|''[[Aeneid]]''
|a fictional epic poem, describing how a wandering [[Trojan]] became the ancestor of the [[Romans]], written by the great Roman poet [[Virgil]].
|-
|Anglo-Saxon
|refers both to the people of England from AD 449-1066 who came from Germanic tribes, and to their Old English language
|-
|[[Anselm]]
|a medieval Christian philosopher who founded scholasticism and developed an "ontological" proof for the existence of God based on degrees of perfection.
|-
|[[Archimedes]]
|287–212 BC: Greek mathematician and engineer. Discovered Archimedes' Principle, invented "Archimedes' screw," and built defenses against the Romans for his city of Syracuse; killed by the Romans.
|-
|[[archons]]
|Aristocratic officials elected by the Athenian government to make the laws; later overtook by tyrants who rose to power in the 600s BC
|-
|[[Arianism]]
|a heresy (false doctrine) claiming that Jesus was not God
|-
|[[aristocracy]]
|rule by the wealthy and privileged, rather than by democracy
|-
|[[Aristotle]]
|384-322 BC: Greek [[philosopher]], student of [[Plato]] and tutor to Alexander the Great. Emphasized the value of experience, and founded the Lyceum (a school resembling a university with specimens and a library)
|-
|[[Art of War]]
|first book on military strategy, written by Chinese philosopher Sun Tzu, having insights like "If ignorant both of your enemy and yourself, you are certain to be in peril."
|-
|[[Assyrian Empire]]
|1400-605 BC: was first dependent on Babylonia, then became an independent state, and finally an empire. Known for cruelty, especially to the Hebrews. Captured northern Kingdom of Israel in 722 BC.
|-
|[[Athens]]
|birthplace of democracy in 509 BC, Athens was a Greek city-state previously ruled by aristocrats. It defeat invading Persians.
|-
|[[Attila the Hun]]
|(AD 406-453): last and greatest ruler of the Huns, called the "Scourge of God"; almost defeated the Roman empire but was talked out of looting Rome by Pope Leo I.
|-
|[[Augustus Caesar]]
|the first Roman Emperor (27 BC-14 AD), whose name was Octavian; he took power away from the Roman Senate, he began "Pax Romana" (peaceful prosperity), and he was the emperor when Jesus was born
|-
|[[Aztecs]]
| A fierce type of people (AD 1200-1521), also known as "the Mexica," from Central Mexico who built a glorious capital city titled Tenochtitlan, and established three causeways to connect it to the mainland.
|-
|[[Babylon]]
|the major Mesopotamian city in the ancient Middle East, its greatest ruler was Hammurabi. Babylon developed Cuneiform, used base-60 numbers, defeated ancient Sumer about 2000 BC, and was later cruel to Hebrews.
|-
|[[Babylonia]]
|State and empire created by Babylon. First empire existed from 1900-1600 BC, later reemerged as the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 625-538 BC
|-
|[[Babylonian Exile]]
|Period of time from 597 to 538 BC, during which the Israelites were kept as prisoners in Babylon.
|-
|[[barbarian]]
|any "uncivilized" (not Roman), unshaven, ruthless warriors who would attack and invade ancient Rome (name "barbarus" means "bearded").
|-
|[[Battle of Tours]]
|Pivotal victory against the Muslims (732); led by Charles "the Hammer" of the Germanic people known as the "Franks".
|-
|B.C.E./[[C.E.]]
|anti-Christian terms for B.C./A.D., whereby "Before Common Era (B.C.E.)" replaces "Before Christ (B.C.)", and "Common Era (C.E.)" replaces "In the Year of Our Lord (A.D.)"
|-
|[[Bible]]
|Collection of Hebrew (Old Testament) and Christian (New Testament) Scriptures. Foretells the coming of a Messiah for the Hebrews, and recounts ancient history including the Tower of Babel and the Great Flood.
|-
|[[Brahman/Brahmin]]
|Brahman is the ultimate god or existence in Hinduism, of which all existence is a part; "Brahmin" means the highest class for families in the Hindu caste system
|-
|[[Bronze Age]]
|2500-1200 BC: when bronze was used for jewelry, tools, utensils, weapons; this eventually enabled the introduction of the plow for easier farming.
|-
|[[Buddha]]
|"Awakened One" in Buddhism. Siddhartha Gautama was the first Buddha.
|-
|[[Buddhism]]
|A belief system which teaches that desire causes suffering and if desire is eliminated, enlightenment and Nirvana are attained.
|-
|[[Bushi]]
| Proficient, skilled generals from Japan who raised their own "samurai" soldiers to defend and protect their land.
|-
|[[Byzantine Empire]]
|It was the eastern part of the Roman empire, based in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey), which outlasted the Western half by 1000 years.
|-
|[[Caligula]]
|(AD 37-41) cruel and senseless Roman emperor, who even declared his horse to be a Roman Senator.
|-
|[[Carolingian Court]]
|Dynasty that started with Charles Martel and his descendants, including Charlemagne, whose revival of education became known as the Carolingian Renaissance. The crowning of Charlemagne in 800 is considered the birth of the "Holy Roman Empire", also known as the Carolingian empire.
|-
|[[Carthage]]
|An ancient city on the coast of northern Africa (across the Mediterranean Sea from Italy) which fought against Rome in the three Punic Wars, which left Carthage destroyed, never to be rebuilt again.
|-
|[[caste]]
|the social rank in Hinduism: Brahmins are priests and scholars, Kshatriya are rulers, Vaishya are peasants, and Shudra are serfs. Good karma enables one to improve his caste in the next life.
|-
|[[Celts]]
|A tribal, ancient people living in what is now Ireland and Great Britain, who worshiped many gods and had priests called "druids."
|-
|[[Chaldeans]]
|The ancient Babylonians
|-
|[[Chaldean Empire]]
|Ancient Babylonian Empire that lasted from 605-562 BC
|-
|[[Chandragupta Mauryan]]
|Built the largest Indian empire ever; he was a tough and strong dictator who defeated Greek general Seleucus in 322 BC, taking from him the portion of the Greek empire slightly north of India.
|-
|[[Charlemagne]]
|King of the Franks from AD 768-814, and Holy Roman Emperor after being crowned by the Pope in AD 800
|-
|[[Charles Martel]]
|Charles "the Hammer"; Christian ruler who led the Franks to a decisive victory against the Muslims in the Battle of Tours (AD 732)
|-
|[[Chivalry]]
|Code of behavior developed during feudalism; required loyalty to God, looking out for one another, and different roles for men and women
|-
|[[China]]
|One of the world's oldest major civilizations, with a tradition of philosophers rather than religious leaders
|-
|[[Christendom]]
| A massive church-state network that consisted of religious hierarchy and held influence over all of Europe during the Middle Ages.
|-
|[[Cicero]], Marcus Tullius
|Famous Roman orator, senator and lawyer who lived from 106-43 BC, and who opposed Marc Anthony.
|-
|[[city-states]]
|Small nations consisting of only a single city each, especially in ancient Greece. Examples included Sparta, Athens and Corinth. They fought each other, but also banned together to defeat the Persians when that great empire sought to absorb Greece.
|-
|[[civilization]]
|must have towns, social and government institutions, record-keeping systems for property, and an agricultural surplus so not everyone is farming
|-
|[[classical civilizations]]
|Ancient Mediterranean civilizations that were generally pre-Christian, such as Rome, Greece, and Egypt
|-
|[[classicism]]
|Near the end of the Middle Ages, a Renaissance movement in the arts, looking back to ancient Rome and Greece for inspiration
|-
|[[Cleisthenes]]
|Established democracy in Athens in 507 BC, giving all free men the right to vote
|-
|[[Cleopatra]]
|The queen of Egypt who reigned from 51-30 BC
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
|The code of Hammurabi was one of the first set of written laws. It was a harsh code that demanded an eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth.
|-
|[[Code of Manu]]
|Hindu law containing rules and codes of conduct. Written in 200 BC in India.
|-
|[[Colosseum]]
|A massive stadium in Rome that was used to hold gladiatorial contests, chariot racing and killing Christians and others for entertainment. Originally known as the Flavian Amphitheatre.
|-
|[[comedy]]
|In ancient Greece, a play with a happy ending. All classical plays were either a "comedy" or a "tragedy".
|-
|[[Confucius]]
|A famous Chinese philosopher who came up with many ideas about ethics and social conduct
|-
|[[Constantine|Constantine (the Great)]]
|The first Christian emperor of Rome who legalized Christianity, ended the persecution of Christians, and united the eastern with the western Roman empires
|-
|[[Constantinople]]
|Now named Istanbul, it was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire beginning in AD 330. Originally known as Byzantium.
|-
|[[Council of Nicaea]]
|A.D. 325, a council of bishops called by Constantine to obtain agreement on various aspects of Christianity (e.g., the Trinity) and to end heresies (e.g., Arianism).
|-
|[[cuneiform]]
|The earliest known form of writing. Consists of lines and dashes to represent different concrete things, such as fish.
|-
|[[Cynicism]]
|Greek philosophy emphasizing living life without worldly possessions, founded by Socrates' student Antisthenes.
|-
|Darius the Great
|the king of Persia (522-486 BC) and one of the greatest rulers of the Achaemenid dynasty, best known for his failed attempts to conquer Greece; in 492 a storm destroyed his fleet, and in 490 BC Athens defeated his army at Marathon
|-
|[[David]]
|Second king of Israel, as chosen by God, and an ancestor of Jesus Christ. He expanded the kingdom of Israel.
|-
|[[Delian League]]
|Formed in 477 BC as an alliance consisting of Athens and other Greek city-states to guard against the Persia (Achaemenid) empire after the Persian Wars; but Athens misused it to impose taxes and fund Athenian projects.
|-
|[[Dharma]]
|The laws of the religions of Buddhism and Hinduism
|-
|[[diaspora]]
|The migration or scattering of a people, especially the ancient Hebrews, away from their ancestral home.
|-
|[[Diocletian]]
| The Roman emperor who tried to save the empire of Rome by dividing it into eastern and western regions. He established the "tetrarchy" (rule by four), and ruled from AD 284 to 305.
|-
|[[direct democracy]]
|laws are made by votes of the citizens, rather than by elected officials. Athens of ancient Greece was the first direct democracy.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|tribes that settled Greece, 1100-1000 BC, having an oppressive military ruling class. The "Doric order" is the simplest form of Greek architecture, consisting of a straight column without any artistic trim at the top.
|-
|[[early agriculture]]
|crops such as grain being grown in places such as Egypt
|-
|[[Edict of Milan]]
|a political proclamation that legalized Christianity (and all other religions) throughout the Roman empire, issued by Constantine I in AD 313 after the Diocletian persecutions against Christians
|-
|[[Egypt]]
|One of the oldest civilizations in recorded history, going back to nearly 3000 BC
|-
|[[Eightfold Path]]
|The Buddhist way to end suffering and attain inner peace and contentment. It includes wisdom (right view and intention); ethics (right speech, action & livelihood); and mind (right effort, mindfulness & concentration).
|-
|[[Emperor]]
|A ruler or king of a country, such as Augustus Caesar as the first Roman emperor.
|-
|[[Enlightened One]]
|A translation of the name Buddha, in Buddhism
|-
|[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]
|A Sumerian (Mesopotamia) poem preserved on stone tablets with a story bearing great resemblance to Noah's Ark and the Great Flood
|-
|[[Euclid]]
|A Greek mathematician around 300 BC who developed geometry and wrote the ''Elements''.
|-
|[[Euphrates river]]
|The Euphrates is a river that was the border of Mesopotamia and was both a trading route and a protection for Mesopotamia.
|-
|[[Fertile Crescent]]
|An area of land in the Middle East along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, where it was easy to grow crops, which was the birthplace of civilization and probably the location of the Garden of Eden.
|-
|[[feudalism]]
|way of life in Western Europe in the early Middle Ages, consisting of a "lord" who owned land (given by the king) on which "peasants" or "serfs" farmed in exchange for food and protection.
|-
|[[First Punic War]]
|between Rome and Carthage in 254-241 BC: Rome conquered the island of Sicily and developed a navy; although Rome was no match for the powerful Carthaginian navy, Romans did invent a corvus that allowed them to board enemy ships and win the war
|-
|[[Four Noble Truths]]
|in [[Buddhism]]: (1) suffering is universal, (2) craving or desire causes it, (3) the cure is to eliminate the craving or desire, and (4) following the Eightfold Path helps eliminate this desire in order to attain "nirvana" (complete contentment).
|-
|[[The Franks]]
|Germanic tribes settling in the northern part of the Roman empire (including northern France), rising in power and territory from AD 330-751 and defeating barbarians; Charles the Hammer and Charlemagne were Franks
|-
|[[Gentiles]]
|The term for peoples, such as Greeks, who are not of Jewish or Arab descent.
|-
|Golden Age
|An age of great peace and prosperity, especially in ancient Greece between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars
|-
|[[Gracchi brothers]]
|Two tribunes (high elected officials) of ancient Rome who wanted to help the poor by redistributing land from the rich
|-
|Great Schism
|AD 1054: the Eastern Orthodox Church splits from the Roman Catholic Church in a dispute over icons and statues, the origin of the Holy Spirit, and regional differences
|-
|[[Great Wall of China]]
|the long and high wall in China that was built beginning with the Qin dynasty in about 200 BC, to keep invaders out
|-
|[[Greece]]
|perhaps the greatest ancient civilization: invented democracy, developed mathematics and philosophy, and adopted ethical standards like the Hippocratic Oath (which prohibits abortion)
|-
|[[Greek drama]]
|Theatrical tradition of ancient Greece, 600-400 BC, with two main types: comedies (good ending) and tragedies (bad ending)
|-
|[[Gregory the Great]]
|One of the most significant popes, who used church money for non-religious purposes such as paying for public projects such as roads, supporting armies, and establishing government programs for the poor; this later caused controversies.
|-
|[[Gaul]]
|Now France, it was a place for barbarians to attack the Roman empire.
|-
|[[Gothic]]
|architecture of the late Middle Ages, featuring tall, perpendicular structures, long or stained-glassed rose windows, pointed arches, and flying buttresses (stone supports on the outer walls of churches)
|-
|[[Gupta empire]]
|(AD 240-550): large Indian empire that developed with algebra, the concepts of zero and infinity, and the numbers 1-9
|-
|[[Hammurabi]]
|King of Babylon, 1792-1750 BC, who developed the Code of Hammurabi, which is based on the concept of an eye for an eye
|-
|[[Han dynasty]]
|202 BC - AD 220, this was the greatest of all the Chinese dynasties and was similar to the Roman empire in expanding territory, administering justice, and enjoying peace like the Pax Romana. The Han dynasty valued education highly, and created a scholar class of people known as "shi".
|-
|[[Hannibal]]
|A military commander for Carthage who had a brilliant surprise attack against Rome during the Second Punic War
|-
|[[Hebrews]]
|God's chosen people who established the nation of Israel and wrote the Old Testament
|-
|[[Hellenistic]]
|Relating to Greek culture and language, particularly in lands beyond Greece as conquered by Alexander the Great beginning in 335 BC
|-
|[[hieroglyphics]]
|A phonetic alphabet developed by the ancient Egyptians that uses the pictographic symbols to represent both an object and/or a phonetic sound.
|-
|[[Himalaya Mountain Range]]
|Mountain range famous for having the world's tallest peaks, including Mount Everest and K2; geographic protection that isolated ancient China
|-
|[[Hinduism]]
|An ancient polytheistic religion followed by 82% of (Asian) Indians to this day
|-
|[[Hippocrates]]
|"The father of medicine" in ancient Greece who developed the [[Hippocratic Oath]], an ethical code that all medical students traditionally repeated as a condition of graduation.
|-
|[[Holy Roman Empire]]
|Lasting from AD 800 to 1806, it included the territory in Europe under the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor. Constituent states often ruled themselves.
|-
|[[Homer]]
|An early Greek poet, famous for lengthy sagas such as ''Iliad'' and ''The Odyssey''.
|-
|[[Hsia dynasty]]
|rulers in China up until 1766 B.C., when Emperor Chieh (the last in the dynasty) was overthrown
|-
|[[Huns]]
|A confederation of Asian tribes who fought against the Romans in what is now the Ukraine, Germany, France, Italy and the Balkans. They were considered by many Romans to be the most ferocious enemies
|-
|[[ideograms]]
|In primitive societies, a graphic symbol (rather than alphabetic words like these) representing a concept or an idea
|-
|[[The Incas]]
|developed a huge empire beginning in AD 1250 in the Andes Mountains in South America, making it the largest civilization in all of the Americas
|-
|[[India]]
|A country that was home to the Indus Valley civilization and dates back over 3,000 years, and was birthplace of Hinduism and (later) Buddhism
|-
|[[Indus River Valley]]
|A fertile valley that was home to an ancient civilization and is modern Pakistan and northwestern India
|-
|[[Iron Age]]
|An era following the Bronze age when tools and weapons were made primarily out of iron: 1200 BC in Europe, but later (600 BC) in China.
|-
|[[Isaac]]
|The promised son born to Abraham and Sarah in their old age, whom Abraham offered to sacrifice to God despite Abraham's great love for Isaac. Isaac is the father of the Israeli people.
|-
|[[Ishmael]]
|The son born to Abraham and Sarah's servant, Hagar. Ishmael is revered by Muslims as an ancestor who was unfairly treated as an outcast after Isaac was subsequently born to Abraham and Sarah.
|-
|[[Islam]]
|the only major world religion that developed after Christ, Islam was founded by Muhammad in AD 622 and is based on the "Five Pillars of Islam."
|-
|[[Israel]]
|Nation founded by King David in 1010 BC, first temple destroyed by Babylonians in 587 BC, Jerusalem was rebuilt in 515 BC, Alexander the Great then conquered region in 332 BC.
|-
|[[Jainism]]
|Branched off of Hinduism, this religion stresses strict vegetarianism and non-violence towards all life.
|-
|[[Japan]]
|an island archipelago made up of 4 large islands and over 4,000 smaller ones, it had feudalism during the same time period that Europe did
|-
|[[Jesus]]
|The Holy Messiah of the Christian faith, and the only son of God who was promised to save all humanity. He was the only founder of a religion to perform miracles to cure the suffering, the only one to emphasize the power of faith, and the only one to give up His life for the salvation of others.
|-
|[[Joan of Arc]]
|17-year-old girl who led the French army to a remarkable military victory over the English in 1429, and was later captured and martyred by the English and made a saint by the Catholic Church
|-
|[[Judah, Kingdom of]]
|the southern kingdom of a divided nation of Israel, after the death of Solomon in 928 BC
|-
|[[Julius Caesar]]
|(100-44 BC) a military and political leader who laid out the groundwork for the future Roman empire before he was murdered by Roman senators
|-
|[[Julian Calendar]]
| The 12 month, 365-day calendar established by Julius Caesar, and the basis for the Gregorian calendar we use today.
|-
|[[Justinian|Justinian I]] and the [[Justinian Code]]
|Eastern Roman Emperor from AD 527 to 565 who developed the Justinian Code, which is the basis of civil law in many places
|-
|[[karma]]
|In Hinduism, everything a person has done. This determines status in the next life, so a Hindu wants "good karma."
|-
|[[knight]]
|An armored soldier of feudalistic Europe. These soldiers first began using plate mail around the time of the crusades.
|-
|[[Latin]]
|the powerful, concise language spoken in ancient Rome that has contributed many roots of words and terms to modern European languages. "Caveat emptor!" (let the buyer beware)
|-
|[[lord]]
|The ruler and owner of a feudalistic area, under him are the serfs.
|-
|[[Lyceum]]
|The great Greek center of learning founded by Aristotle, which then competed with the Academy
|-
|[[Niccolo Machiavelli]]
|An Italian political theorist who wrote the ''The Prince'', the most famous guide to how a conniving politician can seize power by manipulating others
|-
|[[Magna Carta]]
|A charter of personal and political liberties granted to the barons by King John of England in 1215, which later became a foundation for personal rights in the US Constitution.
|-
|[[maize]]
|corn, first grown by Native Americans, now one of the most popular foods in the world
|-
|[[Mandate of Heaven]]
|Chinese mandate that held that the gods blessed good rulers and overthrew bad ones
|-
|[[manor]]
|Under feudalism during the Middle Ages, a manor was a farm owned by a lord who had peasants to do the work and pay him rent in exchange for food, shelter and protection
|-
|[[Marc Antony]]
|A Roman commander and close friend of Caesar. He was in the 1st civil war of the Roman republic
|-
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]
|A Roman emperor known most for ending Pax Romana and conquering Germanic tribes.
|-
|[[Marcus Crassus]]
|A wealthy Roman who ruled Rome along with [[Julius Caesar]] and Pompey the Great, as a part of the first [[triumvirate]].
|-
|[[Martin Luther]]
|an important Christian figure who launched the Protestant Reformation in AD 1517 and founded the Lutheran Church based on a theory of salvation by faith alone, causing a split in the Catholic Church in Western Europe.
|-
|[[Mauryan Empire]]
|323–185 BC: a Buddhist empire covering much of modern India
|-
|[[Maya]]
|The civilization of the Mayans existed in Mesoamerica (including where Guatemala is today) from about AD 300-900. They were advanced in math and astronomy and had a written pictographic language; today 4 million people still speak the Mayan language.
|-
|[[Mesoamerica]]
|Mexico and Central America, where pre-Columbian (before Columbus' exploration in 1492) civilizations existed
|-
|[[Mesopotamia]]
|Modern-day [[Iraq]], where civilization first appeared
|-
|[[Messiah]]
|Anointed by God. Jesus Christ is the Messiah of Christianity
|-
|[[Michelangelo]]
|(AD 1475-1564) A Renaissance man known for his paintings on the Sistine Chapel ceiling and his sculptures of David and the Pieta (Mary holding Jesus after the Crucifixion).
|-
|[[Middle Ages]]
|A period of time, also called the Medieval Ages, spanning from AD 500-1500, when [[feudalism]] was common
|-
|[[Middle Kingdom]]
|2100-1650 BC: Egyptian kingdom known for its works and ideas, which ended due to a civil war
|-
|[[monasteries]]
|communities of Christian monks that are set apart for God, and which preserved knowledge during the Middle Ages.
|-
|Mongol empire
|Peaked in power in the AD 1200s, held more contiguous (connected) land than any empire in history, but failed twice in trying to conquer Japan.
|-
|[[monotheism]]
|The belief in a religion worshiping only one god. [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], and [[Islam]] are monotheistic religions.
|-
|[[Moses]]
|The prophet who led the Israelites out of Egypt, gave them the Ten Commandments, and wrote the first five books of the Bible.
|-
|[[Muhammad]]
|The man who preached a new monotheistic religion "Islam", founded on only one god, Allah.
|-
|[[Nile]]
|River in Egypt which flows northward towards the Mediterranean Sea, supplying Egypt with water.
|-
|[[Nero]]
|One of the most irresponsible and cruel emperors of Rome. Nero reigned beginning when he was 16 years old, ruling until A.D. 69.
|-
|[[New Kingdom]]
|1550-700 BC: ancient Egypt at the time of Moses, where many buildings were construted primarily with slave labor
|-
|[[Nicene Creed]]
|A core statement of Christianity that affirms the Holy Trinity of God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Ghost
|-
|[[Nirvana]]
|The ultimate goal of Buddhism: the end of all suffering
|-
|Normans
|Vikings who settled in northwest France (Normandy), and then invaded and conquered England in AD 1066
|-
|[[Octavian]]
|The grandnephew of Julius Caesar who became the first Emperor of Rome, ruling with his new name of Augustus Caesar.
|-
|[[Old Kingdom]]
|3000-2200 BC: the ancient Egyptian kingdom that built the famous pyramids
|-
|[[Olympics (Ancient Greek)]]
|An ancient sporting event first held in 776 BC, establishing the beginning of the Greek civilization
|-
|[[Paper]]
|Invented by Chinese in AD 100, from dipping a bamboo screen into a mixture of bark, rags and plants, and then allowing only a thin layer of pulp to dry on the bamboo screen.
|-
|[[patricians]]
|the upper 10% of the Roman republic, consisting of wealthy landowners
|-
|[[Paul]]
|an energetic evangelist for early Christianity, who wrote many letters now in the New Testament of the Bible
|-
|[[Pax Romana]]
|27 BC-180 AD: the "glory days" of the Roman empire, a time of peaceful prosperity and influence (but cruelty to Christians)
|-
|[[Peloponnesian War]]
|fought between Athens and Sparta, 431-404 BC, which was ultimately won by Sparta and its allies
|-
|[[Pentateuch]]
|The first five books of the modern Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy
|-
|[[Persian empire]]
|550-330 BC: a large empire stretching from India to southern Europe and Egypt
|-
|[[Persian Wars]]
|492-449 BC: wars between Persia (modern-day Iran) and Greek city-states including Athens and Sparta
|-
|[[Peter]]
|a leading apostle of Jesus who became the first pope in Rome, where he was martyred
|-
|[[pharaoh]]
|the ruler in Ancient Egypt, considered by Egyptians to be a son of god
|-
|[[Philip of Macedon]]
|King of Macedonia who arranged for the homeschooling of his son, Alexander the Great.
|-
|[[Philistines]]
|ancient people who occupied the land of Canaan, who were enemies of Israel and God.
|-
|[[Phoenicians]]
|ancient people who lived and traded goods on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea, developing a new language using an alphabet of 22 letters, on which Greek, Latin, English, French, etc., are based.
|-
|Pillars of Islam
|the five basic rules of Islam: submit to Allah, pray, fast, give to the poor, and make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca (in Saudi Arabia today)
|-
|[[Plato]]
|Greek (Athens) philosopher who emphasized the value of logic, while his student Aristotle preferred the value of experience.
|-
|[[Pompey the Great]]
|Ruled Rome as a part of the first [[triumvirate]] with [[Julius Caesar]] and [[Marcus Crassus]]. Pompey is well known for ridding the Mediterranean sea of pirates.
|-
|[[polis]]
|The name for city-states in Ancient Greece
|-
|[[polytheism]]
|A religion with many gods, which was common in ancient times until Judaism and Christianity emerged.
|-
|[[Pope]]
|The leader of the Roman Catholic Church, who was most powerful in Europe during the time of the Holy Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Ptolemy]]
|(AD 90-168) a mathematician, geographer and astronomer in Hellenistic Egypt
|-
|[[Punic Wars]]
|Won by the Roman republic, enabling it to gain control of the Mediterranean Sea and control commerce
|-
|[[pyramids]]
|Very large monuments in Egypt for the burial of pharaohs, built with a precision that cannot be duplicated even today.
|-
|Qin Shia Huandgi
|the first Chinese emperor, who ruled from 221-210 BC, built new roads, and established a standard coin, weight and writing system. This Qin (or Chi'in) state was the first unified Chinese empire.
|-
|[[Qur'an (Koran)]]
|the holy book of Islam
|-
|[[Ramses II]]
|the most famous pharaoh, whose reign from 1279-1213 BC (during the New Kingdom) was the second longest in Egyptian history
|-
|[[Reformation]]
|Events beginning in 1517 when German monk Saint Martin Luther nailed 95 Theses to a Church door, leading to a separation of Catholic and Protestant churches.
|-
|[[The Republic]]
|Plato's greatest writings, which form a foundation for America's system of government.
|-
|[[Renaissance]]
|a revival in artwork and Greek and Roman achievement, from the AD 1300s to the 1600s, that made the transition from medieval to modern times
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Church]]
|The Christian Church led by a Pope, beginning with Peter the Apostle. The word "catholic" means "universal".
|-
|[[Roman citizenship]]
|a special status attained by living in Rome, being birthed to a Roman citizens, or enlisting in the army for 25 years.
|-
|[[Roman empire]]
|(27 BC-476 AD) Began when August Caesar became emperor, and ended 500 years later when barbarians overran it; the Roman empire civilized western Europe, built roads, established laws, and eventually spread Christianity.
|-
|[[Roman law]]
|began with a code of laws inscribed in the Twelve Tables, establishing the concept of "justice" - rule by principle and not by whim
|-
|[[Roman military]]
|considered to be invincible; each soldier was equipped with shields, helmets, swords, and javelins
|-
|[[Roman republic]]
|509-27 BC: The first republic in history, it was located in Rome and inspired some of the principles of the government of the United States. The Roman republic ended when Augustus Caesar took full power and established the Roman empire.
|-
|Roman senate
|300 members representing wealthy families in Rome, it dominated the Roman republic; similar to the U.S. Senate today
|-
|Romanesque
|architecture popular in the early Middle Ages, featuring thick walls, rounded arches and small windows
|-
|[[Rome]]
|the capital city of the Roman empire, and of modern day Italy; supposedly founded by Romulus and Remus, and named after Romulus after he killed his brother
|-
|[[Rosetta Stone]]
|ancient text written on stone in three different languages, which enabled the first translations of Egyptian hieroglyphics
|-
|[[Royal Road]]
|ancient Persian highway rebuilt by Darius the Great
|-
|[[samurai]]
|elite warriors of feudalistic Japan who followed a special honor code called Bushido
|-
|[[Saul]]
|the first king of Israel, appointed by God; Saul was a flawed man, jealous of David.
|-
|[[Satraps]]
|Governors in the distant lands of the Persian empire, which extended to Egypt and Arabia, who were carefully watched by the "King's Eyes and Ears" soldiers to prevent rebellions
|-
|[[scholasticism]]
|Christian philosophy from the AD 900s-1500s that developed logic in the direction of God
|-
|[[scientific revolution]]
|The beginning of modern science in the AD mid-1500s, starting with the recognition by Copernicus that the Earth revolves around the Sun
|-
|[[Second Punic War]]
|between Rome and Carthage in 218-202 BC; Carthage's leader Hannibal led his army with elephants over the Alps to surprise the Romans, but could not conquer Rome itself; by the end Rome had acquired Spain
|-
|[[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]]
|a listing of the most impressive public works in the world, written by Greek writer Antipater in the 2nd century BC (200-100 BC)
|-
|[[Shang Dynasty]]
|first major dynasty of China, which lasted from 1766 BC (when T'ang overthrew the prior dynasty) to 1122 BC
|-
|[[Shiite Muslims]]
|fundamentalist Muslims who are considered more aggressive than Sunni Muslims
|-
|[[Shinto]]
|The national religion of Japan, which considered the emperor to be descended from a godlike "sun kami"; Shinto is sometimes considered more of a code of conduct rather than a religion.
|-
|[[shogun]]
|a feudalistic military ruler of Japan
|-
|[[Siddhartha Gautama]]
|the Buddha, and the founder of the religion of Buddhism
|-
|[[Silk Road]]
|A trade route from East China to Central Asia and Europe
|-
|[[Socrates]]
|The first great Greek philosopher, Socrates taught that the visible world is not all of reality; Socrates taught Plato, who later taught Aristotle
|-
|[[Socratic method]]
|A teaching method developed by [[Socrates]], which consists of asking questions and is used today in law schools
|-
|[[Solomon]]
|Third king of Israel and the author of ''Proverbs'', ''Ecclesiastes'' and ''Song of Solomon''; known for his wise justice
|-
|[[Solon of Athens]]
|One of the Seven Sages of ancient Greece, who believed that one should "keep everything with moderation"
|-
|[[Sparta]]
|a Greek city-state well-known for its military prowess, which won the Peloponnesian war against Athens.
|-
|[[Spread of Buddhism]]
|Buddhism traveled outside of India along the Silk Road
|-
|[[St. Augustine]]
|(AD 354-430) a father of the early Christian church who wrote intellectual discussions of the faith entitled ''Confessions'', ''City of God'', and ''On Christian Doctrine''
|-
|[[Sumer]]
|Ancient homeland of the Sumerians, located in Mesopotamia, located in where Iraq is today
|-
|[[Sunni Muslims]]
|moderate Muslims who oppose the more aggressive Shiite Muslims
|-
|[[Sumerians]]
|the earliest civilizations living in the Middle East, where inventions included the wheel and the first known form of writing
|-
|[[Taijitu]]
|Also called "Yin and Yang," this is the symbol for Taoism. It represents a constant interaction and harmony in nature between two forces having opposite qualities.
|-
|[[Taoism (Daoism)]]
|Chinese philosophy of seeking harmony with nature by recognizing that two major forces are opposed to each other
|-
|[[Ten Commandments]]
|the laws of the God of Israel handed down to Moses
|-
|[[Theocracy]]
|a government ruled by the laws of a specific religion, as in some Muslim nations today
|-
|[[Thomas Aquinas]]
|(AD 1225–1274) A brilliant medieval priest who merged Aristotle's insights with Christian faith, and wrote ''Summa Theologica'' as a summary of Christian theology that is studied even today
|-
|[[Third Punic War]]
|Romans conquered and destroyed Carthage in 146 BC and then went into Macedonia and Greece to defeat them in revenge for having helped Hannibal; Rome then controlled the entire western civilized world (all the land around the Mediterranean)
|-
|[[Thucydides]]
|Greek historian who wrote ''History of the Peloponnesian War''
|-
|[[Toltecs]]
|A northern Mexican nomadic tribe that reigned over a city called Tula (AD 900-1200) in present-day Mexico City.
|-
|[[Tragedy]]
|A type of drama or poetic saga that has an unhappy ending. Common in ancient Greece, this type of work focused on the followed the fall of a character, often because of a specific character flaw such as envy or greed.
|-
|[[Troy]]
|an ancient city whose destruction was recorded in the Iliad, and its survivors supposedly helped found Rome
|-
|[[Tutankhamen]]
|"King Tut": a young Egyptian pharaoh who ruled from 1341-1323 BC. Archaeologist Howard Carter first discovered his tomb in 1922, shedding light on ancient Egyptian culture.
|-
|[[Twelve Tables]]
|450 BC: basic and successful Roman laws that filled twelve tablets, such as "If one is slain while committing theft by night, he is rightly slain."
|-
|[[Vassals]]
|Performed military services to the lords in exchange for protection and land in the feudal system.
|-
|[[Vedas]]
|Holy books of Hinduism
|-
|[[Virgil]]
|(70-19 BC) a Roman poet & philosopher, friend of Octavian (Augustus Caesar), and author of the ''Aeneid''. Portrayed in the Middle Ages as a noble pagan and symbol of wisdom.
|-
|[[Vishnu]]
|Supreme god of Hinduism
|-
|[[Visigoths]]
|a confederacy of Germanic tribes that harassed the Roman empire but later fell in AD 711 to the Moors, who were North African Muslims
|-
|[[Vulgate]]
|The Latin translation by Saint Jerome of the Hebrew Old Testament and the Greek New Testament. It was then used as the authoritative Bible for over 1000 years.
|-
|[[Warring States Period]]
|475-221 BC: war period in ancient China also known for the philosophical schools that flourished
|-
|[[Wheel]]
|The ancient Mesopotamia invention, originally in the form of a potter’s wheel; the wheel is considered the first and greatest of man's inventions.
|-
|[[Yahweh]]
|God as described in the [[Old Testament]], written as YHWH in the original Hebrew (which lacked vowels).
|-
|[[Yangtze River]]
|Longest river in Asia which flows south for 3000 miles; navigable from the sea for half of its course; the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers are the most important rivers in Chinese history
|-
|[[Yellow River]]
|Second longest river in Asia; known also as Huang He and "the cradle of Chinese civilization," it runs westward from the Yellow Sea and has a tendency to flood surrounding lands such its course can change with devastating results
|-
|[[Zeus]]
|Highest of Greek Gods, God of Thunder, supposedly father of the gods.
|-
|[[Zhou dynasty]] (or Chou dynasty)
|1071-221 BC: it was the longest lasting dynasty in China and included both Prince Zheng as a leader, and Confucius as the major philosopher. This dynasty benefited from the Iron Age after 600 BC.
|-
|[[Ziggurat]]
|man-made step-sided structures resembling pyramids that were built in Mesopotamia. The [[Tower of Babel]], described in Genesis 11, may have been a giant ziggurat.
|-
|[[Zoroastrianism]]
|Polytheistic religion founded between 1200 and 600 BC by the Persians.
|}

==Honors terms==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Description
|-
|[[Aeneas]]
|according to legend, a prince who escaped from Troy whose son founded Rome and whose grandson, Brutus, founded the Britons in England
|-
|[[Aeschylus]]
|the oldest of the three great Athenian tragic playwrights (next to [[Sophocles]] and [[Euripides]]), 525-456 BC
|-
|[[Age of Metal]]
|discovery of metals for use in tools: copper (beginning 3500 BC), bronze (beginning 2500 BC), and iron (beginning 1200 BC) were developed as tools.
|-
|[[Age of Pericles]]
|the "golden age" of Athens, led by Pericles, who introduced a form of direct democracy from 461-429 BC
|-
|[[Ahuramazda]]
|the Creator in Persia's religion of Zoroastrianism
|-
|[[Queen Ahhotep|Ahhotep]]
|a Middle Kingdom Pharaoh who repelled the Hyksos people from Egypt
|-
|[[Akkadian Empire]]
|a Sumerian empire (2360-2180 BC) located in the fertile crescent in the lower Mesopotamia and north of the Sumer River
|-
|[[Alluvial]]
|a deposit of sediment (alluvium) in a river bed
|-
|archons
|in the early Greek empire (around 700 BC), archons were government officials elected by the land-owning aristocrats; the archons then made the law
|-
|[[Aristophanes]]
|(456-380 BC) an Athenian playwright who wrote comedies and political satires
|-
|[[Ark of the Covenant]]
|The chest used by the Hebrews to contain the tablets of the Law given to Moses by God.
|-
|[[Aryans]]
|A semi-nomadic Nordic tribe who invaded and settled India around 1500 B.C.
|-
|[[Ashoka]]
|Emperor of the Mauryan Empire of India (273-232 B.C.). Upset by the horrors of war (despite winning), he converted to Buddhism and recorded Buddha's teachings on thousands of rock pillars.
|-
|Assembly of Centuries
|the group of representatives who approved new laws in the Roman republic
|-
|Assembly of Tribes
|the governing entity that held the election of representatives
|-
|[[Ashoka]]
|Emperor of the Mauryan Empire of India (273-232 B.C.). Upset by the horrors of war (despite winning), he converted to Buddhism and recorded Buddha's teachings on thousands of rock pillars.
|-
|Aztecs
|An aggressive type of people from Central Mexico who adopted many legends and customs from their ancestors. They built a capital city called Tenochtitlan, and established three causeways to connect it to the mainland.
|-
|-
|[[Bantu]]
|Over 400 tribes in Africa that share the Bantu language and common customs.
|-
|[[Barracks Emperors]]
|A series of Roman emperors (235-284 AD) who used the Roman army as a base for political power. These emperors usually had a poor, rural background.
|-
|[[Battle of Marathon]]
|In August 490 B.C., King Darius I of Persia brought his army to the plains of Marathon to invade Athens. Despite being outnumbered ten to one, the Athenian army defeated the Persians.
|-
|Battle of Chalons
|451 BC: one of the bloodiest battles in world history and the last major victory of the Roman empire, when it defeated Attila the Hun in what is now France; Attila returned later for revenge and could have looted Rome
|-
|[[Bhagavad Gita]]
|A section of the Mahabharata, the Bhagavad Gita is an ancient Hindu text written in Sanskrit which consists of Krishna's writings on philosophy and morality.
|-
|[[Breda]]
|Became one of the leaders of the Hun, but was killed by his power-hungry brother, Attila the Hun.
|-
|[[Caesar's Commentaries]]
|A history by Julius Caesar describing the wars he fought.
|-
|[[Caligula]]
|A Roman emperor, ruling from 37 AD to 41 AD, who is historically depicted as a brutal monster, and who was so hated that he was murdered by his own guards.
|-
|[[Canaan]]
|The geographical area that encompasses modern-day Israel, the West Bank and a portion of land east of the Jordan River.
|-
|[[Canon of the Medicine]]
|Book written by Ibn Sina during the Golden Age of Islam describing many diseases and their causes.
|-
|[[Catal Huyuk]]
|An ancient settlement in southern Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey.
|-
|[[Catholic Monarchs]]
|The title given by Pope Alexander VI to King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, whose marriage in 1469 unified Spain led to its conversion back to a Catholic nation from Islam (the "Reconquest").
|-
|[[Cato the Censor]]
|A Roman statesman who during the Punic War called for the destruction of Carthage.
|-
|[[Champollion, Jean]]
|Jean Champollion (1790-1832) is the father of Egyptology (the study of Egypt), and who translated a portion of the Rosetta Stone.
|-
|[[Chandragupta Maurya]]
|The founder of the Mauryan Empire in India who ruled between 320 and 293 B.C. The first Indian emperor to be converted to Jainism, he eventually renounced his throne and joined a group of nomadic Jain monks.
|-
|[[Christian Catacombs]]
|Ancient, secret underground burial places for Christians, which served as secret passageways for Christians to meet and worship God together.
|-
|[[Cicero]]
|A Roman consul, statesman, lawyer, philosopher and author. After Julius Caesar's assassination, Cicero was one of the most powerful politicians in Rome, and was Mark Antony's rival.
|-
|[[Cincinnatus]]
|A Roman hero for whom the city of Cincinnati, Ohio is named. In 458 B.C., he raised an army in Rome and came to the aid of the consul Minucius and his men, who were trapped by the Aequians. Cincinnatus also voluntarily giving up power, surpassed only by George Washington in that respect.
|-
|[[Claudius]]
|Roman emperor who became ruler after his nephew Caligula's assassination, he ruled from 41-54 AD, when he was poisoned by his wife Agrippina. Britain came under Roman rule during his reign, and his edict expelling the Jews from Rome is mentioned in the Book of Acts in the Bible.
|-
|[[Cleopatra]]
|Seven Egyptian queens of Greek decent that ruled from 193 BC until 30 BC during the Ptolemaic Dynasty. The most famous, Cleopatra VII Philopator, Egypt's last independent ruler, had affairs with both Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
|An elaborate code of law created by Hammurabi that called for harsh punishment, such as an eye for an eye, a foot for a foot.
|-
|[[Confucianism]]
|A Chinese ethical and moral philosophy based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius that focuses on human morality and right action. It has had a significant influence on the development on the culture and history of East Asia.
|-
|[[Constitutional monarchy]]
|A government with a constitution that acknowledges a monarch as head of state with varying degrees of influence in the running of the country. Countries with constitutional monarchies include the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Denmark, the Netherlands and Spain.
|-
|[[consul]]
|An elected governmental position in ancient Rome that held executive authority and military command of the Roman republic.
|-
|[[Copts]]
|The Coptic Church originated in Egypt around 50 AD when St. Mark the Evangelist traveled to Alexandria, and is one of the oldest Christian denominations. Its leader is the Patriarch of Alexandria, who is called Pope.
|-
|[[Covenant]]
|An oath or promise.
|-
|[[Cynicism]]
|A Greek philosophy founded by Antisthenes (444 BC - 365 BC) that rejects worldly pleasure in favor of happiness derived from virtue.
|-
|[[Cyrus]]
|A Persian emperor (576 BC – 529 BC) who conquered Babylon and sent the Jews back to Israel.
|-
|[[Darius]]
|A Persian emperor (521 BC – 486 BC) who quelled the Ionian Revolt and invaded Greece, but was forced to withdraw at the Battle of Marathon.
|-
|[[Delian League]]
|A confederation during the Persian Wars controlled by Athens, and consisting of Athens and other Greek city-states and Aegean towns. Its navy helped defend Greece from Persia.
|-
|[[Demosthenes (Greek statesman)|Demosthenes]]
|A ancient Greek statesman who spoke against Philip II of Macedonia in speeches that came to be known as "Philippics". He also attempted to convince Greeks to rise up against Macedonian rule after the death of Philip's son, Alexander the Great.
|-
|[[Diadochi]]
|After the death of Alexander the Great, his empire was partitioned among the rivalling generals of his army, the so-called diadochi ("successors").
|-
|[[Diocletian]]
|The last Barrack Emperor of Rome, he ruled from 284-305 AD. He divided the Roman Empire into eastern and western regions in an attempt to save the empire, and formed a tetrarchy of four rulers, two for each region. He required the military to worship the Roman pagan gods, making it impossible for Christians to be soldiers, and persecuted them.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|Tribes that settled in Greece between 1100 BC and 1000 BC, and had a military ruling class, which persisted in Sparta and Crete even after democracy was established in Athens. These tribes created the simplest style of Greek architecture, known as the Doric order, which consisted of unadorned, straight columns.
|-
|Draco
|a tyrant in Athens during the early Greek empire (600s B.C.) who established a set of written laws that were so strict that the term "draconian" today refers to overly harsh rules of punishment
|-
|[[Dravidians]]
|Dravidians are the people of southern India and Sri Lanka who speak the Dravidian languages and are found in the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka.
|-
|[[Empress Lu]]
|The wife of the Chinese emperor Han Gaozu, who after her husband's death had all other possible heirs murdered and installed her son as emperor, ruling as regent until her death.
|-
|[[Epicureanism]]
|A philosophy founded by Epicurus in the late 4th century that holds the belief that great happiness is achievable through the avoidance of pain and fear. It does not believe in divine power interacting with humanity.
|-
|[[Etruscans]]
|People who settled in the Italian peninsula prior to 700 BC. Most Etruscan cities ran on a democratic-style system. Their culture influenced the later Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Euripides]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 480-406.
|-
|[[Exodus]]
|The abrupt departure of the people of Israel from Egypt, as told in the Book of Exodus in the Bible.
|-
|[[Ezana]]
|Ezana was the king of Axum, in Africa, ruling from A.D. 330-350. He was the first Christian king in Africa.
|-
|[[Five Good Emperors]]
|Five consecutive Roman emperors who ruled between 96 AD to 180 AD and were elected due to talent rather than family connections.
|-
|[[foraging society]]
|A pre-farming economy based upon scavenging, hunting, and gathering resources.
|-
|[[Four Emperors Era]]
|A series of Roman emperors who ruled in quick succession in 68-69 AD.
|-
|[[Franks]]
|A Germanic people that, beginning in the 4th century AD, eventually conquered the areas of France, Benelux, Belgium, The Netherlands and portions of Germany.
|-
|[[Gaul]]
|The Roman name for the area comprising modern-day France and Belgium, and parts of northern Italy, western Switzerland and Germany, and the Netherlands. This area was under Roman rule for most of its existence.
|-
|[[Golden mean]]
|Is considered the middle between two extremes in philosophy.
|-
|[[Great Canal]]
|A canal that connected the Nile River to the Red Sea, built during the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.
|-
|[[Hadrian]]
|The third of the "Five Good Emperors" of the Roman Empire, Hadrian ruled from A.D. 117 to 138 and had two main achievements: he ended Rome's costly territorial expansion, fortifying her boundaries with numerous "Walls of Hadrian," and he effectively "Hellenized" Rome by anointing Athens the empire’s cultural center, thereby enhancing learning.
|-
|[[Han empire]]
|was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms.
|-
|[[Harappa]]
|A city that is part of the Indus Valley Civilization. It is part of modern Pakistan
|-
|[[Hatshepsut]]
|Originally a regent for her son, Thutmose III, Hatshepsut was the longest reigning female ruler of Egypt. She ruled during the eighth dynasty from 1479-1458 B.C. She established trade networks for Egypt and thus collected most of the wealth of the eighth dynasty. She was eventually dethroned when her son took power at the age of 22. Her monuments are the Temple of Karnak, Deirle-Bahri, and Speos Artemidos.
|-
|[[Hellenistic culture]]
|Greek culture after the death of Alexander in 323 B.C., when Greek influence extended throughout the territory he conquered; Hellenistic culture was renowned for its strict code of ethics, its culinary prowess, and its use of metal.
|-
|[[heliocentric]]
|Recognizing that the Sun ("helio" is Greek for "sun"), and not Earth, is the center of solar system.
|-
|[[Helot]]
|A person from the class of serfs in the city-state of Sparta (700s - 300s B.C.) in ancient Greece.
|-
|[[Herodotus]]
|Greek historian (484 to 425 BC), the "father of history". His book is simply called ''Histories'' and describes the Persian Wars.
|-
|[[Hiram]]
|The Phoenician king of Tyre. Ruled from 980-947 B.C.
|-
|[[Hittites]]
|An ancient people in the Middle East that gained control of most of Mesopotamia in 1650 B.C. due to their advanced inventions, such as horse-drawn chariots.
|-
|[[Horace]]
|The leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus, lived from 65-8 B.C.
|-
|[[humanism]]
|Thee Greek emphasis on reason, ethics and rational thinking rather than religion.
|-
|[[Hyksos]]
|Refers to a people who entered - possibly forcibly - into Egypt, and built their capital at Avaris in the Nile Delta area in about 1648 B.C.
|-
|[[Ides (of March)]]
|The 15th of March, May, July and October in the ancient Roman calendar. The 13th is the ides of all the other months. Julius Caesar was murdered on the ides of March.
|-
|[[Imperator]]
|A title first used by Octavian (Augustus Caesar), literally meaning in Latin “general” or “commander”, giving him power over the entire army.
|-
|[[Iron Smelting]]
|A technology comprised of the extraction of usable metal from iron ore.
|-
|[[Iliad]]
|a great Greek work of literature written by Homer in the 800s or 700s B.C., describing the mythical Trojan War
|-
|Incas
|a member of any of the dominant groups of South American Indian peoples who established an empire in Peru prior to the Spanish conquest.
|-
|[[Indo-European]]
|A very general classification of peoples that includes all the way from India to Egypt.
|-
|[[Jericho]]
|A city in Israel by the Jordan River. Mentioned extensively in the Bible. Joshua and the Israelites marched around this city and blew trumpets in order to destroy it and to reach the promised land.
|-
|[[Josephus]]
| Flavius Josephus 37 - 101 A.D. Jewish general and historian who took part in the Jewish revolt against the Romans and later worked for a Roman patron.
|-
|[[Judaism]]
|The monotheistic religion of the Hebrews, also the oldest religion that remains currently active.
|-
|[[Kami]]
|Spirits in the Shinto religion that reside in prominent natural features and people. Shrines are often built to Kami.
|-
|[[Kassites]]
|Led by their king [[Agumkakrine]], they took advantage of the [[Hittite]] raid of 1595 B.C. and occupied the [[Babylonian]] region, where they ruled for over 400 years.
|-
|[[Kautilya]]
|Advisor to Chaundragupta Maurya, wrote book
"Arthoshastra" on maintaining political power.
|-
|[[Khufu]]
|Egyptian pharaoh who had the pyramid of Giza built
|-
|[[Khyber Pass]]
|An important break in the mountains between Pakistan and Afghanistan, pivotal in military campaigns by Alexander the Great, Aryans, Muslims, and later the British, who had to overcome defensive positions taken from above by local tribesman.
|-
|[[Kush]]
|Was part of a larger region called Nubia.
|-
|[[Larger Vehicle]]
|a form of Buddhism practiced in China, Korea, Japan and Tibet, teaching how to attain full enlightenment for the sake of others. (Also known as Mahayana Buddhism.)
|-
|[[Last Roman Emperor]]
| The last ruler of the Roman Empire was Romulus Augustus, who ruled from October of 475 A.D. to September of 476 A.D.
|-
|legalism
|Legalism is the excessive adherence to law or formula.
|-
|[[Legions]]
|Legions were the principal unit of the Roman army comprising 3,000 to 6,000 foot soldiers and cavalry in addition to the foot soldiers.
|-
|[[Lesser Vehicle]]
|in Buddhism, describes how to attain freedom from one's own suffering.
|-
|[[Livy]]
|A Roman historian (59 B.C. - 17 A.D.) who wrote a monumental history of Rome from its beginnings to his day.
|-
|[[Loess]]
|A type of soil derived form glacial deposits consisting of fine yellow silt that is extremely crumbly. The silt from Loess Plateau of north-west China, carried along by the Yellow River, has given that river its distinctive name.
|-
|[[Magadha]]
|Led Aryans to join and try to repel the Persians.
|-
|[[Mahayana]]
|the later of the two great schools of Buddhism, chiefly in China, Tibet, and Japan, characterized by eclecticism and a general belief in a common search for salvation, sometimes thought to be attainable through faith alone.
|-
|[[Manichaeism]]
|A belief system teaching that there exists two separate, opposite and equally ultimate Principles: the Light and the Darkness.
|-
|[[Marathon]]
|A small town about 26 miles from Athens where the Greeks won a key battle against the Persians in 490 B.C., and a messenger ran the distance to deliver the news to Athens, inspiring the modern marathon race today.
|-
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]
|Roman emperor from AD 161 to 180. Marcus Aurelius was also a philosopher, a Stoic, and wrote a famous book, ''Meditations''.
|-
|[[Marius]]
|Roman general and consul: opponent of Lucius Cornelius Sulla.
|-
|[[Masada]]
|a mountaintop fortress in East Israel on the South West shore of the Dead Sea: site of Zealots' last stand against the Romans during revolt of a.d. 66–73.
|-
|[[Menes]]
|Was a legendary Pharoah of Egypt from somewhere between 3100-2850 BC.
|-
|[[Meroe]]
|a ruined city in Sudan, on the Nile, NE of Khartoum: a capital of ancient Ethiopia that was destroyed a.d. c350.
|-
|[[Mesolithic Age]]
|Before the beginning of recorded history in 3500 B.C., when humans changed from hunting and gathering food to producing food, as in planting and farming.
|-
|[[Minoan Civilization]]
|A civilization that flourished on the island of Crete from around the 27th century B.C., to the 15th century B.C.
|-
|Moche
|A South American civilization that existed in northern Peru from 100-800 A.D.
|-
|[[Moksha]]
|Means liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth in the Hindu religion.
|-
|[[monsoons]]
|Tropical storms, particularly in the climate of India, where the "southwest monsoon" occurs from about mid-June to the first week in October, and consists of winds carrying heavy rainfall from the Indian Ocean and resulting in widespread flooding
|-
|[[Mount Sinai]]
|A 7,498 foot mountain, located in Southern Sinai, now part of modern Egypt.The location where Moses received the Ten Commandments from God.
|-
|[[Muhammad Ali]]
|Muhammad Ali was a professional boxer during the 1960’s and 70’s he was perhaps the most famous Muslim of the western world at this time. During the Vietnam war he refused to be drafted because it was not a “holy war.”
|-
|[[Mycenaean Civilization]]
|Was an early Indo-European civilization of Greece.
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar I]]
|was the emperor of the Babylonian Empire from 1146 to 1123 BC.
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar II]]
| Lived from 635 BC- 562 BC, was King of the Chaldeans and final conqueror of the Southern Kingdom of Israel, called "Judah." He was the first of many heads of state of foreign superpowers to come to a possibly salvific knowledge of God.
|-
|[[Neolithic Age]]
|The last part of the Stone Age (neo = "new", lithic = "of/like stone"), before the invention of metallurgy. It immediately preceded the rise of the first civilizations.
|-
|[[Nero]]
| Was the Emperor of Rome from AD 54-68. He blamed the great fire of Rome on the Christians who were unpopular due to their belief in one God.
|-
|[[Nerva]]
|Roman emperor from AD 96 to 98. Following the turmoils after Nero's death, he stood at the beginning of a long peaceful and prosperous time in the history of the Roman empire.
|-
|[[Nile River]]
|A river that ran throughout all of Egypt and fueled its entire agricultural and economic system.
|-
|[[Nineveh]]
|The capital of Assyria, seized and destroyed by the Chaldeans in 612 B.C.
|-
|[[Nok culture]]
|The African culture where the people created the first terracotta production as well as iron-smelting technology.
|-
|[[Oath of the Hindu Physician]]
|Oath requiring, among other things, that doctors not to drink alcohol and to have an honest doctor-patient relationship.
|-
|[[Octavian]]
|Also known as Augustus Caesar (63 B.C. - A.D. 14) was the first Roman emperor. He was originally called Gaius Octavius Thurinus until he changed it after being adopted by Julius Caesar in 44 B.C.
|-
|[[Odyssey]]
|The Odyssey was an epic poem written by the [[Greek]] poet [[Homer]]. It traces the journey home to Greece by a hero of the Trojan war and the troubles he faces at the hands of gods and men.
|-
|[[Olmec]]
|The first major Pre-Columbian civilization in Mexico
|-
|oracle bone
|First concrete evidence that the Shang Dynasty really existed. They were generally used as medicine by grinding them up into powder but they were also used to write on.
|-
|[[Origen]]
|was an early Christian philosopher, who lived in the East, and especially in Alexandria
|-
|[[Ostrogoths]]
|Were a Germanic tribe influential in the last days of the Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Ovid]]
|Ovid or Publius Ovidius Naso was a famous Roman poet, known for his Heroides, Amores, Ars Amatoria, and Metamorphosis. He lived from 43 B.C. to 17 A.D.
|-
|[[Paleolithic Age]]
| Is the name given by atheists to the first part of the Stone age, followed by the Neolithic Age. During the Paleolithic Age, atheists believe people harvested wild plants and animals for food.
|-
|[[papyrus]]
|A thin parchment constructed from reeds near the Nile River
|-
|pariah
|An outcast or any person or animal that is despised.
|-
|[[Parthenon]]
| The Parthenon is a celebrated marble temple of Athene, on the Acropolis at Athens. It was of the pure Doric order, and has had an important influence on art.
|-
|[[patricians]]
|A patrician is a person of high honor or rank.
|-
|Pericles
|493-429 BC: a fabulous orator, he led Athens during its Golden Age (between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars), and expanded democracy: "Government in the hands of the many, not of the few," he said.
|-
|[[Peru]]
|Peru is a country in South America with a rich history. Once dominated by the Incas, Peru fell to the Spanish in the 16th Century.
|-
|[[Petra]]
|Petra was an ancient city that lasted from some time in 6th century B.C. to 360 A.D. when an earthquake destroyed their water supply. The city is famous for its buildings carved in red sandstone and given the name the pink city. Also Indiana Jones was filmed there.
|-
|[[phalanx]]
|common Greek military formation, which is rectangular
|-
|[[Philippides]]
|An athlete sent by Athens to run 150 miles to Sparta as they needed help in their battle against Persia, where they were outnumbered 10 to 1. His remarkable ability continues to inspire ambitious joggers today.
|-
|[[Philo]]
|(20 B.C. - 50 A.D.) was a Jewish historian from Alexandria in the first century. He combined Judaism and Greek philosophy.
|-
|[[pictograph]]
|A pictorial symbol for a word or phrase. Pictographs are the foundation for cuneiform and hieroglyphics, having been discovered in Egypt and Mesopotamia from before 3000 B.C.
|-
|[[Pisistratids]]
|Was a ruler of Athens around 570 B.C.
|-
|[[plebian]]
|A Plebian was one of the lower classes in the early Roman world, such as small farmers and shopkeepers, similar to a commoner in Medieval Europe. This status was inherited in ancient Rome, though it could change through marriage or (rarely) promotion.
|-
|[[Plutarch]]
|(46 to 127 AD.)Was a Greek historian, philosopher, biographer, and priest.

|-
|[[praetors]]
|one of a number of elected magistrates charged chiefly with the administration of civil justice and ranking next below a consul.
|-
|[[Poseidon]]
|The god of the sea, rivers, floods, droughts, earthquakes, and the creator of horses; known as the "Earth Shaker". He is a son of Cronus and Rhea and brother to Zeus and Hades. In classical artwork, he was depicted as a mature man of sturdy build with a dark beard, and holding a trident.
|-
|[[Prehistory]]
|Before 3400 B.C.
|-
|purdah
|The seclusion of women from the sight of men or strangers. Purdah is practiced most in the Muslim and Hindu religions.
|-
|[[Pythagorus]]
|A Greek philosopher mathematician (569-475 B.C.), best known for his Pythagorean Theorem which equates the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle to the sum of the squares of each side. His philosophy included abstracting 2 ships + 2 ships = 4 ships to the more general truth that 2 of anything plus 2 of anything = 4 of anything.
|-
|[[Ramayana]]
| A Sandskrit epic, depicting the life and adventures of Ramachandra.
|-
|[[Ramses II]]
| Ramses II was the king of Egypt. His reign is remembered by his constant war with the Hittites.
|-
|[[Rembrandt]]
| A Dutch painted who lived from 1606-1669 A.D.
|-
|[[Rig Veda]]
|A collection of over one thousand hymns that date back to as early as two thousand B.C.
|-
|[[Romance of Three Kingdoms]]
|Is a novel written by Luo Guanzhong in the Han Dynasty when it fell into disorganization.(A.D. 220-280)
|-
|[[Romulus and Remus]]
|Rome obtained its name from Romulus and Remus, who were twins, and by legend the the sons of Mars who were rescued from death by a mother wolf after his uncle threw him into the Tiber river out of jealousy.
|-
|[[rule of tyrants]]
|during the early Greek empire in the 600s, a series of tyrants ruled Athens. One was "Draco", who imposed the same penalty of death for every crime, no matter how minor!
|-
|[[Saint Patrick]]
|Born in Wales and grew up in England. Later traveled to Ireland and converted the Celts there to Christianity in the mid-400s A.D.
|-
|[[Sargon the Great]]
|The first person in recorded history to create an empire or multi-ethnic state.
|-
|[[Sati (Buddhism)]]
|Mindfulness, self-collectedness, powers of reference and retention. In some contexts, the word sati when used alone covers alertness
|-
|[[Satrap]]
|Local governors established in distant lands by the powerful Persian ruler Cyrus
|-
|[[Saxons]]
|Were a Germanic tribe, eventually settling in England and North Western France.
|-
|[[Schliemann, Heinrich]]
|German archeologist who was an excavator of Troy. His work supported the idea that Homer's Iliad and Virgil's Aeneid reflected real historical events.
|-
|[[Scipio]]
|(236 BC -183 BC) Was the Roman General during the Second Punic War who brought about the final defeat of Carthage at the Battle of Zama in 202 B.C.
|-
|[[Seneca]]
|Roman philosopher (a [[Stoicism|Stoic]]), statesman and playwright; teacher of [[Nero]]. BC 4 - AD 65.
|-
|[[Shang dynasty]]
|Was a major ancient Chinese dynasty from about 1766 to 1122 BC. Built cities in northern China along the Yellow River. It consisted of city-states which were often at war with one another.
|-
|[[Shang Yang]]
|Was a Chinese statesman and philosopher. He promoted Legalism, which was like the divine right of kings in the West.
|-
|[[Shi]]
|A scholar class created by the Han dynasty
|-
|[[Shiva]]
|In Hinduism, Shiva "the Destroyer" is the third member of the Trimurti, or the "Hindu triad", along with Brahma "the Creator" and Vishnu "the Preserver".
|[[Slavs]]
|Slavic people had settled the Steppe and cultivated the soil in 100 A.D. They lived in tribes and villages and were vulnerable to nomadic fighters like the Huns. They established a trade city known as Kiev which is still exists to this day.
|-
|[[Solon]]
| Solon was an Athenian statesman who introduced economic, political, and legal reforms.
|-
|[[Sophocles]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 497-406.
|-
|[[Steppes]]
|Steppes are large areas of flat unforested grassland in southeastern Europe or Siberia.
|-
|[[stirrup]]
|a metal frame for each foot when riding a horse; invented in China in 322 BC and used to great advantage in battle, because they make it easier to control the horse and shoot arrows with accuracy
|-
|[[Stoicism]]
| The second of the two main Greek philosophical schools of thought. Stoicism sought to find a sense of divine justice, deemphasizing pain and pleasure for the goal of reason, logic, and self discipline.
|-
|[[Stone age]]
|The stone age is believed to be at time before men had metal working skills in our prehistory. Young Earth Creationists dispute the exsistence of a stone age rather there were stone working cultures.
|-
|[[Stupa]]
|An ornate Buddhist dome-like stone structure originally built to cover items believed to be relics of the Buddha.
|-
|[[Sulla]]
| (138-78 BC) was a Roman general and dictator during the Republican period. He won Rome's first civil war. Reforms during his time gave the Senate more power.
|-
|Sunna
|d
|-
|[[Sumuabum]]
|Was an Amorite king who established a Babylonian Kingdom in 1894 BC.
|-
|[[Suttee]]
|An ancient Hindu practice in India where a wife sacrifices herself upon her husband's funeral pyre. Outlawed by the British Raj.
|-
|[[Tacitus]]
| (A.D. 55-120) Was the Roman author of Histories, Annals, and Germania, describing first century Rome. His work chronicles Nero's blaming of the Christians for the fire in Rome and the resulting large scale persecution of Christians that ensued.
|-
|[[Taj Mahal]]
|A marble memorial located in Agra, India. It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, Queen Mumtaz Mahal, who died in childbirth.
|-
|[[The Tale of Gengi]]
|The world's first psychological novel. Was written in the 1000s and about Japanese culture.
|-
|Teotihuacan
|Known as "City of the gods," Teotihuacan (A.D.100-900) was perhaps the most powerful and largest city-state in Mesoamerica. They worshiped many gods and lived in barrios (suburbs or ghettos) around the city.
|-
|[[terra cotta]]
|A hard fired clay, distinctively brownish-red colored traditionally used for architectural purposes, especially ornamental, and for pottery and sculpture.
|-
|Terracotta army
|when Shia Huandgi (the first emperor of China) died in 210 B.C he was buried with an army of life sized terracotta warriors, which all had different expressions on their carved faces.
|-
|[[Thales]]
|Thales of Miletus (ca. 624 BC–ca. 546 BC) was the first Greek philosopher. He successfully predicted the solar eclipse of 585 BC and posited that water was the basic principle of all matter in the world.
|-
|[[Thales of Melitus]]
|a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who tried to explain natural phenomena without the use of mythology; was regarded by Aristotle as the first |philosopher in the Greek tradition.
|-
|[[Theravada]]
| Oldest surviving Buddhist school, founded in India
|-
|[[Thirty Years' War]]
|A religious conflict as Catholic states sought to suppress Protestantism. It began as a fight between Bohemian Protestants and Hapsburg Catholics in 1618, and soon became a political conflict for power that included Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Sweden, and the Habsburg dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire. The war ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.
|-
|[[Thutmos III]]
|The 6th Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. The first 22 of years of his reign he was co-regent with his stepmother, Hatshepsut. Reigned from 1479 BC to 1425 BC;
|-
|[[Tiber River]]
|One of the longest Italian rivers, over 250 miles long, it flows through the city of Rome.
|-
|[[Tiberius]]
| Tiberius was a tyrannical Roman emperor who reigned from 14-37 A.D.
|-
|[[Tigris and Euphrates]]
|Two rivers where civilization began in [[Mesopotamia]] before 3500 B.C., as described in the Book of [[Genesis]] and also confirmed by non-biblical sources.
|-
|[[Titus and Domitian]]
|The two sons of Emperor Vespasian. Titus ruled from 79 – 81 A.D. Domitian ruled from 81-96 A.D.
|-
|Toltecs
|AD 900-1200: a northern Mexican nomadic tribe that ruled about 50 miles north of present-day Mexico City, in a city called Tula
|-
|[[Torah]]
|the Jewish name for the first five books of the Bible, meaning Law.
|-
|[[Trajan]]
|Was a Roman Emperor from 98 to 117 AD and the second of the Five Good Emperors.
|-
|[[Tribal Assembly]]
|Was a Roman assembly of plebians & patricians, composed of members of 35 various Roman tribes
|-
|[[Triumvirate]]
|A triumvirate is a system of governance led by 3 leaders. The two most important triumvirates of ancient times were those of Rome: one led by Julius Caesar, Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great") and Marcus Crassus; the other led by Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. It was the failings of these triumvirates that lead to the downfall of the Republic, and the emergence of the Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Untouchables]]
|People at the very bottom of the Hindu caste system. Their Hindi name is "Dalits." Under the system,these people literally are not be touched because they are considered to be so undesirable.
|-
|[[Upanishads]]
|Hindu scriptures that describe reincarnation. Written in Sanskrit, they predate the teachings of Buddha by several centuries.
|-
|[[Ur]]
|Important city-state in Mesopotamia
|-
|[[Vandals]]
|Eastern Germanic tribe that sacked Rome in A.D. 455. Sweeping through Gaul and Spain they finally settled in North Africa. The Spanish region of Andalusia is named after them.
|-
|[[Vergil]]
|Writer of Famous Roman Mythology "The Aeneid."
|-
|[[Vespasian]]
|a Roman Emperor (A.D. 70-79), also the general in charge of putting down the Jewish revolt near the end of the A.D. 60s
|-
|[[Xenephos]]
|(435-354 B.C.) Was historian, philosopher, and military commander, born at Athens, son of an Athenian of good position; was a pupil and friend of Socrates.
|-
|[[Xenophon]]
|Famous Greek writer, Writer of renowned historical work "The Anabasis."
|-
|[[Xerxes]]
|A Persian king in the 5th century BC who attacked and conquered much of Greece, before being defeated in a naval battle in the Battle of Salamis and forced to withdraw back to Babylon
|-
|[[Zealots]]
|A group of Jews in the 1st century AD who sought the violent overthrow and expulsion of Rome from Israel. Their most famous battle (and defeat) came at Masada, a mountain fortress that still holds spiritual significance for Israel today.
|-
|[[Zeno]]
|a Greek philosopher who proposed Paradoxes, such as how a destination is never reached if the traveler goes half the distance to the goal an infinite number of times.
|-
|}
 
[[Category:World History lectures]]

World History Study Guide to 1648

2011-10-12T20:55:36Z

Wh:

''This is the growing list of study terms for [[World History Lectures|World history]], from creation to 1648 (the same midpoint used by the [[CLEP]] exams)''.

Currently at about 426 terms (roughly half basic, half honors). The goal is to build this to nearly 500 terms by mid-October 2011. ''An examination on this material will be given in late October or early November 2011''.

==Basic terms==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Term
!Description
|-
|[[Abraham]]
|2000 BC: father of Jewish people, made a covenant with God; Arabs claim descendance from Abraham's son Ishmael.
|-
|[[acropolis]]
|part of a Greek city-state that is built on a hilltop for easy defense. Example: where the democratic assembly met in Athens.
|-
|[[Plato's Academy|the Academy]]
|Founded by the Greek philosopher Plato in 387 BC, this was the world's first great center of learning.
|-
|[[Aesop]]
|a Greek writer famous for writing ''[[Aesop's Fables]]'' around 600 BC, such as "The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing," to teach life lessons
|-
|[[Alexander the Great]]
|356-323 BC: born to Philip II of Macedon and tutored by [[Aristotle]]. Conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia, and more, but not India. Alexander's conquests spread Greek culture and language, helping the future expansion of [[Christianity]].
|-
|[[Alexandria]]
|City in Egypt captured by Alexander the Great and then "Hellenized" (made Greek-like). Known for its famous library.
|-
|[[Allah]]
|The god of the [[Islamic]] religion. Followers of Allah are called Muslims.
|-
|[[Analects]]
|a record of the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius, written and compiled by his disciples circa 400-300 BC
|-
|[[Ancient world]]
|civilizations before the fall of the Western [[Roman Empire]] in AD 476
|-
|[[Aeneid]]
|a fictional epic poem, describing how a wandering [[Trojan]] became the ancestor of the [[Romans]], written by the great Roman poet [[Virgil]].
|-
|Anglo-Saxons
|refers both to the people of England from AD 449-1066 who came from Germanic tribes, and to their Old English language
|-
|[[Anselm]]
|a medieval Christian philosopher who founded scholasticism and developed an "ontological" proof for the existence of God based on degrees of perfection.
|-
|[[Archimedes]]
|287–212 BC: Greek mathematician and engineer. Discovered Archimedes' Principle, invented "Archimedes' screw," and built defenses against the Romans for his city of Syracuse; killed by the Romans.
|-
|[[archons]]
|Aristocratic officials elected by the Athenian government to make the laws; later overtook by tyrants who rose to power in the 600s BC
|-
|[[Arianism]]
|a heresy (false doctrine) claiming that Jesus was not God
|-
|[[aristocracy]]
|rule by the wealthy and privileged, rather than by democracy
|-
|[[Aristotle]]
|384-322 BC: Greek [[philosopher]], student of [[Plato]] and tutor to Alexander the Great. Emphasized the value of experience, and founded the Lyceum (a school resembling a university with specimens and a library)
|-
|[[Art of War]]
|first book on military strategy, written by Chinese philosopher Sun Tzu, having insights like "If ignorant both of your enemy and yourself, you are certain to be in peril."
|-
|[[Assyrian Empire]]
|1400-605 BC: was first dependent on Babylonia, then became an independent state, and finally an empire. Known for cruelty, especially to the Hebrews. Captured northern Kingdom of Israel in 722 BC.
|-
|[[Athens]]
|birthplace of democracy in 509 BC, Athens was a Greek city-state previously ruled by aristocrats. It defeat invading Persians.
|-
|[[Attila the Hun]]
|(AD 406-453): last and greatest ruler of the Huns, called the "Scourge of God"; almost defeated the Roman empire but was talked out of looting Rome by Pope Leo I.
|-
|[[Augustus Caesar]]
|the first Roman Emperor (27 BC-14 AD), whose name was Octavian; he took power away from the Roman Senate, he began "Pax Romana" (peaceful prosperity), and he was the emperor when Jesus was born
|-
|[[Aztecs]]
| A fierce type of people(A.D. 1200-1521), also known as "the Mexica", from Central Mexico who adopted various legends and customs from their ancestors. They built a glorious capital city titled Tenochtitlan, and established three causeways to connect it to the mainland.
|-
|[[Babylon]]
|the major Mesopotamian city in the ancient Middle East, its greatest ruler was Hammurabi. Babylon developed Cuneiform, used base-60 numbers, defeated ancient Sumer about 2000 BC, and was later cruel to Hebrews.
|-
|[[Babylonia]]
|State and Empire created by Babylon. First empire existed from 1900-1600 BC, later reemerged as the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 625-538 BC
|-
|[[Babylonian Exile]]
|Period of time from 597 to 538 BC, during which the Israelites were kept as prisoners in Babylon.
|-
|[[barbarian]]
|any "uncivilized" (not Roman), unshaven, ruthless warriors who would attack and invade ancient Rome (name "barbarus" means "bearded").
|-
|[[Battle of Tours]]
|Pivotal victory against the Muslims (732); led by Charles "the Hammer" of the Germanic people known as the "Franks".
|-
|B.C.E./[[C.E.]]
|anti-Christian terms for B.C./A.D., whereby "Before Common Era (B.C.E.)" replaces "Before Christ (B.C.)", and "Common Era (C.E.)" replaces "In the Year of Our Lord (A.D.)"
|-
|[[Bible]]
|Collection of Hebrew (Old Testament) and Christian (New Testament) Scriptures. Foretells the coming of a Messiah for the Hebrews, and recounts ancient history including the Tower of Babel and the Great Flood.
|-
|[[Brahman/Brahmin]]
|Brahmin is the ultimate god or existence in Hinduism, of which all existence is a part; "Brahmin" means the highest class for families in the Hindu caste system
|-
|[[Bronze Age]]
|3500-1200 BC: when copper and bronze were used for jewelry, tools, utensils, weapons; this eventually enabled the introduction of the plow for easier farming.
|-
|[[Buddha]]
|"Awakened One" in Buddhism. Siddhartha Gautama was the first Buddha.
|-
|[[Buddhism]]
|A belief system which teaches that desire causes suffering and if desire is eliminated, enlightenment and Nirvana are attained.
|-
|[[Bushi]]
| Proficient, skilled generals from Japan who raised their own "samurai" soldiers to defend and protect their land.
|-
|[[Byzantine Empire]]
|It was the eastern part of the Roman empire, based in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey), which outlasted the Western half by 1000 years.
|-
|[[Caligula]]
|(AD 37-41) cruel and senseless Roman emperor, who even declared his horse to be a Roman Senator.
|-
|[[Carolingian Court]]
|Dynasty that started with Charles Martel and his descendants, including Charlemagne, whose revival of education became known as the Carolingian Renaissance. The crowning of Charlemagne in 800 is considered the birth of the "Holy Roman Empire", also known as the Carolingian empire.
|-
|[[Carthage]]
|An ancient city on the coast of northern Africa (across the Mediterranean Sea from Italy) which fought against Rome in the three Punic Wars, which left Carthage destroyed, never to be rebuilt again.
|-
|[[caste]]
|the social rank in Hinduism: Brahmans are priests and scholars, Kshatriya are rulers, Vaishya are peasants, and Shudra are serfs. Good karma enables one to improve his caste in the next life.
|-
|[[Celts]]
|A tribal, ancient people living in what is now Ireland and Great Britain, who worshiped many gods and had priests called "druids."
|-
|[[Chaldeans]]
|The ancient Babylonians
|-
|[[Chaldean Empire]]
|Ancient Babylonian Empire that lasted from 605-562 BC
|-
|[[Chandragupta Mauryan]]
|Built the largest Indian empire ever; he was a tough and strong dictator who defeated Greek general Seleucus in 322 BC, taking from him the portion of the Greek empire slightly north of India.
|-
|[[Charlemagne]]
|King of the Franks from AD 768-814, and Holy Roman Emperor after being crowned by the Pope in AD 800
|-
|[[Charles Martel]]
|Charles "the Hammer"; Christian ruler who led the Franks to a decisive victory against the Muslims in the Battle of Tours (732)
|-
|[[Chivalry]]
|Code of behavior developed during feudalism; required loyalty to God, looking out for one another, and different roles for men and women
|-
|[[China]]
|One of the world's oldest major civilizations, with a tradition of philosophers rather than religious leaders
|-
|[[Christendom]]
| A massive church-state network that consisted of religious hierarchy and held influence over all of Europe during the Middle Ages.
|-
|[[Cicero]], Marcus Tullius
|Famous Roman orator, senator and lawyer who lived from 106-43 BC, and who opposed Marc Anthony.
|-
|[[City-states]]
|Small nations consisting of only a single city each, especially in ancient Greece. Examples included Sparta, Athens and Corinth. They fought each other, but also banned together to defeat the Persians when that great empire sought to absorb Greece.
|-
|[[civilization]]
|must have towns, social and government institutions, record-keeping systems for property, and an agricultural surplus so not everyone is farming
|-
|[[classical civilizations]]
|Ancient Mediterranean civilizations that were generally pre-Christian, such as Rome, Greece, and Egypt
|-
|[[classicism]]
|Near the end of the Middle Ages, a Renaissance movement in the arts, looking back to ancient Rome and Greece for inspiration
|-
|[[Cleisthenes]]
|Established democracy in Athens in 507 BC, giving all free men the right to vote
|-
|[[Cleopatra]]
|The queen of Egypt who reigned from 51-30 BC
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
|The code of Hammurabi was one of the first set of written laws. It was a harsh code that demanded an eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth.
|-
|[[Code of Manu]]
|Hindu law containing rules and codes of conduct. Written in 200 BC in India.
|-
|[[Colosseum]]
|A massive stadium in Rome that was used to hold gladiatorial contests, chariot racing and killing Christians and others for entertainment. Originally known as the Flavian Amphitheatre.
|-
|[[comedy]]
|In ancient Greece, a play with a happy ending. All classical plays were either a "comedy" or a "tragedy".
|-
|[[Confucius]]
|A famous Chinese philosopher who came up with many ideas about ethics and social conduct
|-
|[[Constantine|Constantine (the Great)]]
|The first Christian emperor of Rome who legalized Christianity, ended the persecution of Christians, and united the eastern with the western Roman empires
|-
|[[Constantinople]]
|Now named Istanbul, it was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire from AD 330. Originally known as Byzantium.
|-
|[[Council of Nicaea]]
|A.D. 325, a council of bishops called by Constantine to obtain agreement on various aspects of Christianity (e.g., the Trinity) and to end heresies (e.g., Arianism).
|-
|[[cuneiform]]
|The earliest known form of writing. Consists of lines and dashes to represent different concrete things, such as fish.
|-
|[[Cynicism]]
|Greek philosophy emphasizing living life without worldly possessions, founded by Socrates' student Antisthenes.
|-
|Darius the Great
|the king of Persia (522-486 BC) and one of the greatest rulers of the Achaemenid dynasty, best known for his failed attempts to conquer Greece; in 492 a storm destroyed his fleet, and in 490 BC Athens defeated his army at Marathon
|-
|[[David]]
|Second king of Israel, as chosen by God, and an ancestor of Jesus Christ. He expanded the kingdom of Israel.
|-
|[[Delian League]]
|Formed in 477 BC as an alliance consisting of Athens and other Greek city-states to guard against the Persia (Achaemenid) empire after the Persian Wars; but Athens misused it to impose taxes and fund Athenian projects.
|-
|[[Dharma]]
|The laws of religions such as Buddhism and Hinduism
|-
|[[diaspora]]
|The migration or scattering of a people, especially the ancient Hebrews, away from their ancestral home.
|-
|[[Diocletian]]
| The Roman emperor who tried to save the empire of Rome by dividing it into eastern and western regions. He established the "tetrarchy" (rule by four), and ruled from A.D. 284 to 305.
|-
|[[direct democracy]]
|laws are made by votes of the citizens, rather than by elected officials. Athens of ancient Greece was the first direct democracy.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|tribes that settled Greece, 1100-1000 B.C., having an oppressive military ruling class. The "Doric order" is the simplest form of Greek architecture, consisting of a straight column without any artistic trim at the top.
|-
|[[early agriculture]]
|Crops such as grain being grown in places such as Egypt
|-
|[[Edict of Milan]]
|a political proclamation that legalized Christianity (and all other religions) throughout the Roman empire, issued by Constantine I in AD 313 after the Diocletian persecutions against Christians
|-
|[[Egypt]]
|One of the oldest civilizations in recorded history, going back perhaps to nearly 3000 BC
|-
|[[Eightfold Path]]
|The Buddhist way to end suffering and attain inner peace and contentment. It includes wisdom (right view and intention); ethics (right speech, action & livelihood); and mind (right effort, mindfulness & concentration).
|-
|[[Emperor]]
|A ruler or king of a country, such as Augustus Caesar as the first Roman emperor.
|-
|[[Enlightened One]]
|A translation of the name Buddha, in Buddhism
|-
|[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]
|A Sumerian (Mesopotamia) poem preserved on stone tablets with a story bearing great resemblance to Noah's Ark and the Great Flood
|-
|[[Euclid]]
|A Greek mathematician around 300 who developed geometry and wrote the ''Elements''.
|-
|[[Euphrates river]]
|The Euphrates is a river that was the border of Mesopotamia and was both a trading route and a protection for Mesopotamia.
|-
|[[Fertile Crescent]]
|An area of land in the Middle East along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, where it was easy to grow crops, which was the birthplace of civilization and probably the location of the Garden of Eden.
|-
|[[feudalism]]
|way of life in Western Europe in the early Middle Ages, consisting of a "lord" who owned land (given by the king) on which "peasants" or "serfs" farmed in exchange for food and protection.
|-
|[[First Punic War]]
|between Rome and Carthage in 254-241 BC: Rome conquered the island of Sicily and developed a navy; although Rome was no match for the powerful Carthaginian navy, Romans did invent a corvus that allowed them to board enemy ships and win the war
|-
|[[Four Noble Truths]]
|in [[Buddhism]]: (1) suffering is universal, (2) craving or desire causes it, (3) the cure is to eliminate the craving or desire, and (4) following the Eightfold Path helps eliminate this desire in order to attain "nirvana" (complete contentment).
|-
|[[The Franks]]
|Germanic tribes settling in the northern part of the Roman empire (including northern France), rising in power and territory from AD 330-751 and defeating barbarians; Charles the Hammer and Charlemagne were Franks
|-
|[[Gentiles]]
|The term for peoples, such as Greeks, who are not of Jewish or Arab descent.
|-
|Golden Age
|An age of great peace and prosperity, especially in ancient Greece between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars
|-
|[[Gracchi brothers]]
|Two tribunes (high elected officials) of ancient Rome who wanted to help the poor by redistributing land from the rich
|-
|Great Schism
|AD 1054: the Eastern Orthodox Church splits from the Roman Catholic Church in a dispute over icons and statues, the origin of the Holy Spirit, and regional differences
|-
|[[Great Wall of China]]
|the long and high wall in China that was built beginning with the Qin dynasty in about 200 BC, to keep invaders out
|-
|[[Greece]]
|perhaps the greatest ancient civilization: invented democracy, developed mathematics and philosophy, and adopted ethical standards like the Hippocratic Oath (which prohibits abortion)
|-
|[[Greek drama]]
|Theatrical tradition of ancient Greece, 600-400 BC, with two main types: comedies (good ending) and tragedies (bad ending)
|-
|[[Gregory the Great]]
| One of the most significant popes who used church money for non-religious purposes, such as paying for public projects such as roads, supporting armies, and establishing government programs for the poor. This would later cause uproar in the Catholic Church.
|-
|[[Gaul]]
|Now France, it was a place for barbarians to attack the Roman empire.
|-
|[[Gothic]]
|architecture of the late Middle Ages, featuring tall, perpendicular structures, long or stained-glassed rose windows, pointed arches, and flying buttresses (stone supports on the outer walls of churches)
|-
|[[Gupta empire]]
|(AD 240-550): large Indian empire that developed with algebra, the concepts of zero and infinity, and the numbers 1-9
|-
|[[Hammurabi]]
|King of Babylon, 1792-1750 BC, who developed the Code of Hammurabi, which is based on the concept of an eye for an eye
|-
|[[Han dynasty]]
|202 BC - AD 220, this was the greatest of all the Chinese dynasties and was similar to the Roman empire in expanding territory, administering justice, and enjoying peace like the Pax Romana. The Han dynasty valued education highly, and created a scholar class of people known as "shi".
|-
|[[Hannibal]]
|A military commander for Carthage who had a brilliant surprise attack against Rome during the Second Punic War
|-
|[[Hebrews]]
|God's chosen people who established the nation of Israel and wrote the Old Testament
|-
|[[Hellenistic]]
|Relating to Greek culture and language, particularly in lands beyond Greece as conquered by Alexander the Great beginning in 335 BC
|-
|[[Hieroglyphics]]
|A phonetic alphabet developed by the ancient Egyptians that uses the pictographic symbols to represent both an object and/or a phonetic sound.
|-
|[[Himalaya Mountain Range]]
|Mountain range famous for having the world's tallest peaks, including Mount Everest and K2; geographic protection that isolated ancient China
|-
|[[Hinduism]]
|An ancient polytheistic religion followed by 82% of (Asian) Indians to this day
|-
|[[Hippocrates]]
|"The father of medicine" in ancient Greece who developed the [[Hippocratic Oath]], an ethical code that all medical students traditionally repeated as a condition of graduation.
|-
|[[Holy Roman Empire]]
|Lasting from AD 800 to 1806, it included the territory in Europe under the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor. Constituent states often ruled themselves.
|-
|[[Homer]]
|An early Greek poet, famous for lengthy sagas such as ''Iliad'' and ''The Odyssey''.
|-
|[[Hsia dynasty]]
|rulers in China up until 1766 B.C., when Emperor Chieh (the last in the dynasty) was overthrown
|-
|[[Huns]]
|A confederation of Asian tribes who fought against the Romans in what is now the Ukraine, Germany, France, Italy and the Balkans. They were considered by many Romans to be the most ferocious enemies
|-
|[[ideograms]]
|In primitive societies, a graphic symbol (rather than alphabetic words like these) representing a concept or an idea
|-
|[[The Incas]]
|developed a huge empire beginning in AD 1250 in the Andes Mountains in South America, making it the largest civilization in all of the Americas
|-
|[[India]]
|A country that was home to the Indus Valley civilization and dates back over 3,000 years, and was birthplace of Hinduism and (later) Buddhism
|-
|[[Indus River Valley]]
|A fertile valley that was home to an ancient civilization and is modern Pakistan and northwestern India
|-
|[[Iron Age]]
|An era following the Bronze age when tools and weapons were made primarily out of iron: 1200 BC in Europe, but 600 BC in China.
|-
|[[Isaac]]
|The promised son born to Abraham and Sarah in their old age, whom Abraham offered to sacrifice to God despite his great love for Isaac. Isaac is the father of the Israeli people.
|-
|[[Ishmael]]
|The son born to Abraham and Sarah's servant, Hagar. Ishmael is revered by Muslims as an ancestor who was unfairly treated as an outcast after Isaac was subsequently born to Abraham and Sarah.
|-
|[[Islam]]
|the only major world religion that developed after Christ, Islam was founded by Muhammad in AD 622 and is based on the "Five Pillars of Islam."
|-
|[[Israel]]
|Nation founded by King David in 1010 BC, first temple destroyed by Babylonians in 587 BC, Jerusalem was rebuilt in 515 BC, Alexander the Great then conquered region in 332 BC.
|-
|[[Jainism]]
|Branched off of Hinduism, this religion stresses strict vegetarianism and non-violence towards all life.
|-
|[[Japan]]
|an island archipelago made up of 4 large islands and over 4,000 smaller ones, it had feudalism during the same time period that Europe did
|-
|[[Jesus]]
|The Holy Messiah of the Christian faith, and the only son of God who was promised to save all humanity. He was the only founder of a religion to perform miracles to cure the suffering, the only one to emphasize the power of faith, and the only one to give up His life for the salvation of others.
|-
|[[Joan of Arc]]
|17-year-old girl who led the French army to a remarkable military victory over the English in 1429, and was later captured and martyred by the English and made a saint by the Catholic Church
|-
|[[Judah, Kingdom of]]
|the southern kingdom of a divided nation of Israel, after the death of Solomon in 928 BC
|-
|[[Julius Caesar]]
|(100-44 BC) a military and political leader who laid out the groundwork for the future Roman empire before he was murdered by Roman senators
|-
|[[Julian Calendar]]
| The 12 month, 365-day calendar established by Julius Caesar, and the basis for the Gregorian calendar we use today.
|-
|[[Justinian|Justinian I]] and the [[Justinian Code]]
|Eastern Roman Emperor from AD 527 to 565 who developed the Justinian Code, which is the basis of civil law in many places
|-
|[[karma]]
|In Hinduism, everything a person has done. This determines status in the next life, so a Hindu wants "good karma."
|-
|[[knight]]
|An armored soldier of feudalistic Europe. These soldiers first began using plate mail around the time of the crusades.
|-
|[[Latin]]
|the powerful, concise language spoken in ancient Rome that has contributed many roots of words and terms to modern European languages. "Caveat emptor!" (let the buyer beware)
|-
|[[lord]]
|The ruler and owner of a feudalistic area, under him are the serfs.
|-
|[[Lyceum]]
|The great Greek center of learning founded by Aristotle, which then competed with the Academy
|-
|[[Niccolo Machiavelli]]
|An Italian political theorist who wrote the ''The Prince'', the most famous guide to how a conniving politician can seize power by manipulating others
|-
|[[Magna Carta]]
|A charter of personal and political liberties granted to the barons by King John of England in 1215, which later became a foundation for personal rights in the US Constitution.
|-
|[[maize]]
|corn, first grown by Native Americans, now one of the most popular foods in the world
|-
|[[Mandate of Heaven]]
|Chinese mandate that held that the gods blessed good rulers and overthrew bad ones
|-
|[[manor]]
|Under feudalism during the Middle Ages, a manor was a farm owned by a lord who had peasants to do the work and pay him rent in exchange for food, shelter and protection
|-
|[[Marc Antony]]
|A Roman commander and close friend of Caesar. He was in the 1st civil war of the Roman Republic
|-
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]
|A Roman emperor known most for ending Pax Romana and conquering Germanic tribes.
|-
|[[Marcus Crassus]]
|A wealthy Roman who ruled Rome along with [[Julius Caesar]] and Pompey the Great, as a part of the first [[triumvirate]].
|-
|[[Martin Luther]]
|An important Christian figure who launched the Protestant Reformation and founded the Lutheran Church, causing a split in the Catholic Church in Western Europe.
|-
|[[Mauryan Empire]]
|323–185 BC: a Buddhist empire covering much of modern India
|-
|[[Maya]]
|The Civilization of the Mayans lasted from about 300-900 A.D. The Mayans were advanced in math astronomy and many other things.
Today 4 million people still speak the Mayan language.
|-
|[[Mesoamerica]]
|Mexico and Central America, where pre-Columbian (before Columbus' exploration in 1492) civilizations existed
|-
|[[Mesopotamia]]
|Modern-day [[Iraq]], where civilization first appeared
|-
|[[Messiah]]
|Anointed by God. Jesus Christ is the Messiah of Christianity
|-
|[[Michelangelo]]
|(AD 1475-1564) A Renaissance man known for his paintings on the Sistine Chapel ceiling and his sculptures of David and the Pieta (Mary holding Jesus after the Crucifixion).
|-
|[[Middle Ages]]
|A period of time, also called the Medieval Ages, spanning from AD 500-1500, when [[feudalism]] was common
|-
|[[Middle Kingdom]]
|2100-1650 BC: Egyptian kingdom known for its works and ideas, which ended due to a civil war
|-
|[[monasteries]]
|Monasteries are communities of Christian monks that are set apart for god. Historians credit monasteries for the saving of literature and more during the middle ages.
|-
|Mongol empire
|Peaked in power in the AD 1200s, held more contiguous (connected) land than any empire in history, but failed twice in trying to conquer Japan.
|-
|[[monotheism]]
|The belief in a religion worshiping only one god. [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], and [[Islam]] are monotheistic religions.
|-
|[[Moses]]
|The prophet who led the Israelites out of Egypt, gave them the Ten Commandments, and wrote the first five books of the Bible.
|-
|[[Muhammad]]
|The man who preached a new monotheistic religion "Islam", founded on only one god, Allah.
|-
|[[Muhammad Ali]]
|Muhammad Ali was a professional boxer during the 1960’s and 70’s he was perhaps the most famous Muslim of the western world at this time. During the Vietnam war he refused to be drafted because it was not a “holy war.”
|-
|[[Nile]]
|River in Egypt which flows northward towards the Mediterranean Sea, supplying Egypt with water.
|-
|[[Nero]]
|One of the most irresponsible, cruelest emperors of Rome. Nero reigned beginning when he was 16 years old, ruling until A.D. 69.
|-
|[[New Kingdom]]
|1550-700 BC: ancient Egypt at the time of Moses, where many buildings were built primarily with slave labor
|-
|[[Nicene Creed]]
|A core statement of Christianity that affirms the Holy Trinity of God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Ghost
|-
|[[Nirvana]]
|The ultimate goal of Buddhism, the end of all suffering
|-
|Normans
|Vikings who settled in northwest France (Normandy), and then invaded and conquered England in AD 1066
|-
|[[Octavian]]
|The grandnephew of Julius Caesar who became the first Emperor of Rome, ruling with his new name of Augustus Caesar.
|-
|[[Old Kingdom]]
|3000-2200 BC: the ancient Egyptian kingdom that built the famous pyramids
|-
|[[Olympics (Ancient Greek)]]
|An ancient sporting event first held in 776 BC, establishing the beginning of the Greek civilization
|-
|[[Paper]]
|Invented by Chinese in AD 100, from dipping a bamboo screen into a mixture of bark, rags and plants, and then allowing only a thin layer of pulp to dry on the bamboo screen.
|-
|[[patricians]]
|the upper 10% of the Roman Republic, consisting of wealthy landowners
|-
|[[Paul]]
|an energetic evangelist for early Christianity, who wrote many letters now in the New Testament of the Bible
|-
|[[Pax Romana]]
|27 BC-180 AD: the "glory days" of the Roman empire, a time of peaceful prosperity and influence (but cruelty to Christians)
|-
|[[Peloponnesian War]]
|fought between Athens and Sparta, 431-404 BC, which was ultimately won by Sparta and its allies
|-
|[[Pentateuch]]
|The first five books of the modern Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy
|-
|[[Persian empire]]
|550-330 BC: a large empire stretching from India to southern Europe and Egypt
|-
|[[Persian Wars]]
|492-449 BC: wars between Persia (modern-day Iran) and Greek city-states including Athens and Sparta
|-
|[[Peter]]
|a leading apostle of Jesus who became the first pope in Rome, where he was martyred
|-
|[[pharaoh]]
|the ruler in Ancient Egypt, considered by Egyptians to be a son of god
|-
|[[Philip of Macedon]]
|King of Macedonia who arranged for the homeschooling of his son, Alexander the Great.
|-
|[[Philistines]]
|ancient people who occupied the land of Canaan, who were enemies of Israel and God.
|-
|[[Phoenicians]]
|ancient people who lived and traded goods on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea, developing a new language using an alphabet of 22 letters, on which Greek, Latin, English, French, etc., are based.
|-
|Pillars of Islam
|the five basic rules of Islam: submit to Allah, pray, fast, give to the poor, and make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca (in Saudi Arabia today)
|-
|[[Plato]]
|Greek (Athens) philosopher who emphasized the value of logic, while his student Aristotle preferred the value of experience.
|-
|[[Pompey the Great]]
|Ruled Rome as a part of the first [[triumvirate]] with [[Julius Caesar]] and [[Marcus Crassus]]. Pompey is well known for ridding the Mediterranean sea of pirates.
|-
|[[polis]]
|The name for city-states in Ancient Greece
|-
|[[polytheism]]
|A religion with many gods, which was common in ancient times until Judaism and Christianity emerged.
|-
|[[Pope]]
|The leader of the Roman Catholic Church, in the time of the Holy Roman Empire the pope was very powerful. One of the most significant popes was known as Gregory the Great.
|-
|[[Ptolemy]]
|(AD 90-168) a mathematician, geographer and astronomer in Hellenistic Egypt
|-
|[[Punic Wars]]
|Won by the Roman Republic, enabling it to gain control of the Mediterranean Sea and control commerce
|-
|[[pyramids]]
|Very large monuments in Egypt for the burial of pharaohs, built with a precision that cannot be duplicated even today.
|-
|Qin Shia Huandgi
|the first Chinese emperor, who ruled from 221-210 BC, built new roads, and established a standard coin, weight and writing system. This Qin (or Chi'in) state was the first unified Chinese empire.
|-
|[[Qur'an (Koran)]]
|The muslim holy book.
|-
|[[Ramses II]]
|the most famous pharaoh, whose reign from 1279-1213 BC (during the New Kingdom) was the second longest in Egyptian history
|-
|[[Reformation]]
|Events beginning in 1517 when German monk Saint Martin Luther nailed 95 Theses to a Church door, leading to a separation of Catholic and Protestant churches.
|-
|[[The Republic]]
|Plato's greatest writings, which form a foundation for America's system of government.
|-
|[[Renaissance]]
|a revival in artwork and Greek and Roman achievement, from the AD 1300s to the 1600s, that made the transition from medieval to modern times
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Church]]
|The Christian Church led by a Pope, beginning with Peter the Apostle. The word "catholic" means "universal".
|-
|[[Roman citizenship]]
|a special status attained by living in Rome, being birthed to a Roman citizens, or enlisting in the army for 25 years.
|-
|[[Roman empire]]
|(27 BC-476 AD) Began when August Caesar became emperor, and ended 500 years later when barbarians overran it; the Roman empire civilized western Europe, built roads, established laws, and eventually spread Christianity.
|-
|[[Roman law]]
|began with a code of laws inscribed in the Twelve Tables, establishing the concept of "justice" - rule by principle and not by whim
|-
|[[Roman military]]
|considered to be invincible; each soldier was equipped with shields, helmets, swords, and javelins
|-
|[[Roman republic]]
|509-27 BC: The first republic in history, it was located in Rome and inspired some of the principles of the government of the United States. The Roman republic ended when Augustus Caesar took full power and established the Roman empire.
|-
|Roman senate
|300 members representing wealthy families in Rome, it dominated the Roman Republic; similar to the U.S. Senate today
|-
|Romanesque
|architecture popular in the early Middle Ages, featuring thick walls, rounded arches and small windows
|-
|[[Rome]]
|the capital city of the Roman empire, and of modern day Italy; supposedly founded by Romulus and Remus, and named after Romulus after he killed his brother
|-
|[[Rosetta Stone]]
|ancient text written on stone in three different languages, which enabled the first translations of Egyptian hieroglyphics
|-
|[[Royal Road]]
|ancient Persian highway rebuilt by Darius the Great
|-
|[[samurai]]
|elite warriors of feudalistic Japan who followed a special honor code called Bushido
|-
|[[Saul]]
|the first king of Israel, appointed by God; Saul was a flawed man, jealous of David.
|-
|[[Satraps]]
|Governors in the distant lands of the Persian empire, which extended to Egypt and Arabia, who were carefully watched by the "King's Eyes and Ears" soldiers to prevent rebellions
|-
|[[scholasticism]]
|Christian philosophy from the AD 900s-1500s that developed logic in the direction of God
|-
|[[scientific revolution]]
|The beginning of modern science in the AD mid-1500s, starting with the recognition by Copernicus that the Earth revolves around the Sun
|-
|[[Second Punic War]]
|between Rome and Carthage in 218-202 BC; Carthage's leader Hannibal led his army with elephants over the Alps to surprise the Romans, but could not conquer Rome itself; by the end Rome had acquired Spain
|-
|[[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]]
|a listing of the most impressive public works in the world, written by Greek writer Antipater in the 2nd century BC (100-200 BC)
|-
|[[Shang Dynasty]]
|first major dynasty of China, which lasted from 1766 BC (when T'ang overthrew the prior dynasty) to 1122 BC
|-
|[[Shiite Muslims]]
|fundamentalist Muslims who are considered more aggressive than Sunni Muslims
|-
|[[Shinto]]
|The national religion of Japan, which considered the emperor to be descended from sun Kami; sometimes considered more of a code of conduct rather than a religion.
|-
|[[shogon]]
|a feudalistic military ruler of Japan
|-
|[[Siddhartha Gautama]]
|the Buddha, and the founder of the religion of Buddhism
|-
|[[Silk Road]]
|A trade route from East China to Central Asia and Europe
|-
|[[Socrates]]
|The first great Greek philosopher, Socrates taught that the visible world is not all of reality; Socrates taught Plato, who later taught Aristotle
|-
|[[Socratic method]]
|A teaching method developed by [[Socrates]], which consists of asking questions and is used today in law schools
|-
|[[Solomon]]
|Third king of Israel and the author of ''Proverbs'', ''Ecclesiastes'' and ''Song of Solomon''; known for his wise justice
|-
|[[Solon of Athens]]
|One of the Seven Sages of ancient Greece, who believed that one should "keep everything with moderation"
|-
|[[Sparta]]
|a Greek city-state well-known for its military prowess, which won the Peloponnesian war against Athens.
|-
|[[Spread of Buddhism]]
|Buddhism traveled outside of India along the Silk Road
|-
|[[St. Augustine]]
|(AD 354-430) a father of the early Christian church who wrote intellectual discussions of the faith entitled ''Confessions'', ''City of God'', and ''On Christian Doctrine''
|-
|[[Sumer]]
|Ancient homeland of the Sumerians, located in Mesopotamia, located in where Iraq is today
|-
|[[Sunni Muslims]]
|moderate Muslims who oppose the more aggressive Shiite Muslims
|-
|[[Sumerians]]
|the earliest civilizations living in the Middle East, where inventions included the wheel and the first known form of writing
|-
|[[Taijitu]]
|Also called "Yin and Yang," this is the symbol for Taoism. It represents a constant interaction and harmony in nature between two forces having opposite qualities.
|-
|[[Taoism (Daoism)]]
|Chinese philosophy of seeking harmony with nature by recognizing that two major forces are opposed to each other
|-
|[[Ten Commandments]]
|the laws of the God of Israel handed down to Moses
|-
|[[Theocracy]]
|a government ruled by the laws of a specific religion, as in some Muslim nations today
|-
|[[Thomas Aquinas]]
|(AD 1225–1274) A brilliant medieval priest who merged Aristotle's insights with Christian faith, and wrote ''Summa Theologica'' as a summary of Christian theology that is studied even today
|-
|[[Third Punic War]]
|Romans conquered and destroyed Carthage in 146 BC and then went into Macedonia and Greece to defeat them in revenge for having helped Hannibal; Rome then controlled the entire western civilized world (all the land around the Mediterranean)
|-
|[[Thucydides]]
|Greek historian who wrote ''History of the Peloponnesian War''
|-
|[[Toltecs]]
|A northern Mexican nomadic tribe that reigned over a city called Tula (AD 900-1200) in present-day Mexico City.
|-
|[[Tragedy]]
|A type of drama or poetic saga that has an unhappy ending. Common in ancient Greece, this type of work focused on the followed the fall of a character, often because of a specific character flaw such as envy or greed.
|-
|[[Troy]]
|an ancient city whose destruction was recorded in the Iliad, and its survivors supposedly helped found Rome
|-
|[[Tutankhamen]]
|"King Tut": a young Egyptian pharaoh who ruled from 1341-1323 BC. Archaeologist Howard Carter first discovered his tomb in 1922, shedding light on ancient Egyptian culture.
|-
|[[Twelve Tables]]
|450 BC: basic and successful Roman laws that filled twelve tablets, such as "If one is slain while committing theft by night, he is rightly slain."
|-
|[[Vassals]]
|Performed military services to the lords in exchange for protection and land in the feudal system.
|-
|[[Vedas]]
|Holy books of Hinduism
|-
|[[Virgil]]
|(70-19 BC) a Roman poet & philosopher, friend of Octavian (Augustus Caesar), and author of the ''Aeneid''. Portrayed in the Middle Ages as a noble pagan and symbol of wisdom.
|-
|[[Vishnu]]
|Supreme god of Hinduism
|-
|[[Visigoths]]
|a confederacy of Germanic tribes that harassed the Roman empire but later fell in AD 711 to the Moors, who were North African Muslims
|-
|[[Vulgate]]
|The Latin translation by Saint Jerome of the Hebrew Old Testament and the Greek New Testament. It was then used as the authoritative Bible for over 1000 years.
|-
|[[Warring States Period]]
|475-221 BC: War period in ancient China also known for the philosophical schools that flourished
|-
|[[Wheel]]
|The ancient Mesopotamia invention, originally in the form of a potter’s wheel; the wheel is considered the first and greatest of man's inventions.
|-
|[[Yahweh]]
|God as described in the [[Old Testament]], written as YHWH in the original Hebrew (which lacked vowels).
|-
|[[Yangtze River]]
|Longest river in Asia which flows south for 3000 miles; navigable from the sea for half of its course; the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers are the most important rivers in Chinese history
|-
|[[Yellow River]]
|Second longest river in Asia; known also as Huang He and "the cradle of Chinese civilization," it runs westward from the Yellow Sea and has a tendency to flood surrounding lands such its course can change with devastating results
|-
|[[Zeus]]
|Highest of Greek Gods, God of Thunder, supposedly father of the gods.
|-
|[[Zhou dynasty]] (or Chou dynasty)
|1071-221 BC: it was the longest lasting dynasty in China and included both Prince Zheng as a leader, and Confucius as the major philosopher. This dynasty benefited from the Iron Age.
|-
|[[Ziggurat]]
|man-made step-sided structures resembling pyramids that were built in Mesopotamia. The [[Tower of Babel]], described in Genesis 11, may have been a giant ziggurat.
|-
|[[Zoroastrianism]]
|Polytheistic religion founded between 1200 and 600 BC by the Persians.
|}

==Honors terms==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Description
|-
|[[Aeneas]]
|according to legend, a prince who escaped from Troy whose son founded Rome and whose grandson, Brutus, founded the Britons in England
|-
|[[Aeschylus]]
|the oldest of the three great Athenian tragic playwrights (next to [[Sophocles]] and [[Euripides]]), 525-456 BC
|-
|[[Age of Metal]]
|discovery of metals for use in tools: copper (beginning 3500 BC), bronze (beginning 2500 BC), and iron (beginning 1200 BC) were developed as tools.
|-
|[[Age of Pericles]]
|the "golden age" of Athens, led by Pericles, who introduced a form of direct democracy from 461-429 BC
|-
|[[Ahuramazda]]
|the Creator in Persia's religion of Zoroastrianism
|-
|[[Queen Ahhotep|Ahhotep]]
|a Middle Kingdom Pharaoh who repelled the Hyksos people from Egypt
|-
|[[Akkadian Empire]]
|a Sumerian empire (2360-2180 BC) located in the fertile crescent in the lower Mesopotamia and north of the Sumer River
|-
|[[Alluvial]]
|a deposit of sediment (alluvium) in a river bed
|-
|archons
|in the early Greek empire (around 700 BC), archons were government officials elected by the land-owning aristocrats; the archons then made the law
|-
|[[Aristophanes]]
|(456-380 BC) an Athenian playwright who wrote comedies and political satires
|-
|[[Ark of the Covenant]]
|The chest used by the Hebrews to contain the tablets of the Law given to Moses by God.
|-
|[[Aryans]]
|A semi-nomadic Nordic tribe who invaded and settled India around 1500 B.C.
|-
|[[Ashoka]]
|Emperor of the Mauryan Empire of India (273-232 B.C.). Upset by the horrors of war (despite winning), he converted to Buddhism and recorded Buddha's teachings on thousands of rock pillars.
|-
|Assembly of Centuries
|the group of representatives who approved new laws in the Roman republic
|-
|Assembly of Tribes
|the governing entity that held the election of representatives
|-
|[[Ashoka]]
|Emperor of the Mauryan Empire of India (273-232 B.C.). Upset by the horrors of war (despite winning), he converted to Buddhism and recorded Buddha's teachings on thousands of rock pillars.
|-
|Aztecs
|An aggressive type of people from Central Mexico who adopted many legends and customs from their ancestors. They built a capital city called Tenochtitlan, and established three causeways to connect it to the mainland.
|-
|-
|[[Bantu]]
|Over 400 tribes in Africa that share the Bantu language and common customs.
|-
|[[Barracks Emperors]]
|A series of Roman emperors (235-284 AD) who used the Roman army as a base for political power. These emperors usually had a poor, rural background.
|-
|[[Battle of Marathon]]
|In August 490 B.C., King Darius I of Persia brought his army to the plains of Marathon to invade Athens. Despite being outnumbered ten to one, the Athenian army defeated the Persians.
|-
|Battle of Chalons
|451 BC: one of the bloodiest battles in world history and the last major victory of the Roman empire, when it defeated Attila the Hun in what is now France; Attila returned later for revenge and could have looted Rome
|-
|[[Bhagavad Gita]]
|A section of the Mahabharata, the Bhagavad Gita is an ancient Hindu text written in Sanskrit which consists of Krishna's writings on philosophy and morality.
|-
|[[Breda]]
|Became one of the leaders of the Hun, but was killed by his power-hungry brother, Attila the Hun.
|-
|[[Caesar's Commentaries]]
|A history by Julius Caesar describing the wars he fought.
|-
|[[Caligula]]
|A Roman emperor, ruling from 37 AD to 41 AD, who is historically depicted as a brutal monster, and who was so hated that he was murdered by his own guards.
|-
|[[Canaan]]
|The geographical area that encompasses modern-day Israel, the West Bank and a portion of land east of the Jordan River.
|-
|[[Canon of the Medicine]]
|Book written by Ibn Sina during the Golden Age of Islam describing many diseases and their causes.
|-
|[[Catal Huyuk]]
|An ancient settlement in southern Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey.
|-
|[[Catholic Monarchs]]
|The title given by Pope Alexander VI to King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, whose marriage in 1469 unified Spain led to its conversion back to a Catholic nation from Islam (the "Reconquest").
|-
|[[Cato the Censor]]
|A Roman statesman who during the Punic War called for the destruction of Carthage.
|-
|[[Champollion, Jean]]
|Jean Champollion (1790-1832) is the father of Egyptology (the study of Egypt), and who translated a portion of the Rosetta Stone.
|-
|[[Chandragupta Maurya]]
|The founder of the Mauryan Empire in India who ruled between 320 and 293 B.C. The first Indian emperor to be converted to Jainism, he eventually renounced his throne and joined a group of nomadic Jain monks.
|-
|[[Christian Catacombs]]
|Ancient, secret underground burial places for Christians, which served as secret passageways for Christians to meet and worship God together.
|-
|[[Cicero]]
|A Roman consul, statesman, lawyer, philosopher and author. After Julius Caesar's assassination, Cicero was one of the most powerful politicians in Rome, and was Mark Antony's rival.
|-
|[[Cincinnatus]]
|A Roman hero for whom the city of Cincinnati, Ohio is named. In 458 B.C., he raised an army in Rome and came to the aid of the consul Minucius and his men, who were trapped by the Aequians. Cincinnatus also voluntarily giving up power, surpassed only by George Washington in that respect.
|-
|[[Claudius]]
|Roman emperor who became ruler after his nephew Caligula's assassination, he ruled from 41-54 AD, when he was poisoned by his wife Agrippina. Britain came under Roman rule during his reign, and his edict expelling the Jews from Rome is mentioned in the Book of Acts in the Bible.
|-
|[[Cleopatra]]
|Seven Egyptian queens of Greek decent that ruled from 193 BC until 30 BC during the Ptolemaic Dynasty. The most famous, Cleopatra VII Philopator, Egypt's last independent ruler, had affairs with both Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
|An elaborate code of law created by Hammurabi that called for harsh punishment, such as an eye for an eye, a foot for a foot.
|-
|[[Confucianism]]
|A Chinese ethical and moral philosophy based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius that focuses on human morality and right action. It has had a significant influence on the development on the culture and history of East Asia.
|-
|[[Constitutional monarchy]]
|A government with a constitution that acknowledges a monarch as head of state with varying degrees of influence in the running of the country. Countries with constitutional monarchies include the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Denmark, the Netherlands and Spain.
|-
|[[consul]]
|An elected governmental position in ancient Rome that held executive authority and military command of the Roman Republic.
|-
|[[Copts]]
|The Coptic Church originated in Egypt around 50 AD when St. Mark the Evangelist traveled to Alexandria, and is one of the oldest Christian denominations. Its leader is the Patriarch of Alexandria, who is called Pope.
|-
|[[Covenant]]
|An oath or promise.
|-
|[[Cynicism]]
|A Greek philosophy founded by Antisthenes (444 BC - 365 BC) that rejects worldly pleasure in favor of happiness derived from virtue.
|-
|[[Cyrus]]
|A Persian emperor (576 BC – 529 BC) who conquered Babylon and sent the Jews back to Israel.
|-
|[[Darius]]
|A Persian emperor (521 BC – 486 BC) who quelled the Ionian Revolt and invaded Greece, but was forced to withdraw at the Battle of Marathon.
|-
|[[Delian League]]
|A confederation during the Persian Wars controlled by Athens, and consisting of Athens and other Greek city-states and Aegean towns. Its navy helped defend Greece from Persia.
|-
|[[Demosthenes (Greek statesman)|Demosthenes]]
|A ancient Greek statesman who spoke against Philip II of Macedonia in speeches that came to be known as "Philippics". He also attempted to convince Greeks to rise up against Macedonian rule after the death of Philip's son, Alexander the Great.
|-
|[[Diadochi]]
|After the death of Alexander the Great, his empire was partitioned among the rivalling generals of his army, the so-called diadochi ("successors").
|-
|[[Diocletian]]
|The last Barrack Emperor of Rome, he ruled from 284-305 AD. He divided the Roman Empire into eastern and western regions in an attempt to save the empire, and formed a tetrarchy of four rulers, two for each region. He required the military to worship the Roman pagan gods, making it impossible for Christians to be soldiers, and persecuted them.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|Tribes that settled in Greece between 1100 BC and 1000 BC, and had a military ruling class, which persisted in Sparta and Crete even after democracy was established in Athens. These tribes created the simplest style of Greek architecture, known as the Doric order, which consisted of unadorned, straight columns.
|-
|Draco
|a tyrant in Athens during the early Greek empire (600s B.C.) who established a set of written laws that were so strict that the term "draconian" today refers to overly harsh rules of punishment
|-
|[[Dravidians]]
|Dravidians are the people of southern India and Sri Lanka who speak the Dravidian languages and are found in the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka.
|-
|[[Empress Lu]]
|The wife of the Chinese emperor Han Gaozu, who after her husband's death had all other possible heirs murdered and installed her son as emperor, ruling as regent until her death.
|-
|[[Epicureanism]]
|A philosophy founded by Epicurus in the late 4th century that holds the belief that great happiness is achievable through the avoidance of pain and fear. It does not believe in divine power interacting with humanity.
|-
|[[Etruscans]]
|People who settled in the Italian peninsula prior to 700 BC. Most Etruscan cities ran on a democratic-style system. Their culture influenced the later Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Euripides]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 480-406.
|-
|[[Exodus]]
|The abrupt departure of the people of Israel from Egypt, as told in the Book of Exodus in the Bible.
|-
|[[Ezana]]
|Ezana was the king of Axum, in Africa, ruling from A.D. 330-350. He was the first Christian king in Africa.
|-
|[[Five Good Emperors]]
|Five consecutive Roman emperors who ruled between 96 AD to 180 AD and were elected due to talent rather than family connections.
|-
|[[foraging society]]
|A pre-farming economy based upon scavenging, hunting, and gathering resources.
|-
|[[Four Emperors Era]]
|A series of Roman emperors who ruled in quick succession in 68-69 AD.
|-
|[[Franks]]
|A Germanic people that, beginning in the 4th century AD, eventually conquered the areas of France, Benelux, Belgium, The Netherlands and portions of Germany.
|-
|[[Gaul]]
|The Roman name for the area comprising modern-day France and Belgium, and parts of northern Italy, western Switzerland and Germany, and the Netherlands. This area was under Roman rule for most of its existence.
|-
|[[Golden mean]]
|Is considered the middle between two extremes in philosophy.
|-
|[[Great Canal]]
|A canal that connected the Nile River to the Red Sea, built during the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.
|-
|[[Hadrian]]
|The third of the "Five Good Emperors" of the Roman Empire, Hadrian ruled from A.D. 117 to 138 and had two main achievements: he ended Rome's costly territorial expansion, fortifying her boundaries with numerous "Walls of Hadrian," and he effectively "Hellenized" Rome by anointing Athens the empire’s cultural center, thereby enhancing learning.
|-
|[[Han empire]]
|was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms.
|-
|[[Harappa]]
|A city that is part of the Indus Valley Civilization. It is part of modern Pakistan
|-
|[[Hatshepsut]]
|Originally a regent for her son, Thutmose III, Hatshepsut was the longest reigning female ruler of Egypt. She ruled during the eighth dynasty from 1479-1458 B.C. She established trade networks for Egypt and thus collected most of the wealth of the eighth dynasty. She was eventually dethroned when her son took power at the age of 22. Her monuments are the Temple of Karnak, Deirle-Bahri, and Speos Artemidos.
|-
|[[Hellenistic culture]]
|Greek culture after the death of Alexander in 323 B.C., when Greek influence extended throughout the territory he conquered; Hellenistic culture was renowned for its strict code of ethics, its culinary prowess, and its use of metal.
|-
|[[heliocentric]]
|Recognizing that the Sun ("helio" is Greek for "sun"), and not Earth, is the center of solar system.
|-
|[[Helot]]
|A person from the class of serfs in the city-state of Sparta (700s - 300s B.C.) in ancient Greece.
|-
|[[Herodotus]]
|Greek historian (484 to 425 BC), the "father of history". His book is simply called ''Histories'' and describes the Persian Wars.
|-
|[[Hiram]]
|d
|-
|[[Hittites]]
|An ancient people in the Middle East that gained control of most of Mesopotamia in 1650 B.C. due to their advanced inventions, such as horse-drawn chariots.
|-
|[[Horace]]
|The leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus, lived from 65-8 B.C.
|-
|[[humanism]]
|Thee Greek emphasis on reason, ethics and rational thinking rather than religion.
|-
|[[Hyksos]]
|Refers to a people who entered - possibly forcibly - into Egypt, and built their capital at Avaris in the Nile Delta area in about 1648 B.C.
|-
|[[Ides (of March)]]
|The 15th of March, May, July and October in the ancient Roman calendar. The 13th is the ides of all the other months. Julius Caesar was murdered on the ides of March.
|-
|[[Imperator]]
|A title first used by Octavian (Augustus Caesar), literally meaning in Latin “general” or “commander”, giving him power over the entire army.
|-
|[[Iron Smelting]]
|A technology comprised of the extraction of usable metal from iron ore.
|-
|[[Iliad]]
|a great Greek work of literature written by Homer in the 800s or 700s B.C., describing the mythical Trojan War
|-
|Incas
|<fill in>
|-
|[[Indo-European]]
|A very general classification of peoples that includes all the way from India to Egypt.
|-
|[[Jericho]]
|A city in Israel by the Jordan River. Mentioned extensively in the Bible. Joshua and the Israelites marched around this city and blew trumpets in order to destroy it and to reach the promised land.
|-
|[[Josephus]]
| Flavius Josephus 37 - 101 A.D. Jewish general and historian who took part in the Jewish revolt against the Romans and later worked for a Roman patron.
|-
|[[Judaism]]
|The monotheistic religion of the Hebrews, also the oldest religion that remains currently active.
|-
|[[Kami]]
|Spirits in the Shinto religion that reside in prominent natural features and people. Shrines are often built to Kami.
|-
|[[Kassites]]
|Led by their king [[Agumkakrine]], they took advantage of the [[Hittite]] raid of 1595 B.C. and occupied the [[Babylonian]] region, where they ruled for over 400 years.
|-
|[[Kautilya]]
|Advisor to Chaundragupta Maurya, wrote book
"Arthoshastra" on maintaining political power.
|-
|[[Khufu]]
|Egyptian pharaoh who had the pyramid of Giza built
|-
|[[Khyber Pass]]
|An important break in the mountains between Pakistan and Afghanistan, pivotal in military campaigns by Alexander the Great, Aryans, Muslims, and later the British, who had to overcome defensive positions taken from above by local tribesman.
|-
|[[Kush]]
|Was part of a larger region called Nubia.
|-
|[[Larger Vehicle]]
|a form of Buddhism practiced in China, Korea, Japan and Tibet, teaching how to attain full enlightenment for the sake of others. (Also known as Mahayana Buddhism.)
|-
|[[Last Roman Emperor]]
| The last ruler of the Roman Empire was Romulus Augustus, who ruled from October of 475 A.D. to September of 476 A.D.
|-
|legalism
|Legalism is the excessive adherence to law or formula.
|-
|[[Legions]]
|Legions were the principal unit of the Roman army comprising 3,000 to 6,000 foot soldiers and cavalry in addition to the foot soldiers.
|-
|[[Lesser Vehicle]]
|in Buddhism, describes how to attain freedom from one's own suffering.
|-
|[[Livy]]
|A Roman historian (59 B.C. - 17 A.D.) who wrote a monumental history of Rome from its beginnings to his day.
|-
|[[Loess]]
|d
|-
|[[Magadha]]
|Led Aryans to join and try to repel the Persians.
|-
|[[Mahayana]]
|d
|-
|[[Manichaeism]]
|d
|-
|[[Marathon]]
|A small town about 26 miles from Athens where the Greeks won a key battle against the Persians in 490 B.C., and a messenger ran the distance to deliver the news to Athens, inspiring the modern marathon race today.
|-
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]
|Roman emperor from AD 161 to 180. Marcus Aurelius was also a philosopher, a Stoic, and wrote a famous book, ''Meditations''.
|-
|[[Marius]]
|d
|-
|[[Masada]]
|d
|-
|Maya- was located in Central America and were advanced in math astronomy, ritual ballgames for entertainment, and the use of their own pictographic language.

|-
|[[Menes]]
|Was a legendary Pharoah of Egypt from somewhere between 3100-2850 BC.
|-
|[[Meroe]]
|d
|-
|[[Mesolithic Age]]
|Before the beginning of recorded history in 3500 B.C., when humans changed from hunting and gathering food to producing food, as in planting and farming.
|-
|[[Minoan Civilization]]
|d
|-
|Moche
|<fill in>
|-
|[[Moksha]]
|d
|-
|[[monsoons]]
|Tropical storms, particularly in the climate of India, where the "southwest monsoon" occurs from about mid-June to the first week in October, and consists of winds carrying heavy rainfall from the Indian Ocean and resulting in widespread flooding
|-
|[[Mount Sinai]]
|A 7,498 foot mountain, located in Southern Sinai, now part of modern Egypt.The location where Moses received the Ten Commandments from God.
|-
|[[Mycenaean Civilization]]
|Was an early Indo-European civilization of Greece.
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar I]]
|was the emperor of the Babylonian Empire from 1146 to 1123 BC.
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar II]]
| Lived from 635 BC- 562 BC, was King of the Chaldeans and final conqueror of the Southern Kingdom of Israel, called "Judah." He was the first of many heads of state of foreign superpowers to come to a possibly salvific knowledge of God.
|-
|[[Neolithic Age]]
|The last part of the Stone Age (neo = "new", lithic = "of/like stone"), before the invention of metallurgy. It immediately preceded the rise of the first civilizations.
|-
|[[Nero]]
| Was the Emperor of Rome from AD 54-68. He blamed the great fire of Rome on the Christians who were unpopular due to their belief in one God.
|-
|[[Nerva]]
|Roman emperor from AD 96 to 98. Following the turmoils after Nero's death, he stood at the beginning of a long peaceful and prosperous time in the history of the Roman empire.
|-
|[[Nile River]]
|A river that ran throughout all of Egypt and fueled its entire agricultural and economic system.
|-
|[[Nineveh]]
|The capital of Assyria, seized and destroyed by the Chaldeans in 612 B.C.
|-
|[[Nok culture]]
|The African culture where the people created the first terracotta production as well as iron-smelting technology.
|-
|[[Oath of the Hindu Physician]]
|Oath requiring, among other things, that doctors not to drink alcohol and to have an honest doctor-patient relationship.
|-
|[[Octavian]]
|Also known as Augustus Caesar (63 B.C. - A.D. 14) was the first Roman emperor. He was originally called Gaius Octavius Thurinus until he changed it after being adopted by Julius Caesar in 44 B.C.
|-
|[[Odyssey]]
|The Odyssey was an epic poem written by the [[Greek]] poet [[Homer]]. It traces the journey home to Greece by a hero of the Trojan war and the troubles he faces at the hands of gods and men.
|-
|[[Olmec]]
|The first major Pre-Columbian civilization in Mexico
|-
|oracle bone
|First concrete evidence that the Shang Dynasty really existed. They were generally used as medicine by grinding them up into powder but they were also used to write on.
|-
|[[Origen]]
|was an early Christian philosopher, who lived in the East, and especially in Alexandria
|-
|[[Ostrogoths]]
|Were a Germanic tribe influential in the last days of the Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Ovid]]
|Ovid or Publius Ovidius Naso was a famous Roman poet, known for his Heroides, Amores, Ars Amatoria, and Metamorphosis. He lived from 43 B.C. to 17 A.D.
|-
|[[Paleolithic Age]]
| Is the name given by atheists to the first part of the Stone age, followed by the Neolithic Age. During the Paleolithic Age, atheists believe people harvested wild plants and animals for food.
|-
|[[papyrus]]
|A thin parchment constructed from reeds near the Nile River
|-
|pariah
|An outcast or any person or animal that is despised.
|-
|[[Parthenon]]
| The Parthenon is a celebrated marble temple of Athene, on the Acropolis at Athens. It was of the pure Doric order, and has had an important influence on art.
|-
|[[patricians]]
|A patrician is a person of high honor or rank.
|-
|Pericles
|493-429 BC: a fabulous orator, he led Athens during its Golden Age (between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars), and expanded democracy: "Government in the hands of the many, not of the few," he said.
|-
|[[Peru]]
|Peru is a country in South America with a rich history. Once dominated by the Incas, Peru fell to the Spanish in the 16th Century.
|-
|[[Petra]]
|Petra was an ancient city that lasted from some time in 6th century B.C. to 360 A.D. when an earthquake destroyed their water supply. The city is famous for its buildings carved in red sandstone and given the name the pink city. Also Indiana Jones was filmed there.
|-
|[[phalanx]]
|common Greek military formation, which is rectangular
|-
|[[Philippides]]
|An athlete sent by Athens to run 150 miles to Sparta as they needed help in their battle against Persia, where they were outnumbered 10 to 1. His remarkable ability continues to inspire ambitious joggers today.
|-
|[[Philo]]
|(20 B.C. - 50 A.D.) was a Jewish historian from Alexandria in the first century. He combined Judaism and Greek philosophy.
|-
|[[pictograph]]
|A pictorial symbol for a word or phrase. Pictographs are the foundation for cuneiform and hieroglyphics, having been discovered in Egypt and Mesopotamia from before 3000 B.C.
|-
|[[Pisistratids]]
|Was a ruler of Athens around 570 B.C.
|-
|[[plebian]]
|A Plebian was one of the lower classes in the early Roman world, such as small farmers and shopkeepers, similar to a commoner in Medieval Europe. This status was inherited in ancient Rome, though it could change through marriage or (rarely) promotion.
|-
|[[Plutarch]]
|d
|-
|[[Pompey]]
| 106-48 B.C., general, statesman, and triumvir during the last years of the Roman Republic. His soldiers are credited with bestowing the title Magnus (the Great) while serving in Africa (82–81 BC).
|-
|[[praetors]]
|one of a number of elected magistrates charged chiefly with the administration of civil justice and ranking next below a consul.
|-
|[[Prehistory]]
|Before 3400 B.C.
|-
|purdah
|The seclusion of women from the sight of men or strangers. Purdah is practiced most in the Muslim and Hindu religions.
|-
|[[Pythagorus]]
|A Greek philosopher mathematician (569-475 B.C.), best known for his Pythagorean Theorem which equates the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle to the sum of the squares of each side. His philosophy included abstracting 2 ships + 2 ships = 4 ships to the more general truth that 2 of anything plus 2 of anything = 4 of anything.
|-
|[[Ramayana]]
| A Sandskrit epic, depicting the life and adventures of Ramachandra.
|-
|[[Ramses II]]
| Ramses II was the king of Egypt. His reign is remembered by his constant war with the Hittites.
|-
|[[Rembrandt]]
| A Dutch painted who lived from 1606-1669 A.D.
|-
|[[Rig Veda]]
|A collection of over one thousand hymns that date back to as early as two thousand B.C.
|-
|[[Romance of Three Kingdoms]]
|Is a novel written by Luo Guanzhong in the Han Dynasty when it fell into disorganization.(A.D. 220-280)
|-
|[[Romulus and Remus]]
|Rome obtained its name from Romulus and Remus, who were twins, and by legend the the sons of Mars who were rescued from death by a mother wolf after his uncle threw him into the Tiber river out of jealousy.
|-
|[[rule of tyrants]]
|during the early Greek empire in the 600s, a series of tyrants ruled Athens. One was "Draco", who imposed the same penalty of death for every crime, no matter how minor!
|-
|[[Saint Patrick]]
|Born in Wales and grew up in England. Later traveled to Ireland and converted the Celts there to Christianity in the mid-400s A.D.
|-
|[[Sargon the Great]]
|The first person in recorded history to create an empire or multi-ethnic state.
|-
|[[Sati (Buddhism)]]
|Mindfulness, self-collectedness, powers of reference and retention. In some contexts, the word sati when used alone covers alertness
|-
|[[Satrap]]
|Local governors established in distant lands by the powerful Persian ruler Cyrus
|-
|[[Saxons]]
|Were a Germanic tribe, eventually settling in England and North Western France.
|-
|[[Schliemann, Heinrich]]
|d
|-
|[[Scipio]]
|d
|-
|[[Seneca]]
|Roman philosopher (a [[Stoicism|Stoic]]), statesman and playwright; teacher of [[Nero]]. BC 4 - AD 65.
|-
|[[Shang dynasty]]
|Was a major ancient Chinese dynasty from about 1766 to 1122 BC. Built cities in northern China along the Yellow River. It consisted of city-states which were often at war with one another.
|-
|[[Shang Yang]]
|Was a Chinese statesman and philosopher. He promoted Legalism, which was like the divine right of kings in the West.
|-
|[[Shi]]
|A scholar class created by the Han dynasty
|-
|[[Shiva]]
|In Hinduism, Shiva "the Destroyer" is the third member of the Trimurti, or the "Hindu triad", along with Brahma "the Creator" and Vishnu "the Preserver".
|-
|[[Solon]]
| Solon was an Athenian statesman who introduced economic, political, and legal reforms.
|-
|[[Sophocles]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 497-406.
|-
|[[Steppes]]
|Steppes are large areas of flat unforested grassland in southeastern Europe or Siberia.
|-
|[[stirrup]]
|a metal frame for each foot when riding a horse; invented in China in 322 BC and used to great advantage in battle, because they make it easier to control the horse and shoot arrows with accuracy
|-
|[[Stoicism]]
| The second of the two main Greek philosophical schools of thought. Stoicism sought to find a sense of divine justice, deemphasizing pain and pleasure for the goal of reason, logic, and self discipline.
|-
|[[Stone age]]
|The stone age is believed to be at time before men had metal working skills in our prehistory. Young Earth Creationists dispute the exsistence of a stone age rather there were stone working cultures.
|-
|[[Stupa]]
|An ornate Buddhist dome-like stone structure originally built to cover items believed to be relics of the Buddha.
|-
|[[Sulla]]
| (138-78 BC) was a Roman general and dictator during the Republican period. He won Rome's first civil war. Reforms during his time gave the Senate more power.
|-
|Sunna
|d
|-
|[[Sumuabum]]
|d
|-
|[[Suttee]]
|An ancient Hindu practice in India where a wife sacrifices herself upon her husband's funeral pyre. Outlawed by the British Raj.
|-
|[[Tacitus]]
| (A.D. 55-120) Was the Roman author of Histories, Annals, and Germania, describing first century Rome. His work chronicles Nero's blaming of the Christians for the fire in Rome and the resulting large scale persecution of Christians that ensued.
|-
|[[Taj Mahal]]
|A marble memorial located in Agra, India. It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, Queen Mumtaz Mahal, who died in childbirth.
|-
|[[The Tale of Gengi]]
|The world's first psychological novel. Was written in the 1000s and about Japanese culture.
|-
|Teotihuacan
|<fill in>
|-
|[[terra cotta]]
|A hard fired clay, distinctively brownish-red colored traditionally used for architectural purposes, especially ornamental, and for pottery and sculpture.
|-
|Terracotta army
|when Shia Huandgi (the first emperor of China) died in 210 B.C he was buried with an army of life sized terracotta warriors, which all had different expressions on their carved faces.
|-
|[[Thales]]
|Thales of Miletus (ca. 624 BC–ca. 546 BC) was the first Greek philosopher. He successfully predicted the solar eclipse of 585 BC and posited that water was the basic principle of all matter in the world.
|-
|[[Thales of Melitus]]
|a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who tried to explain natural phenomena without the use of mythology; was regarded by Aristotle as the first |philosopher in the Greek tradition.
|-
|[[Theravada]]
| Oldest surviving Buddhist school, founded in India
|-
|[[Thirty Years' War]]
|A religious conflict as Catholic states sought to suppress Protestantism. It began as a fight between Bohemian Protestants and Hapsburg Catholics in 1618, and soon became a political conflict for power that included Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Sweden, and the Habsburg dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire. The war ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.
|-
|[[Thutmos III]]
|The 6th Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. The first 22 of years of his reign he was co-regent with his stepmother, Hatshepsut. Reigned from 1479 BC to 1425 BC;
|-
|[[Tiber River]]
|One of the longest Italian rivers, over 250 miles long, it flows through the city of Rome.
|-
|[[Tiberius]]
| Tiberius was a tyrannical Roman emperor who reigned from 14-37 A.D.
|-
|[[Tigris and Euphrates]]
|Two rivers where civilization began in [[Mesopotamia]] before 3500 B.C., as described in the Book of [[Genesis]] and also confirmed by non-biblical sources.
|-
|[[Titus and Domitian]]
|The two sons of Emperor Vespasian. Titus ruled from 79 – 81 A.D. Domitian ruled from 81-96 A.D.
|-
|Toltecs
|AD 900-1200: a northern Mexican nomadic tribe that ruled about 50 miles north of present-day Mexico City, in a city called Tula
|-
|[[Torah]]
|the Jewish name for the first five books of the Bible, meaning Law.
|-
|[[Trajan]]
|Was a Roman Emperor from 98 to 117 AD and the second of the Five Good Emperors.
|-
|[[Tribal Assembly]]
|Was a Roman assembly of plebians & patricians, composed of members of 35 various Roman tribes
|-
|[[Triumvirate]]
|A triumvirate is a system of governance led by 3 leaders. The two most important triumvirates of ancient times were those of Rome: one led by Julius Caesar, Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great") and Marcus Crassus; the other led by Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. It was the failings of these triumvirates that lead to the downfall of the Republic, and the emergence of the Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Untouchables]]
|People at the very bottom of the Hindu caste system. Their Hindi name is "Dalits." Under the system,these people literally are not be touched because they are considered to be so undesirable.
|-
|[[Upanishads]]
|Hindu scriptures that describe reincarnation. Written in Sanskrit, they predate the teachings of Buddha by several centuries.
|-
|[[Ur]]
|Important city-state in Mesopotamia
|-
|[[Vandals]]
|Eastern Germanic tribe that sacked Rome in A.D. 455. Sweeping through Gaul and Spain they finally settled in North Africa. The Spanish region of Andalusia is named after them.
|-
|[[Vergil]]
|Writer of Famous Roman Mythology "The Aeneid."
|-
|[[Vespasian]]
|a Roman Emperor (A.D. 70-79), also the general in charge of putting down the Jewish revolt near the end of the A.D. 60s
|-
|[[Xenephos]]
|(435-354 B.C.) Was historian, philosopher, and military commander, born at Athens, son of an Athenian of good position; was a pupil and friend of Socrates.
|-
|[[Xenophon]]
|Famous Greek writer, Writer of renowned historical work "The Anabasis."
|-
|[[Xerxes]]
|A Persian king in the 5th century BC who attacked and conquered much of Greece, before being defeated in a naval battle in the Battle of Salamis and forced to withdraw back to Babylon
|-
|[[Zealots]]
|A group of Jews in the 1st century AD who sought the violent overthrow and expulsion of Rome from Israel. Their most famous battle (and defeat) came at Masada, a mountain fortress that still holds spiritual significance for Israel today.
|-
|[[Zeno]]
|a Greek philosopher who proposed Paradoxes, such as how a destination is never reached if the traveler goes half the distance to the goal an infinite number of times.
|-
|}
 
[[Category:World History lectures]]

World History Study Guide to 1648

2011-10-12T20:37:44Z

Wh:

''This is the growing list of study terms for [[World History Lectures|World history]], from creation to 1648 (the same midpoint used by the [[CLEP]] exams)''.

Currently at about 426 terms (roughly half basic, half honors). The goal is to build this to nearly 500 terms by mid-October 2011. ''An examination on this material will be given in late October or early November 2011''.

==Basic terms==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Term
!Description
|-
|[[Abraham]]
|2000 BC: father of Jewish people, made a covenant with God; Arabs claim descendance from Abraham's son Ishmael.
|-
|[[acropolis]]
|part of a Greek city-state that is built on a hilltop for easy defense. Example: where the democratic assembly met in Athens.
|-
|[[Plato's Academy|the Academy]]
|Founded by the Greek philosopher Plato in 387 BC, this was the world's first great center of learning.
|-
|[[Aesop]]
|a Greek writer famous for writing ''[[Aesop's Fables]]'' around 600 BC, such as "The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing," to teach life lessons
|-
|[[Alexander the Great]]
|356-323 BC: born to Philip II of Macedon and tutored by [[Aristotle]]. Conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia, and more, but not India. Alexander's conquests spread Greek culture and language, helping the future expansion of [[Christianity]].
|-
|[[Alexandria]]
|City in Egypt captured by Alexander the Great and then "Hellenized" (made Greek-like). Known for its famous library.
|-
|[[Allah]]
|The god of the [[Islamic]] religion. Followers of Allah are called Muslims.
|-
|[[Analects]]
|a record of the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius, written and compiled by his disciples circa 400-300 BC
|-
|[[Ancient world]]
|civilizations before the fall of the Western [[Roman Empire]] in AD 476
|-
|[[Aeneid]]
|a fictional epic poem, describing how a wandering [[Trojan]] became the ancestor of the [[Romans]], written by the great Roman poet [[Virgil]].
|-
|Anglo-Saxons
|refers both to the people of England from AD 449-1066 who came from Germanic tribes, and to their Old English language
|-
|[[Anselm]]
|a medieval Christian philosopher who founded scholasticism and developed an "ontological" proof for the existence of God based on degrees of perfection.
|-
|[[Archimedes]]
|287–212 BC: Greek mathematician and engineer. Discovered Archimedes' Principle, invented "Archimedes' screw," and built defenses against the Romans for his city of Syracuse; killed by the Romans.
|-
|[[archons]]
|Aristocratic officials elected by the Athenian government to make the laws; later overtook by tyrants who rose to power in the 600s BC
|-
|[[Arianism]]
|a heresy (false doctrine) claiming that Jesus was not God
|-
|[[aristocracy]]
|rule by the wealthy and privileged, rather than by democracy
|-
|[[Aristotle]]
|384-322 BC: Greek [[philosopher]], student of [[Plato]] and tutor to Alexander the Great. Emphasized the value of experience, and founded the Lyceum (a school resembling a university with specimens and a library)
|-
|[[Art of War]]
|first book on military strategy, written by Chinese philosopher Sun Tzu, having insights like "If ignorant both of your enemy and yourself, you are certain to be in peril."
|-
|[[Assyrian Empire]]
|1400-605 BC: was first dependent on Babylonia, then became an independent state, and finally an empire. Known for cruelty, especially to the Hebrews. Captured northern Kingdom of Israel in 722 BC.
|-
|[[Athens]]
|birthplace of democracy in 509 BC, Athens was a Greek city-state previously ruled by aristocrats. It defeat invading Persians.
|-
|[[Attila the Hun]]
|(AD 406-453): last and greatest ruler of the Huns, called the "Scourge of God"; almost defeated the Roman empire but was talked out of looting Rome by Pope Leo I.
|-
|[[Augustus Caesar]]
|the first Roman Emperor (27 BC-14 AD), whose name was Octavian; he took power away from the Roman Senate, he began "Pax Romana" (peaceful prosperity), and he was the emperor when Jesus was born
|-
|[[Aztecs]]
| A fierce type of people(A.D. 1200-1521), also known as "the Mexica", from Central Mexico who adopted various legends and customs from their ancestors. They built a glorious capital city titled Tenochtitlan, and established three causeways to connect it to the mainland.
|-
|[[Babylon]]
|the major Mesopotamian city in the ancient Middle East, its greatest ruler was Hammurabi. Babylon developed Cuneiform, used base-60 numbers, defeated ancient Sumer about 2000 BC, and was later cruel to Hebrews.
|-
|[[Babylonia]]
|State and Empire created by Babylon. First empire existed from 1900-1600 BC, later reemerged as the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 625-538 BC
|-
|[[Babylonian Exile]]
|Period of time from 597 to 538 BC, during which the Israelites were kept as prisoners in Babylon.
|-
|[[barbarian]]
|any "uncivilized" (not Roman), unshaven, ruthless warriors who would attack and invade ancient Rome (name "barbarus" means "bearded").
|-
|[[Battle of Tours]]
|Pivotal victory against the Muslims (732); led by Charles "the Hammer" of the Germanic people known as the "Franks".
|-
|B.C.E./[[C.E.]]
|anti-Christian terms for B.C./A.D., whereby "Before Common Era (B.C.E.)" replaces "Before Christ (B.C.)", and "Common Era (C.E.)" replaces "In the Year of Our Lord (A.D.)"
|-
|[[Bible]]
|Collection of Hebrew (Old Testament) and Christian (New Testament) Scriptures. Foretells the coming of a Messiah for the Hebrews, and recounts ancient history including the Tower of Babel and the Great Flood.
|-
|[[Brahman/Brahmin]]
|Brahmin is the ultimate god or existence in Hinduism, of which all existence is a part; "Brahmin" means the highest class for families in the Hindu caste system
|-
|[[Bronze Age]]
|3500-1200 BC: when copper and bronze were used for jewelry, tools, utensils, weapons; this eventually enabled the introduction of the plow for easier farming.
|-
|[[Buddha]]
|"Awakened One" in Buddhism. Siddhartha Gautama was the first Buddha.
|-
|[[Buddhism]]
|A belief system which teaches that desire causes suffering and if desire is eliminated, enlightenment and Nirvana are attained.
|-
|[[Bushi]]
| Proficient, skilled generals from Japan who raised their own "samurai" soldiers to defend and protect their land.
|-
|[[Byzantine Empire]]
|It was the eastern part of the Roman empire, based in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey), which outlasted the Western half by 1000 years.
|-
|[[Caligula]]
|(AD 37-41) cruel and senseless Roman emperor, who even declared his horse to be a Roman Senator.
|-
|[[Carolingian Court]]
|Dynasty that started with Charles Martel and his descendants, including Charlemagne, whose revival of education became known as the Carolingian Renaissance. The crowning of Charlemagne in 800 is considered the birth of the "Holy Roman Empire", also known as the Carolingian empire.
|-
|[[Carthage]]
|An ancient city on the coast of northern Africa (across the Mediterranean Sea from Italy) which fought against Rome in the three Punic Wars, which left Carthage destroyed, never to be rebuilt again.
|-
|[[caste]]
|the social rank in Hinduism: Brahmans are priests and scholars, Kshatriya are rulers, Vaishya are peasants, and Shudra are serfs. Good karma enables one to improve his caste in the next life.
|-
|[[Celts]]
|A tribal, ancient people living in what is now Ireland and Great Britain, who worshiped many gods and had priests called "druids."
|-
|[[Chaldeans]]
|The ancient Babylonians
|-
|[[Chaldean Empire]]
|Ancient Babylonian Empire that lasted from 605-562 BC
|-
|[[Chandragupta Mauryan]]
|Built the largest Indian empire ever; he was a tough and strong dictator who defeated Greek general Seleucus in 322 BC, taking from him the portion of the Greek empire slightly north of India.
|-
|[[Charlemagne]]
|King of the Franks from AD 768-814, and Holy Roman Emperor after being crowned by the Pope in AD 800
|-
|[[Charles Martel]]
|Charles "the Hammer"; Christian ruler who led the Franks to a decisive victory against the Muslims in the Battle of Tours (732)
|-
|[[Chivalry]]
|Code of behavior developed during feudalism; required loyalty to God, looking out for one another, and different roles for men and women
|-
|[[China]]
|One of the world's oldest major civilizations, with a tradition of philosophers rather than religious leaders
|-
|[[Christendom]]
| A massive church-state network that consisted of religious hierarchy and held influence over all of Europe during the Middle Ages.
|-
|[[Cicero]], Marcus Tullius
|Famous Roman orator, senator and lawyer who lived from 106-43 BC, and who opposed Marc Anthony.
|-
|[[City-states]]
|Small nations consisting of only a single city each, especially in ancient Greece. Examples included Sparta, Athens and Corinth. They fought each other, but also banned together to defeat the Persians when that great empire sought to absorb Greece.
|-
|[[civilization]]
|must have towns, social and government institutions, record-keeping systems for property, and an agricultural surplus so not everyone is farming
|-
|[[classical civilizations]]
|Ancient Mediterranean civilizations that were generally pre-Christian, such as Rome, Greece, and Egypt
|-
|[[classicism]]
|Near the end of the Middle Ages, a Renaissance movement in the arts, looking back to ancient Rome and Greece for inspiration
|-
|[[Cleisthenes]]
|Established democracy in Athens in 507 BC, giving all free men the right to vote
|-
|[[Cleopatra]]
|The queen of Egypt who reigned from 51-30 BC
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
|The code of Hammurabi was one of the first set of written laws. It was a harsh code that demanded an eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth.
|-
|[[Code of Manu]]
|Hindu law containing rules and codes of conduct. Written in 200 BC in India.
|-
|[[Colosseum]]
|A massive stadium in Rome that was used to hold gladiatorial contests, chariot racing and killing Christians and others for entertainment. Originally known as the Flavian Amphitheatre.
|-
|[[comedy]]
|In ancient Greece, a play with a happy ending. All classical plays were either a "comedy" or a "tragedy".
|-
|[[Confucius]]
|A famous Chinese philosopher who came up with many ideas about ethics and social conduct
|-
|[[Constantine|Constantine (the Great)]]
|The first Christian emperor of Rome who legalized Christianity, ended the persecution of Christians, and united the eastern with the western Roman empires
|-
|[[Constantinople]]
|Now named Istanbul, it was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire from AD 330. Originally known as Byzantium.
|-
|[[Council of Nicaea]]
|A.D. 325, a council of bishops called by Constantine to obtain agreement on various aspects of Christianity (e.g., the Trinity) and to end heresies (e.g., Arianism).
|-
|[[cuneiform]]
|The earliest known form of writing. Consists of lines and dashes to represent different concrete things, such as fish.
|-
|[[Cynicism]]
|Greek philosophy emphasizing living life without worldly possessions, founded by Socrates' student Antisthenes.
|-
|Darius the Great
|the king of Persia (522-486 BC) and one of the greatest rulers of the Achaemenid dynasty, best known for his failed attempts to conquer Greece; in 492 a storm destroyed his fleet, and in 490 BC Athens defeated his army at Marathon
|-
|[[David]]
|Second king of Israel, as chosen by God, and an ancestor of Jesus Christ. He expanded the kingdom of Israel.
|-
|[[Delian League]]
|Formed in 477 BC as an alliance consisting of Athens and other Greek city-states to guard against the Persia (Achaemenid) empire after the Persian Wars; but Athens misused it to impose taxes and fund Athenian projects.
|-
|[[Dharma]]
|The laws of religions such as Buddhism and Hinduism
|-
|[[diaspora]]
|The migration or scattering of a people, especially the ancient Hebrews, away from their ancestral home.
|-
|[[Diocletian]]
| The Roman emperor who tried to save the empire of Rome by dividing it into eastern and western regions. He established the "tetrarchy" (rule by four), and ruled from A.D. 284 to 305.
|-
|[[direct democracy]]
|laws are made by votes of the citizens, rather than by elected officials. Athens of ancient Greece was the first direct democracy.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|tribes that settled Greece, 1100-1000 B.C., having an oppressive military ruling class. The "Doric order" is the simplest form of Greek architecture, consisting of a straight column without any artistic trim at the top.
|-
|[[early agriculture]]
|Crops such as grain being grown in places such as Egypt
|-
|[[Edict of Milan]]
|a political proclamation that legalized Christianity (and all other religions) throughout the Roman empire, issued by Constantine I in AD 313 after the Diocletian persecutions against Christians
|-
|[[Egypt]]
|One of the oldest civilizations in recorded history, going back perhaps to nearly 3000 BC
|-
|[[Eightfold Path]]
|The Buddhist way to end suffering and attain inner peace and contentment. It includes wisdom (right view and intention); ethics (right speech, action & livelihood); and mind (right effort, mindfulness & concentration).
|-
|[[Emperor]]
|A ruler or king of a country, such as Augustus Caesar as the first Roman emperor.
|-
|[[Enlightened One]]
|A translation of the name Buddha, in Buddhism
|-
|[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]
|A Sumerian (Mesopotamia) poem preserved on stone tablets with a story bearing great resemblance to Noah's Ark and the Great Flood
|-
|[[Euclid]]
|A Greek mathematician around 300 who developed geometry and wrote the ''Elements''.
|-
|[[Euphrates river]]
|The Euphrates is a river that was the border of Mesopotamia and was both a trading route and a protection for Mesopotamia.
|-
|[[Fertile Crescent]]
|An area of land in the Middle East along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, where it was easy to grow crops, which was the birthplace of civilization and probably the location of the Garden of Eden.
|-
|[[feudalism]]
|way of life in Western Europe in the early Middle Ages, consisting of a "lord" who owned land (given by the king) on which "peasants" or "serfs" farmed in exchange for food and protection.
|-
|[[First Punic War]]
|between Rome and Carthage in 254-241 BC: Rome conquered the island of Sicily and developed a navy; although Rome was no match for the powerful Carthaginian navy, Romans did invent a corvus that allowed them to board enemy ships and win the war
|-
|[[Four Noble Truths]]
|in [[Buddhism]]: (1) suffering is universal, (2) craving or desire causes it, (3) the cure is to eliminate the craving or desire, and (4) following the Eightfold Path helps eliminate this desire in order to attain "nirvana" (complete contentment).
|-
|[[The Franks]]
|Germanic tribes settling in the northern part of the Roman empire (including northern France), rising in power and territory from AD 330-751 and defeating barbarians; Charles the Hammer and Charlemagne were Franks
|-
|[[Gentiles]]
|The term for peoples, such as Greeks, who are not of Jewish or Arab descent.
|-
|Golden Age
|An age of great peace and prosperity, especially in ancient Greece between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars
|-
|[[Gracchi brothers]]
|Two tribunes (high elected officials) of ancient Rome who wanted to help the poor by redistributing land from the rich
|-
|Great Schism
|AD 1054: the Eastern Orthodox Church splits from the Roman Catholic Church in a dispute over icons and statues, the origin of the Holy Spirit, and regional differences
|-
|[[Great Wall of China]]
|the long and high wall in China that was built beginning with the Qin dynasty in about 200 BC, to keep invaders out
|-
|[[Greece]]
|perhaps the greatest ancient civilization: invented democracy, developed mathematics and philosophy, and adopted ethical standards like the Hippocratic Oath (which prohibits abortion)
|-
|[[Greek drama]]
|Theatrical tradition of ancient Greece, 600-400 BC, with two main types: comedies (good ending) and tragedies (bad ending)
|-
|[[Gregory the Great]]
| One of the most significant popes who used church money for non-religious purposes, such as paying for public projects such as roads, supporting armies, and establishing government programs for the poor. This would later cause uproar in the Catholic Church.
|-
|[[Gaul]]
|Now France, it was a place for barbarians to attack the Roman empire.
|-
|[[Gothic]]
|architecture of the late Middle Ages, featuring tall, perpendicular structures, long or stained-glassed rose windows, pointed arches, and flying buttresses (stone supports on the outer walls of churches)
|-
|[[Gupta empire]]
|(AD 240-550): large Indian empire that developed with algebra, the concepts of zero and infinity, and the numbers 1-9
|-
|[[Hammurabi]]
|King of Babylon, 1792-1750 BC, who developed the Code of Hammurabi, which is based on the concept of an eye for an eye
|-
|[[Han dynasty]]
|202 BC - AD 220, this was the greatest of all the Chinese dynasties and was similar to the Roman empire in expanding territory, administering justice, and enjoying peace like the Pax Romana. The Han dynasty valued education highly, and created a scholar class of people known as "shi".
|-
|[[Hannibal]]
|A military commander for Carthage who had a brilliant surprise attack against Rome during the Second Punic War
|-
|[[Hebrews]]
|God's chosen people who established the nation of Israel and wrote the Old Testament
|-
|[[Hellenistic]]
|Relating to Greek culture and language, particularly in lands beyond Greece as conquered by Alexander the Great beginning in 335 BC
|-
|[[Hieroglyphics]]
|A phonetic alphabet developed by the ancient Egyptians that uses the pictographic symbols to represent both an object and/or a phonetic sound.
|-
|[[Himalaya Mountain Range]]
|Mountain range famous for having the world's tallest peaks, including Mount Everest and K2; geographic protection that isolated ancient China
|-
|[[Hinduism]]
|An ancient polytheistic religion followed by 82% of (Asian) Indians to this day
|-
|[[Hippocrates]]
|"The father of medicine" in ancient Greece who developed the [[Hippocratic Oath]], an ethical code that all medical students traditionally repeated as a condition of graduation.
|-
|[[Holy Roman Empire]]
|Lasting from AD 800 to 1806, it included the territory in Europe under the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor. Constituent states often ruled themselves.
|-
|[[Homer]]
|An early Greek poet, famous for lengthy sagas such as ''Iliad'' and ''The Odyssey''.
|-
|[[Hsia dynasty]]
|rulers in China up until 1766 B.C., when Emperor Chieh (the last in the dynasty) was overthrown
|-
|[[Huns]]
|A confederation of Asian tribes who fought against the Romans in what is now the Ukraine, Germany, France, Italy and the Balkans. They were considered by many Romans to be the most ferocious enemies
|-
|[[ideograms]]
|In primitive societies, a graphic symbol (rather than alphabetic words like these) representing a concept or an idea
|-
|[[The Incas]]
|developed a huge empire beginning in AD 1250 in the Andes Mountains in South America, making it the largest civilization in all of the Americas
|-
|[[India]]
|A country that was home to the Indus Valley civilization and dates back over 3,000 years, and was birthplace of Hinduism and (later) Buddhism
|-
|[[Indus River Valley]]
|A fertile valley that was home to an ancient civilization and is modern Pakistan and northwestern India
|-
|[[Iron Age]]
|An era following the Bronze age when tools and weapons were made primarily out of iron: 1200 BC in Europe, but 600 BC in China.
|-
|[[Isaac]]
|The promised son born to Abraham and Sarah in their old age, whom Abraham offered to sacrifice to God despite his great love for Isaac. Isaac is the father of the Israeli people.
|-
|[[Ishmael]]
|The son born to Abraham and Sarah's servant, Hagar. Ishmael is revered by Muslims as an ancestor who was unfairly treated as an outcast after Isaac was subsequently born to Abraham and Sarah.
|-
|[[Islam]]
|the only major world religion that developed after Christ, Islam was founded by Muhammad in AD 622 and is based on the "Five Pillars of Islam."
|-
|[[Israel]]
|Nation founded by King David in 1010 BC, first temple destroyed by Babylonians in 587 BC, Jerusalem was rebuilt in 515 BC, Alexander the Great then conquered region in 332 BC.
|-
|[[Jainism]]
|Branched off of Hinduism, this religion stresses strict vegetarianism and non-violence towards all life.
|-
|[[Japan]]
|an island archipelago made up of 4 large islands and over 4,000 smaller ones, it had feudalism during the same time period that Europe did
|-
|[[Jesus]]
|The Holy Messiah of the Christian faith, and the only son of God who was promised to save all humanity. He was the only founder of a religion to perform miracles to cure the suffering, the only one to emphasize the power of faith, and the only one to give up His life for the salvation of others.
|-
|[[Joan of Arc]]
|17-year-old girl who led the French army to a remarkable military victory over the English in 1429, and was later captured and martyred by the English and made a saint by the Catholic Church
|-
|[[Judah, Kingdom of]]
|the southern kingdom of a divided nation of Israel, after the death of Solomon in 928 BC
|-
|[[Julius Caesar]]
|(100-44 BC) a military and political leader who laid out the groundwork for the future Roman empire before he was murdered by Roman senators
|-
|[[Julian Calendar]]
| The 12 month, 365-day calendar established by Julius Caesar, and the basis for the Gregorian calendar we use today.
|-
|[[Justinian|Justinian I]] and the [[Justinian Code]]
|Eastern Roman Emperor from AD 527 to 565 who developed the Justinian Code, which is the basis of civil law in many places
|-
|[[karma]]
|In Hinduism, everything a person has done. This determines status in the next life, so a Hindu wants "good karma."
|-
|[[knight]]
|An armored soldier of feudalistic Europe. These soldiers first began using plate mail around the time of the crusades.
|-
|[[Latin]]
|the powerful, concise language spoken in ancient Rome that has contributed many roots of words and terms to modern European languages. "Caveat emptor!" (let the buyer beware)
|-
|[[lord]]
|The ruler and owner of a feudalistic area, under him are the serfs.
|-
|[[Lyceum]]
|The great Greek center of learning founded by Aristotle, which then competed with the Academy
|-
|[[Niccolo Machiavelli]]
|An Italian political theorist who wrote the ''The Prince'', the most famous guide to how a conniving politician can seize power by manipulating others
|-
|[[Magna Carta]]
|A charter of personal and political liberties granted to the barons by King John of England in 1215, which later became a foundation for personal rights in the US Constitution.
|-
|[[maize]]
|corn, first grown by Native Americans, now one of the most popular foods in the world
|-
|[[Mandate of Heaven]]
|Chinese mandate that held that the gods blessed good rulers and overthrew bad ones
|-
|[[manor]]
|Under feudalism during the Middle Ages, a manor was a farm owned by a lord who had peasants to do the work and pay him rent in exchange for food, shelter and protection
|-
|[[Marc Antony]]
|A Roman commander and close friend of Caesar. He was in the 1st civil war of the Roman Republic
|-
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]
|A Roman emperor known most for ending Pax Romana and conquering Germanic tribes.
|-
|[[Marcus Crassus]]
|A wealthy Roman who ruled Rome along with [[Julius Caesar]] and Pompey the Great, as a part of the first [[triumvirate]].
|-
|[[Martin Luther]]
|An important Christian figure who launched the Protestant Reformation and founded the Lutheran Church, causing a split in the Catholic Church in Western Europe.
|-
|[[Mauryan Empire]]
|323–185 BC: a Buddhist empire covering much of modern India
|-
|[[Maya]]
|The Civilization of the Mayans lasted from about 300-900 A.D. The Mayans were advanced in math astronomy and many other things.
Today 4 million people still speak the Mayan language.
|-
|[[Mesoamerica]]
|Mexico and Central America, where pre-Columbian (before Columbus' exploration in 1492) civilizations existed
|-
|[[Mesopotamia]]
|Modern-day [[Iraq]], where civilization first appeared
|-
|[[Messiah]]
|Anointed by God. Jesus Christ is the Messiah of Christianity
|-
|[[Michelangelo]]
|(AD 1475-1564) A Renaissance man known for his paintings on the Sistine Chapel ceiling and his sculptures of David and the Pieta (Mary holding Jesus after the Crucifixion).
|-
|[[Middle Ages]]
|A period of time, also called the Medieval Ages, spanning from AD 500-1500, when [[feudalism]] was common
|-
|[[Middle Kingdom]]
|2100-1650 BC: Egyptian kingdom known for its works and ideas, which ended due to a civil war
|-
|[[monasteries]]
|Monasteries are communities of Christian monks that are set apart for god. Historians credit monasteries for the saving of literature and more during the middle ages.
|-
|Mongol empire
|Peaked in power in the AD 1200s, held more contiguous (connected) land than any empire in history, but failed twice in trying to conquer Japan.
|-
|[[monotheism]]
|The belief in a religion worshiping only one god. [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], and [[Islam]] are monotheistic religions.
|-
|[[Moses]]
|The prophet who led the Israelites out of Egypt, gave them the Ten Commandments, and wrote the first five books of the Bible.
|-
|[[Muhammad]]
|The man who preached a new monotheistic religion "Islam", founded on only one god, Allah.
|-
|[[Muhammad Ali]]
|Muhammad Ali was a professional boxer during the 1960’s and 70’s he was perhaps the most famous Muslim of the western world at this time. During the Vietnam war he refused to be drafted because it was not a “holy war.”
|-
|[[Nile]]
|River in Egypt which flows northward towards the Mediterranean Sea, supplying Egypt with water.
|-
|[[Nero]]
|One of the most irresponsible, cruelest emperors of Rome. Nero reigned beginning when he was 16 years old, ruling until A.D. 69.
|-
|[[New Kingdom]]
|1550-700 BC: ancient Egypt at the time of Moses, where many buildings were built primarily with slave labor
|-
|[[Nicene Creed]]
|A core statement of Christianity that affirms the Holy Trinity of God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Ghost
|-
|[[Nirvana]]
|The ultimate goal of Buddhism, the end of all suffering
|-
|Normans
|Vikings who settled in northwest France (Normandy), and then invaded and conquered England in AD 1066
|-
|[[Octavian]]
|The grandnephew of Julius Caesar who became the first Emperor of Rome, ruling with his new name of Augustus Caesar.
|-
|[[Old Kingdom]]
|3000-2200 BC: the ancient Egyptian kingdom that built the famous pyramids
|-
|[[Olympics (Ancient Greek)]]
|An ancient sporting event first held in 776 BC, establishing the beginning of the Greek civilization
|-
|[[Paper]]
|Invented by Chinese in AD 100, from dipping a bamboo screen into a mixture of bark, rags and plants, and then allowing only a thin layer of pulp to dry on the bamboo screen.
|-
|[[patricians]]
|the upper 10% of the Roman Republic, consisting of wealthy landowners
|-
|[[Paul]]
|an energetic evangelist for early Christianity, who wrote many letters now in the New Testament of the Bible
|-
|[[Pax Romana]]
|27 BC-180 AD: the "glory days" of the Roman empire, a time of peaceful prosperity and influence (but cruelty to Christians)
|-
|[[Peloponnesian War]]
|fought between Athens and Sparta, 431-404 BC, which was ultimately won by Sparta and its allies
|-
|[[Pentateuch]]
|The first five books of the modern Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy
|-
|[[Persian empire]]
|550-330 BC: a large empire stretching from India to southern Europe and Egypt
|-
|[[Persian Wars]]
|492-449 BC: wars between Persia (modern-day Iran) and Greek city-states including Athens and Sparta
|-
|[[Peter]]
|a leading apostle of Jesus who became the first pope in Rome, where he was martyred
|-
|[[pharaoh]]
|the ruler in Ancient Egypt, considered by Egyptians to be a son of god
|-
|[[Philip of Macedon]]
|King of Macedonia who arranged for the homeschooling of his son, Alexander the Great.
|-
|[[Philistines]]
|ancient people who occupied the land of Canaan, who were enemies of Israel and God.
|-
|[[Phoenicians]]
|ancient people who lived and traded goods on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea, developing a new language using an alphabet of 22 letters, on which Greek, Latin, English, French, etc., are based.
|-
|Pillars of Islam
|the five basic rules of Islam: submit to Allah, pray, fast, give to the poor, and make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca (in Saudi Arabia today)
|-
|[[Plato]]
|Greek (Athens) philosopher who emphasized the value of logic, while his student Aristotle preferred the value of experience.
|-
|[[Pompey the Great]]
|Ruled Rome as a part of the first [[triumvirate]] with [[Julius Caesar]] and [[Marcus Crassus]]. Pompey is well known for ridding the Mediterranean sea of pirates.
|-
|[[polis]]
|The name for city-states in Ancient Greece
|-
|[[polytheism]]
|A religion with many gods, which was common in ancient times until Judaism and Christianity emerged.
|-
|[[Pope]]
|The leader of the Roman Catholic Church, in the time of the Holy Roman Empire the pope was very powerful. One of the most significant popes was known as Gregory the Great.
|-
|[[Ptolemy]]
|(AD 90-168) a mathematician, geographer and astronomer in Hellenistic Egypt
|-
|[[Punic Wars]]
|Won by the Roman Republic, enabling it to gain control of the Mediterranean Sea and control commerce
|-
|[[pyramids]]
|Very large monuments in Egypt for the burial of pharaohs, built with a precision that cannot be duplicated even today.
|-
|Qin Shia Huandgi
|the first Chinese emperor, who ruled from 221-210 BC, built new roads, and established a standard coin, weight and writing system. This Qin (or Chi'in) state was the first unified Chinese empire.
|-
|[[Qur'an (Koran)]]
|The muslim holy book.
|-
|[[Ramses II]]
|the most famous pharaoh, whose reign from 1279-1213 BC (during the New Kingdom) was the second longest in Egyptian history
|-
|[[Reformation]]
|Events beginning in 1517 when German monk Saint Martin Luther nailed 95 Theses to a Church door, leading to a separation of Catholic and Protestant churches.
|-
|[[The Republic]]
|Plato's greatest writings, which form a foundation for America's system of government.
|-
|[[Renaissance]]
|a revival in artwork and Greek and Roman achievement, from the AD 1300s to the 1600s, that made the transition from medieval to modern times
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Church]]
|The Christian Church led by a Pope, beginning with Peter the Apostle. The word "catholic" means "universal".
|-
|[[Roman citizenship]]
|a special status attained by living in Rome, being birthed to a Roman citizens, or enlisting in the army for 25 years.
|-
|[[Roman empire]]
|(27 BC-476 AD) Began when August Caesar became emperor, and ended 500 years later when barbarians overran it; the Roman empire civilized western Europe, built roads, established laws, and eventually spread Christianity.
|-
|[[Roman law]]
|began with a code of laws inscribed in the Twelve Tables, establishing the concept of "justice" - rule by principle and not by whim
|-
|[[Roman military]]
|considered to be invincible; each soldier was equipped with shields, helmets, swords, and javelins
|-
|[[Roman republic]]
|509-27 BC: The first republic in history, it was located in Rome and inspired some of the principles of the government of the United States. The Roman republic ended when Augustus Caesar took full power and established the Roman empire.
|-
|Roman senate
|300 members representing wealthy families in Rome, it dominated the Roman Republic; similar to the U.S. Senate today
|-
|Romanesque
|architecture popular in the early Middle Ages, featuring thick walls, rounded arches and small windows
|-
|[[Rome]]
|the capital city of the Roman empire, and of modern day Italy; supposedly founded by Romulus and Remus, and named after Romulus after he killed his brother
|-
|[[Rosetta Stone]]
|ancient text written on stone in three different languages, which enabled the first translations of Egyptian hieroglyphics
|-
|[[Royal Road]]
|ancient Persian highway rebuilt by Darius the Great
|-
|[[samurai]]
|elite warriors of feudalistic Japan who followed a special honor code called Bushido
|-
|[[Saul]]
|the first king of Israel, appointed by God; Saul was a flawed man, jealous of David.
|-
|[[Satraps]]
|Governors in the distant lands of the Persian empire, which extended to Egypt and Arabia, who were carefully watched by the "King's Eyes and Ears" soldiers to prevent rebellions
|-
|[[scholasticism]]
|Christian philosophy from the AD 900s-1500s that developed logic in the direction of God
|-
|[[scientific revolution]]
|The beginning of modern science in the AD mid-1500s, starting with the recognition by Copernicus that the Earth revolves around the Sun
|-
|[[Second Punic War]]
|between Rome and Carthage in 218-202 BC; Carthage's leader Hannibal led his army with elephants over the Alps to surprise the Romans, but could not conquer Rome itself; by the end Rome had acquired Spain
|-
|[[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]]
|a listing of the most impressive public works in the world, written by Greek writer Antipater in the 2nd century BC (100-200 BC)
|-
|[[Shang Dynasty]]
|first major dynasty of China, which lasted from 1766 BC (when T'ang overthrew the prior dynasty) to 1122 BC
|-
|[[Shiite Muslims]]
|fundamentalist Muslims who are considered more aggressive than Sunni Muslims
|-
|[[Shinto]]
|The national religion of Japan, which considered the emperor to be descended from sun Kami; sometimes considered more of a code of conduct rather than a religion.
|-
|[[shogon]]
|a feudalistic military ruler of Japan
|-
|[[Siddhartha Gautama]]
|the Buddha, and the founder of the religion of Buddhism
|-
|[[Silk Road]]
|A trade route from East China to Central Asia and Europe
|-
|[[Socrates]]
|The first great Greek philosopher, Socrates taught that the visible world is not all of reality; Socrates taught Plato, who later taught Aristotle
|-
|[[Socratic method]]
|A teaching method developed by [[Socrates]], which consists of asking questions and is used today in law schools
|-
|[[Solomon]]
|Third king of Israel and the author of ''Proverbs'', ''Ecclesiastes'' and ''Song of Solomon''; known for his wise justice
|-
|[[Solon of Athens]]
|One of the Seven Sages of ancient Greece, who believed that one should "keep everything with moderation"
|-
|[[Sparta]]
|a Greek city-state well-known for its military prowess, which won the Peloponnesian war against Athens.
|-
|[[Spread of Buddhism]]
|Buddhism traveled outside of India along the Silk Road
|-
|[[St. Augustine]]
|(AD 354-430) a father of the early Christian church who wrote intellectual discussions of the faith entitled ''Confessions'', ''City of God'', and ''On Christian Doctrine''
|-
|[[Sumer]]
|Ancient homeland of the Sumerians, located in Mesopotamia, located in where Iraq is today
|-
|[[Sunni Muslims]]
|moderate Muslims who oppose the more aggressive Shiite Muslims
|-
|[[Sumerians]]
|the earliest civilizations living in the Middle East, where inventions included the wheel and the first known form of writing
|-
|[[Taijitu]]
|Also called "Yin and Yang," this is the symbol for Taoism. It represents a constant interaction and harmony in nature between two forces having opposite qualities.
|-
|[[Taoism (Daoism)]]
|Chinese philosophy of seeking harmony with nature by recognizing that two major forces are opposed to each other
|-
|[[Ten Commandments]]
|the laws of the God of Israel handed down to Moses
|-
|[[Theocracy]]
|a government ruled by the laws of a specific religion, as in some Muslim nations today
|-
|[[Thomas Aquinas]]
|(AD 1225–1274) A brilliant medieval priest who merged Aristotle's insights with Christian faith, and wrote ''Summa Theologica'' as a summary of Christian theology that is studied even today
|-
|[[Third Punic War]]
|Romans conquered and destroyed Carthage in 146 BC and then went into Macedonia and Greece to defeat them in revenge for having helped Hannibal; Rome then controlled the entire western civilized world (all the land around the Mediterranean)
|-
|[[Thucydides]]
|Greek historian who wrote ''History of the Peloponnesian War''
|-
|[[Toltecs]]
|A northern Mexican nomadic tribe that reigned over a city called Tula (AD 900-1200) in present-day Mexico City.
|-
|[[Tragedy]]
|A type of drama or poetic saga that has an unhappy ending. Common in ancient Greece, this type of work focused on the followed the fall of a character, often because of a specific character flaw such as envy or greed.
|-
|[[Troy]]
|an ancient city whose destruction was recorded in the Iliad, and its survivors supposedly helped found Rome
|-
|[[Tutankhamen]]
|"King Tut": a young Egyptian pharaoh who ruled from 1341-1323 BC. Archaeologist Howard Carter first discovered his tomb in 1922, shedding light on ancient Egyptian culture.
|-
|[[Twelve Tables]]
|450 BC: basic and successful Roman laws that filled twelve tablets, such as "If one is slain while committing theft by night, he is rightly slain."
|-
|[[Vassals]]
|Performed military services to the lords in exchange for protection and land in the feudal system.
|-
|[[Vedas]]
|Holy books of Hinduism
|-
|[[Virgil]]
|(70-19 BC) a Roman poet & philosopher, friend of Octavian (Augustus Caesar), and author of the ''Aeneid''. Portrayed in the Middle Ages as a noble pagan and symbol of wisdom.
|-
|[[Vishnu]]
|Supreme god of Hinduism
|-
|[[Visigoths]]
|a confederacy of Germanic tribes that harassed the Roman empire but later fell in AD 711 to the Moors, who were North African Muslims
|-
|[[Vulgate]]
|The Latin translation by Saint Jerome of the Hebrew Old Testament and the Greek New Testament. It was then used as the authoritative Bible for over 1000 years.
|-
|[[Warring States Period]]
|475-221 BC: War period in ancient China also known for the philosophical schools that flourished
|-
|[[Wheel]]
|The ancient Mesopotamia invention, originally in the form of a potter’s wheel; the wheel is considered the first and greatest of man's inventions.
|-
|[[Yahweh]]
|God as described in the [[Old Testament]], written as YHWH in the original Hebrew (which lacked vowels).
|-
|[[Yangtze River]]
|Longest river in Asia which flows south for 3000 miles; navigable from the sea for half of its course; the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers are the most important rivers in Chinese history
|-
|[[Yellow River]]
|Second longest river in Asia; known also as Huang He and "the cradle of Chinese civilization," it runs westward from the Yellow Sea and has a tendency to flood surrounding lands such its course can change with devastating results
|-
|[[Zeus]]
|Highest of Greek Gods, God of Thunder, supposedly father of the gods.
|-
|[[Zhou dynasty]] (or Chou dynasty)
|1071-221 BC: it was the longest lasting dynasty in China and included both Prince Zheng as a leader, and Confucius as the major philosopher. This dynasty benefited from the Iron Age.
|-
|[[Ziggurat]]
|man-made step-sided structures resembling pyramids that were built in Mesopotamia. The [[Tower of Babel]], described in Genesis 11, may have been a giant ziggurat.
|-
|[[Zoroastrianism]]
|Polytheistic religion founded between 1200 and 600 BC by the Persians.
|}

==Honors terms==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Description
|-
|[[Aeneas]]
|according to legend, a prince who escaped from Troy whose son founded Rome and whose grandson, Brutus, founded the Britons in England
|-
|[[Aeschylus]]
|the oldest of the three great Athenian tragic playwrights (next to [[Sophocles]] and [[Euripides]]), 525-456 BC
|-
|[[Age of Metal]]
|discovery of metals for use in tools: copper (beginning 3500 BC), bronze (beginning 2500 BC), and iron (beginning 1200 BC) were developed as tools.
|-
|[[Age of Pericles]]
|the "golden age" of Athens, led by Pericles, who introduced a form of direct democracy from 461-429 BC
|-
|[[Ahuramazda]]
|the Creator in Persia's religion of Zoroastrianism
|-
|[[Queen Ahhotep|Ahhotep]]
|a Middle Kingdom Pharaoh who repelled the Hyksos people from Egypt
|-
|[[Akkadian Empire]]
|a Sumerian empire (2360-2180 BC) located in the fertile crescent in the lower Mesopotamia and north of the Sumer River
|-
|[[Alluvial]]
|a deposit of sediment (alluvium) in a river bed
|-
|archons
|in the early Greek empire (around 700 BC), archons were government officials elected by the land-owning aristocrats; the archons then made the law
|-
|[[Aristophanes]]
|(456-380 BC) an Athenian playwright who wrote comedies and political satires
|-
|[[Ark of the Covenant]]
|The chest used by the Hebrews to contain the tablets of the Law given to Moses by God.
|-
|[[Aryans]]
|A semi-nomadic Nordic tribe who invaded and settled India around 1500 B.C.
|-
|[[Ashoka]]
|Emperor of the Mauryan Empire of India (273-232 B.C.). Upset by the horrors of war (despite winning), he converted to Buddhism and recorded Buddha's teachings on thousands of rock pillars.
|-
|Assembly of Centuries
|the group of representatives who approved new laws in the Roman republic
|-
|Assembly of Tribes
|the governing entity that held the election of representatives
|-
|[[Ashoka]]
|Emperor of the Mauryan Empire of India (273-232 B.C.). Upset by the horrors of war (despite winning), he converted to Buddhism and recorded Buddha's teachings on thousands of rock pillars.
|-
|Aztecs
|An aggressive type of people from Central Mexico who adopted many legends and customs from their ancestors. They built a capital city called Tenochtitlan, and established three causeways to connect it to the mainland.
|-
|-
|[[Bantu]]
|Over 400 tribes in Africa that share the Bantu language and common customs.
|-
|[[Barracks Emperors]]
|A series of Roman emperors (235-284 AD) who used the Roman army as a base for political power. These emperors usually had a poor, rural background.
|-
|[[Battle of Marathon]]
|In August 490 B.C., King Darius I of Persia brought his army to the plains of Marathon to invade Athens. Despite being outnumbered ten to one, the Athenian army defeated the Persians.
|-
|Battle of Chalons
|451 BC: one of the bloodiest battles in world history and the last major victory of the Roman empire, when it defeated Attila the Hun in what is now France; Attila returned later for revenge and could have looted Rome
|-
|[[Bhagavad Gita]]
|A section of the Mahabharata, the Bhagavad Gita is an ancient Hindu text written in Sanskrit which consists of Krishna's writings on philosophy and morality.
|-
|[[Breda]]
|Became one of the leaders of the Hun, but was killed by his power-hungry brother, Attila the Hun.
|-
|[[Caesar's Commentaries]]
|A history by Julius Caesar describing the wars he fought.
|-
|[[Caligula]]
|A Roman emperor, ruling from 37 AD to 41 AD, who is historically depicted as a brutal monster, and who was so hated that he was murdered by his own guards.
|-
|[[Canaan]]
|The geographical area that encompasses modern-day Israel, the West Bank and a portion of land east of the Jordan River.
|-
|[[Canon of the Medicine]]
|Book written by Ibn Sina during the Golden Age of Islam describing many diseases and their causes.
|-
|[[Catal Huyuk]]
|An ancient settlement in southern Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey.
|-
|[[Catholic Monarchs]]
|The title given by Pope Alexander VI to King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, whose marriage in 1469 unified Spain led to its conversion back to a Catholic nation from Islam (the "Reconquest").
|-
|[[Cato the Censor]]
|A Roman statesman who during the Punic War called for the destruction of Carthage.
|-
|[[Champollion, Jean]]
|Jean Champollion (1790-1832) is the father of Egyptology (the study of Egypt), and who translated a portion of the Rosetta Stone.
|-
|[[Chandragupta Maurya]]
|The founder of the Mauryan Empire in India who ruled between 320 and 293 B.C. The first Indian emperor to be converted to Jainism, he eventually renounced his throne and joined a group of nomadic Jain monks.
|-
|[[Christian Catacombs]]
|Ancient, secret underground burial places for Christians, which served as secret passageways for Christians to meet and worship God together.
|-
|[[Cicero]]
|A Roman consul, statesman, lawyer, philosopher and author. After Julius Caesar's assassination, Cicero was one of the most powerful politicians in Rome, and was Mark Antony's rival.
|-
|[[Cincinnatus]]
|A Roman hero for whom the city of Cincinnati, Ohio is named. In 458 B.C., he raised an army in Rome and came to the aid of the consul Minucius and his men, who were trapped by the Aequians. Cincinnatus also voluntarily giving up power, surpassed only by George Washington in that respect.
|-
|[[Claudius]]
|Roman emperor who became ruler after his nephew Caligula's assassination, he ruled from 41-54 AD, when he was poisoned by his wife Agrippina. Britain came under Roman rule during his reign, and his edict expelling the Jews from Rome is mentioned in the Book of Acts in the Bible.
|-
|[[Cleopatra]]
|Seven Egyptian queens of Greek decent that ruled from 193 BC until 30 BC during the Ptolemaic Dynasty. The most famous, Cleopatra VII Philopator, Egypt's last independent ruler, had affairs with both Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
|An elaborate code of law created by Hammurabi that called for harsh punishment, such as an eye for an eye, a foot for a foot.
|-
|[[Confucianism]]
|A Chinese ethical and moral philosophy based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius that focuses on human morality and right action. It has had a significant influence on the development on the culture and history of East Asia.
|-
|[[Constitutional monarchy]]
|A government with a constitution that acknowledges a monarch as head of state with varying degrees of influence in the running of the country. Countries with constitutional monarchies include the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Denmark, the Netherlands and Spain.
|-
|[[consul]]
|An elected governmental position in ancient Rome that held executive authority and military command of the Roman Republic.
|-
|[[Copts]]
|The Coptic Church originated in Egypt around 50 AD when St. Mark the Evangelist traveled to Alexandria, and is one of the oldest Christian denominations. Its leader is the Patriarch of Alexandria, who is called Pope.
|-
|[[Covenant]]
|An oath or promise.
|-
|[[Cynicism]]
|A Greek philosophy founded by Antisthenes (444 BC - 365 BC) that rejects worldly pleasure in favor of happiness derived from virtue.
|-
|[[Cyrus]]
|A Persian emperor (576 BC – 529 BC) who conquered Babylon and sent the Jews back to Israel.
|-
|[[Darius]]
|A Persian emperor (521 BC – 486 BC) who quelled the Ionian Revolt and invaded Greece, but was forced to withdraw at the Battle of Marathon.
|-
|[[Delian League]]
|A confederation during the Persian Wars controlled by Athens, and consisting of Athens and other Greek city-states and Aegean towns. Its navy helped defend Greece from Persia.
|-
|[[Demosthenes (Greek statesman)|Demosthenes]]
|A ancient Greek statesman who spoke against Philip II of Macedonia in speeches that came to be known as "Philippics". He also attempted to convince Greeks to rise up against Macedonian rule after the death of Philip's son, Alexander the Great.
|-
|[[Diadochi]]
|After the death of Alexander the Great, his empire was partitioned among the rivalling generals of his army, the so-called diadochi ("successors").
|-
|[[Diocletian]]
|The last Barrack Emperor of Rome, he ruled from 284-305 AD. He divided the Roman Empire into eastern and western regions in an attempt to save the empire, and formed a tetrarchy of four rulers, two for each region. He required the military to worship the Roman pagan gods, making it impossible for Christians to be soldiers, and persecuted them.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|Tribes that settled in Greece between 1100 BC and 1000 BC, and had a military ruling class, which persisted in Sparta and Crete even after democracy was established in Athens. These tribes created the simplest style of Greek architecture, known as the Doric order, which consisted of unadorned, straight columns.
|-
|Draco
|a tyrant in Athens during the early Greek empire (600s B.C.) who established a set of written laws that were so strict that the term "draconian" today refers to overly harsh rules of punishment
|-
|[[Dravidians]]
|Dravidians are the people of southern India and Sri Lanka who speak the Dravidian languages and are found in the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka.
|-
|[[Empress Lu]]
|The wife of the Chinese emperor Han Gaozu, who after her husband's death had all other possible heirs murdered and installed her son as emperor, ruling as regent until her death.
|-
|[[Epicureanism]]
|A philosophy founded by Epicurus in the late 4th century that holds the belief that great happiness is achievable through the avoidance of pain and fear. It does not believe in divine power interacting with humanity.
|-
|[[Etruscans]]
|People who settled in the Italian peninsula prior to 700 BC. Most Etruscan cities ran on a democratic-style system. Their culture influenced the later Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Euripides]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 480-406.
|-
|[[Exodus]]
|The abrupt departure of the people of Israel from Egypt, as told in the Book of Exodus in the Bible.
|-
|[[Ezana]]
|Ezana was the king of Axum, in Africa, ruling from A.D. 330-350. He was the first Christian king in Africa.
|-
|[[Five Good Emperors]]
|Five consecutive Roman emperors who ruled between 96 AD to 180 AD and were elected due to talent rather than family connections.
|-
|[[foraging society]]
|A pre-farming economy based upon scavenging, hunting, and gathering resources.
|-
|[[Four Emperors Era]]
|A series of Roman emperors who ruled in quick succession in 68-69 AD.
|-
|[[Franks]]
|A Germanic people that, beginning in the 4th century AD, eventually conquered the areas of France, Benelux, Belgium, The Netherlands and portions of Germany.
|-
|[[Gaul]]
|The Roman name for the area comprising modern-day France and Belgium, and parts of northern Italy, western Switzerland and Germany, and the Netherlands. This area was under Roman rule for most of its existence.
|-
|[[Golden mean]]
|Is considered the middle between two extremes in philosophy.
|-
|[[Great Canal]]
|A canal that connected the Nile River to the Red Sea, built during the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.
|-
|[[Hadrian]]
|The third of the "Five Good Emperors" of the Roman Empire, Hadrian ruled from A.D. 117 to 138 and had two main achievements: he ended Rome's costly territorial expansion, fortifying her boundaries with numerous "Walls of Hadrian," and he effectively "Hellenized" Rome by anointing Athens the empire’s cultural center, thereby enhancing learning.
|-
|[[Han empire]]
|was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms.
|-
|[[Harappa]]
|A city that is part of the Indus Valley Civilization. It is part of modern Pakistan
|-
|[[Hatshepsut]]
|Originally a regent for her son, Thutmose III, Hatshepsut was the longest reigning female ruler of Egypt. She ruled during the eighth dynasty from 1479-1458 B.C. She established trade networks for Egypt and thus collected most of the wealth of the eighth dynasty. She was eventually dethroned when her son took power at the age of 22. Her monuments are the Temple of Karnak, Deirle-Bahri, and Speos Artemidos.
|-
|[[Hellenistic culture]]
|Greek culture after the death of Alexander in 323 B.C., when Greek influence extended throughout the territory he conquered; Hellenistic culture was renowned for its strict code of ethics, its culinary prowess, and its use of metal.
|-
|[[heliocentric]]
|Recognizing that the Sun ("helio" is Greek for "sun"), and not Earth, is the center of solar system.
|-
|[[Helot]]
|A person from the class of serfs in the city-state of Sparta (700s - 300s B.C.) in ancient Greece.
|-
|[[Herodotus]]
|Greek historian (484 to 425 BC), the "father of history". His book is simply called ''Histories'' and describes the Persian Wars.
|-
|[[Hiram]]
|d
|-
|[[Hittites]]
|An ancient people in the Middle East that gained control of most of Mesopotamia in 1650 B.C. due to their advanced inventions, such as horse-drawn chariots.
|-
|[[Horace]]
|The leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus, lived from 65-8 B.C.
|-
|[[humanism]]
|Thee Greek emphasis on reason, ethics and rational thinking rather than religion.
|-
|[[Hyksos]]
|Refers to a people who entered - possibly forcibly - into Egypt, and built their capital at Avaris in the Nile Delta area in about 1648 B.C.
|-
|[[Ides (of March)]]
|The 15th of March, May, July and October in the ancient Roman calendar. The 13th is the ides of all the other months. Julius Caesar was murdered on the ides of March.
|-
|[[Imperator]]
|A title first used by Octavian (Augustus Caesar), literally meaning in Latin “general” or “commander”, giving him power over the entire army.
|-
|[[Iron Smelting]]
|A technology comprised of the extraction of usable metal from iron ore.
|-
|[[Iliad]]
|a great Greek work of literature written by Homer in the 800s or 700s B.C., describing the mythical Trojan War
|-
|Incas
|<fill in>
|-
|[[Indo-European]]
|A very general classification of peoples that includes all the way from India to Egypt.
|-
|[[Jericho]]
|A city in Israel by the Jordan River. Mentioned extensively in the Bible. Joshua and the Israelites marched around this city and blew trumpets in order to destroy it and to reach the promised land.
|-
|[[Josephus]]
| Flavius Josephus 37 - 101 A.D. Jewish general and historian who took part in the Jewish revolt against the Romans and later worked for a Roman patron.
|-
|[[Judaism]]
|The monotheistic religion of the Hebrews, also the oldest religion that remains currently active.
|-
|[[Kami]]
|Spirits in the Shinto religion that reside in prominent natural features and people. Shrines are often built to Kami.
|-
|[[Kassites]]
|Led by their king [[Agumkakrine]], they took advantage of the [[Hittite]] raid of 1595 B.C. and occupied the [[Babylonian]] region, where they ruled for over 400 years.
|-
|[[Kautilya]]
|Advisor to Chaundragupta Maurya, wrote book
"Arthoshastra" on maintaining political power.
|-
|[[Khufu]]
|Egyptian pharaoh who had the pyramid of Giza built
|-
|[[Khyber Pass]]
|An important break in the mountains between Pakistan and Afghanistan, pivotal in military campaigns by Alexander the Great, Aryans, Muslims, and later the British, who had to overcome defensive positions taken from above by local tribesman.
|-
|[[Kush]]
|Was part of a larger region called Nubia.
|-
|[[Larger Vehicle]]
|a form of Buddhism practiced in China, Korea, Japan and Tibet, teaching how to attain full enlightenment for the sake of others. (Also known as Mahayana Buddhism.)
|-
|[[Last Roman Emperor]]
| The last ruler of the Roman Empire was Romulus Augustus, who ruled from October of 475 A.D. to September of 476 A.D.
|-
|legalism
|Legalism is the excessive adherence to law or formula.
|-
|[[Legions]]
|Legions were the principal unit of the Roman army comprising 3,000 to 6,000 foot soldiers and cavalry in addition to the foot soldiers.
|-
|[[Lesser Vehicle]]
|in Buddhism, describes how to attain freedom from one's own suffering.
|-
|[[Livy]]
|A Roman historian (59 B.C. - 17 A.D.) who wrote a monumental history of Rome from its beginnings to his day.
|-
|[[Loess]]
|d
|-
|[[Magadha]]
|Led Aryans to join and try to repel the Persians.
|-
|[[Mahayana]]
|d
|-
|[[Manichaeism]]
|d
|-
|[[Marathon]]
|A small town about 26 miles from Athens where the Greeks won a key battle against the Persians in 490 B.C., and a messenger ran the distance to deliver the news to Athens, inspiring the modern marathon race today.
|-
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]
|Roman emperor from AD 161 to 180. Marcus Aurelius was also a philosopher, a Stoic, and wrote a famous book, ''Meditations''.
|-
|[[Marius]]
|d
|-
|[[Masada]]
|d
|-
|Maya- was located in Central America and were advanced in math astronomy, ritual ballgames for entertainment, and the use of their own pictographic language.

|-
|[[Menes]]
|Was a legendary Pharoah of Egypt from somewhere between 3100-2850 BC.
|-
|[[Meroe]]
|d
|-
|[[Mesolithic Age]]
|Before the beginning of recorded history in 3500 B.C., when humans changed from hunting and gathering food to producing food, as in planting and farming.
|-
|[[Minoan Civilization]]
|d
|-
|Moche
|<fill in>
|-
|[[Moksha]]
|d
|-
|[[monsoons]]
|Tropical storms, particularly in the climate of India, where the "southwest monsoon" occurs from about mid-June to the first week in October, and consists of winds carrying heavy rainfall from the Indian Ocean and resulting in widespread flooding
|-
|[[Mount Sinai]]
|A 7,498 foot mountain, located in Southern Sinai, now part of modern Egypt.The location where Moses received the Ten Commandments from God.
|-
|[[Mycenaean Civilization]]
|Was an early Indo-European civilization of Greece.
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar I]]
|was the emperor of the Babylonian Empire from 1146 to 1123 BC.
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar II]]
| Lived from 635 BC- 562 BC, was King of the Chaldeans and final conqueror of the Southern Kingdom of Israel, called "Judah." He was the first of many heads of state of foreign superpowers to come to a possibly salvific knowledge of God.
|-
|[[Neolithic Age]]
|The last part of the Stone Age (neo = "new", lithic = "of/like stone"), before the invention of metallurgy. It immediately preceded the rise of the first civilizations.
|-
|[[Nero]]
| Was the Emperor of Rome from AD 54-68. He blamed the great fire of Rome on the Christians who were unpopular due to their belief in one God.
|-
|[[Nerva]]
|Roman emperor from AD 96 to 98. Following the turmoils after Nero's death, he stood at the beginning of a long peaceful and prosperous time in the history of the Roman empire.
|-
|[[Nile River]]
|A river that ran throughout all of Egypt and fueled its entire agricultural and economic system.
|-
|[[Nineveh]]
|The capital of Assyria, seized and destroyed by the Chaldeans in 612 B.C.
|-
|[[Nok culture]]
|The African culture where the people created the first terracotta production as well as iron-smelting technology.
|-
|[[Oath of the Hindu Physician]]
|Oath requiring, among other things, that doctors not to drink alcohol and to have an honest doctor-patient relationship.
|-
|[[Octavian]]
|Also known as Augustus Caesar (63 B.C. - A.D. 14) was the first Roman emperor. He was originally called Gaius Octavius Thurinus until he changed it after being adopted by Julius Caesar in 44 B.C.
|-
|[[Odyssey]]
|The Odyssey was an epic poem written by the [[Greek]] poet [[Homer]]. It traces the journey home to Greece by a hero of the Trojan war and the troubles he faces at the hands of gods and men.
|-
|[[Olmec]]
|The first major Pre-Columbian civilization in Mexico
|-
|oracle bone
|First concrete evidence that the Shang Dynasty really existed. They were generally used as medicine by grinding them up into powder but they were also used to write on.
|-
|[[Origen]]
|dddd
|-
|[[Ostrogoths]]
|Were a Germanic tribe influential in the last days of the Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Ovid]]
|Ovid or Publius Ovidius Naso was a famous Roman poet, known for his Heroides, Amores, Ars Amatoria, and Metamorphosis. He lived from 43 B.C. to 17 A.D.
|-
|[[Paleolithic Age]]
| Is the name given by atheists to the first part of the Stone age, followed by the Neolithic Age. During the Paleolithic Age, atheists believe people harvested wild plants and animals for food.
|-
|[[papyrus]]
|A thin parchment constructed from reeds near the Nile River
|-
|pariah
|An outcast or any person or animal that is despised.
|-
|[[Parthenon]]
| The Parthenon is a celebrated marble temple of Athene, on the Acropolis at Athens. It was of the pure Doric order, and has had an important influence on art.
|-
|[[patricians]]
|A patrician is a person of high honor or rank.
|-
|Pericles
|493-429 BC: a fabulous orator, he led Athens during its Golden Age (between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars), and expanded democracy: "Government in the hands of the many, not of the few," he said.
|-
|[[Peru]]
|Peru is a country in South America with a rich history. Once dominated by the Incas, Peru fell to the Spanish in the 16th Century.
|-
|[[Petra]]
|Petra was an ancient city that lasted from some time in 6th century B.C. to 360 A.D. when an earthquake destroyed their water supply. The city is famous for its buildings carved in red sandstone and given the name the pink city. Also Indiana Jones was filmed there.
|-
|[[phalanx]]
|common Greek military formation, which is rectangular
|-
|[[Philippides]]
|An athlete sent by Athens to run 150 miles to Sparta as they needed help in their battle against Persia, where they were outnumbered 10 to 1. His remarkable ability continues to inspire ambitious joggers today.
|-
|[[Philo]]
|(20 B.C. - 50 A.D.) was a Jewish historian from Alexandria in the first century. He combined Judaism and Greek philosophy.
|-
|[[pictograph]]
|A pictorial symbol for a word or phrase. Pictographs are the foundation for cuneiform and hieroglyphics, having been discovered in Egypt and Mesopotamia from before 3000 B.C.
|-
|[[Pisistratids]]
|Was a ruler of Athens around 570 B.C.
|-
|[[plebian]]
|A Plebian was one of the lower classes in the early Roman world, such as small farmers and shopkeepers, similar to a commoner in Medieval Europe. This status was inherited in ancient Rome, though it could change through marriage or (rarely) promotion.
|-
|[[Plutarch]]
|d
|-
|[[Pompey]]
| 106-48 B.C., general, statesman, and triumvir during the last years of the Roman Republic. His soldiers are credited with bestowing the title Magnus (the Great) while serving in Africa (82–81 BC).
|-
|[[praetors]]
|one of a number of elected magistrates charged chiefly with the administration of civil justice and ranking next below a consul.
|-
|[[Prehistory]]
|Before 3400 B.C.
|-
|purdah
|The seclusion of women from the sight of men or strangers. Purdah is practiced most in the Muslim and Hindu religions.
|-
|[[Pythagorus]]
|A Greek philosopher mathematician (569-475 B.C.), best known for his Pythagorean Theorem which equates the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle to the sum of the squares of each side. His philosophy included abstracting 2 ships + 2 ships = 4 ships to the more general truth that 2 of anything plus 2 of anything = 4 of anything.
|-
|[[Ramayana]]
| A Sandskrit epic, depicting the life and adventures of Ramachandra.
|-
|[[Ramses II]]
| Ramses II was the king of Egypt. His reign is remembered by his constant war with the Hittites.
|-
|[[Rembrandt]]
| A Dutch painted who lived from 1606-1669 A.D.
|-
|[[Rig Veda]]
|A collection of over one thousand hymns that date back to as early as two thousand B.C.
|-
|[[Romance of Three Kingdoms]]
|Is a novel written by Luo Guanzhong in the Han Dynasty when it fell into disorganization.(A.D. 220-280)
|-
|[[Romulus and Remus]]
|Rome obtained its name from Romulus and Remus, who were twins, and by legend the the sons of Mars who were rescued from death by a mother wolf after his uncle threw him into the Tiber river out of jealousy.
|-
|[[rule of tyrants]]
|during the early Greek empire in the 600s, a series of tyrants ruled Athens. One was "Draco", who imposed the same penalty of death for every crime, no matter how minor!
|-
|[[Saint Patrick]]
|Born in Wales and grew up in England. Later traveled to Ireland and converted the Celts there to Christianity in the mid-400s A.D.
|-
|[[Sargon the Great]]
|The first person in recorded history to create an empire or multi-ethnic state.
|-
|[[Sati (Buddhism)]]
|Mindfulness, self-collectedness, powers of reference and retention. In some contexts, the word sati when used alone covers alertness
|-
|[[Satrap]]
|Local governors established in distant lands by the powerful Persian ruler Cyrus
|-
|[[Saxons]]
|Were a Germanic tribe, eventually settling in England and North Western France.
|-
|[[Schliemann, Heinrich]]
|d
|-
|[[Scipio]]
|d
|-
|[[Seneca]]
|Roman philosopher (a [[Stoicism|Stoic]]), statesman and playwright; teacher of [[Nero]]. BC 4 - AD 65.
|-
|[[Shang dynasty]]
|Was a major ancient Chinese dynasty from about 1766 to 1122 BC. Built cities in northern China along the Yellow River. It consisted of city-states which were often at war with one another.
|-
|[[Shang Yang]]
|Was a Chinese statesman and philosopher. He promoted Legalism, which was like the divine right of kings in the West.
|-
|[[Shi]]
|A scholar class created by the Han dynasty
|-
|[[Shiva]]
|In Hinduism, Shiva "the Destroyer" is the third member of the Trimurti, or the "Hindu triad", along with Brahma "the Creator" and Vishnu "the Preserver".
|-
|[[Solon]]
| Solon was an Athenian statesman who introduced economic, political, and legal reforms.
|-
|[[Sophocles]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 497-406.
|-
|[[Steppes]]
|Steppes are large areas of flat unforested grassland in southeastern Europe or Siberia.
|-
|[[stirrup]]
|a metal frame for each foot when riding a horse; invented in China in 322 BC and used to great advantage in battle, because they make it easier to control the horse and shoot arrows with accuracy
|-
|[[Stoicism]]
| The second of the two main Greek philosophical schools of thought. Stoicism sought to find a sense of divine justice, deemphasizing pain and pleasure for the goal of reason, logic, and self discipline.
|-
|[[Stone age]]
|The stone age is believed to be at time before men had metal working skills in our prehistory. Young Earth Creationists dispute the exsistence of a stone age rather there were stone working cultures.
|-
|[[Stupa]]
|An ornate Buddhist dome-like stone structure originally built to cover items believed to be relics of the Buddha.
|-
|[[Sulla]]
| (138-78 BC) was a Roman general and dictator during the Republican period. He won Rome's first civil war. Reforms during his time gave the Senate more power.
|-
|Sunna
|d
|-
|[[Sumuabum]]
|d
|-
|[[Suttee]]
|An ancient Hindu practice in India where a wife sacrifices herself upon her husband's funeral pyre. Outlawed by the British Raj.
|-
|[[Tacitus]]
| (A.D. 55-120) Was the Roman author of Histories, Annals, and Germania, describing first century Rome. His work chronicles Nero's blaming of the Christians for the fire in Rome and the resulting large scale persecution of Christians that ensued.
|-
|[[Taj Mahal]]
|A marble memorial located in Agra, India. It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, Queen Mumtaz Mahal, who died in childbirth.
|-
|[[The Tale of Gengi]]
|The world's first psychological novel. Was written in the 1000s and about Japanese culture.
|-
|Teotihuacan
|<fill in>
|-
|[[terra cotta]]
|A hard fired clay, distinctively brownish-red colored traditionally used for architectural purposes, especially ornamental, and for pottery and sculpture.
|-
|Terracotta army
|when Shia Huandgi (the first emperor of China) died in 210 B.C he was buried with an army of life sized terracotta warriors, which all had different expressions on their carved faces.
|-
|[[Thales]]
|Thales of Miletus (ca. 624 BC–ca. 546 BC) was the first Greek philosopher. He successfully predicted the solar eclipse of 585 BC and posited that water was the basic principle of all matter in the world.
|-
|[[Thales of Melitus]]
|a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who tried to explain natural phenomena without the use of mythology; was regarded by Aristotle as the first |philosopher in the Greek tradition.
|-
|[[Theravada]]
| Oldest surviving Buddhist school, founded in India
|-
|[[Thirty Years' War]]
|A religious conflict as Catholic states sought to suppress Protestantism. It began as a fight between Bohemian Protestants and Hapsburg Catholics in 1618, and soon became a political conflict for power that included Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Sweden, and the Habsburg dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire. The war ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.
|-
|[[Thutmos III]]
|The 6th Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. The first 22 of years of his reign he was co-regent with his stepmother, Hatshepsut. Reigned from 1479 BC to 1425 BC;
|-
|[[Tiber River]]
|One of the longest Italian rivers, over 250 miles long, it flows through the city of Rome.
|-
|[[Tiberius]]
| Tiberius was a tyrannical Roman emperor who reigned from 14-37 A.D.
|-
|[[Tigris and Euphrates]]
|Two rivers where civilization began in [[Mesopotamia]] before 3500 B.C., as described in the Book of [[Genesis]] and also confirmed by non-biblical sources.
|-
|[[Titus and Domitian]]
|The two sons of Emperor Vespasian. Titus ruled from 79 – 81 A.D. Domitian ruled from 81-96 A.D.
|-
|Toltecs
|AD 900-1200: a northern Mexican nomadic tribe that ruled about 50 miles north of present-day Mexico City, in a city called Tula
|-
|[[Torah]]
|the Jewish name for the first five books of the Bible, meaning Law.
|-
|[[Trajan]]
|Was a Roman Emperor from 98 to 117 AD and the second of the Five Good Emperors.
|-
|[[Tribal Assembly]]
|Was a Roman assembly of plebians & patricians, composed of members of 35 various Roman tribes
|-
|[[Triumvirate]]
|A triumvirate is a system of governance led by 3 leaders. The two most important triumvirates of ancient times were those of Rome: one led by Julius Caesar, Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great") and Marcus Crassus; the other led by Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. It was the failings of these triumvirates that lead to the downfall of the Republic, and the emergence of the Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Untouchables]]
|People at the very bottom of the Hindu caste system. Their Hindi name is "Dalits." Under the system,these people literally are not be touched because they are considered to be so undesirable.
|-
|[[Upanishads]]
|Hindu scriptures that describe reincarnation. Written in Sanskrit, they predate the teachings of Buddha by several centuries.
|-
|[[Ur]]
|Important city-state in Mesopotamia
|-
|[[Vandals]]
|Eastern Germanic tribe that sacked Rome in A.D. 455. Sweeping through Gaul and Spain they finally settled in North Africa. The Spanish region of Andalusia is named after them.
|-
|[[Vergil]]
|Writer of Famous Roman Mythology "The Aeneid."
|-
|[[Vespasian]]
|a Roman Emperor (A.D. 70-79), also the general in charge of putting down the Jewish revolt near the end of the A.D. 60s
|-
|[[Xenephos]]
|(435-354 B.C.) Was historian, philosopher, and military commander, born at Athens, son of an Athenian of good position; was a pupil and friend of Socrates.
|-
|[[Xenophon]]
|Famous Greek writer, Writer of renowned historical work "The Anabasis."
|-
|[[Xerxes]]
|A Persian king in the 5th century BC who attacked and conquered much of Greece, before being defeated in a naval battle in the Battle of Salamis and forced to withdraw back to Babylon
|-
|[[Zealots]]
|A group of Jews in the 1st century AD who sought the violent overthrow and expulsion of Rome from Israel. Their most famous battle (and defeat) came at Masada, a mountain fortress that still holds spiritual significance for Israel today.
|-
|[[Zeno]]
|a Greek philosopher who proposed Paradoxes, such as how a destination is never reached if the traveler goes half the distance to the goal an infinite number of times.
|-
|}
 
[[Category:World History lectures]]

World History Study Guide to 1648

2011-10-12T20:30:51Z

Wh:

''This is the growing list of study terms for [[World History Lectures|World history]], from creation to 1648 (the same midpoint used by the [[CLEP]] exams)''.

Currently at about 426 terms (roughly half basic, half honors). The goal is to build this to nearly 500 terms by mid-October 2011. ''An examination on this material will be given in late October or early November 2011''.

==Basic terms==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Term
!Description
|-
|[[Abraham]]
|2000 BC: father of Jewish people, made a covenant with God; Arabs claim descendance from Abraham's son Ishmael.
|-
|[[acropolis]]
|part of a Greek city-state that is built on a hilltop for easy defense. Example: where the democratic assembly met in Athens.
|-
|[[Plato's Academy|the Academy]]
|Founded by the Greek philosopher Plato in 387 BC, this was the world's first great center of learning.
|-
|[[Aesop]]
|a Greek writer famous for writing ''[[Aesop's Fables]]'' around 600 BC, such as "The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing," to teach life lessons
|-
|[[Alexander the Great]]
|356-323 BC: born to Philip II of Macedon and tutored by [[Aristotle]]. Conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia, and more, but not India. Alexander's conquests spread Greek culture and language, helping the future expansion of [[Christianity]].
|-
|[[Alexandria]]
|City in Egypt captured by Alexander the Great and then "Hellenized" (made Greek-like). Known for its famous library.
|-
|[[Allah]]
|The god of the [[Islamic]] religion. Followers of Allah are called Muslims.
|-
|[[Analects]]
|a record of the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius, written and compiled by his disciples circa 400-300 BC
|-
|[[Ancient world]]
|civilizations before the fall of the Western [[Roman Empire]] in AD 476
|-
|[[Aeneid]]
|a fictional epic poem, describing how a wandering [[Trojan]] became the ancestor of the [[Romans]], written by the great Roman poet [[Virgil]].
|-
|Anglo-Saxons
|refers both to the people of England from AD 449-1066 who came from Germanic tribes, and to their Old English language
|-
|[[Anselm]]
|a medieval Christian philosopher who founded scholasticism and developed an "ontological" proof for the existence of God based on degrees of perfection.
|-
|[[Archimedes]]
|287–212 BC: Greek mathematician and engineer. Discovered Archimedes' Principle, invented "Archimedes' screw," and built defenses against the Romans for his city of Syracuse; killed by the Romans.
|-
|[[archons]]
|Aristocratic officials elected by the Athenian government to make the laws; later overtook by tyrants who rose to power in the 600s BC
|-
|[[Arianism]]
|a heresy (false doctrine) claiming that Jesus was not God
|-
|[[aristocracy]]
|rule by the wealthy and privileged, rather than by democracy
|-
|[[Aristotle]]
|384-322 BC: Greek [[philosopher]], student of [[Plato]] and tutor to Alexander the Great. Emphasized the value of experience, and founded the Lyceum (a school resembling a university with specimens and a library)
|-
|[[Art of War]]
|first book on military strategy, written by Chinese philosopher Sun Tzu, having insights like "If ignorant both of your enemy and yourself, you are certain to be in peril."
|-
|[[Assyrian Empire]]
|1400-605 BC: was first dependent on Babylonia, then became an independent state, and finally an empire. Known for cruelty, especially to the Hebrews. Captured northern Kingdom of Israel in 722 BC.
|-
|[[Athens]]
|birthplace of democracy in 509 BC, Athens was a Greek city-state previously ruled by aristocrats. It defeat invading Persians.
|-
|[[Attila the Hun]]
|(AD 406-453): last and greatest ruler of the Huns, called the "Scourge of God"; almost defeated the Roman empire but was talked out of looting Rome by Pope Leo I.
|-
|[[Augustus Caesar]]
|the first Roman Emperor (27 BC-14 AD), whose name was Octavian; he took power away from the Roman Senate, he began "Pax Romana" (peaceful prosperity), and he was the emperor when Jesus was born
|-
|[[Aztecs]]
| A fierce type of people(A.D. 1200-1521), also known as "the Mexica", from Central Mexico who adopted various legends and customs from their ancestors. They built a glorious capital city titled Tenochtitlan, and established three causeways to connect it to the mainland.
|-
|[[Babylon]]
|the major Mesopotamian city in the ancient Middle East, its greatest ruler was Hammurabi. Babylon developed Cuneiform, used base-60 numbers, defeated ancient Sumer about 2000 BC, and was later cruel to Hebrews.
|-
|[[Babylonia]]
|State and Empire created by Babylon. First empire existed from 1900-1600 BC, later reemerged as the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 625-538 BC
|-
|[[Babylonian Exile]]
|Period of time from 597 to 538 BC, during which the Israelites were kept as prisoners in Babylon.
|-
|[[barbarian]]
|any "uncivilized" (not Roman), unshaven, ruthless warriors who would attack and invade ancient Rome (name "barbarus" means "bearded").
|-
|[[Battle of Tours]]
|Pivotal victory against the Muslims (732); led by Charles "the Hammer" of the Germanic people known as the "Franks".
|-
|B.C.E./[[C.E.]]
|anti-Christian terms for B.C./A.D., whereby "Before Common Era (B.C.E.)" replaces "Before Christ (B.C.)", and "Common Era (C.E.)" replaces "In the Year of Our Lord (A.D.)"
|-
|[[Bible]]
|Collection of Hebrew (Old Testament) and Christian (New Testament) Scriptures. Foretells the coming of a Messiah for the Hebrews, and recounts ancient history including the Tower of Babel and the Great Flood.
|-
|[[Brahman/Brahmin]]
|Brahmin is the ultimate god or existence in Hinduism, of which all existence is a part; "Brahmin" means the highest class for families in the Hindu caste system
|-
|[[Bronze Age]]
|3500-1200 BC: when copper and bronze were used for jewelry, tools, utensils, weapons; this eventually enabled the introduction of the plow for easier farming.
|-
|[[Buddha]]
|"Awakened One" in Buddhism. Siddhartha Gautama was the first Buddha.
|-
|[[Buddhism]]
|A belief system which teaches that desire causes suffering and if desire is eliminated, enlightenment and Nirvana are attained.
|-
|[[Bushi]]
| Proficient, skilled generals from Japan who raised their own "samurai" soldiers to defend and protect their land.
|-
|[[Byzantine Empire]]
|It was the eastern part of the Roman empire, based in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey), which outlasted the Western half by 1000 years.
|-
|[[Caligula]]
|(AD 37-41) cruel and senseless Roman emperor, who even declared his horse to be a Roman Senator.
|-
|[[Carolingian Court]]
|Dynasty that started with Charles Martel and his descendants, including Charlemagne, whose revival of education became known as the Carolingian Renaissance. The crowning of Charlemagne in 800 is considered the birth of the "Holy Roman Empire", also known as the Carolingian empire.
|-
|[[Carthage]]
|An ancient city on the coast of northern Africa (across the Mediterranean Sea from Italy) which fought against Rome in the three Punic Wars, which left Carthage destroyed, never to be rebuilt again.
|-
|[[caste]]
|the social rank in Hinduism: Brahmans are priests and scholars, Kshatriya are rulers, Vaishya are peasants, and Shudra are serfs. Good karma enables one to improve his caste in the next life.
|-
|[[Celts]]
|A tribal, ancient people living in what is now Ireland and Great Britain, who worshiped many gods and had priests called "druids."
|-
|[[Chaldeans]]
|The ancient Babylonians
|-
|[[Chaldean Empire]]
|Ancient Babylonian Empire that lasted from 605-562 BC
|-
|[[Chandragupta Mauryan]]
|Built the largest Indian empire ever; he was a tough and strong dictator who defeated Greek general Seleucus in 322 BC, taking from him the portion of the Greek empire slightly north of India.
|-
|[[Charlemagne]]
|King of the Franks from AD 768-814, and Holy Roman Emperor after being crowned by the Pope in AD 800
|-
|[[Charles Martel]]
|Charles "the Hammer"; Christian ruler who led the Franks to a decisive victory against the Muslims in the Battle of Tours (732)
|-
|[[Chivalry]]
|Code of behavior developed during feudalism; required loyalty to God, looking out for one another, and different roles for men and women
|-
|[[China]]
|One of the world's oldest major civilizations, with a tradition of philosophers rather than religious leaders
|-
|[[Christendom]]
| A massive church-state network that consisted of religious hierarchy and held influence over all of Europe during the Middle Ages.
|-
|[[Cicero]], Marcus Tullius
|Famous Roman orator, senator and lawyer who lived from 106-43 BC, and who opposed Marc Anthony.
|-
|[[City-states]]
|Small nations consisting of only a single city each, especially in ancient Greece. Examples included Sparta, Athens and Corinth. They fought each other, but also banned together to defeat the Persians when that great empire sought to absorb Greece.
|-
|[[civilization]]
|must have towns, social and government institutions, record-keeping systems for property, and an agricultural surplus so not everyone is farming
|-
|[[classical civilizations]]
|Ancient Mediterranean civilizations that were generally pre-Christian, such as Rome, Greece, and Egypt
|-
|[[classicism]]
|Near the end of the Middle Ages, a Renaissance movement in the arts, looking back to ancient Rome and Greece for inspiration
|-
|[[Cleisthenes]]
|Established democracy in Athens in 507 BC, giving all free men the right to vote
|-
|[[Cleopatra]]
|The queen of Egypt who reigned from 51-30 BC
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
|The code of Hammurabi was one of the first set of written laws. It was a harsh code that demanded an eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth.
|-
|[[Code of Manu]]
|Hindu law containing rules and codes of conduct. Written in 200 BC in India.
|-
|[[Colosseum]]
|A massive stadium in Rome that was used to hold gladiatorial contests, chariot racing and killing Christians and others for entertainment. Originally known as the Flavian Amphitheatre.
|-
|[[comedy]]
|In ancient Greece, a play with a happy ending. All classical plays were either a "comedy" or a "tragedy".
|-
|[[Confucius]]
|A famous Chinese philosopher who came up with many ideas about ethics and social conduct
|-
|[[Constantine|Constantine (the Great)]]
|The first Christian emperor of Rome who legalized Christianity, ended the persecution of Christians, and united the eastern with the western Roman empires
|-
|[[Constantinople]]
|Now named Istanbul, it was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire from AD 330. Originally known as Byzantium.
|-
|[[Council of Nicaea]]
|A.D. 325, a council of bishops called by Constantine to obtain agreement on various aspects of Christianity (e.g., the Trinity) and to end heresies (e.g., Arianism).
|-
|[[cuneiform]]
|The earliest known form of writing. Consists of lines and dashes to represent different concrete things, such as fish.
|-
|[[Cynicism]]
|Greek philosophy emphasizing living life without worldly possessions, founded by Socrates' student Antisthenes.
|-
|Darius the Great
|the king of Persia (522-486 BC) and one of the greatest rulers of the Achaemenid dynasty, best known for his failed attempts to conquer Greece; in 492 a storm destroyed his fleet, and in 490 BC Athens defeated his army at Marathon
|-
|[[David]]
|Second king of Israel, as chosen by God, and an ancestor of Jesus Christ. He expanded the kingdom of Israel.
|-
|[[Delian League]]
|Formed in 477 BC as an alliance consisting of Athens and other Greek city-states to guard against the Persia (Achaemenid) empire after the Persian Wars; but Athens misused it to impose taxes and fund Athenian projects.
|-
|[[Dharma]]
|The laws of religions such as Buddhism and Hinduism
|-
|[[diaspora]]
|The migration or scattering of a people, especially the ancient Hebrews, away from their ancestral home.
|-
|[[Diocletian]]
| The Roman emperor who tried to save the empire of Rome by dividing it into eastern and western regions. He established the "tetrarchy" (rule by four), and ruled from A.D. 284 to 305.
|-
|[[direct democracy]]
|laws are made by votes of the citizens, rather than by elected officials. Athens of ancient Greece was the first direct democracy.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|tribes that settled Greece, 1100-1000 B.C., having an oppressive military ruling class. The "Doric order" is the simplest form of Greek architecture, consisting of a straight column without any artistic trim at the top.
|-
|[[early agriculture]]
|Crops such as grain being grown in places such as Egypt
|-
|[[Edict of Milan]]
|a political proclamation that legalized Christianity (and all other religions) throughout the Roman empire, issued by Constantine I in AD 313 after the Diocletian persecutions against Christians
|-
|[[Egypt]]
|One of the oldest civilizations in recorded history, going back perhaps to nearly 3000 BC
|-
|[[Eightfold Path]]
|The Buddhist way to end suffering and attain inner peace and contentment. It includes wisdom (right view and intention); ethics (right speech, action & livelihood); and mind (right effort, mindfulness & concentration).
|-
|[[Emperor]]
|A ruler or king of a country, such as Augustus Caesar as the first Roman emperor.
|-
|[[Enlightened One]]
|A translation of the name Buddha, in Buddhism
|-
|[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]
|A Sumerian (Mesopotamia) poem preserved on stone tablets with a story bearing great resemblance to Noah's Ark and the Great Flood
|-
|[[Euclid]]
|A Greek mathematician around 300 who developed geometry and wrote the ''Elements''.
|-
|[[Euphrates river]]
|The Euphrates is a river that was the border of Mesopotamia and was both a trading route and a protection for Mesopotamia.
|-
|[[Fertile Crescent]]
|An area of land in the Middle East along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, where it was easy to grow crops, which was the birthplace of civilization and probably the location of the Garden of Eden.
|-
|[[feudalism]]
|way of life in Western Europe in the early Middle Ages, consisting of a "lord" who owned land (given by the king) on which "peasants" or "serfs" farmed in exchange for food and protection.
|-
|[[First Punic War]]
|between Rome and Carthage in 254-241 BC: Rome conquered the island of Sicily and developed a navy; although Rome was no match for the powerful Carthaginian navy, Romans did invent a corvus that allowed them to board enemy ships and win the war
|-
|[[Four Noble Truths]]
|in [[Buddhism]]: (1) suffering is universal, (2) craving or desire causes it, (3) the cure is to eliminate the craving or desire, and (4) following the Eightfold Path helps eliminate this desire in order to attain "nirvana" (complete contentment).
|-
|[[The Franks]]
|Germanic tribes settling in the northern part of the Roman empire (including northern France), rising in power and territory from AD 330-751 and defeating barbarians; Charles the Hammer and Charlemagne were Franks
|-
|[[Gentiles]]
|The term for peoples, such as Greeks, who are not of Jewish or Arab descent.
|-
|Golden Age
|An age of great peace and prosperity, especially in ancient Greece between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars
|-
|[[Gracchi brothers]]
|Two tribunes (high elected officials) of ancient Rome who wanted to help the poor by redistributing land from the rich
|-
|Great Schism
|AD 1054: the Eastern Orthodox Church splits from the Roman Catholic Church in a dispute over icons and statues, the origin of the Holy Spirit, and regional differences
|-
|[[Great Wall of China]]
|the long and high wall in China that was built beginning with the Qin dynasty in about 200 BC, to keep invaders out
|-
|[[Greece]]
|perhaps the greatest ancient civilization: invented democracy, developed mathematics and philosophy, and adopted ethical standards like the Hippocratic Oath (which prohibits abortion)
|-
|[[Greek drama]]
|Theatrical tradition of ancient Greece, 600-400 BC, with two main types: comedies (good ending) and tragedies (bad ending)
|-
|[[Gregory the Great]]
| One of the most significant popes who used church money for non-religious purposes, such as paying for public projects such as roads, supporting armies, and establishing government programs for the poor. This would later cause uproar in the Catholic Church.
|-
|[[Gaul]]
|Now France, it was a place for barbarians to attack the Roman empire.
|-
|[[Gothic]]
|architecture of the late Middle Ages, featuring tall, perpendicular structures, long or stained-glassed rose windows, pointed arches, and flying buttresses (stone supports on the outer walls of churches)
|-
|[[Gupta empire]]
|(AD 240-550): large Indian empire that developed with algebra, the concepts of zero and infinity, and the numbers 1-9
|-
|[[Hammurabi]]
|King of Babylon, 1792-1750 BC, who developed the Code of Hammurabi, which is based on the concept of an eye for an eye
|-
|[[Han dynasty]]
|202 BC - AD 220, this was the greatest of all the Chinese dynasties and was similar to the Roman empire in expanding territory, administering justice, and enjoying peace like the Pax Romana. The Han dynasty valued education highly, and created a scholar class of people known as "shi".
|-
|[[Hannibal]]
|A military commander for Carthage who had a brilliant surprise attack against Rome during the Second Punic War
|-
|[[Hebrews]]
|God's chosen people who established the nation of Israel and wrote the Old Testament
|-
|[[Hellenistic]]
|Relating to Greek culture and language, particularly in lands beyond Greece as conquered by Alexander the Great beginning in 335 BC
|-
|[[Hieroglyphics]]
|A phonetic alphabet developed by the ancient Egyptians that uses the pictographic symbols to represent both an object and/or a phonetic sound.
|-
|[[Himalaya Mountain Range]]
|Mountain range famous for having the world's tallest peaks, including Mount Everest and K2; geographic protection that isolated ancient China
|-
|[[Hinduism]]
|An ancient polytheistic religion followed by 82% of (Asian) Indians to this day
|-
|[[Hippocrates]]
|"The father of medicine" in ancient Greece who developed the [[Hippocratic Oath]], an ethical code that all medical students traditionally repeated as a condition of graduation.
|-
|[[Holy Roman Empire]]
|Lasting from AD 800 to 1806, it included the territory in Europe under the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor. Constituent states often ruled themselves.
|-
|[[Homer]]
|An early Greek poet, famous for lengthy sagas such as ''Iliad'' and ''The Odyssey''.
|-
|[[Hsia dynasty]]
|rulers in China up until 1766 B.C., when Emperor Chieh (the last in the dynasty) was overthrown
|-
|[[Huns]]
|A confederation of Asian tribes who fought against the Romans in what is now the Ukraine, Germany, France, Italy and the Balkans. They were considered by many Romans to be the most ferocious enemies
|-
|[[ideograms]]
|In primitive societies, a graphic symbol (rather than alphabetic words like these) representing a concept or an idea
|-
|[[The Incas]]
|developed a huge empire beginning in AD 1250 in the Andes Mountains in South America, making it the largest civilization in all of the Americas
|-
|[[India]]
|A country that was home to the Indus Valley civilization and dates back over 3,000 years, and was birthplace of Hinduism and (later) Buddhism
|-
|[[Indus River Valley]]
|A fertile valley that was home to an ancient civilization and is modern Pakistan and northwestern India
|-
|[[Iron Age]]
|An era following the Bronze age when tools and weapons were made primarily out of iron: 1200 BC in Europe, but 600 BC in China.
|-
|[[Isaac]]
|The promised son born to Abraham and Sarah in their old age, whom Abraham offered to sacrifice to God despite his great love for Isaac. Isaac is the father of the Israeli people.
|-
|[[Ishmael]]
|The son born to Abraham and Sarah's servant, Hagar. Ishmael is revered by Muslims as an ancestor who was unfairly treated as an outcast after Isaac was subsequently born to Abraham and Sarah.
|-
|[[Islam]]
|the only major world religion that developed after Christ, Islam was founded by Muhammad in AD 622 and is based on the "Five Pillars of Islam."
|-
|[[Israel]]
|Nation founded by King David in 1010 BC, first temple destroyed by Babylonians in 587 BC, Jerusalem was rebuilt in 515 BC, Alexander the Great then conquered region in 332 BC.
|-
|[[Jainism]]
|Branched off of Hinduism, this religion stresses strict vegetarianism and non-violence towards all life.
|-
|[[Japan]]
|an island archipelago made up of 4 large islands and over 4,000 smaller ones, it had feudalism during the same time period that Europe did
|-
|[[Jesus]]
|The Holy Messiah of the Christian faith, and the only son of God who was promised to save all humanity. He was the only founder of a religion to perform miracles to cure the suffering, the only one to emphasize the power of faith, and the only one to give up His life for the salvation of others.
|-
|[[Joan of Arc]]
|17-year-old girl who led the French army to a remarkable military victory over the English in 1429, and was later captured and martyred by the English and made a saint by the Catholic Church
|-
|[[Judah, Kingdom of]]
|the southern kingdom of a divided nation of Israel, after the death of Solomon in 928 BC
|-
|[[Julius Caesar]]
|(100-44 BC) a military and political leader who laid out the groundwork for the future Roman empire before he was murdered by Roman senators
|-
|[[Julian Calendar]]
| The 12 month, 365-day calendar established by Julius Caesar, and the basis for the Gregorian calendar we use today.
|-
|[[Justinian|Justinian I]] and the [[Justinian Code]]
|Eastern Roman Emperor from AD 527 to 565 who developed the Justinian Code, which is the basis of civil law in many places
|-
|[[karma]]
|In Hinduism, everything a person has done. This determines status in the next life, so a Hindu wants "good karma."
|-
|[[knight]]
|An armored soldier of feudalistic Europe. These soldiers first began using plate mail around the time of the crusades.
|-
|[[Latin]]
|the powerful, concise language spoken in ancient Rome that has contributed many roots of words and terms to modern European languages. "Caveat emptor!" (let the buyer beware)
|-
|[[lord]]
|The ruler and owner of a feudalistic area, under him are the serfs.
|-
|[[Lyceum]]
|The great Greek center of learning founded by Aristotle, which then competed with the Academy
|-
|[[Niccolo Machiavelli]]
|An Italian political theorist who wrote the ''The Prince'', the most famous guide to how a conniving politician can seize power by manipulating others
|-
|[[Magna Carta]]
|A charter of personal and political liberties granted to the barons by King John of England in 1215, which later became a foundation for personal rights in the US Constitution.
|-
|[[maize]]
|corn, first grown by Native Americans, now one of the most popular foods in the world
|-
|[[Mandate of Heaven]]
|Chinese mandate that held that the gods blessed good rulers and overthrew bad ones
|-
|[[manor]]
|Under feudalism during the Middle Ages, a manor was a farm owned by a lord who had peasants to do the work and pay him rent in exchange for food, shelter and protection
|-
|[[Marc Antony]]
|A Roman commander and close friend of Caesar. He was in the 1st civil war of the Roman Republic
|-
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]
|A Roman emperor known most for ending Pax Romana and conquering Germanic tribes.
|-
|[[Marcus Crassus]]
|A wealthy Roman who ruled Rome along with [[Julius Caesar]] and Pompey the Great, as a part of the first [[triumvirate]].
|-
|[[Martin Luther]]
|An important Christian figure who launched the Protestant Reformation and founded the Lutheran Church, causing a split in the Catholic Church in Western Europe.
|-
|[[Mauryan Empire]]
|323–185 BC: a Buddhist empire covering much of modern India
|-
|[[Maya]]
|The Civilization of the Mayans lasted from about 300-900 A.D. The Mayans were advanced in math astronomy and many other things.
Today 4 million people still speak the Mayan language.
|-
|[[Mesoamerica]]
|Mexico and Central America, where pre-Columbian (before Columbus' exploration in 1492) civilizations existed
|-
|[[Mesopotamia]]
|Modern-day [[Iraq]], where civilization first appeared
|-
|[[Messiah]]
|Anointed by God. Jesus Christ is the Messiah of Christianity
|-
|[[Michelangelo]]
|(AD 1475-1564) A Renaissance man known for his paintings on the Sistine Chapel ceiling and his sculptures of David and the Pieta (Mary holding Jesus after the Crucifixion).
|-
|[[Middle Ages]]
|A period of time, also called the Medieval Ages, spanning from AD 500-1500, when [[feudalism]] was common
|-
|[[Middle Kingdom]]
|2100-1650 BC: Egyptian kingdom known for its works and ideas, which ended due to a civil war
|-
|[[monasteries]]
|Monasteries are communities of Christian monks that are set apart for god. Historians credit monasteries for the saving of literature and more during the middle ages.
|-
|Mongol empire
|Peaked in power in the AD 1200s, held more contiguous (connected) land than any empire in history, but failed twice in trying to conquer Japan.
|-
|[[monotheism]]
|The belief in a religion worshiping only one god. [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], and [[Islam]] are monotheistic religions.
|-
|[[Moses]]
|The prophet who led the Israelites out of Egypt, gave them the Ten Commandments, and wrote the first five books of the Bible.
|-
|[[Muhammad]]
|The man who preached a new monotheistic religion "Islam", founded on only one god, Allah.
|-
|[[Muhammad Ali]]
|Muhammad Ali was a professional boxer during the 1960’s and 70’s he was perhaps the most famous Muslim of the western world at this time. During the Vietnam war he refused to be drafted because it was not a “holy war.”
|-
|[[Nile]]
|River in Egypt which flows northward towards the Mediterranean Sea, supplying Egypt with water.
|-
|[[Nero]]
|One of the most irresponsible, cruelest emperors of Rome. Nero reigned beginning when he was 16 years old, ruling until A.D. 69.
|-
|[[New Kingdom]]
|1550-700 BC: ancient Egypt at the time of Moses, where many buildings were built primarily with slave labor
|-
|[[Nicene Creed]]
|A core statement of Christianity that affirms the Holy Trinity of God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Ghost
|-
|[[Nirvana]]
|The ultimate goal of Buddhism, the end of all suffering
|-
|Normans
|Vikings who settled in northwest France (Normandy), and then invaded and conquered England in AD 1066
|-
|[[Octavian]]
|The grandnephew of Julius Caesar who became the first Emperor of Rome, ruling with his new name of Augustus Caesar.
|-
|[[Old Kingdom]]
|3000-2200 BC: the ancient Egyptian kingdom that built the famous pyramids
|-
|[[Olympics (Ancient Greek)]]
|An ancient sporting event first held in 776 BC, establishing the beginning of the Greek civilization
|-
|[[Paper]]
|Invented by Chinese in AD 100, from dipping a bamboo screen into a mixture of bark, rags and plants, and then allowing only a thin layer of pulp to dry on the bamboo screen.
|-
|[[patricians]]
|the upper 10% of the Roman Republic, consisting of wealthy landowners
|-
|[[Paul]]
|an energetic evangelist for early Christianity, who wrote many letters now in the New Testament of the Bible
|-
|[[Pax Romana]]
|27 BC-180 AD: the "glory days" of the Roman empire, a time of peaceful prosperity and influence (but cruelty to Christians)
|-
|[[Peloponnesian War]]
|fought between Athens and Sparta, 431-404 BC, which was ultimately won by Sparta and its allies
|-
|[[Pentateuch]]
|The first five books of the modern Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy
|-
|[[Persian empire]]
|550-330 BC: a large empire stretching from India to southern Europe and Egypt
|-
|[[Persian Wars]]
|492-449 BC: wars between Persia (modern-day Iran) and Greek city-states including Athens and Sparta
|-
|[[Peter]]
|a leading apostle of Jesus who became the first pope in Rome, where he was martyred
|-
|[[pharaoh]]
|the ruler in Ancient Egypt, considered by Egyptians to be a son of god
|-
|[[Philip of Macedon]]
|King of Macedonia who arranged for the homeschooling of his son, Alexander the Great.
|-
|[[Philistines]]
|ancient people who occupied the land of Canaan, who were enemies of Israel and God.
|-
|[[Phoenicians]]
|ancient people who lived and traded goods on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea, developing a new language using an alphabet of 22 letters, on which Greek, Latin, English, French, etc., are based.
|-
|Pillars of Islam
|the five basic rules of Islam: submit to Allah, pray, fast, give to the poor, and make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca (in Saudi Arabia today)
|-
|[[Plato]]
|Greek (Athens) philosopher who emphasized the value of logic, while his student Aristotle preferred the value of experience.
|-
|[[Pompey the Great]]
|Ruled Rome as a part of the first [[triumvirate]] with [[Julius Caesar]] and [[Marcus Crassus]]. Pompey is well known for ridding the Mediterranean sea of pirates.
|-
|[[polis]]
|The name for city-states in Ancient Greece
|-
|[[polytheism]]
|A religion with many gods, which was common in ancient times until Judaism and Christianity emerged.
|-
|[[Pope]]
|The leader of the Roman Catholic Church, in the time of the Holy Roman Empire the pope was very powerful. One of the most significant popes was known as Gregory the Great.
|-
|[[Ptolemy]]
|(AD 90-168) a mathematician, geographer and astronomer in Hellenistic Egypt
|-
|[[Punic Wars]]
|Won by the Roman Republic, enabling it to gain control of the Mediterranean Sea and control commerce
|-
|[[pyramids]]
|Very large monuments in Egypt for the burial of pharaohs, built with a precision that cannot be duplicated even today.
|-
|Qin Shia Huandgi
|the first Chinese emperor, who ruled from 221-210 BC, built new roads, and established a standard coin, weight and writing system. This Qin (or Chi'in) state was the first unified Chinese empire.
|-
|[[Qur'an (Koran)]]
|The muslim holy book.
|-
|[[Ramses II]]
|the most famous pharaoh, whose reign from 1279-1213 BC (during the New Kingdom) was the second longest in Egyptian history
|-
|[[Reformation]]
|Events beginning in 1517 when German monk Saint Martin Luther nailed 95 Theses to a Church door, leading to a separation of Catholic and Protestant churches.
|-
|[[The Republic]]
|Plato's greatest writings, which form a foundation for America's system of government.
|-
|[[Renaissance]]
|a revival in artwork and Greek and Roman achievement, from the AD 1300s to the 1600s, that made the transition from medieval to modern times
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Church]]
|The Christian Church led by a Pope, beginning with Peter the Apostle. The word "catholic" means "universal".
|-
|[[Roman citizenship]]
|a special status attained by living in Rome, being birthed to a Roman citizens, or enlisting in the army for 25 years.
|-
|[[Roman empire]]
|(27 BC-476 AD) Began when August Caesar became emperor, and ended 500 years later when barbarians overran it; the Roman empire civilized western Europe, built roads, established laws, and eventually spread Christianity.
|-
|[[Roman law]]
|began with a code of laws inscribed in the Twelve Tables, establishing the concept of "justice" - rule by principle and not by whim
|-
|[[Roman military]]
|considered to be invincible; each soldier was equipped with shields, helmets, swords, and javelins
|-
|[[Roman republic]]
|509-27 BC: The first republic in history, it was located in Rome and inspired some of the principles of the government of the United States. The Roman republic ended when Augustus Caesar took full power and established the Roman empire.
|-
|Roman senate
|300 members representing wealthy families in Rome, it dominated the Roman Republic; similar to the U.S. Senate today
|-
|Romanesque
|architecture popular in the early Middle Ages, featuring thick walls, rounded arches and small windows
|-
|[[Rome]]
|the capital city of the Roman empire, and of modern day Italy; supposedly founded by Romulus and Remus, and named after Romulus after he killed his brother
|-
|[[Rosetta Stone]]
|ancient text written on stone in three different languages, which enabled the first translations of Egyptian hieroglyphics
|-
|[[Royal Road]]
|ancient Persian highway rebuilt by Darius the Great
|-
|[[samurai]]
|elite warriors of feudalistic Japan who followed a special honor code called Bushido
|-
|[[Saul]]
|the first king of Israel, appointed by God; Saul was a flawed man, jealous of David.
|-
|[[Satraps]]
|Governors in the distant lands of the Persian empire, which extended to Egypt and Arabia, who were carefully watched by the "King's Eyes and Ears" soldiers to prevent rebellions
|-
|[[scholasticism]]
|Christian philosophy from the AD 900s-1500s that developed logic in the direction of God
|-
|[[scientific revolution]]
|The beginning of modern science in the AD mid-1500s, starting with the recognition by Copernicus that the Earth revolves around the Sun
|-
|[[Second Punic War]]
|between Rome and Carthage in 218-202 BC; Carthage's leader Hannibal led his army with elephants over the Alps to surprise the Romans, but could not conquer Rome itself; by the end Rome had acquired Spain
|-
|[[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]]
|a listing of the most impressive public works in the world, written by Greek writer Antipater in the 2nd century BC (100-200 BC)
|-
|[[Shang Dynasty]]
|first major dynasty of China, which lasted from 1766 BC (when T'ang overthrew the prior dynasty) to 1122 BC
|-
|[[Shiite Muslims]]
|fundamentalist Muslims who are considered more aggressive than Sunni Muslims
|-
|[[Shinto]]
|The national religion of Japan, which considered the emperor to be descended from sun Kami; sometimes considered more of a code of conduct rather than a religion.
|-
|[[shogon]]
|a feudalistic military ruler of Japan
|-
|[[Siddhartha Gautama]]
|the Buddha, and the founder of the religion of Buddhism
|-
|[[Silk Road]]
|A trade route from East China to Central Asia and Europe
|-
|[[Socrates]]
|The first great Greek philosopher, Socrates taught that the visible world is not all of reality; Socrates taught Plato, who later taught Aristotle
|-
|[[Socratic method]]
|A teaching method developed by [[Socrates]], which consists of asking questions and is used today in law schools
|-
|[[Solomon]]
|Third king of Israel and the author of ''Proverbs'', ''Ecclesiastes'' and ''Song of Solomon''; known for his wise justice
|-
|[[Solon of Athens]]
|One of the Seven Sages of ancient Greece, who believed that one should "keep everything with moderation"
|-
|[[Sparta]]
|a Greek city-state well-known for its military prowess, which won the Peloponnesian war against Athens.
|-
|[[Spread of Buddhism]]
|Buddhism traveled outside of India along the Silk Road
|-
|[[St. Augustine]]
|(AD 354-430) a father of the early Christian church who wrote intellectual discussions of the faith entitled ''Confessions'', ''City of God'', and ''On Christian Doctrine''
|-
|[[Sumer]]
|Ancient homeland of the Sumerians, located in Mesopotamia, located in where Iraq is today
|-
|[[Sunni Muslims]]
|moderate Muslims who oppose the more aggressive Shiite Muslims
|-
|[[Sumerians]]
|the earliest civilizations living in the Middle East, where inventions included the wheel and the first known form of writing
|-
|[[Taijitu]]
|Also called "Yin and Yang," this is the symbol for Taoism. It represents a constant interaction and harmony in nature between two forces having opposite qualities.
|-
|[[Taoism (Daoism)]]
|Chinese philosophy of seeking harmony with nature by recognizing that two major forces are opposed to each other
|-
|[[Ten Commandments]]
|the laws of the God of Israel handed down to Moses
|-
|[[Theocracy]]
|a government ruled by the laws of a specific religion, as in some Muslim nations today
|-
|[[Thomas Aquinas]]
|(AD 1225–1274) A brilliant medieval priest who merged Aristotle's insights with Christian faith, and wrote ''Summa Theologica'' as a summary of Christian theology that is studied even today
|-
|[[Third Punic War]]
|Romans conquered and destroyed Carthage in 146 BC and then went into Macedonia and Greece to defeat them in revenge for having helped Hannibal; Rome then controlled the entire western civilized world (all the land around the Mediterranean)
|-
|[[Thucydides]]
|Greek historian who wrote ''History of the Peloponnesian War''
|-
|[[Toltecs]]
|A northern Mexican nomadic tribe that reigned over a city called Tula (AD 900-1200) in present-day Mexico City.
|-
|[[Tragedy]]
|A type of drama or poetic saga that has an unhappy ending. Common in ancient Greece, this type of work focused on the followed the fall of a character, often because of a specific character flaw such as envy or greed.
|-
|[[Troy]]
|an ancient city whose destruction was recorded in the Iliad, and its survivors supposedly helped found Rome
|-
|[[Tutankhamen]]
|"King Tut": a young Egyptian pharaoh who ruled from 1341-1323 BC. Archaeologist Howard Carter first discovered his tomb in 1922, shedding light on ancient Egyptian culture.
|-
|[[Twelve Tables]]
|450 BC: basic and successful Roman laws that filled twelve tablets, such as "If one is slain while committing theft by night, he is rightly slain."
|-
|[[Vassals]]
|Performed military services to the lords in exchange for protection and land in the feudal system.
|-
|[[Vedas]]
|Holy books of Hinduism
|-
|[[Virgil]]
|(70-19 BC) a Roman poet & philosopher, friend of Octavian (Augustus Caesar), and author of the ''Aeneid''. Portrayed in the Middle Ages as a noble pagan and symbol of wisdom.
|-
|[[Vishnu]]
|Supreme god of Hinduism
|-
|[[Visigoths]]
|a confederacy of Germanic tribes that harassed the Roman empire but later fell in AD 711 to the Moors, who were North African Muslims
|-
|[[Vulgate]]
|The Latin translation by Saint Jerome of the Hebrew Old Testament and the Greek New Testament. It was then used as the authoritative Bible for over 1000 years.
|-
|[[Warring States Period]]
|475-221 BC: War period in ancient China also known for the philosophical schools that flourished
|-
|[[Wheel]]
|The ancient Mesopotamia invention, originally in the form of a potter’s wheel; the wheel is considered the first and greatest of man's inventions.
|-
|[[Yahweh]]
|God as described in the [[Old Testament]], written as YHWH in the original Hebrew (which lacked vowels).
|-
|[[Yangtze River]]
|Longest river in Asia which flows south for 3000 miles; navigable from the sea for half of its course; the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers are the most important rivers in Chinese history
|-
|[[Yellow River]]
|Second longest river in Asia; known also as Huang He and "the cradle of Chinese civilization," it runs westward from the Yellow Sea and has a tendency to flood surrounding lands such its course can change with devastating results
|-
|[[Zeus]]
|Highest of Greek Gods, God of Thunder, supposedly father of the gods.
|-
|[[Zhou dynasty]] (or Chou dynasty)
|1071-221 BC: it was the longest lasting dynasty in China and included both Prince Zheng as a leader, and Confucius as the major philosopher. This dynasty benefited from the Iron Age.
|-
|[[Ziggurat]]
|man-made step-sided structures resembling pyramids that were built in Mesopotamia. The [[Tower of Babel]], described in Genesis 11, may have been a giant ziggurat.
|-
|[[Zoroastrianism]]
|Polytheistic religion founded between 1200 and 600 BC by the Persians.
|}

==Honors terms==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Description
|-
|[[Aeneas]]
|according to legend, a prince who escaped from Troy whose son founded Rome and whose grandson, Brutus, founded the Britons in England
|-
|[[Aeschylus]]
|the oldest of the three great Athenian tragic playwrights (next to [[Sophocles]] and [[Euripides]]), 525-456 BC
|-
|[[Age of Metal]]
|discovery of metals for use in tools: copper (beginning 3500 BC), bronze (beginning 2500 BC), and iron (beginning 1200 BC) were developed as tools.
|-
|[[Age of Pericles]]
|the "golden age" of Athens, led by Pericles, who introduced a form of direct democracy from 461-429 BC
|-
|[[Ahuramazda]]
|the Creator in Persia's religion of Zoroastrianism
|-
|[[Queen Ahhotep|Ahhotep]]
|a Middle Kingdom Pharaoh who repelled the Hyksos people from Egypt
|-
|[[Akkadian Empire]]
|a Sumerian empire (2360-2180 BC) located in the fertile crescent in the lower Mesopotamia and north of the Sumer River
|-
|[[Alluvial]]
|a deposit of sediment (alluvium) in a river bed
|-
|archons
|in the early Greek empire (around 700 BC), archons were government officials elected by the land-owning aristocrats; the archons then made the law
|-
|[[Aristophanes]]
|(456-380 BC) an Athenian playwright who wrote comedies and political satires
|-
|[[Ark of the Covenant]]
|The chest used by the Hebrews to contain the tablets of the Law given to Moses by God.
|-
|[[Aryans]]
|A semi-nomadic Nordic tribe who invaded and settled India around 1500 B.C.
|-
|[[Ashoka]]
|Emperor of the Mauryan Empire of India (273-232 B.C.). Upset by the horrors of war (despite winning), he converted to Buddhism and recorded Buddha's teachings on thousands of rock pillars.
|-
|Assembly of Centuries
|the group of representatives who approved new laws in the Roman republic
|-
|Assembly of Tribes
|the governing entity that held the election of representatives
|-
|[[Ashoka]]
|Emperor of the Mauryan Empire of India (273-232 B.C.). Upset by the horrors of war (despite winning), he converted to Buddhism and recorded Buddha's teachings on thousands of rock pillars.
|-
|Aztecs
|A aggressive type of people from Central Mexico who adopted many legends and customs from their ancestors. They built a capital city called Tenochtitlan, and established three causeways to connect it to the mainland.
|-
|-
|[[Bantu]]
|Over 400 tribes in Africa that share the Bantu language and common customs.
|-
|[[Barracks Emperors]]
|A series of Roman emperors (235-284 AD) who used the Roman army as a base for political power. These emperors usually had a poor, rural background.
|-
|[[Battle of Marathon]]
|In August 490 B.C., King Darius I of Persia brought his army to the plains of Marathon to invade Athens. Despite being outnumbered ten to one, the Athenian army defeated the Persians.
|-
|Battle of Chalons
|451 BC: one of the bloodiest battles in world history and the last major victory of the Roman empire, when it defeated Attila the Hun in what is now France; Attila returned later for revenge and could have looted Rome
|-
|[[Bhagavad Gita]]
|A section of the Mahabharata, the Bhagavad Gita is an ancient Hindu text written in Sanskrit which consists of Krishna's writings on philosophy and morality.
|-
|[[Breda]]
|Became one of the leaders of the Hun, but was killed by his power-hungry brother, Attila the Hun.
|-
|[[Caesar's Commentaries]]
|A history by Julius Caesar describing the wars he fought.
|-
|[[Caligula]]
|A Roman emperor, ruling from 37 AD to 41 AD, who is historically depicted as a brutal monster, and who was so hated that he was murdered by his own guards.
|-
|[[Canaan]]
|The geographical area that encompasses modern-day Israel, the West Bank and a portion of land east of the Jordan River.
|-
|[[Canon of the Medicine]]
|Book written by Ibn Sina during the Golden Age of Islam describing many diseases and their causes.
|-
|[[Catal Huyuk]]
|An ancient settlement in southern Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey.
|-
|[[Catholic Monarchs]]
|The title given by Pope Alexander VI to King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, whose marriage in 1469 unified Spain led to its conversion back to a Catholic nation from Islam (the "Reconquest").
|-
|[[Cato the Censor]]
|A Roman statesman who during the Punic War called for the destruction of Carthage.
|-
|[[Champollion, Jean]]
|Jean Champollion (1790-1832) is the father of Egyptology (the study of Egypt), and who translated a portion of the Rosetta Stone.
|-
|[[Chandragupta Maurya]]
|The founder of the Mauryan Empire in India who ruled between 320 and 293 B.C. The first Indian emperor to be converted to Jainism, he eventually renounced his throne and joined a group of nomadic Jain monks.
|-
|[[Christian Catacombs]]
|Ancient, secret underground burial places for Christians, which served as secret passageways for Christians to meet and worship God together.
|-
|[[Cicero]]
|A Roman consul, statesman, lawyer, philosopher and author. After Julius Caesar's assassination, Cicero was one of the most powerful politicians in Rome, and was Mark Antony's rival.
|-
|[[Cincinnatus]]
|A Roman hero for whom the city of Cincinnati, Ohio is named. In 458 B.C., he raised an army in Rome and came to the aid of the consul Minucius and his men, who were trapped by the Aequians. Cincinnatus also voluntarily giving up power, surpassed only by George Washington in that respect.
|-
|[[Claudius]]
|Roman emperor who became ruler after his nephew Caligula's assassination, he ruled from 41-54 AD, when he was poisoned by his wife Agrippina. Britain came under Roman rule during his reign, and his edict expelling the Jews from Rome is mentioned in the Book of Acts in the Bible.
|-
|[[Cleopatra]]
|Seven Egyptian queens of Greek decent that ruled from 193 BC until 30 BC during the Ptolemaic Dynasty. The most famous, Cleopatra VII Philopator, Egypt's last independent ruler, had affairs with both Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
|An elaborate code of law created by Hammurabi that called for harsh punishment, such as an eye for an eye, a foot for a foot.
|-
|[[Confucianism]]
|A Chinese ethical and moral philosophy based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius that focuses on human morality and right action. It has had a significant influence on the development on the culture and history of East Asia.
|-
|[[Constitutional monarchy]]
|A government with a constitution that acknowledges a monarch as head of state with varying degrees of influence in the running of the country. Countries with constitutional monarchies include the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Denmark, the Netherlands and Spain.
|-
|[[consul]]
|An elected governmental position in ancient Rome that held executive authority and military command of the Roman Republic.
|-
|[[Copts]]
|The Coptic Church originated in Egypt around 50 AD when St. Mark the Evangelist traveled to Alexandria, and is one of the oldest Christian denominations. Its leader is the Patriarch of Alexandria, who is called Pope.
|-
|[[Covenant]]
|An oath or promise.
|-
|[[Cynicism]]
|A Greek philosophy founded by Antisthenes (444 BC - 365 BC) that rejects worldly pleasure in favor of happiness derived from virtue.
|-
|[[Cyrus]]
|A Persian emperor (576 BC – 529 BC) who conquered Babylon and sent the Jews back to Israel.
|-
|[[Darius]]
|A Persian emperor (521 BC – 486 BC) who quelled the Ionian Revolt and invaded Greece, but was forced to withdraw at the Battle of Marathon.
|-
|[[Delian League]]
|A confederation during the Persian Wars controlled by Athens, and consisting of Athens and other Greek city-states and Aegean towns. Its navy helped defend Greece from Persia.
|-
|[[Demosthenes (Greek statesman)|Demosthenes]]
|A ancient Greek statesman who spoke against Philip II of Macedonia in speeches that came to be known as "Philippics". He also attempted to convince Greeks to rise up against Macedonian rule after the death of Philip's son, Alexander the Great.
|-
|[[Diadochi]]
|After the death of Alexander the Great, his empire was partitioned among the rivalling generals of his army, the so-called diadochi ("successors").
|-
|[[Diocletian]]
|The last Barrack Emperor of Rome, he ruled from 284-305 AD. He divided the Roman Empire into eastern and western regions in an attempt to save the empire, and formed a tetrarchy of four rulers, two for each region. He required the military to worship the Roman pagan gods, making it impossible for Christians to be soldiers, and persecuted them.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|Tribes that settled in Greece between 1100 BC and 1000 BC, and had a military ruling class, which persisted in Sparta and Crete even after democracy was established in Athens. These tribes created the simplest style of Greek architecture, known as the Doric order, which consisted of unadorned, straight columns.
|-
|Draco
|a tyrant in Athens during the early Greek empire (600s B.C.) who established a set of written laws that were so strict that the term "draconian" today refers to overly harsh rules of punishment
|-
|[[Dravidians]]
|Dravidians are the people of southern India and Sri Lanka who speak the Dravidian languages and are found in the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka.
|-
|[[Empress Lu]]
|The wife of the Chinese emperor Han Gaozu, who after her husband's death had all other possible heirs murdered and installed her son as emperor, ruling as regent until her death.
|-
|[[Epicureanism]]
|A philosophy founded by Epicurus in the late 4th century that holds the belief that great happiness is achievable through the avoidance of pain and fear. It does not believe in divine power interacting with humanity.
|-
|[[Etruscans]]
|People who settled in the Italian peninsula prior to 700 BC. Most Etruscan cities ran on a democratic-style system. Their culture influenced the later Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Euripides]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 480-406.
|-
|[[Exodus]]
|The abrupt departure of the people of Israel from Egypt, as told in the Book of Exodus in the Bible.
|-
|[[Ezana]]
|Ezana was the king of Axum, in Africa, ruling from A.D. 330-350. He was the first Christian king in Africa.
|-
|[[Five Good Emperors]]
|Five consecutive Roman emperors who ruled between 96 AD to 180 AD and were elected due to talent rather than family connections.
|-
|[[foraging society]]
|A pre-farming economy based upon scavenging, hunting, and gathering resources.
|-
|[[Four Emperors Era]]
|A series of Roman emperors who ruled in quick succession in 68-69 AD.
|-
|[[Franks]]
|A Germanic people that, beginning in the 4th century AD, eventually conquered the areas of France, Benelux, Belgium, The Netherlands and portions of Germany.
|-
|[[Gaul]]
|The Roman name for the area comprising modern-day France and Belgium, and parts of northern Italy, western Switzerland and Germany, and the Netherlands. This area was under Roman rule for most of its existence.
|-
|[[Golden mean]]
|Is considered the middle between two extremes in philosophy.
|-
|[[Great Canal]]
|A canal that connected the Nile River to the Red Sea, built during the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.
|-
|[[Hadrian]]
|The third of the "Five Good Emperors" of the Roman Empire, Hadrian ruled from A.D. 117 to 138 and had two main achievements: he ended Rome's costly territorial expansion, fortifying her boundaries with numerous "Walls of Hadrian," and he effectively "Hellenized" Rome by anointing Athens the empire’s cultural center, thereby enhancing learning.
|-
|[[Han empire]]
|was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms.
|-
|[[Harappa]]
|A city that is part of the Indus Valley Civilization. It is part of modern Pakistan
|-
|[[Hatshepsut]]
|Originally a regent for her son, Thutmose III, Hatshepsut was the longest reigning female ruler of Egypt. She ruled during the eighth dynasty from 1479-1458 B.C. She established trade networks for Egypt and thus collected most of the wealth of the eighth dynasty. She was eventually dethroned when her son took power at the age of 22. Her monuments are the Temple of Karnak, Deirle-Bahri, and Speos Artemidos.
|-
|[[Hellenistic culture]]
|Greek culture after the death of Alexander in 323 B.C., when Greek influence extended throughout the territory he conquered; Hellenistic culture was renowned for its strict code of ethics, its culinary prowess, and its use of metal.
|-
|[[heliocentric]]
|Recognizing that the Sun ("helio" is Greek for "sun"), and not Earth, is the center of solar system.
|-
|[[Helot]]
|A person from the class of serfs in the city-state of Sparta (700s - 300s B.C.) in ancient Greece.
|-
|[[Herodotus]]
|Greek historian (484 to 425 BC), the "father of history". His book is simply called ''Histories'' and describes the Persian Wars.
|-
|[[Hiram]]
|d
|-
|[[Hittites]]
|An ancient people in the Middle East that gained control of most of Mesopotamia in 1650 B.C. due to their advanced inventions, such as horse-drawn chariots.
|-
|[[Horace]]
|The leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus, lived from 65-8 B.C.
|-
|[[humanism]]
|Thee Greek emphasis on reason, ethics and rational thinking rather than religion.
|-
|[[Hyksos]]
|Refers to a people who entered - possibly forcibly - into Egypt, and built their capital at Avaris in the Nile Delta area in about 1648 B.C.
|-
|[[Ides (of March)]]
|The 15th of March, May, July and October in the ancient Roman calendar. The 13th is the ides of all the other months. Julius Caesar was murdered on the ides of March.
|-
|[[Imperator]]
|A title first used by Octavian (Augustus Caesar), literally meaning in Latin “general” or “commander”, giving him power over the entire army.
|-
|[[Iron Smelting]]
|A technology comprised of the extraction of usable metal from iron ore.
|-
|[[Iliad]]
|a great Greek work of literature written by Homer in the 800s or 700s B.C., describing the mythical Trojan War
|-
|Incas
|<fill in>
|-
|[[Indo-European]]
|A very general classification of peoples that includes all the way from India to Egypt.
|-
|[[Jericho]]
|A city in Israel by the Jordan River. Mentioned extensively in the Bible. Joshua and the Israelites marched around this city and blew trumpets in order to destroy it and to reach the promised land.
|-
|[[Josephus]]
| Flavius Josephus 37 - 101 A.D. Jewish general and historian who took part in the Jewish revolt against the Romans and later worked for a Roman patron.
|-
|[[Judaism]]
|The monotheistic religion of the Hebrews, also the oldest religion that remains currently active.
|-
|[[Kami]]
|Spirits in the Shinto religion that reside in prominent natural features and people. Shrines are often built to Kami.
|-
|[[Kassites]]
|Led by their king [[Agumkakrine]], they took advantage of the [[Hittite]] raid of 1595 B.C. and occupied the [[Babylonian]] region, where they ruled for over 400 years.
|-
|[[Kautilya]]
|Advisor to Chaundragupta Maurya, wrote book
"Arthoshastra" on maintaining political power.
|-
|[[Khufu]]
|Egyptian pharaoh who had the pyramid of Giza built
|-
|[[Khyber Pass]]
|An important break in the mountains between Pakistan and Afghanistan, pivotal in military campaigns by Alexander the Great, Aryans, Muslims, and later the British, who had to overcome defensive positions taken from above by local tribesman.
|-
|[[Kush]]
|Was part of a larger region called Nubia.
|-
|[[Larger Vehicle]]
|a form of Buddhism practiced in China, Korea, Japan and Tibet, teaching how to attain full enlightenment for the sake of others. (Also known as Mahayana Buddhism.)
|-
|[[Last Roman Emperor]]
| The last ruler of the Roman Empire was Romulus Augustus, who ruled from October of 475 A.D. to September of 476 A.D.
|-
|legalism
|Legalism is the excessive adherence to law or formula.
|-
|[[Legions]]
|Legions were the principal unit of the Roman army comprising 3,000 to 6,000 foot soldiers and cavalry in addition to the foot soldiers.
|-
|[[Lesser Vehicle]]
|in Buddhism, describes how to attain freedom from one's own suffering.
|-
|[[Livy]]
|A Roman historian (59 B.C. - 17 A.D.) who wrote a monumental history of Rome from its beginnings to his day.
|-
|[[Loess]]
|d
|-
|[[Magadha]]
|Led Aryans to join and try to repel the Persians.
|-
|[[Mahayana]]
|d
|-
|[[Manichaeism]]
|d
|-
|[[Marathon]]
|A small town about 26 miles from Athens where the Greeks won a key battle against the Persians in 490 B.C., and a messenger ran the distance to deliver the news to Athens, inspiring the modern marathon race today.
|-
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]
|Roman emperor from AD 161 to 180. Marcus Aurelius was also a philosopher, a Stoic, and wrote a famous book, ''Meditations''.
|-
|[[Marius]]
|d
|-
|[[Masada]]
|d
|-
|Maya- was located in Central America and were advanced in math astronomy, ritual ballgames for entertainment, and the use of their own pictographic language.

|-
|[[Menes]]
|Was a legendary Pharoah of Egypt from somewhere between 3100-2850 BC.
|-
|[[Meroe]]
|d
|-
|[[Mesolithic Age]]
|Before the beginning of recorded history in 3500 B.C., when humans changed from hunting and gathering food to producing food, as in planting and farming.
|-
|[[Minoan Civilization]]
|d
|-
|Moche
|<fill in>
|-
|[[Moksha]]
|d
|-
|[[monsoons]]
|Tropical storms, particularly in the climate of India, where the "southwest monsoon" occurs from about mid-June to the first week in October, and consists of winds carrying heavy rainfall from the Indian Ocean and resulting in widespread flooding
|-
|[[Mount Sinai]]
|A 7,498 foot mountain, located in Southern Sinai, now part of modern Egypt.The location where Moses received the Ten Commandments from God.
|-
|[[Mycenaean Civilization]]
|Was an early Indo-European civilization of Greece.
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar I]]
|was the emperor of the Babylonian Empire from 1146 to 1123 BC.
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar II]]
| Lived from 635 BC- 562 BC, was King of the Chaldeans and final conqueror of the Southern Kingdom of Israel, called "Judah." He was the first of many heads of state of foreign superpowers to come to a possibly salvific knowledge of God.
|-
|[[Neolithic Age]]
|The last part of the Stone Age (neo = "new", lithic = "of/like stone"), before the invention of metallurgy. It immediately preceded the rise of the first civilizations.
|-
|[[Nero]]
| Was the Emperor of Rome from AD 54-68. He blamed the great fire of Rome on the Christians who were unpopular due to their belief in one God.
|-
|[[Nerva]]
|Roman emperor from AD 96 to 98. Following the turmoils after Nero's death, he stood at the beginning of a long peaceful and prosperous time in the history of the Roman empire.
|-
|[[Nile River]]
|A river that ran throughout all of Egypt and fueled its entire agricultural and economic system.
|-
|[[Nineveh]]
|The capital of Assyria, seized and destroyed by the Chaldeans in 612 B.C.
|-
|[[Nok culture]]
|The African culture where the people created the first terracotta production as well as iron-smelting technology.
|-
|[[Oath of the Hindu Physician]]
|Oath requiring, among other things, that doctors not to drink alcohol and to have an honest doctor-patient relationship.
|-
|[[Octavian]]
|Also known as Augustus Caesar (63 B.C. - A.D. 14) was the first Roman emperor. He was originally called Gaius Octavius Thurinus until he changed it after being adopted by Julius Caesar in 44 B.C.
|-
|[[Odyssey]]
|The Odyssey was an epic poem written by the [[Greek]] poet [[Homer]]. It traces the journey home to Greece by a hero of the Trojan war and the troubles he faces at the hands of gods and men.
|-
|[[Olmec]]
|The first major Pre-Columbian civilization in Mexico
|-
|oracle bone
|First concrete evidence that the Shang Dynasty really existed. They were generally used as medicine by grinding them up into powder but they were also used to write on.
|-
|[[Origen]]
|dddd
|-
|[[Ostrogoths]]
|Were a Germanic tribe influential in the last days of the Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Ovid]]
|Ovid or Publius Ovidius Naso was a famous Roman poet, known for his Heroides, Amores, Ars Amatoria, and Metamorphosis. He lived from 43 B.C. to 17 A.D.
|-
|[[Paleolithic Age]]
| Is the name given by atheists to the first part of the Stone age, followed by the Neolithic Age. During the Paleolithic Age, atheists believe people harvested wild plants and animals for food.
|-
|[[papyrus]]
|A thin parchment constructed from reeds near the Nile River
|-
|pariah
|An outcast or any person or animal that is despised.
|-
|[[Parthenon]]
| The Parthenon is a celebrated marble temple of Athene, on the Acropolis at Athens. It was of the pure Doric order, and has had an important influence on art.
|-
|[[patricians]]
|A patrician is a person of high honor or rank.
|-
|Pericles
|493-429 BC: a fabulous orator, he led Athens during its Golden Age (between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars), and expanded democracy: "Government in the hands of the many, not of the few," he said.
|-
|[[Peru]]
|Peru is a country in South America with a rich history. Once dominated by the Incas, Peru fell to the Spanish in the 16th Century.
|-
|[[Petra]]
|Petra was an ancient city that lasted from some time in 6th century B.C. to 360 A.D. when an earthquake destroyed their water supply. The city is famous for its buildings carved in red sandstone and given the name the pink city. Also Indiana Jones was filmed there.
|-
|[[phalanx]]
|common Greek military formation, which is rectangular
|-
|[[Philippides]]
|An athlete sent by Athens to run 150 miles to Sparta as they needed help in their battle against Persia, where they were outnumbered 10 to 1. His remarkable ability continues to inspire ambitious joggers today.
|-
|[[Philo]]
|(20 B.C. - 50 A.D.) was a Jewish historian from Alexandria in the first century. He combined Judaism and Greek philosophy.
|-
|[[pictograph]]
|A pictorial symbol for a word or phrase. Pictographs are the foundation for cuneiform and hieroglyphics, having been discovered in Egypt and Mesopotamia from before 3000 B.C.
|-
|[[Pisistratids]]
|Was a ruler of Athens around 570 B.C.
|-
|[[plebian]]
|A Plebian was one of the lower classes in the early Roman world, such as small farmers and shopkeepers, similar to a commoner in Medieval Europe. This status was inherited in ancient Rome, though it could change through marriage or (rarely) promotion.
|-
|[[Plutarch]]
|d
|-
|[[Pompey]]
| 106-48 B.C., general, statesman, and triumvir during the last years of the Roman Republic. His soldiers are credited with bestowing the title Magnus (the Great) while serving in Africa (82–81 BC).
|-
|[[praetors]]
|one of a number of elected magistrates charged chiefly with the administration of civil justice and ranking next below a consul.
|-
|[[Prehistory]]
|Before 3400 B.C.
|-
|purdah
|The seclusion of women from the sight of men or strangers. Purdah is practiced most in the Muslim and Hindu religions.
|-
|[[Pythagorus]]
|A Greek philosopher mathematician (569-475 B.C.), best known for his Pythagorean Theorem which equates the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle to the sum of the squares of each side. His philosophy included abstracting 2 ships + 2 ships = 4 ships to the more general truth that 2 of anything plus 2 of anything = 4 of anything.
|-
|[[Ramayana]]
| A Sandskrit epic, depicting the life and adventures of Ramachandra.
|-
|[[Ramses II]]
| Ramses II was the king of Egypt. His reign is remembered by his constant war with the Hittites.
|-
|[[Rembrandt]]
| A Dutch painted who lived from 1606-1669 A.D.
|-
|[[Rig Veda]]
|A collection of over one thousand hymns that date back to as early as two thousand B.C.
|-
|[[Romance of Three Kingdoms]]
|Is a novel written by Luo Guanzhong in the Han Dynasty when it fell into disorganization.(A.D. 220-280)
|-
|[[Romulus and Remus]]
|Rome obtained its name from Romulus and Remus, who were twins, and by legend the the sons of Mars who were rescued from death by a mother wolf after his uncle threw him into the Tiber river out of jealousy.
|-
|[[rule of tyrants]]
|during the early Greek empire in the 600s, a series of tyrants ruled Athens. One was "Draco", who imposed the same penalty of death for every crime, no matter how minor!
|-
|[[Saint Patrick]]
|Born in Wales and grew up in England. Later traveled to Ireland and converted the Celts there to Christianity in the mid-400s A.D.
|-
|[[Sargon the Great]]
|The first person in recorded history to create an empire or multi-ethnic state.
|-
|[[Sati (Buddhism)]]
|Mindfulness, self-collectedness, powers of reference and retention. In some contexts, the word sati when used alone covers alertness
|-
|[[Satrap]]
|Local governors established in distant lands by the powerful Persian ruler Cyrus
|-
|[[Saxons]]
|Were a Germanic tribe, eventually settling in England and North Western France.
|-
|[[Schliemann, Heinrich]]
|d
|-
|[[Scipio]]
|d
|-
|[[Seneca]]
|Roman philosopher (a [[Stoicism|Stoic]]), statesman and playwright; teacher of [[Nero]]. BC 4 - AD 65.
|-
|[[Shang dynasty]]
|Was a major ancient Chinese dynasty from about 1766 to 1122 BC. Built cities in northern China along the Yellow River. It consisted of city-states which were often at war with one another.
|-
|[[Shang Yang]]
|Was a Chinese statesman and philosopher. He promoted Legalism, which was like the divine right of kings in the West.
|-
|[[Shi]]
|A scholar class created by the Han dynasty
|-
|[[Shiva]]
|In Hinduism, Shiva "the Destroyer" is the third member of the Trimurti, or the "Hindu triad", along with Brahma "the Creator" and Vishnu "the Preserver".
|-
|[[Solon]]
| Solon was an Athenian statesman who introduced economic, political, and legal reforms.
|-
|[[Sophocles]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 497-406.
|-
|[[Steppes]]
|Steppes are large areas of flat unforested grassland in southeastern Europe or Siberia.
|-
|[[stirrup]]
|a metal frame for each foot when riding a horse; invented in China in 322 BC and used to great advantage in battle, because they make it easier to control the horse and shoot arrows with accuracy
|-
|[[Stoicism]]
| The second of the two main Greek philosophical schools of thought. Stoicism sought to find a sense of divine justice, deemphasizing pain and pleasure for the goal of reason, logic, and self discipline.
|-
|[[Stone age]]
|The stone age is believed to be at time before men had metal working skills in our prehistory. Young Earth Creationists dispute the exsistence of a stone age rather there were stone working cultures.
|-
|[[Stupa]]
|An ornate Buddhist dome-like stone structure originally built to cover items believed to be relics of the Buddha.
|-
|[[Sulla]]
| (138-78 BC) was a Roman general and dictator during the Republican period. He won Rome's first civil war. Reforms during his time gave the Senate more power.
|-
|Sunna
|d
|-
|[[Sumuabum]]
|d
|-
|[[Suttee]]
|An ancient Hindu practice in India where a wife sacrifices herself upon her husband's funeral pyre. Outlawed by the British Raj.
|-
|[[Tacitus]]
| (A.D. 55-120) Was the Roman author of Histories, Annals, and Germania, describing first century Rome. His work chronicles Nero's blaming of the Christians for the fire in Rome and the resulting large scale persecution of Christians that ensued.
|-
|[[Taj Mahal]]
|A marble memorial located in Agra, India. It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, Queen Mumtaz Mahal, who died in childbirth.
|-
|[[The Tale of Gengi]]
|The world's first psychological novel. Was written in the 1000s and about Japanese culture.
|-
|Teotihuacan
|<fill in>
|-
|[[terra cotta]]
|A hard fired clay, distinctively brownish-red colored traditionally used for architectural purposes, especially ornamental, and for pottery and sculpture.
|-
|Terracotta army
|when Shia Huandgi (the first emperor of China) died in 210 B.C he was buried with an army of life sized terracotta warriors, which all had different expressions on their carved faces.
|-
|[[Thales]]
|Thales of Miletus (ca. 624 BC–ca. 546 BC) was the first Greek philosopher. He successfully predicted the solar eclipse of 585 BC and posited that water was the basic principle of all matter in the world.
|-
|[[Thales of Melitus]]
|a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who tried to explain natural phenomena without the use of mythology; was regarded by Aristotle as the first |philosopher in the Greek tradition.
|-
|[[Theravada]]
| Oldest surviving Buddhist school, founded in India
|-
|[[Thirty Years' War]]
|A religious conflict as Catholic states sought to suppress Protestantism. It began as a fight between Bohemian Protestants and Hapsburg Catholics in 1618, and soon became a political conflict for power that included Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Sweden, and the Habsburg dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire. The war ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.
|-
|[[Thutmos III]]
|The 6th Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. The first 22 of years of his reign he was co-regent with his stepmother, Hatshepsut. Reigned from 1479 BC to 1425 BC;
|-
|[[Tiber River]]
|One of the longest Italian rivers, over 250 miles long, it flows through the city of Rome.
|-
|[[Tiberius]]
| Tiberius was a tyrannical Roman emperor who reigned from 14-37 A.D.
|-
|[[Tigris and Euphrates]]
|Two rivers where civilization began in [[Mesopotamia]] before 3500 B.C., as described in the Book of [[Genesis]] and also confirmed by non-biblical sources.
|-
|[[Titus and Domitian]]
|The two sons of Emperor Vespasian. Titus ruled from 79 – 81 A.D. Domitian ruled from 81-96 A.D.
|-
|Toltecs
|AD 900-1200: a northern Mexican nomadic tribe that ruled about 50 miles north of present-day Mexico City, in a city called Tula
|-
|[[Torah]]
|the Jewish name for the first five books of the Bible, meaning Law.
|-
|[[Trajan]]
|Was a Roman Emperor from 98 to 117 AD and the second of the Five Good Emperors.
|-
|[[Tribal Assembly]]
|Was a Roman assembly of plebians & patricians, composed of members of 35 various Roman tribes
|-
|[[Triumvirate]]
|A triumvirate is a system of governance led by 3 leaders. The two most important triumvirates of ancient times were those of Rome: one led by Julius Caesar, Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great") and Marcus Crassus; the other led by Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. It was the failings of these triumvirates that lead to the downfall of the Republic, and the emergence of the Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Untouchables]]
|People at the very bottom of the Hindu caste system. Their Hindi name is "Dalits." Under the system,these people literally are not be touched because they are considered to be so undesirable.
|-
|[[Upanishads]]
|Hindu scriptures that describe reincarnation. Written in Sanskrit, they predate the teachings of Buddha by several centuries.
|-
|[[Ur]]
|Important city-state in Mesopotamia
|-
|[[Vandals]]
|Eastern Germanic tribe that sacked Rome in A.D. 455. Sweeping through Gaul and Spain they finally settled in North Africa. The Spanish region of Andalusia is named after them.
|-
|[[Vergil]]
|Writer of Famous Roman Mythology "The Aeneid."
|-
|[[Vespasian]]
|a Roman Emperor (A.D. 70-79), also the general in charge of putting down the Jewish revolt near the end of the A.D. 60s
|-
|[[Xenephos]]
|(435-354 B.C.) Was historian, philosopher, and military commander, born at Athens, son of an Athenian of good position; was a pupil and friend of Socrates.
|-
|[[Xenophon]]
|Famous Greek writer, Writer of renowned historical work "The Anabasis."
|-
|[[Xerxes]]
|A Persian king in the 5th century BC who attacked and conquered much of Greece, before being defeated in a naval battle in the Battle of Salamis and forced to withdraw back to Babylon
|-
|[[Zealots]]
|A group of Jews in the 1st century AD who sought the violent overthrow and expulsion of Rome from Israel. Their most famous battle (and defeat) came at Masada, a mountain fortress that still holds spiritual significance for Israel today.
|-
|[[Zeno]]
|a Greek philosopher who proposed Paradoxes, such as how a destination is never reached if the traveler goes half the distance to the goal an infinite number of times.
|-
|}
 
[[Category:World History lectures]]

World History Study Guide to 1648

2011-10-12T20:10:43Z

Wh:

''This is the growing list of study terms for [[World History Lectures|World history]], from creation to 1648 (the same midpoint used by the [[CLEP]] exams)''.

Currently at about 426 terms (roughly half basic, half honors). The goal is to build this to nearly 500 terms by mid-October 2011. ''An examination on this material will be given in late October or early November 2011''.

==Basic terms==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Term
!Description
|-
|[[Abraham]]
|2000 BC: father of Jewish people, made a covenant with God; Arabs claim descendance from Abraham's son Ishmael.
|-
|[[acropolis]]
|part of a Greek city-state that is built on a hilltop for easy defense. Example: where the democratic assembly met in Athens.
|-
|[[Plato's Academy|the Academy]]
|Founded by the Greek philosopher Plato in 387 BC, this was the world's first great center of learning.
|-
|[[Aesop]]
|a Greek writer famous for writing ''[[Aesop's Fables]]'' around 600 BC, such as "The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing," to teach life lessons
|-
|[[Alexander the Great]]
|356-323 BC: born to Philip II of Macedon and tutored by [[Aristotle]]. Conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia, and more, but not India. Alexander's conquests spread Greek culture and language, helping the future expansion of [[Christianity]].
|-
|[[Alexandria]]
|City in Egypt captured by Alexander the Great and then "Hellenized" (made Greek-like). Known for its famous library.
|-
|[[Allah]]
|The god of the [[Islamic]] religion. Followers of Allah are called Muslims.
|-
|[[Analects]]
|a record of the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius, written and compiled by his disciples circa 400-300 BC
|-
|[[Ancient world]]
|civilizations before the fall of the Western [[Roman Empire]] in AD 476
|-
|[[Aeneid]]
|a fictional epic poem, describing how a wandering [[Trojan]] became the ancestor of the [[Romans]], written by the great Roman poet [[Virgil]].
|-
|Anglo-Saxons
|refers both to the people of England from AD 449-1066 who came from Germanic tribes, and to their Old English language
|-
|[[Anselm]]
|a medieval Christian philosopher who founded scholasticism and developed an "ontological" proof for the existence of God based on degrees of perfection.
|-
|[[Archimedes]]
|287–212 BC: Greek mathematician and engineer. Discovered Archimedes' Principle, invented "Archimedes' screw," and built defenses against the Romans for his city of Syracuse; killed by the Romans.
|-
|[[archons]]
|Aristocratic officials elected by the Athenian government to make the laws; later overtook by tyrants who rose to power in the 600s BC
|-
|[[Arianism]]
|a heresy (false doctrine) claiming that Jesus was not God
|-
|[[aristocracy]]
|rule by the wealthy and privileged, rather than by democracy
|-
|[[Aristotle]]
|384-322 BC: Greek [[philosopher]], student of [[Plato]] and tutor to Alexander the Great. Emphasized the value of experience, and founded the Lyceum (a school resembling a university with specimens and a library)
|-
|[[Art of War]]
|first book on military strategy, written by Chinese philosopher Sun Tzu, having insights like "If ignorant both of your enemy and yourself, you are certain to be in peril."
|-
|[[Assyrian Empire]]
|1400-605 BC: was first dependent on Babylonia, then became an independent state, and finally an empire. Known for cruelty, especially to the Hebrews. Captured northern Kingdom of Israel in 722 BC.
|-
|[[Athens]]
|birthplace of democracy in 509 BC, Athens was a Greek city-state previously ruled by aristocrats. It defeat invading Persians.
|-
|[[Attila the Hun]]
|(AD 406-453): last and greatest ruler of the Huns, called the "Scourge of God"; almost defeated the Roman empire but was talked out of looting Rome by Pope Leo I.
|-
|[[Augustus Caesar]]
|the first Roman Emperor (27 BC-14 AD), whose name was Octavian; he took power away from the Roman Senate, he began "Pax Romana" (peaceful prosperity), and he was the emperor when Jesus was born
|-
|[[Aztecs]]
| A fierce type of people(A.D. 1200-1521), also known as "the Mexica", from Central Mexico who adopted various legends and customs from their ancestors. They built a glorious capital city titled Tenochtitlan, and established three causeways to connect it to the mainland.
|-
|[[Babylon]]
|the major Mesopotamian city in the ancient Middle East, its greatest ruler was Hammurabi. Babylon developed Cuneiform, used base-60 numbers, defeated ancient Sumer about 2000 BC, and was later cruel to Hebrews.
|-
|[[Babylonia]]
|State and Empire created by Babylon. First empire existed from 1900-1600 BC, later reemerged as the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 625-538 BC
|-
|[[Babylonian Exile]]
|Period of time from 597 to 538 BC, during which the Israelites were kept as prisoners in Babylon.
|-
|[[barbarian]]
|any "uncivilized" (not Roman), unshaven, ruthless warriors who would attack and invade ancient Rome (name "barbarus" means "bearded").
|-
|[[Battle of Tours]]
|Pivotal victory against the Muslims (732); led by Charles "the Hammer" of the Germanic people known as the "Franks".
|-
|B.C.E./[[C.E.]]
|anti-Christian terms for B.C./A.D., whereby "Before Common Era (B.C.E.)" replaces "Before Christ (B.C.)", and "Common Era (C.E.)" replaces "In the Year of Our Lord (A.D.)"
|-
|[[Bible]]
|Collection of Hebrew (Old Testament) and Christian (New Testament) Scriptures. Foretells the coming of a Messiah for the Hebrews, and recounts ancient history including the Tower of Babel and the Great Flood.
|-
|[[Brahman/Brahmin]]
|Brahmin is the ultimate god or existence in Hinduism, of which all existence is a part; "Brahmin" means the highest class for families in the Hindu caste system
|-
|[[Bronze Age]]
|3500-1200 BC: when copper and bronze were used for jewelry, tools, utensils, weapons; this eventually enabled the introduction of the plow for easier farming.
|-
|[[Buddha]]
|"Awakened One" in Buddhism. Siddhartha Gautama was the first Buddha.
|-
|[[Buddhism]]
|A belief system which teaches that desire causes suffering and if desire is eliminated, enlightenment and Nirvana are attained.
|-
|[[Bushi]]
| Proficient, skilled generals from Japan who raised their own "samurai" soldiers to defend and protect their land.
|-
|[[Byzantine Empire]]
|It was the eastern part of the Roman empire, based in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey), which outlasted the Western half by 1000 years.
|-
|[[Caligula]]
|(AD 37-41) cruel and senseless Roman emperor, who even declared his horse to be a Roman Senator.
|-
|[[Carolingian Court]]
|Dynasty that started with Charles Martel and his descendants, including Charlemagne, whose revival of education became known as the Carolingian Renaissance. The crowning of Charlemagne in 800 is considered the birth of the "Holy Roman Empire", also known as the Carolingian empire.
|-
|[[Carthage]]
|An ancient city on the coast of northern Africa (across the Mediterranean Sea from Italy) which fought against Rome in the three Punic Wars, which left Carthage destroyed, never to be rebuilt again.
|-
|[[caste]]
|the social rank in Hinduism: Brahmans are priests and scholars, Kshatriya are rulers, Vaishya are peasants, and Shudra are serfs. Good karma enables one to improve his caste in the next life.
|-
|[[Celts]]
|A tribal, ancient people living in what is now Ireland and Great Britain, who worshiped many gods and had priests called "druids."
|-
|[[Chaldeans]]
|The ancient Babylonians
|-
|[[Chaldean Empire]]
|Ancient Babylonian Empire that lasted from 605-562 BC
|-
|[[Chandragupta Mauryan]]
|Built the largest Indian empire ever; he was a tough and strong dictator who defeated Greek general Seleucus in 322 BC, taking from him the portion of the Greek empire slightly north of India.
|-
|[[Charlemagne]]
|King of the Franks from AD 768-814, and Holy Roman Emperor after being crowned by the Pope in AD 800
|-
|[[Charles Martel]]
|Charles "the Hammer"; Christian ruler who led the Franks to a decisive victory against the Muslims in the Battle of Tours (732)
|-
|[[Chivalry]]
|Code of behavior developed during feudalism; required loyalty to God, looking out for one another, and different roles for men and women
|-
|[[China]]
|One of the world's oldest major civilizations, with a tradition of philosophers rather than religious leaders
|-
|[[Christendom]]
| A massive church-state network that consisted of religious hierarchy and held influence over all of Europe during the Middle Ages.
|-
|[[Cicero]], Marcus Tullius
|Famous Roman orator, senator and lawyer who lived from 106-43 BC, and who opposed Marc Anthony.
|-
|[[City-states]]
|Small nations consisting of only a single city each, especially in ancient Greece. Examples included Sparta, Athens and Corinth. They fought each other, but also banned together to defeat the Persians when that great empire sought to absorb Greece.
|-
|[[civilization]]
|must have towns, social and government institutions, record-keeping systems for property, and an agricultural surplus so not everyone is farming
|-
|[[classical civilizations]]
|Ancient Mediterranean civilizations that were generally pre-Christian, such as Rome, Greece, and Egypt
|-
|[[classicism]]
|Near the end of the Middle Ages, a Renaissance movement in the arts, looking back to ancient Rome and Greece for inspiration
|-
|[[Cleisthenes]]
|Established democracy in Athens in 507 BC, giving all free men the right to vote
|-
|[[Cleopatra]]
|The queen of Egypt who reigned from 51-30 BC
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
|The code of Hammurabi was one of the first set of written laws. It was a harsh code that demanded an eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth.
|-
|[[Code of Manu]]
|Hindu law containing rules and codes of conduct. Written in 200 BC in India.
|-
|[[Colosseum]]
|A massive stadium in Rome that was used to hold gladiatorial contests, chariot racing and killing Christians and others for entertainment. Originally known as the Flavian Amphitheatre.
|-
|[[comedy]]
|In ancient Greece, a play with a happy ending. All classical plays were either a "comedy" or a "tragedy".
|-
|[[Confucius]]
|A famous Chinese philosopher who came up with many ideas about ethics and social conduct
|-
|[[Constantine|Constantine (the Great)]]
|The first Christian emperor of Rome who legalized Christianity, ended the persecution of Christians, and united the eastern with the western Roman empires
|-
|[[Constantinople]]
|Now named Istanbul, it was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire from AD 330. Originally known as Byzantium.
|-
|[[Council of Nicaea]]
|A.D. 325, a council of bishops called by Constantine to obtain agreement on various aspects of Christianity (e.g., the Trinity) and to end heresies (e.g., Arianism).
|-
|[[cuneiform]]
|The earliest known form of writing. Consists of lines and dashes to represent different concrete things, such as fish.
|-
|[[Cynicism]]
|Greek philosophy emphasizing living life without worldly possessions, founded by Socrates' student Antisthenes.
|-
|Darius the Great
|the king of Persia (522-486 BC) and one of the greatest rulers of the Achaemenid dynasty, best known for his failed attempts to conquer Greece; in 492 a storm destroyed his fleet, and in 490 BC Athens defeated his army at Marathon
|-
|[[David]]
|Second king of Israel, as chosen by God, and an ancestor of Jesus Christ. He expanded the kingdom of Israel.
|-
|[[Delian League]]
|Formed in 477 BC as an alliance consisting of Athens and other Greek city-states to guard against the Persia (Achaemenid) empire after the Persian Wars; but Athens misused it to impose taxes and fund Athenian projects.
|-
|[[Dharma]]
|The laws of religions such as Buddhism and Hinduism
|-
|[[diaspora]]
|The migration or scattering of a people, especially the ancient Hebrews, away from their ancestral home.
|-
|[[Diocletian]]
| The Roman emperor who tried to save the empire of Rome by dividing it into eastern and western regions. He established the "tetrarchy" (rule by four), and ruled from A.D. 284 to 305.
|-
|[[direct democracy]]
|laws are made by votes of the citizens, rather than by elected officials. Athens of ancient Greece was the first direct democracy.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|tribes that settled Greece, 1100-1000 B.C., having an oppressive military ruling class. The "Doric order" is the simplest form of Greek architecture, consisting of a straight column without any artistic trim at the top.
|-
|[[early agriculture]]
|Crops such as grain being grown in places such as Egypt
|-
|[[Edict of Milan]]
|a political proclamation that legalized Christianity (and all other religions) throughout the Roman empire, issued by Constantine I in AD 313 after the Diocletian persecutions against Christians
|-
|[[Egypt]]
|One of the oldest civilizations in recorded history, going back perhaps to nearly 3000 BC
|-
|[[Eightfold Path]]
|The Buddhist way to end suffering and attain inner peace and contentment. It includes wisdom (right view and intention); ethics (right speech, action & livelihood); and mind (right effort, mindfulness & concentration).
|-
|[[Emperor]]
|A ruler or king of a country, such as Augustus Caesar as the first Roman emperor.
|-
|[[Enlightened One]]
|A translation of the name Buddha, in Buddhism
|-
|[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]
|A Sumerian (Mesopotamia) poem preserved on stone tablets with a story bearing great resemblance to Noah's Ark and the Great Flood
|-
|[[Euclid]]
|A Greek mathematician around 300 who developed geometry and wrote the ''Elements''.
|-
|[[Euphrates river]]
|The Euphrates is a river that was the border of Mesopotamia and was both a trading route and a protection for Mesopotamia.
|-
|[[Fertile Crescent]]
|An area of land in the Middle East along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, where it was easy to grow crops, which was the birthplace of civilization and probably the location of the Garden of Eden.
|-
|[[feudalism]]
|way of life in Western Europe in the early Middle Ages, consisting of a "lord" who owned land (given by the king) on which "peasants" or "serfs" farmed in exchange for food and protection.
|-
|[[First Punic War]]
|between Rome and Carthage in 254-241 BC: Rome conquered the island of Sicily and developed a navy; although Rome was no match for the powerful Carthaginian navy, Romans did invent a corvus that allowed them to board enemy ships and win the war
|-
|[[Four Noble Truths]]
|in [[Buddhism]]: (1) suffering is universal, (2) craving or desire causes it, (3) the cure is to eliminate the craving or desire, and (4) following the Eightfold Path helps eliminate this desire in order to attain "nirvana" (complete contentment).
|-
|[[The Franks]]
|Germanic tribes settling in the northern part of the Roman empire (including northern France), rising in power and territory from AD 330-751 and defeating barbarians; Charles the Hammer and Charlemagne were Franks
|-
|[[Gentiles]]
|The term for peoples, such as Greeks, who are not of Jewish or Arab descent.
|-
|Golden Age
|An age of great peace and prosperity, especially in ancient Greece between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars
|-
|[[Gracchi brothers]]
|Two tribunes (high elected officials) of ancient Rome who wanted to help the poor by redistributing land from the rich
|-
|Great Schism
|AD 1054: the Eastern Orthodox Church splits from the Roman Catholic Church in a dispute over icons and statues, the origin of the Holy Spirit, and regional differences
|-
|[[Great Wall of China]]
|the long and high wall in China that was built beginning with the Qin dynasty in about 200 BC, to keep invaders out
|-
|[[Greece]]
|perhaps the greatest ancient civilization: invented democracy, developed mathematics and philosophy, and adopted ethical standards like the Hippocratic Oath (which prohibits abortion)
|-
|[[Greek drama]]
|Theatrical tradition of ancient Greece, 600-400 BC, with two main types: comedies (good ending) and tragedies (bad ending)
|-
|[[Gregory the Great]]
| One of the most significant popes who used church money for non-religious purposes, such as paying for public projects such as roads, supporting armies, and establishing government programs for the poor. This would later cause uproar in the Catholic Church.
|-
|[[Gaul]]
|Now France, it was a place for barbarians to attack the Roman empire.
|-
|[[Gothic]]
|architecture of the late Middle Ages, featuring tall, perpendicular structures, long or stained-glassed rose windows, pointed arches, and flying buttresses (stone supports on the outer walls of churches)
|-
|[[Gupta empire]]
|(AD 240-550): large Indian empire that developed with algebra, the concepts of zero and infinity, and the numbers 1-9
|-
|[[Hammurabi]]
|King of Babylon, 1792-1750 BC, who developed the Code of Hammurabi, which is based on the concept of an eye for an eye
|-
|[[Han dynasty]]
|202 BC - AD 220, this was the greatest of all the Chinese dynasties and was similar to the Roman empire in expanding territory, administering justice, and enjoying peace like the Pax Romana. The Han dynasty valued education highly, and created a scholar class of people known as "shi".
|-
|[[Hannibal]]
|A military commander for Carthage who had a brilliant surprise attack against Rome during the Second Punic War
|-
|[[Hebrews]]
|God's chosen people who established the nation of Israel and wrote the Old Testament
|-
|[[Hellenistic]]
|Relating to Greek culture and language, particularly in lands beyond Greece as conquered by Alexander the Great beginning in 335 BC
|-
|[[Hieroglyphics]]
|A phonetic alphabet developed by the ancient Egyptians that uses the pictographic symbols to represent both an object and/or a phonetic sound.
|-
|[[Himalaya Mountain Range]]
|Mountain range famous for having the world's tallest peaks, including Mount Everest and K2; geographic protection that isolated ancient China
|-
|[[Hinduism]]
|An ancient polytheistic religion followed by 82% of (Asian) Indians to this day
|-
|[[Hippocrates]]
|"The father of medicine" in ancient Greece who developed the [[Hippocratic Oath]], an ethical code that all medical students traditionally repeated as a condition of graduation.
|-
|[[Holy Roman Empire]]
|Lasting from AD 800 to 1806, it included the territory in Europe under the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor. Constituent states often ruled themselves.
|-
|[[Homer]]
|An early Greek poet, famous for lengthy sagas such as ''Iliad'' and ''The Odyssey''.
|-
|[[Hsia dynasty]]
|rulers in China up until 1766 B.C., when Emperor Chieh (the last in the dynasty) was overthrown
|-
|[[Huns]]
|A confederation of Asian tribes who fought against the Romans in what is now the Ukraine, Germany, France, Italy and the Balkans. They were considered by many Romans to be the most ferocious enemies
|-
|[[ideograms]]
|In primitive societies, a graphic symbol (rather than alphabetic words like these) representing a concept or an idea
|-
|[[The Incas]]
|developed a huge empire beginning in AD 1250 in the Andes Mountains in South America, making it the largest civilization in all of the Americas
|-
|[[India]]
|A country that was home to the Indus Valley civilization and dates back over 3,000 years, and was birthplace of Hinduism and (later) Buddhism
|-
|[[Indus River Valley]]
|A fertile valley that was home to an ancient civilization and is modern Pakistan and northwestern India
|-
|[[Iron Age]]
|An era following the Bronze age when tools and weapons were made primarily out of iron: 1200 BC in Europe, but 600 BC in China.
|-
|[[Isaac]]
|The promised son born to Abraham and Sarah in their old age, whom Abraham offered to sacrifice to God despite his great love for Isaac. Isaac is the father of the Israeli people.
|-
|[[Ishmael]]
|The son born to Abraham and Sarah's servant, Hagar. Ishmael is revered by Muslims as an ancestor who was unfairly treated as an outcast after Isaac was subsequently born to Abraham and Sarah.
|-
|[[Islam]]
|the only major world religion that developed after Christ, Islam was founded by Muhammad in AD 622 and is based on the "Five Pillars of Islam."
|-
|[[Israel]]
|Nation founded by King David in 1010 BC, first temple destroyed by Babylonians in 587 BC, Jerusalem was rebuilt in 515 BC, Alexander the Great then conquered region in 332 BC.
|-
|[[Jainism]]
|Branched off of Hinduism, this religion stresses strict vegetarianism and non-violence towards all life.
|-
|[[Japan]]
|an island archipelago made up of 4 large islands and over 4,000 smaller ones, it had feudalism during the same time period that Europe did
|-
|[[Jesus]]
|The Holy Messiah of the Christian faith, and the only son of God who was promised to save all humanity. He was the only founder of a religion to perform miracles to cure the suffering, the only one to emphasize the power of faith, and the only one to give up His life for the salvation of others.
|-
|[[Joan of Arc]]
|17-year-old girl who led the French army to a remarkable military victory over the English in 1429, and was later captured and martyred by the English and made a saint by the Catholic Church
|-
|[[Judah, Kingdom of]]
|the southern kingdom of a divided nation of Israel, after the death of Solomon in 928 BC
|-
|[[Julius Caesar]]
|(100-44 BC) a military and political leader who laid out the groundwork for the future Roman empire before he was murdered by Roman senators
|-
|[[Julian Calendar]]
| The 12 month, 365-day calendar established by Julius Caesar, and the basis for the Gregorian calendar we use today.
|-
|[[Justinian|Justinian I]] and the [[Justinian Code]]
|Eastern Roman Emperor from AD 527 to 565 who developed the Justinian Code, which is the basis of civil law in many places
|-
|[[karma]]
|In Hinduism, everything a person has done. This determines status in the next life, so a Hindu wants "good karma."
|-
|[[knight]]
|An armored soldier of feudalistic Europe. These soldiers first began using plate mail around the time of the crusades.
|-
|[[Latin]]
|the powerful, concise language spoken in ancient Rome that has contributed many roots of words and terms to modern European languages. "Caveat emptor!" (let the buyer beware)
|-
|[[lord]]
|The ruler and owner of a feudalistic area, under him are the serfs.
|-
|[[Lyceum]]
|The great Greek center of learning founded by Aristotle, which then competed with the Academy
|-
|[[Niccolo Machiavelli]]
|An Italian political theorist who wrote the ''The Prince'', the most famous guide to how a conniving politician can seize power by manipulating others
|-
|[[Magna Carta]]
|A charter of personal and political liberties granted to the barons by King John of England in 1215, which later became a foundation for personal rights in the US Constitution.
|-
|[[maize]]
|corn, first grown by Native Americans, now one of the most popular foods in the world
|-
|[[Mandate of Heaven]]
|Chinese mandate that held that the gods blessed good rulers and overthrew bad ones
|-
|[[manor]]
|Under feudalism during the Middle Ages, a manor was a farm owned by a lord who had peasants to do the work and pay him rent in exchange for food, shelter and protection
|-
|[[Marc Antony]]
|A Roman commander and close friend of Caesar. He was in the 1st civil war of the Roman Republic
|-
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]
|A Roman emperor known most for ending Pax Romana and conquering Germanic tribes.
|-
|[[Marcus Crassus]]
|A wealthy Roman who ruled Rome along with [[Julius Caesar]] and Pompey the Great, as a part of the first [[triumvirate]].
|-
|[[Martin Luther]]
|An important Christian figure who launched the Protestant Reformation and founded the Lutheran Church, causing a split in the Catholic Church in Western Europe.
|-
|[[Mauryan Empire]]
|323–185 BC: a Buddhist empire covering much of modern India
|-
|[[Maya]]
|The Civilization of the Mayans lasted from about 300-900 A.D. The Mayans were advanced in math astronomy and many other things.
Today 4 million people still speak the Mayan language.
|-
|[[Mesoamerica]]
|Mexico and Central America, where pre-Columbian (before Columbus' exploration in 1492) civilizations existed
|-
|[[Mesopotamia]]
|Modern-day [[Iraq]], where civilization first appeared
|-
|[[Messiah]]
|Anointed by God. Jesus Christ is the Messiah of Christianity
|-
|[[Michelangelo]]
|(AD 1475-1564) A Renaissance man known for his paintings on the Sistine Chapel ceiling and his sculptures of David and the Pieta (Mary holding Jesus after the Crucifixion).
|-
|[[Middle Ages]]
|A period of time, also called the Medieval Ages, spanning from AD 500-1500, when [[feudalism]] was common
|-
|[[Middle Kingdom]]
|2100-1650 BC: Egyptian kingdom known for its works and ideas, which ended due to a civil war
|-
|[[monasteries]]
|Monasteries are communities of Christian monks that are set apart for god. Historians credit monasteries for the saving of literature and more during the middle ages.
|-
|Mongol empire
|Peaked in power in the AD 1200s, held more contiguous (connected) land than any empire in history, but failed twice in trying to conquer Japan.
|-
|[[monotheism]]
|The belief in a religion worshiping only one god. [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], and [[Islam]] are monotheistic religions.
|-
|[[Moses]]
|The prophet who led the Israelites out of Egypt, gave them the Ten Commandments, and wrote the first five books of the Bible.
|-
|[[Muhammad]]
|The man who preached a new monotheistic religion "Islam", founded on only one god, Allah.
|-
|[[Muhammad Ali]]
|Muhammad Ali was a professional boxer during the 1960’s and 70’s he was perhaps the most famous Muslim of the western world at this time. During the Vietnam war he refused to be drafted because it was not a “holy war.”
|-
|[[Nile]]
|River in Egypt which flows northward towards the Mediterranean Sea, supplying Egypt with water.
|-
|[[Nero]]
|One of the most irresponsible, cruelest emperors of Rome. Nero reigned beginning when he was 16 years old, ruling until A.D. 69.
|-
|[[New Kingdom]]
|1550-700 BC: ancient Egypt at the time of Moses, where many buildings were built primarily with slave labor
|-
|[[Nicene Creed]]
|A core statement of Christianity that affirms the Holy Trinity of God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Ghost
|-
|[[Nirvana]]
|The ultimate goal of Buddhism, the end of all suffering
|-
|Normans
|Vikings who settled in northwest France (Normandy), and then invaded and conquered England in AD 1066
|-
|[[Octavian]]
|The grandnephew of Julius Caesar who became the first Emperor of Rome, ruling with his new name of Augustus Caesar.
|-
|[[Old Kingdom]]
|3000-2200 BC: the ancient Egyptian kingdom that built the famous pyramids
|-
|[[Olympics (Ancient Greek)]]
|An ancient sporting event first held in 776 BC, establishing the beginning of the Greek civilization
|-
|[[Paper]]
|Invented by Chinese in AD 100, from dipping a bamboo screen into a mixture of bark, rags and plants, and then allowing only a thin layer of pulp to dry on the bamboo screen.
|-
|[[patricians]]
|the upper 10% of the Roman Republic, consisting of wealthy landowners
|-
|[[Paul]]
|an energetic evangelist for early Christianity, who wrote many letters now in the New Testament of the Bible
|-
|[[Pax Romana]]
|27 BC-180 AD: the "glory days" of the Roman empire, a time of peaceful prosperity and influence (but cruelty to Christians)
|-
|[[Peloponnesian War]]
|fought between Athens and Sparta, 431-404 BC, which was ultimately won by Sparta and its allies
|-
|[[Pentateuch]]
|The first five books of the modern Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy
|-
|[[Persian empire]]
|550-330 BC: a large empire stretching from India to southern Europe and Egypt
|-
|[[Persian Wars]]
|492-449 BC: wars between Persia (modern-day Iran) and Greek city-states including Athens and Sparta
|-
|[[Peter]]
|a leading apostle of Jesus who became the first pope in Rome, where he was martyred
|-
|[[pharaoh]]
|the ruler in Ancient Egypt, considered by Egyptians to be a son of god
|-
|[[Philip of Macedon]]
|King of Macedonia who arranged for the homeschooling of his son, Alexander the Great.
|-
|[[Philistines]]
|ancient people who occupied the land of Canaan, who were enemies of Israel and God.
|-
|[[Phoenicians]]
|ancient people who lived and traded goods on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea, developing a new language using an alphabet of 22 letters, on which Greek, Latin, English, French, etc., are based.
|-
|Pillars of Islam
|the five basic rules of Islam: submit to Allah, pray, fast, give to the poor, and make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca (in Saudi Arabia today)
|-
|[[Plato]]
|Greek (Athens) philosopher who emphasized the value of logic, while his student Aristotle preferred the value of experience.
|-
|[[Pompey the Great]]
|Ruled Rome as a part of the first [[triumvirate]] with [[Julius Caesar]] and [[Marcus Crassus]]. Pompey is well known for ridding the Mediterranean sea of pirates.
|-
|[[polis]]
|The name for city-states in Ancient Greece
|-
|[[polytheism]]
|A religion with many gods, which was common in ancient times until Judaism and Christianity emerged.
|-
|[[Pope]]
|The leader of the Roman Catholic Church, in the time of the Holy Roman Empire the pope was very powerful. One of the most significant popes was known as Gregory the Great.
|-
|[[Ptolemy]]
|(AD 90-168) a mathematician, geographer and astronomer in Hellenistic Egypt
|-
|[[Punic Wars]]
|Won by the Roman Republic, enabling it to gain control of the Mediterranean Sea and control commerce
|-
|[[pyramids]]
|Very large monuments in Egypt for the burial of pharaohs, built with a precision that cannot be duplicated even today.
|-
|Qin Shia Huandgi
|the first Chinese emperor, who ruled from 221-210 BC, built new roads, and established a standard coin, weight and writing system. This Qin (or Chi'in) state was the first unified Chinese empire.
|-
|[[Qur'an (Koran)]]
|The muslim holy book.
|-
|[[Ramses II]]
|the most famous pharaoh, whose reign from 1279-1213 BC (during the New Kingdom) was the second longest in Egyptian history
|-
|[[Reformation]]
|Events beginning in 1517 when German monk Saint Martin Luther nailed 95 Theses to a Church door, leading to a separation of Catholic and Protestant churches.
|-
|[[The Republic]]
|Plato's greatest writings, which form a foundation for America's system of government.
|-
|[[Renaissance]]
|a revival in artwork and Greek and Roman achievement, from the AD 1300s to the 1600s, that made the transition from medieval to modern times
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Church]]
|The Christian Church led by a Pope, beginning with Peter the Apostle. The word "catholic" means "universal".
|-
|[[Roman citizenship]]
|a special status attained by living in Rome, being birthed to a Roman citizens, or enlisting in the army for 25 years.
|-
|[[Roman empire]]
|(27 BC-476 AD) Began when August Caesar became emperor, and ended 500 years later when barbarians overran it; the Roman empire civilized western Europe, built roads, established laws, and eventually spread Christianity.
|-
|[[Roman law]]
|began with a code of laws inscribed in the Twelve Tables, establishing the concept of "justice" - rule by principle and not by whim
|-
|[[Roman military]]
|considered to be invincible; each soldier was equipped with shields, helmets, swords, and javelins
|-
|[[Roman republic]]
|509-27 BC: The first republic in history, it was located in Rome and inspired some of the principles of the government of the United States. The Roman republic ended when Augustus Caesar took full power and established the Roman empire.
|-
|Roman senate
|300 members representing wealthy families in Rome, it dominated the Roman Republic; similar to the U.S. Senate today
|-
|Romanesque
|architecture popular in the early Middle Ages, featuring thick walls, rounded arches and small windows
|-
|[[Rome]]
|the capital city of the Roman empire, and of modern day Italy; supposedly founded by Romulus and Remus, and named after Romulus after he killed his brother
|-
|[[Rosetta Stone]]
|ancient text written on stone in three different languages, which enabled the first translations of Egyptian hieroglyphics
|-
|[[Royal Road]]
|ancient Persian highway rebuilt by Darius the Great
|-
|[[samurai]]
|elite warriors of feudalistic Japan who followed a special honor code called Bushido
|-
|[[Saul]]
|the first king of Israel, appointed by God; Saul was a flawed man, jealous of David.
|-
|[[Satraps]]
|Governors in the distant lands of the Persian empire, which extended to Egypt and Arabia, who were carefully watched by the "King's Eyes and Ears" soldiers to prevent rebellions
|-
|[[scholasticism]]
|Christian philosophy from the AD 900s-1500s that developed logic in the direction of God
|-
|[[scientific revolution]]
|The beginning of modern science in the AD mid-1500s, starting with the recognition by Copernicus that the Earth revolves around the Sun
|-
|[[Second Punic War]]
|between Rome and Carthage in 218-202 BC; Carthage's leader Hannibal led his army with elephants over the Alps to surprise the Romans, but could not conquer Rome itself; by the end Rome had acquired Spain
|-
|[[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]]
|a listing of the most impressive public works in the world, written by Greek writer Antipater in the 2nd century BC (100-200 BC)
|-
|[[Shang Dynasty]]
|first major dynasty of China, which lasted from 1766 BC (when T'ang overthrew the prior dynasty) to 1122 BC
|-
|[[Shiite Muslims]]
|fundamentalist Muslims who are considered more aggressive than Sunni Muslims
|-
|[[Shinto]]
|The national religion of Japan, which considered the emperor to be descended from sun Kami; sometimes considered more of a code of conduct rather than a religion.
|-
|[[shogon]]
|a feudalistic military ruler of Japan
|-
|[[Siddhartha Gautama]]
|the Buddha, and the founder of the religion of Buddhism
|-
|[[Silk Road]]
|A trade route from East China to Central Asia and Europe
|-
|[[Socrates]]
|The first great Greek philosopher, Socrates taught that the visible world is not all of reality; Socrates taught Plato, who later taught Aristotle
|-
|[[Socratic method]]
|A teaching method developed by [[Socrates]], which consists of asking questions and is used today in law schools
|-
|[[Solomon]]
|Third king of Israel and the author of ''Proverbs'', ''Ecclesiastes'' and ''Song of Solomon''; known for his wise justice
|-
|[[Solon of Athens]]
|One of the Seven Sages of ancient Greece, who believed that one should "keep everything with moderation"
|-
|[[Sparta]]
|a Greek city-state well-known for its military prowess, which won the Peloponnesian war against Athens.
|-
|[[Spread of Buddhism]]
|Buddhism traveled outside of India along the Silk Road
|-
|[[St. Augustine]]
|(AD 354-430) a father of the early Christian church who wrote intellectual discussions of the faith entitled ''Confessions'', ''City of God'', and ''On Christian Doctrine''
|-
|[[Sumer]]
|Ancient homeland of the Sumerians, located in Mesopotamia, located in where Iraq is today
|-
|[[Sunni Muslims]]
|moderate Muslims who oppose the more aggressive Shiite Muslims
|-
|[[Sumerians]]
|the earliest civilizations living in the Middle East, where inventions included the wheel and the first known form of writing
|-
|[[Taijitu]]
|Also called "Yin and Yang," this is the symbol for Taoism. It represents a constant interaction and harmony in nature between two forces having opposite qualities.
|-
|[[Taoism (Daoism)]]
|Chinese philosophy of seeking harmony with nature by recognizing that two major forces are opposed to each other
|-
|[[Ten Commandments]]
|the laws of the God of Israel handed down to Moses
|-
|[[Theocracy]]
|a government ruled by the laws of a specific religion, as in some Muslim nations today
|-
|[[Thomas Aquinas]]
|(AD 1225–1274) A brilliant medieval priest who merged Aristotle's insights with Christian faith, and wrote ''Summa Theologica'' as a summary of Christian theology that is studied even today
|-
|[[Third Punic War]]
|Romans conquered and destroyed Carthage in 146 BC and then went into Macedonia and Greece to defeat them in revenge for having helped Hannibal; Rome then controlled the entire western civilized world (all the land around the Mediterranean)
|-
|[[Thucydides]]
|Greek historian who wrote ''History of the Peloponnesian War''
|-
|[[Toltecs]]
|A northern Mexican nomadic tribe that reigned over a city called Tula (AD 900-1200) in present-day Mexico City.
|-
|[[Tragedy]]
|A type of drama or poetic saga that has an unhappy ending. Common in ancient Greece, this type of work focused on the followed the fall of a character, often because of a specific character flaw such as envy or greed.
|-
|[[Troy]]
|an ancient city whose destruction was recorded in the Iliad, and its survivors supposedly helped found Rome
|-
|[[Tutankhamen]]
|"King Tut": a young Egyptian pharaoh who ruled from 1341-1323 BC. Archaeologist Howard Carter first discovered his tomb in 1922, shedding light on ancient Egyptian culture.
|-
|[[Twelve Tables]]
|450 BC: basic and successful Roman laws that filled twelve tablets, such as "If one is slain while committing theft by night, he is rightly slain."
|-
|[[Vassals]]
|Performed military services to the lords in exchange for protection and land in the feudal system.
|-
|[[Vedas]]
|Holy books of Hinduism
|-
|[[Virgil]]
|(70-19 BC) a Roman poet & philosopher, friend of Octavian (Augustus Caesar), and author of the ''Aeneid''. Portrayed in the Middle Ages as a noble pagan and symbol of wisdom.
|-
|[[Vishnu]]
|Supreme god of Hinduism
|-
|[[Visigoths]]
|a confederacy of Germanic tribes that harassed the Roman empire but later fell in AD 711 to the Moors, who were North African Muslims
|-
|[[Vulgate]]
|The Latin translation by Saint Jerome of the Hebrew Old Testament and the Greek New Testament. It was then used as the authoritative Bible for over 1000 years.
|-
|[[Warring States Period]]
|475-221 BC: War period in ancient China also known for the philosophical schools that flourished
|-
|[[Wheel]]
|The ancient Mesopotamia invention, originally in the form of a potter’s wheel; the wheel is considered the first and greatest of man's inventions.
|-
|[[Yahweh]]
|God as described in the [[Old Testament]], written as YHWH in the original Hebrew (which lacked vowels).
|-
|[[Yangtze River]]
|Longest river in Asia which flows south for 3000 miles; navigable from the sea for half of its course; the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers are the most important rivers in Chinese history
|-
|[[Yellow River]]
|Second longest river in Asia; known also as Huang He and "the cradle of Chinese civilization," it runs westward from the Yellow Sea and has a tendency to flood surrounding lands such its course can change with devastating results
|-
|[[Zeus]]
|Highest of Greek Gods, God of Thunder, supposedly father of the gods.
|-
|[[Zhou dynasty]] (or Chou dynasty)
|1071-221 BC: it was the longest lasting dynasty in China and included both Prince Zheng as a leader, and Confucius as the major philosopher. This dynasty benefited from the Iron Age.
|-
|[[Ziggurat]]
|man-made step-sided structures resembling pyramids that were built in Mesopotamia. The [[Tower of Babel]], described in Genesis 11, may have been a giant ziggurat.
|-
|[[Zoroastrianism]]
|Polytheistic religion founded between 1200 and 600 BC by the Persians.
|}

==Honors terms==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Description
|-
|[[Aeneas]]
|according to legend, a prince who escaped from Troy whose son founded Rome and whose grandson, Brutus, founded the Britons in England
|-
|[[Aeschylus]]
|the oldest of the three great Athenian tragic playwrights (next to [[Sophocles]] and [[Euripides]]), 525-456 BC
|-
|[[Age of Metal]]
|discovery of metals for use in tools: copper (beginning 3500 BC), bronze (beginning 2500 BC), and iron (beginning 1200 BC) were developed as tools.
|-
|[[Age of Pericles]]
|the "golden age" of Athens, led by Pericles, who introduced a form of direct democracy from 461-429 BC
|-
|[[Ahuramazda]]
|the Creator in Persia's religion of Zoroastrianism
|-
|[[Queen Ahhotep|Ahhotep]]
|a Middle Kingdom Pharaoh who repelled the Hyksos people from Egypt
|-
|[[Akkadian Empire]]
|a Sumerian empire (2360-2180 BC) located in the fertile crescent in the lower Mesopotamia and north of the Sumer River
|-
|[[Alluvial]]
|a deposit of sediment (alluvium) in a river bed
|-
|archons
|in the early Greek empire (around 700 BC), archons were government officials elected by the land-owning aristocrats; the archons then made the law
|-
|[[Aristophanes]]
|(456-380 BC) an Athenian playwright who wrote comedies and political satires
|-
|[[Ark of the Covenant]]
|The chest used by the Hebrews to contain the tablets of the Law given to Moses by God.
|-
|[[Aryans]]
|A semi-nomadic Nordic tribe who invaded and settled India around 1500 B.C.
|-
|[[Ashoka]]
|Emperor of the Mauryan Empire of India (273-232 B.C.). Upset by the horrors of war (despite winning), he converted to Buddhism and recorded Buddha's teachings on thousands of rock pillars.
|-
|Assembly of Centuries
|the group of representatives who approved new laws in the Roman republic
|-
|Assembly of Tribes
|the governing entity that held the election of representatives
|-
|[[Ashoka]]
|Emperor of the Mauryan Empire of India (273-232 B.C.). Upset by the horrors of war (despite winning), he converted to Buddhism and recorded Buddha's teachings on thousands of rock pillars.
|-
|Aztecs
|A aggressive type of people from Central Mexico who adopted many legends and customs from their ancestors. They built a capital city called Tenochtitlan, and established three causeways to connect it to the mainland.
|-
|-
|[[Bantu]]
|Over 400 tribes in Africa that share the Bantu language and common customs.
|-
|[[Barracks Emperors]]
|A series of Roman emperors (235-284 AD) who used the Roman army as a base for political power. These emperors usually had a poor, rural background.
|-
|[[Battle of Marathon]]
|In August 490 B.C., King Darius I of Persia brought his army to the plains of Marathon to invade Athens. Despite being outnumbered ten to one, the Athenian army defeated the Persians.
|-
|Battle of Chalons
|451 BC: one of the bloodiest battles in world history and the last major victory of the Roman empire, when it defeated Attila the Hun in what is now France; Attila returned later for revenge and could have looted Rome
|-
|[[Bhagavad Gita]]
|A section of the Mahabharata, the Bhagavad Gita is an ancient Hindu text written in Sanskrit which consists of Krishna's writings on philosophy and morality.
|-
|[[Breda]]
|Became one of the leaders of the Hun, but was killed by his power-hungry brother, Attila the Hun.
|-
|[[Caesar's Commentaries]]
|A history by Julius Caesar describing the wars he fought.
|-
|[[Caligula]]
|A Roman emperor, ruling from 37 AD to 41 AD, who is historically depicted as a brutal monster, and who was so hated that he was murdered by his own guards.
|-
|[[Canaan]]
|The geographical area that encompasses modern-day Israel, the West Bank and a portion of land east of the Jordan River.
|-
|[[Canon of the Medicine]]
|Book written by Ibn Sina during the Golden Age of Islam describing many diseases and their causes.
|-
|[[Catal Huyuk]]
|An ancient settlement in southern Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey.
|-
|[[Catholic Monarchs]]
|The title given by Pope Alexander VI to King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, whose marriage in 1469 unified Spain led to its conversion back to a Catholic nation from Islam (the "Reconquest").
|-
|[[Cato the Censor]]
|A Roman statesman who during the Punic War called for the destruction of Carthage.
|-
|[[Champollion, Jean]]
|Jean Champollion (1790-1832) is the father of Egyptology (the study of Egypt), and who translated a portion of the Rosetta Stone.
|-
|[[Chandragupta Maurya]]
|The founder of the Mauryan Empire in India who ruled between 320 and 293 B.C. The first Indian emperor to be converted to Jainism, he eventually renounced his throne and joined a group of nomadic Jain monks.
|-
|[[Christian Catacombs]]
|Ancient, secret underground burial places for Christians, which served as secret passageways for Christians to meet and worship God together.
|-
|[[Cicero]]
|A Roman consul, statesman, lawyer, philosopher and author. After Julius Caesar's assassination, Cicero was one of the most powerful politicians in Rome, and was Mark Antony's rival.
|-
|[[Cincinnatus]]
|A Roman hero for whom the city of Cincinnati, Ohio is named. In 458 B.C., he raised an army in Rome and came to the aid of the consul Minucius and his men, who were trapped by the Aequians. Cincinnatus also voluntarily giving up power, surpassed only by George Washington in that respect.
|-
|[[Claudius]]
|Roman emperor who became ruler after his nephew Caligula's assassination, he ruled from 41-54 AD, when he was poisoned by his wife Agrippina. Britain came under Roman rule during his reign, and his edict expelling the Jews from Rome is mentioned in the Book of Acts in the Bible.
|-
|[[Cleopatra]]
|Seven Egyptian queens of Greek decent that ruled from 193 BC until 30 BC during the Ptolemaic Dynasty. The most famous, Cleopatra VII Philopator, Egypt's last independent ruler, had affairs with both Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
|An elaborate code of law created by Hammurabi that called for harsh punishment, such as an eye for an eye, a foot for a foot.
|-
|[[Confucianism]]
|A Chinese ethical and moral philosophy based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius that focuses on human morality and right action. It has had a significant influence on the development on the culture and history of East Asia.
|-
|[[Constitutional monarchy]]
|A government with a constitution that acknowledges a monarch as head of state with varying degrees of influence in the running of the country. Countries with constitutional monarchies include the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Denmark, the Netherlands and Spain.
|-
|[[consul]]
|An elected governmental position in ancient Rome that held executive authority and military command of the Roman Republic.
|-
|[[Copts]]
|The Coptic Church originated in Egypt around 50 AD when St. Mark the Evangelist traveled to Alexandria, and is one of the oldest Christian denominations. Its leader is the Patriarch of Alexandria, who is called Pope.
|-
|[[Covenant]]
|An oath or promise.
|-
|[[Cynicism]]
|A Greek philosophy founded by Antisthenes (444 BC - 365 BC) that rejects worldly pleasure in favor of happiness derived from virtue.
|-
|[[Cyrus]]
|A Persian emperor (576 BC – 529 BC) who conquered Babylon and sent the Jews back to Israel.
|-
|[[Darius]]
|A Persian emperor (521 BC – 486 BC) who quelled the Ionian Revolt and invaded Greece, but was forced to withdraw at the Battle of Marathon.
|-
|[[Delian League]]
|A confederation during the Persian Wars controlled by Athens, and consisting of Athens and other Greek city-states and Aegean towns. Its navy helped defend Greece from Persia.
|-
|[[Demosthenes (Greek statesman)|Demosthenes]]
|A ancient Greek statesman who spoke against Philip II of Macedonia in speeches that came to be known as "Philippics". He also attempted to convince Greeks to rise up against Macedonian rule after the death of Philip's son, Alexander the Great.
|-
|[[Diadochi]]
|After the death of Alexander the Great, his empire was partitioned among the rivalling generals of his army, the so-called diadochi ("successors").
|-
|[[Diocletian]]
|The last Barrack Emperor of Rome, he ruled from 284-305 AD. He divided the Roman Empire into eastern and western regions in an attempt to save the empire, and formed a tetrarchy of four rulers, two for each region. He required the military to worship the Roman pagan gods, making it impossible for Christians to be soldiers, and persecuted them.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|Tribes that settled in Greece between 1100 BC and 1000 BC, and had a military ruling class, which persisted in Sparta and Crete even after democracy was established in Athens. These tribes created the simplest style of Greek architecture, known as the Doric order, which consisted of unadorned, straight columns.
|-
|Draco
|a tyrant in Athens during the early Greek empire (600s B.C.) who established a set of written laws that were so strict that the term "draconian" today refers to overly harsh rules of punishment
|-
|[[Dravidians]]
|Dravidians are the people of southern India and Sri Lanka who speak the Dravidian languages and are found in the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka.
|-
|[[Empress Lu]]
|The wife of the Chinese emperor Han Gaozu, who after her husband's death had all other possible heirs murdered and installed her son as emperor, ruling as regent until her death.
|-
|[[Epicureanism]]
|A philosophy founded by Epicurus in the late 4th century that holds the belief that great happiness is achievable through the avoidance of pain and fear. It does not believe in divine power interacting with humanity.
|-
|[[Etruscans]]
|People who settled in the Italian peninsula prior to 700 BC. Most Etruscan cities ran on a democratic-style system. Their culture influenced the later Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Euripides]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 480-406.
|-
|[[Exodus]]
|The abrupt departure of the people of Israel from Egypt, as told in the Book of Exodus in the Bible.
|-
|[[Ezana]]
|Ezana was the king of Axum, in Africa, ruling from A.D. 330-350. He was the first Christian king in Africa.
|-
|[[Five Good Emperors]]
|Five consecutive Roman emperors who ruled between 96 AD to 180 AD and were elected due to talent rather than family connections.
|-
|[[foraging society]]
|A pre-farming economy based upon scavenging, hunting, and gathering resources.
|-
|[[Four Emperors Era]]
|A series of Roman emperors who ruled in quick succession in 68-69 AD.
|-
|[[Franks]]
|A Germanic people that, beginning in the 4th century AD, eventually conquered the areas of France, Benelux, Belgium, The Netherlands and portions of Germany.
|-
|[[Gaul]]
|The Roman name for the area comprising modern-day France and Belgium, and parts of northern Italy, western Switzerland and Germany, and the Netherlands. This area was under Roman rule for most of its existence.
|-
|[[Golden mean]]
|Is considered the middle between two extremes in philosophy.
|-
|[[Great Canal]]
|A canal that connected the Nile River to the Red Sea, built during the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.
|-
|[[Hadrian]]
|The third of the "Five Good Emperors" of the Roman Empire, Hadrian ruled from A.D. 117 to 138 and had two main achievements: he ended Rome's costly territorial expansion, fortifying her boundaries with numerous "Walls of Hadrian," and he effectively "Hellenized" Rome by anointing Athens the empire’s cultural center, thereby enhancing learning.
|-
|[[Han empire]]
|was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms.
|-
|[[Harappa]]
|A city that is part of the Indus Valley Civilization. It is part of modern Pakistan
|-
|[[Hatshepsut]]
|Originally a regent for her son, Thutmose III, Hatshepsut was the longest reigning female ruler of Egypt. She ruled during the eighth dynasty from 1479-1458 B.C. She established trade networks for Egypt and thus collected most of the wealth of the eighth dynasty. She was eventually dethroned when her son took power at the age of 22. Her monuments are the Temple of Karnak, Deirle-Bahri, and Speos Artemidos.
|-
|[[Hellenistic culture]]
|Greek culture after the death of Alexander in 323 B.C., when Greek influence extended throughout the territory he conquered; Hellenistic culture was renowned for its strict code of ethics, its culinary prowess, and its use of metal.
|-
|[[heliocentric]]
|Recognizing that the Sun ("helio" is Greek for "sun"), and not Earth, is the center of solar system.
|-
|[[Helot]]
|A person from the class of serfs in the city-state of Sparta (700s - 300s B.C.) in ancient Greece.
|-
|[[Herodotus]]
|Greek historian (484 to 425 BC), the "father of history". His book is simply called ''Histories'' and describes the Persian Wars.
|-
|[[Hiram]]
|d
|-
|[[Hittites]]
|An ancient people in the Middle East that gained control of most of Mesopotamia in 1650 B.C. due to their advanced inventions, such as horse-drawn chariots.
|-
|[[Horace]]
|The leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus, lived from 65-8 B.C.
|-
|[[humanism]]
|Thee Greek emphasis on reason, ethics and rational thinking rather than religion.
|-
|[[Hyksos]]
|Refers to a people who entered - possibly forcibly - into Egypt, and built their capital at Avaris in the Nile Delta area in about 1648 B.C.
|-
|[[Ides (of March)]]
|The 15th of March, May, July and October in the ancient Roman calendar. The 13th is the ides of all the other months. Julius Caesar was murdered on the ides of March.
|-
|[[Imperator]]
|A title first used by Octavian (Augustus Caesar), literally meaning in Latin “general” or “commander”, giving him power over the entire army.
|-
|[[Iron Smelting]]
|A technology comprised of the extraction of usable metal from iron ore.
|-
|[[Iliad]]
|a great Greek work of literature written by Homer in the 800s or 700s B.C., describing the mythical Trojan War
|-
|Incas
|<fill in>
|-
|[[Indo-European]]
|A very general classification of peoples that includes all the way from India to Egypt.
|-
|[[Jericho]]
|A city in Israel by the Jordan River. Mentioned extensively in the Bible. Joshua and the Israelites marched around this city and blew trumpets in order to destroy it and to reach the promised land.
|-
|[[Josephus]]
| Flavius Josephus 37 - 101 A.D. Jewish general and historian who took part in the Jewish revolt against the Romans and later worked for a Roman patron.
|-
|[[Judaism]]
|The monotheistic religion of the Hebrews, also the oldest religion that remains currently active.
|-
|[[Kami]]
|Spirits in the Shinto religion that reside in prominent natural features and people. Shrines are often built to Kami.
|-
|[[Kassites]]
|Led by their king [[Agumkakrine]], they took advantage of the [[Hittite]] raid of 1595 B.C. and occupied the [[Babylonian]] region, where they ruled for over 400 years.
|-
|[[Kautilya]]
|Advisor to Chaundragupta Maurya, wrote book
"Arthoshastra" on maintaining political power.
|-
|[[Khufu]]
|Egyptian pharaoh who had the pyramid of Giza built
|-
|[[Khyber Pass]]
|An important break in the mountains between Pakistan and Afghanistan, pivotal in military campaigns by Alexander the Great, Aryans, Muslims, and later the British, who had to overcome defensive positions taken from above by local tribesman.
|-
|[[Kush]]
|Was part of a larger region called Nubia.
|-
|[[Larger Vehicle]]
|a form of Buddhism practiced in China, Korea, Japan and Tibet, teaching how to attain full enlightenment for the sake of others. (Also known as Mahayana Buddhism.)
|-
|[[Last Roman Emperor]]
| The last ruler of the Roman Empire was Romulus Augustus, who ruled from October of 475 A.D. to September of 476 A.D.
|-
|legalism
|Legalism is the excessive adherence to law or formula.
|-
|[[Legions]]
|Legions were the principal unit of the Roman army comprising 3,000 to 6,000 foot soldiers and cavalry in addition to the foot soldiers.
|-
|[[Lesser Vehicle]]
|in Buddhism, describes how to attain freedom from one's own suffering.
|-
|[[Livy]]
|A Roman historian (59 B.C. - 17 A.D.) who wrote a monumental history of Rome from its beginnings to his day.
|-
|[[Loess]]
|d
|-
|[[Magadha]]
|Led Aryans to join and try to repel the Persians.
|-
|[[Mahayana]]
|d
|-
|[[Manichaeism]]
|d
|-
|[[Marathon]]
|A small town about 26 miles from Athens where the Greeks won a key battle against the Persians in 490 B.C., and a messenger ran the distance to deliver the news to Athens, inspiring the modern marathon race today.
|-
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]
|Roman emperor from AD 161 to 180. Marcus Aurelius was also a philosopher, a Stoic, and wrote a famous book, ''Meditations''.
|-
|[[Marius]]
|d
|-
|[[Masada]]
|d
|-
|Maya
|<fill in>
|-
|[[Menes]]
|Was a legendary Pharoah of Egypt from somewhere between 3100-2850 BC.
|-
|[[Meroe]]
|d
|-
|[[Mesolithic Age]]
|Before the beginning of recorded history in 3500 B.C., when humans changed from hunting and gathering food to producing food, as in planting and farming.
|-
|[[Minoan Civilization]]
|d
|-
|Moche
|<fill in>
|-
|[[Moksha]]
|d
|-
|[[monsoons]]
|Tropical storms, particularly in the climate of India, where the "southwest monsoon" occurs from about mid-June to the first week in October, and consists of winds carrying heavy rainfall from the Indian Ocean and resulting in widespread flooding
|-
|[[Mount Sinai]]
|A 7,498 foot mountain, located in Southern Sinai, now part of modern Egypt.The location where Moses received the Ten Commandments from God.
|-
|[[Mycenaean Civilization]]
|Was an early Indo-European civilization of Greece.
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar I]]
|was the emperor of the Babylonian Empire from 1146 to 1123 BC.
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar II]]
| Lived from 635 BC- 562 BC, was King of the Chaldeans and final conqueror of the Southern Kingdom of Israel, called "Judah." He was the first of many heads of state of foreign superpowers to come to a possibly salvific knowledge of God.
|-
|[[Neolithic Age]]
|The last part of the Stone Age (neo = "new", lithic = "of/like stone"), before the invention of metallurgy. It immediately preceded the rise of the first civilizations.
|-
|[[Nero]]
| Was the Emperor of Rome from AD 54-68. He blamed the great fire of Rome on the Christians who were unpopular due to their belief in one God.
|-
|[[Nerva]]
|Roman emperor from AD 96 to 98. Following the turmoils after Nero's death, he stood at the beginning of a long peaceful and prosperous time in the history of the Roman empire.
|-
|[[Nile River]]
|A river that ran throughout all of Egypt and fueled its entire agricultural and economic system.
|-
|[[Nineveh]]
|The capital of Assyria, seized and destroyed by the Chaldeans in 612 B.C.
|-
|[[Nok culture]]
|The African culture where the people created the first terracotta production as well as iron-smelting technology.
|-
|[[Oath of the Hindu Physician]]
|Oath requiring, among other things, that doctors not to drink alcohol and to have an honest doctor-patient relationship.
|-
|[[Octavian]]
|Also known as Augustus Caesar (63 B.C. - A.D. 14) was the first Roman emperor. He was originally called Gaius Octavius Thurinus until he changed it after being adopted by Julius Caesar in 44 B.C.
|-
|[[Odyssey]]
|The Odyssey was an epic poem written by the [[Greek]] poet [[Homer]]. It traces the journey home to Greece by a hero of the Trojan war and the troubles he faces at the hands of gods and men.
|-
|[[Olmec]]
|The first major Pre-Columbian civilization in Mexico
|-
|oracle bone
|First concrete evidence that the Shang Dynasty really existed. They were generally used as medicine by grinding them up into powder but they were also used to write on.
|-
|[[Origen]]
|dddd
|-
|[[Ostrogoths]]
|Were a Germanic tribe influential in the last days of the Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Ovid]]
|Ovid or Publius Ovidius Naso was a famous Roman poet, known for his Heroides, Amores, Ars Amatoria, and Metamorphosis. He lived from 43 B.C. to 17 A.D.
|-
|[[Paleolithic Age]]
| Is the name given by atheists to the first part of the Stone age, followed by the Neolithic Age. During the Paleolithic Age, atheists believe people harvested wild plants and animals for food.
|-
|[[papyrus]]
|A thin parchment constructed from reeds near the Nile River
|-
|pariah
|An outcast or any person or animal that is despised.
|-
|[[Parthenon]]
| The Parthenon is a celebrated marble temple of Athene, on the Acropolis at Athens. It was of the pure Doric order, and has had an important influence on art.
|-
|[[patricians]]
|A patrician is a person of high honor or rank.
|-
|Pericles
|493-429 BC: a fabulous orator, he led Athens during its Golden Age (between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars), and expanded democracy: "Government in the hands of the many, not of the few," he said.
|-
|[[Peru]]
|Peru is a country in South America with a rich history. Once dominated by the Incas, Peru fell to the Spanish in the 16th Century.
|-
|[[Petra]]
|Petra was an ancient city that lasted from some time in 6th century B.C. to 360 A.D. when an earthquake destroyed their water supply. The city is famous for its buildings carved in red sandstone and given the name the pink city. Also Indiana Jones was filmed there.
|-
|[[phalanx]]
|common Greek military formation, which is rectangular
|-
|[[Philippides]]
|An athlete sent by Athens to run 150 miles to Sparta as they needed help in their battle against Persia, where they were outnumbered 10 to 1. His remarkable ability continues to inspire ambitious joggers today.
|-
|[[Philo]]
|(20 B.C. - 50 A.D.) was a Jewish historian from Alexandria in the first century. He combined Judaism and Greek philosophy.
|-
|[[pictograph]]
|A pictorial symbol for a word or phrase. Pictographs are the foundation for cuneiform and hieroglyphics, having been discovered in Egypt and Mesopotamia from before 3000 B.C.
|-
|[[Pisistratids]]
|Was a ruler of Athens around 570 B.C.
|-
|[[plebian]]
|A Plebian was one of the lower classes in the early Roman world, such as small farmers and shopkeepers, similar to a commoner in Medieval Europe. This status was inherited in ancient Rome, though it could change through marriage or (rarely) promotion.
|-
|[[Plutarch]]
|d
|-
|[[Pompey]]
| 106-48 B.C., general, statesman, and triumvir during the last years of the Roman Republic. His soldiers are credited with bestowing the title Magnus (the Great) while serving in Africa (82–81 BC).
|-
|[[praetors]]
|one of a number of elected magistrates charged chiefly with the administration of civil justice and ranking next below a consul.
|-
|[[Prehistory]]
|Before 3400 B.C.
|-
|purdah
|The seclusion of women from the sight of men or strangers. Purdah is practiced most in the Muslim and Hindu religions.
|-
|[[Pythagorus]]
|A Greek philosopher mathematician (569-475 B.C.), best known for his Pythagorean Theorem which equates the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle to the sum of the squares of each side. His philosophy included abstracting 2 ships + 2 ships = 4 ships to the more general truth that 2 of anything plus 2 of anything = 4 of anything.
|-
|[[Ramayana]]
| A Sandskrit epic, depicting the life and adventures of Ramachandra.
|-
|[[Ramses II]]
| Ramses II was the king of Egypt. His reign is remembered by his constant war with the Hittites.
|-
|[[Rembrandt]]
| A Dutch painted who lived from 1606-1669 A.D.
|-
|[[Rig Veda]]
|A collection of over one thousand hymns that date back to as early as two thousand B.C.
|-
|[[Romance of Three Kingdoms]]
|Is a novel written by Luo Guanzhong in the Han Dynasty when it fell into disorganization.(A.D. 220-280)
|-
|[[Romulus and Remus]]
|Rome obtained its name from Romulus and Remus, who were twins, and by legend the the sons of Mars who were rescued from death by a mother wolf after his uncle threw him into the Tiber river out of jealousy.
|-
|[[rule of tyrants]]
|during the early Greek empire in the 600s, a series of tyrants ruled Athens. One was "Draco", who imposed the same penalty of death for every crime, no matter how minor!
|-
|[[Saint Patrick]]
|Born in Wales and grew up in England. Later traveled to Ireland and converted the Celts there to Christianity in the mid-400s A.D.
|-
|[[Sargon the Great]]
|The first person in recorded history to create an empire or multi-ethnic state.
|-
|[[Sati (Buddhism)]]
|Mindfulness, self-collectedness, powers of reference and retention. In some contexts, the word sati when used alone covers alertness
|-
|[[Satrap]]
|Local governors established in distant lands by the powerful Persian ruler Cyrus
|-
|[[Saxons]]
|Were a Germanic tribe, eventually settling in England and North Western France.
|-
|[[Schliemann, Heinrich]]
|d
|-
|[[Scipio]]
|d
|-
|[[Seneca]]
|Roman philosopher (a [[Stoicism|Stoic]]), statesman and playwright; teacher of [[Nero]]. BC 4 - AD 65.
|-
|[[Shang dynasty]]
|Was a major ancient Chinese dynasty from about 1766 to 1122 BC. Built cities in northern China along the Yellow River. It consisted of city-states which were often at war with one another.
|-
|[[Shang Yang]]
|Was a Chinese statesman and philosopher. He promoted Legalism, which was like the divine right of kings in the West.
|-
|[[Shi]]
|A scholar class created by the Han dynasty
|-
|[[Shiva]]
|In Hinduism, Shiva "the Destroyer" is the third member of the Trimurti, or the "Hindu triad", along with Brahma "the Creator" and Vishnu "the Preserver".
|-
|[[Solon]]
| Solon was an Athenian statesman who introduced economic, political, and legal reforms.
|-
|[[Sophocles]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 497-406.
|-
|[[Steppes]]
|Steppes are large areas of flat unforested grassland in southeastern Europe or Siberia.
|-
|[[stirrup]]
|a metal frame for each foot when riding a horse; invented in China in 322 BC and used to great advantage in battle, because they make it easier to control the horse and shoot arrows with accuracy
|-
|[[Stoicism]]
| The second of the two main Greek philosophical schools of thought. Stoicism sought to find a sense of divine justice, deemphasizing pain and pleasure for the goal of reason, logic, and self discipline.
|-
|[[Stone age]]
|The stone age is believed to be at time before men had metal working skills in our prehistory. Young Earth Creationists dispute the exsistence of a stone age rather there were stone working cultures.
|-
|[[Stupa]]
|An ornate Buddhist dome-like stone structure originally built to cover items believed to be relics of the Buddha.
|-
|[[Sulla]]
| (138-78 BC) was a Roman general and dictator during the Republican period. He won Rome's first civil war. Reforms during his time gave the Senate more power.
|-
|Sunna
|d
|-
|[[Sumuabum]]
|d
|-
|[[Suttee]]
|An ancient Hindu practice in India where a wife sacrifices herself upon her husband's funeral pyre. Outlawed by the British Raj.
|-
|[[Tacitus]]
| (A.D. 55-120) Was the Roman author of Histories, Annals, and Germania, describing first century Rome. His work chronicles Nero's blaming of the Christians for the fire in Rome and the resulting large scale persecution of Christians that ensued.
|-
|[[Taj Mahal]]
|A marble memorial located in Agra, India. It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, Queen Mumtaz Mahal, who died in childbirth.
|-
|[[The Tale of Gengi]]
|The world's first psychological novel. Was written in the 1000s and about Japanese culture.
|-
|Teotihuacan
|<fill in>
|-
|[[terra cotta]]
|A hard fired clay, distinctively brownish-red colored traditionally used for architectural purposes, especially ornamental, and for pottery and sculpture.
|-
|Terracotta army
|when Shia Huandgi (the first emperor of China) died in 210 B.C he was buried with an army of life sized terracotta warriors, which all had different expressions on their carved faces.
|-
|[[Thales]]
|Thales of Miletus (ca. 624 BC–ca. 546 BC) was the first Greek philosopher. He successfully predicted the solar eclipse of 585 BC and posited that water was the basic principle of all matter in the world.
|-
|[[Thales of Melitus]]
|a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who tried to explain natural phenomena without the use of mythology; was regarded by Aristotle as the first |philosopher in the Greek tradition.
|-
|[[Theravada]]
| Oldest surviving Buddhist school, founded in India
|-
|[[Thirty Years' War]]
|A religious conflict as Catholic states sought to suppress Protestantism. It began as a fight between Bohemian Protestants and Hapsburg Catholics in 1618, and soon became a political conflict for power that included Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Sweden, and the Habsburg dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire. The war ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.
|-
|[[Thutmos III]]
|The 6th Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. The first 22 of years of his reign he was co-regent with his stepmother, Hatshepsut. Reigned from 1479 BC to 1425 BC;
|-
|[[Tiber River]]
|One of the longest Italian rivers, over 250 miles long, it flows through the city of Rome.
|-
|[[Tiberius]]
| Tiberius was a tyrannical Roman emperor who reigned from 14-37 A.D.
|-
|[[Tigris and Euphrates]]
|Two rivers where civilization began in [[Mesopotamia]] before 3500 B.C., as described in the Book of [[Genesis]] and also confirmed by non-biblical sources.
|-
|[[Titus and Domitian]]
|The two sons of Emperor Vespasian. Titus ruled from 79 – 81 A.D. Domitian ruled from 81-96 A.D.
|-
|Toltecs
|AD 900-1200: a northern Mexican nomadic tribe that ruled about 50 miles north of present-day Mexico City, in a city called Tula
|-
|[[Torah]]
|the Jewish name for the first five books of the Bible, meaning Law.
|-
|[[Trajan]]
|Was a Roman Emperor from 98 to 117 AD and the second of the Five Good Emperors.
|-
|[[Tribal Assembly]]
|Was a Roman assembly of plebians & patricians, composed of members of 35 various Roman tribes
|-
|[[Triumvirate]]
|A triumvirate is a system of governance led by 3 leaders. The two most important triumvirates of ancient times were those of Rome: one led by Julius Caesar, Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great") and Marcus Crassus; the other led by Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. It was the failings of these triumvirates that lead to the downfall of the Republic, and the emergence of the Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Untouchables]]
|People at the very bottom of the Hindu caste system. Their Hindi name is "Dalits." Under the system,these people literally are not be touched because they are considered to be so undesirable.
|-
|[[Upanishads]]
|Hindu scriptures that describe reincarnation. Written in Sanskrit, they predate the teachings of Buddha by several centuries.
|-
|[[Ur]]
|Important city-state in Mesopotamia
|-
|[[Vandals]]
|Eastern Germanic tribe that sacked Rome in A.D. 455. Sweeping through Gaul and Spain they finally settled in North Africa. The Spanish region of Andalusia is named after them.
|-
|[[Vergil]]
|Writer of Famous Roman Mythology "The Aeneid."
|-
|[[Vespasian]]
|a Roman Emperor (A.D. 70-79), also the general in charge of putting down the Jewish revolt near the end of the A.D. 60s
|-
|[[Xenephos]]
|(435-354 B.C.) Was historian, philosopher, and military commander, born at Athens, son of an Athenian of good position; was a pupil and friend of Socrates.
|-
|[[Xenophon]]
|Famous Greek writer, Writer of renowned historical work "The Anabasis."
|-
|[[Xerxes]]
|A Persian king in the 5th century BC who attacked and conquered much of Greece, before being defeated in a naval battle in the Battle of Salamis and forced to withdraw back to Babylon
|-
|[[Zealots]]
|A group of Jews in the 1st century AD who sought the violent overthrow and expulsion of Rome from Israel. Their most famous battle (and defeat) came at Masada, a mountain fortress that still holds spiritual significance for Israel today.
|-
|[[Zeno]]
|a Greek philosopher who proposed Paradoxes, such as how a destination is never reached if the traveler goes half the distance to the goal an infinite number of times.
|-
|}
 
[[Category:World History lectures]]

World History Study Guide to 1648

2011-10-10T21:13:00Z

Wh: /* Basic terms */

''This is the growing list of study terms for [[World History Lectures|World history]], from creation to 1648 (the same midpoint used by the [[CLEP]] exams)''.

Currently at about 426 terms (roughly half basic, half honors). The goal is to build this to nearly 500 terms by mid-October 2011. ''An examination on this material will be given in late October or early November 2011''.

==Basic terms==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Term
!Description
|-
|[[Abraham]]
|2000 BC: father of Jewish people, made a covenant with God; Arabs claim descendance from Abraham's son Ishmael.
|-
|[[acropolis]]
|part of a Greek city-state that is built on a hilltop for easy defense. Example: where the democratic assembly met in Athens.
|-
|[[Plato's Academy|the Academy]]
|Founded by the Greek philosopher Plato in 387 BC, this was the world's first great center of learning.
|-
|[[Aesop]]
|a Greek writer famous for writing ''[[Aesop's Fables]]'' around 600 BC, such as "The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing," to teach life lessons
|-
|[[Alexander the Great]]
|356-323 BC: born to Philip II of Macedon and tutored by [[Aristotle]]. Conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia, and more, but not India. Alexander's conquests spread Greek culture and language, helping the future expansion of [[Christianity]].
|-
|[[Alexandria]]
|City in Egypt captured by Alexander the Great and then "Hellenized" (made Greek-like). Known for its famous library.
|-
|[[Analects]]
|a record of the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius, written and compiled by his disciples circa 400-300 BC
|-
|[[Ancient world]]
|civilizations before the fall of the Western [[Roman Empire]] in AD 476
|-
|[[Aeneid]]
|a fictional epic poem, describing how a wandering [[Trojan]] became the ancestor of the [[Romans]], written by the great Roman poet [[Virgil]].
|-
|[[Anselm]]
|a medieval Christian philosopher who founded scholasticism and developed an "ontological" proof for the existence of God based on degrees of perfection.
|-
|[[Archimedes]]
|287–212 BC: Greek mathematician and engineer. Discovered Archimedes' Principle, invented "Archimedes' screw," and built defenses against the Romans for his city of Syracuse; killed by the Romans.
|-
|[[archons]]
|Aristocratic officials elected by the Athenian government to make the laws; later overtook by tyrants who rose to power in the 600s BC
|-
|[[Arianism]]
|a heresy (false doctrine) claiming that Jesus was not God
|-
|[[aristocracy]]
|rule by the wealthy and privileged, rather than by democracy
|-
|[[Aristotle]]
|384-322 BC: Greek [[philosopher]], student of [[Plato]] and tutor to Alexander the Great. Emphasized the value of experience, and founded the Lyceum (a school resembling a university with specimens and a library)
|-
|[[Art of War]]
|first book on military strategy, written by Chinese philosopher Sun Tzu, having insights like "If ignorant both of your enemy and yourself, you are certain to be in peril."
|-
|[[Assyrian Empire]]
|1400-605 BC: was first dependent on Babylonia, then became an independent state, and finally an empire. Known for cruelty, especially to the Hebrews. Captured northern Kingdom of Israel in 722 BC.
|-
|[[Athens]]
|birthplace of democracy in 509 BC, Athens was a Greek city-state previously ruled by aristocrats. It defeat invading Persians.
|-
|[[Attila the Hun]]
|(AD 406-453): last and greatest ruler of the Huns, called the "Scourge of God"; almost defeated the Roman empire but was talked out of looting Rome by Pope Leo I.
|-
|[[Augustus Caesar]]
|the first Roman Emperor (27 BC-14 AD), whose name was Octavian; he took power away from the Roman Senate, he began "Pax Romana" (peaceful prosperity), and he was the emperor when Jesus was born
|-
|[[Babylon]]
|the major Mesopotamian city in the ancient Middle East, its greatest ruler was Hammurabi. Babylon developed Cuneiform, used base-60 numbers, defeated ancient Sumer about 2000 BC, and was later cruel to Hebrews.
|-
|[[Babylonia]]
|State and Empire created by Babylon. First empire existed from 1900-1600 BC, later reemerged as the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 625-538 BC
|-
|[[Babylonian Exile]]
|Period of time from 597 to 538 BC, during which the Israelites were kept as prisoners in Babylon.
|-
|[[barbarian]]
|any "uncivilized" (not Roman), unshaven, ruthless warriors who would attack and invade ancient Rome (name "barbarus" means "bearded").
|-
|[[Battle of Tours]]
|Pivotal victory against the Muslims (732); led by Charles "the Hammer" of the Germanic people known as the "Franks".
|-
|[[C.E.|B.C.E.]]
|a non-Christian term for "B.C." "B.C.E." means "Before Common Era" instead of "Before Christ."
|-
|[[Bible]]
|Collection of Hebrew (Old Testament) and Christian (New Testament) Scriptures. Foretells the coming of a Messiah for the Hebrews, and recounts ancient history including the Tower of Babel and the Great Flood.
|-
|[[Brahman/Brahmin]]
|Brahmin is the ultimate god or existence in Hinduism, of which all existence is a part; "Brahmin" means the highest class for families in the Hindu caste system
|-
|[[Bronze Age]]
|3500-1200 BC: when copper and bronze were used for jewelry, tools, utensils, weapons; this eventually enabled the introduction of the plow for easier farming.
|-
|[[Buddha]]
|"Awakened One" in Buddhism. Siddhartha Gautama was the first Buddha.
|-
|[[Buddhism]]
|A belief system which teaches that desire causes suffering and if desire is eliminated, enlightenment and Nirvana are attained.
|-
|[[Byzantine Empire]]
|It was the eastern part of the Roman empire, based in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey), which outlasted the Western half by 1000 years.
|-
|[[Caligula]]
|(AD 37-41) cruel and senseless Roman emperor, who even declared his horse to be a Roman Senator.
|-
|[[Canon of the Medicine]]
|Book written by Ibn Sina during the Golden Age of Islam describing many diseases and their causes.
|-
|[[Carolingian Court]]
|Dynasty that started with Charles Martel and his descendants, including Charlemagne, whose revival of education became known as the Carolingian Renaissance. The crowning of Charlemagne in 800 is considered the birth of the "Holy Roman Empire", also known as the Carolingian empire.
|-
|[[Carthage]]
|An ancient city on the coast of northern Africa (across the Mediterranean Sea from Italy) which fought against Rome in the three Punic Wars, which left Carthage destroyed, never to be rebuilt again.
|-
|[[caste]]
|the social rank in Hinduism: Brahmans are priests and scholars, Kshatriya are rulers, Vaishya are peasants, and Shudra are serfs. Good karma enables one to improve his caste in the next life.
|-
|[[Celts]]
|A tribal, ancient people living in what is now Ireland and Great Britain, who worshiped many gods and had priests called "druids."
|-
|[[C.E.]]
|A non-Christian term for "A.D." "C.E." stands for "Common Era" instead of "Year of our Lord."
|-
|[[Chaldeans]]
|The ancient Babylonians
|-
|[[Chaldean Empire]]
|Ancient Babylonian Empire that lasted from 605-562 BC
|-
|[[Chandragupta Mauryan]]
|Built the largest Indian empire ever; he was a tough and strong dictator who defeated Greek general Seleucus in 322 BC, taking from him the portion of the Greek empire slightly north of India.
|-
|[[Charlemagne]]
|King of the Franks from AD 768-814, and Holy Roman Emperor after being crowned by the Pope in AD 800
|-
|[[Charles Martel]]
|Charles "the Hammer"; Christian ruler who led the Franks to a decisive victory against the Muslims in the Battle of Tours (732)
|-
|[[Chivalry]]
|Code of behavior developed during feudalism; required loyalty to God, looking out for one another, and different roles for men and women
|-
|[[China]]
|One of the world's oldest major civilizations, with a tradition of philosophers rather than religious leaders
|-
|[[Cicero]], Marcus Tullius
|Famous Roman orator, senator and lawyer who lived from 106-43 BC, and who opposed Marc Anthony.
|-
|[[City-states]]
|Small nations consisting of only a single city each, especially in ancient Greece. Examples included Sparta, Athens and Corinth. They fought each other, but also banned together to defeat the Persians when that great empire sought to absorb Greece.
|-
|[[civilization]]
|must have towns, social and government institutions, record-keeping systems for property, and an agricultural surplus so not everyone is farming
|-
|[[classical civilizations]]
|Ancient Mediterranean civilizations that were generally pre-Christian, such as Rome, Greece, and Egypt
|-
|[[classicism]]
|Near the end of the Middle Ages, a Renaissance movement in the arts, looking back to ancient Rome and Greece for inspiration
|-
|[[Cleisthenes]]
|Established democracy in Athens in 507 BC, giving all free men the right to vote
|-
|[[Cleopatra]]
|The queen of Egypt who reigned from 51-30 BC
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
|The code of Hammurabi was one of the first set of written laws. It was a harsh code that demanded an eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth.
|-
|[[Code of Manu]]
|Hindu law containing rules and codes of conduct. Written in 200 BC in India.
|-
|[[Colosseum]]
|A massive stadium in Rome that was used to hold gladiatorial contests, chariot racing and killing Christians and others for entertainment. Originally known as the Flavian Amphitheatre.
|-
|[[comedy]]
|In ancient Greece, a play with a happy ending. All classical plays were either a "comedy" or a "tragedy".
|-
|[[Confucius]]
|A famous Chinese philosopher who came up with many ideas about ethics and social conduct
|-
|[[Constantine|Constantine (the Great)]]
|The first Christian emperor of Rome who legalized Christianity, ended the persecution of Christians, and united the eastern with the western Roman empires
|-
|[[Constantinople]]
|Now named Istanbul, it was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire from AD 330. Originally known as Byzantium.
|-
|[[Council of Nicaea]]
|A.D. 325, a council of bishops called by Constantine to obtain agreement on various aspects of Christianity (e.g., the Trinity) and to end heresies (e.g., Arianism).
|-
|[[cuneiform]]
|The earliest known form of writing. Consists of lines and dashes to represent different concrete things, such as fish.
|-
|[[Cynicism]]
|Greek philosophy emphasizing living life without worldly possessions, founded by Socrates' student Antisthenes.
|-
|[[David]]
|Second king of Israel, as chosen by God, and an ancestor of Jesus Christ. He expanded the kingdom of Israel.
|-
|[[Delian League]]
|Formed in 477 BC as an alliance consisting of Athens and other Greek city-states to guard against the Persia (Achaemenid) empire after the Persian Wars; but Athens misused it to impose taxes and fund Athenian projects.
|-
|[[Dharma]]
|The laws of religions such as Buddhism and Hinduism
|-
|[[diaspora]]
|The migration or scattering of a people, especially the ancient Hebrews, away from their ancestral home.
|-
|[[Diocletian]]
| The Roman emperor who tried to save the empire of Rome by dividing it into eastern and western regions. He established the "tetrarchy" (rule by four), and ruled from A.D. 284 to 305.
|-
|[[direct democracy]]
|laws are made by votes of the citizens, rather than by elected officials. Athens of ancient Greece was the first direct democracy.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|tribes that settled Greece, 1100-1000 B.C., having an oppressive military ruling class. The "Doric order" is the simplest form of Greek architecture, consisting of a straight column without any artistic trim at the top.
|-
|[[early agriculture]]
|Crops such as grain being grown in places such as Egypt
|-
|[[Edict of Milan]]
|a political proclamation that legalized Christianity (and all other religions) throughout the Roman empire, issued by Constantine I in AD 313 after the Diocletian persecutions against Christians
|-
|[[Egypt]]
|One of the oldest civilizations in recorded history, going back perhaps to nearly 3000 BC
|-
|[[Eightfold Path]]
|The Buddhist way to end suffering and attain inner peace and contentment. It includes wisdom (right view and intention); ethics (right speech, action & livelihood); and mind (right effort, mindfulness & concentration).
|-
|[[Emperor]]
|A ruler or king of a country, such as Augustus Caesar as the first Roman emperor.
|-
|[[Enlightened One]]
|A translation of the name Buddha, in Buddhism
|-
|[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]
|A Sumerian (Mesopotamia) poem preserved on stone tablets with a story bearing great resemblance to Noah's Ark and the Great Flood
|-
|[[Euclid]]
|A Greek mathematician around 300 who developed geometry and wrote the ''Elements''.
|-
|[[Euphrates river]]
|The Euphrates is a river that was the border of Mesopotamia and was both a trading route and a protection for Mesopotamia.
|-
|[[Fertile Crescent]]
|An area of land in the Middle East along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, where it was easy to grow crops, which was the birthplace of civilization and probably the location of the Garden of Eden.
|-
|[[feudalism]]
|way of life in Western Europe in the early Middle Ages, consisting of a "lord" who owned land (given by the king) on which "peasants" or "serfs" farmed in exchange for food and protection.
|-
|[[First Punic War]]
|between Rome and Carthage in 254-241 BC: Rome conquered the island of Sicily and developed a navy; although Rome was no match for the powerful Carthaginian navy, Romans did invent a corvus that allowed them to board enemy ships and win the war
|-
|[[Four Noble Truths]]
|in [[Buddhism]]: (1) suffering is universal, (2) craving or desire causes it, (3) the cure is to eliminate the craving or desire, and (4) following the Eightfold Path helps eliminate this desire in order to attain "nirvana" (complete contentment).
|-
|the Franks
|Germanic tribes settling in the northern part of the Roman empire (including northern France), rising in power and territory from AD 330-751 and defeating barbarians; Charles the Hammer and Charlemagne were Franks
|-
|[[Gentiles]]
|The term for peoples, such as Greeks, who are not of Jewish or Arab descent.
|-
|Golden Age
|An age of great peace and prosperity, especially in ancient Greece between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars
|-
|[[Gracchi brothers]]
|Two tribunes (high elected officials) of ancient Rome who wanted to help the poor by redistributing land from the rich
|-
|[[Great Wall of China]]
|the long and high wall in China that was built beginning with the Qin dynasty in about 200 BC, to keep invaders out
|-
|[[Greece]]
|perhaps the greatest ancient civilization: invented democracy, developed mathematics and philosophy, and adopted ethical standards like the Hippocratic Oath (which prohibits abortion)
|-
|[[Greek drama]]
|Theatrical tradition of ancient Greece, 600-400 BC, with two main types: comedies (good ending) and tragedies (bad ending)
|-
|[[Gaul]]
|Now France, it was a place for barbarians to attack the Roman empire.
|-
|[[Gupta empire]]
|(AD 240-550): large Indian empire that developed with algebra, the concepts of zero and infinity, and the numbers 1-9
|-
|[[Hammurabi]]
|King of Babylon, 1792-1750 BC, who developed the Code of Hammurabi, which is based on the concept of an eye for an eye
|-
|Han dynasty
|202 BC - AD 220, this was the greatest of all the Chinese dynasties and was similar to the Roman empire in expanding territory, administering justice, and enjoying peace like the Pax Romana. The Han dynasty valued education highly, and created a scholar class of people known as "shi".
|-
|[[Hannibal]]
|A military commander for Carthage who had a brilliant surprise attack against Rome during the Second Punic War
|-
|[[Hebrews]]
|God's chosen people who established the nation of Israel and wrote the Old Testament
|-
|[[Hellenistic]]
|Relating to Greek culture and language, particularly in lands beyond Greece as conquered by Alexander the Great beginning in 335 BC
|-
|[[Hieroglyphics]]
|A phonetic alphabet developed by the ancient Egyptians that uses the pictographic symbols to represent both an object and/or a phonetic sound.
|-
|[[Himalaya Mountain Range]]
|Mountain range famous for having the world's tallest peaks, including Mount Everest and K2; geographic protection that isolated ancient China
|-
|[[Hinduism]]
|An ancient polytheistic religion followed by 82% of (Asian) Indians to this day
|-
|[[Hippocrates]]
|"The father of medicine" in ancient Greece who developed the [[Hippocratic Oath]], an ethical code that all medical students traditionally repeated as a condition of graduation.
|-
|[[Holy Roman Empire]]
|Lasting from AD 800 to 1806, it included the territory in Europe under the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor. Constituent states often ruled themselves.
|-
|[[Homer]]
|An early Greek poet, famous for lengthy sagas such as ''Iliad'' and ''The Odyssey''.
|-
|[[Hsia dynasty]]
|rulers in China up until 1766 B.C., when Emperor Chieh (the last in the dynasty) was overthrown
|-
|[[Huns]]
|A confederation of Asian tribes who fought against the Romans in what is now the Ukraine, Germany, France, Italy and the Balkans. They were considered by many Romans to be the most ferocious enemies
|-
|[[ideograms]]
|In primitive societies, a graphic symbol (rather than alphabetic words like these) representing a concept or an idea
|-
|[[India]]
|A country that was home to the Indus Valley civilization and dates back over 3,000 years, and was birthplace of Hinduism and (later) Buddhism
|-
|[[Indus River Valley]]
|A fertile valley that was home to an ancient civilization and is modern Pakistan and northwestern India
|-
|[[Iron Age]]
|An era following the Bronze age when tools and weapons were made primarily out of iron: 1200 BC in Europe, but 600 BC in China.
|-
|[[Isaac]]
|The promised son born to Abraham and Sarah in their old age, whom Abraham offered to sacrifice to God despite his great love for Isaac. Isaac is the father of the Israeli people.
|-
|[[Ishmael]]
|The son born to Abraham and Sarah's servant, Hagar. Ishmael is revered by Muslims as an ancestor who was unfairly treated as an outcast after Isaac was subsequently born to Abraham and Sarah.
|-
|[[Israel]]
|Nation founded by King David in 1010 BC, first temple destroyed by Babylonians in 587 BC, Jerusalem was rebuilt in 515 BC, Alexander the Great then conquered region in 332 BC.
|-
|[[Jainism]]
|Branched off of Hinduism, this religion stresses strict vegetarianism and non-violence towards all life.
|-
|[[Japan]]
|An island archipelago made up of 4 large islands and over 4,000 smaller ones.
|-
|[[Jesus]]
|The Holy Messiah of the Christian faith, and the only son of God who was promised to save all humanity. He was the only founder of a religion to perform miracles to cure the suffering, the only one to emphasize the power of faith, and the only one to give up His life for the salvation of others.
|-
|[[Joan of Arc]]
|17 year old girl who heard God calling her to lead the French army against the English in the 15th century. Was later canonized by the Catholic Church
|-
|[[Judah, Kingdom of]]
|the southern kingdom of a divided Israel
|-
|[[Julius Caesar]]
|(100-44 BC) a military and political leader who laid out the groundwork for the future Roman Empire before he was murdered by Roman senators
|-
|[[Julian Calendar]]
| The 12 month, 365-day calendar established by Julius Caesar, and the basis for the Gregorian calendar we use today.
|-
|[[Justinian|Justinian I]] and the [[Justinian Code]]
|Eastern Roman Emperor from 527 to 565 who developed the Justinian Code, which is the basis of civil law in many places
|-
|[[karma]]
|In Hinduism, everything a person has done. This determines status in the next life, so a Hindu wants "good karma."
|-
|[[Latin]]
|the powerful language spoken in ancient Rome that has contributed to many modern day European languages, including English
|-
|[[Lyceum]]
|The great center of learning founded by Aristotle, which then competed with the Academy
|-
|[[Niccolo Machiavelli]]
|An Italian political theorist who wrote the ''The Prince'', the most famous guide to how a conniving politician can seize and hold power by dishonestly manipulating others
|-
|[[Magna Carta]]
|A charter of personal and political liberties granted to the barons by King John of England in June 1215.
|-
|[[maize]]
|corn, first grown by Native Americans, now one of the most popular foods in the entire world
|-
|[[Mandate of Heaven]]
|Chinese mandate that held that the gods blessed good rulers and overthrew bad ones
|-
|[[manor]]
|Under feudalism during the Middle Ages, a manor was a farm owned by a lord who had peasants to do the work and pay him rent in exchange for food, shelter and protection
|-
|[[Marc Antony]]
|A Roman commander and close friend of Caesar. He was in the 1st civil war of the Roman Republic
|-
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]
|A Roman emperor known most for ending Pax Romana and conquering Germanic tribes.
|-
|[[Marcus Crassus]]
|A wealthy Roman who ruled Rome along with [[Julius Caesar]] and Pompey the Great, as a part of the first [[triumvirate]].
|-
|[[Martin Luther]]
|An important Christian figure who launched the Protestant Reformation and founded the Lutheran Church. He was responsible for the first major split from the Catholic Church in Western Europe.
|-
|[[Mauryan Empire]]
|A Buddhist empire covering much of modern India
|-
|[[Mesoamerica]]
|Mexico and Central America, where Pre-Columbian (before Christopher Columbus' exploration in 1492) civilizations existed
|-
|[[Mesopotamia]]
|Modern-day [[Iraq]], where civilization first appeared
|-
|[[Messiah]]
|Essentially means anointed by God. Jesus Christ is the Messiah of Christianity
|-
|[[Michelangelo]]
|(AD 1475-1564) A Renaissance man known for his paintings on the Sistine Chapel ceiling and his sculptures of David and the Pieta (Mary holding Jesus after Crucifixion).
|-
|[[Middle Ages]]
|A period of time, also called the Medieval Ages, spanning from approximately AD 500-1500, where kingdoms were ruled by the system of [[feudalism]]
|-
|Mongol empire
|Peaked in power in the A.D. 1200s, held more contiguous (connected) land than any empire in history, but failed twice in trying to conquer Japan.
|-
|[[Middle Kingdom]]
|Egyptian kingdom known for its works and ideas that ended due to a civil war
|-
|[[monotheism]]
|The belief in a religion worshiping only one god. [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], and [[Islam]] are monotheistic religions.
|-
|[[Moses]]
|The prophet who led the Israelites out of Egypt. He also brought the Ten Commandments to the Israelites, and is credited with writing the first five books of the Bible
|-
|[[Nile]]
|River in Egypt which flows northward towards the Mediterranean Sea and supplies Egypt with water.
|-
|[[New Kingdom]]
|Ancient Egypt at the time of Moses, where many buildings were built primarily with slave labor
|-
|[[Nero]]
|One of the most irresponsible, cruelest emperors of Rome. Nero reigned from when he was sixteen years of age, until A.D. 69.
|-
|[[Nicene Creed]]
|A core statement of Christianity that asserts the Holy Trinity of God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Ghost
|-
|[[Nirvana]]
|The ultimate goal of Buddhism, the end of all suffering
|-
|[[Octavian]]
|The grandnephew of Julius Caesar who became the first Emperor of Rome, ruling with his new name of Augustus Caesar.
|-
|[[Old Kingdom]]
|The ancient Egyptian kingdom that built the famous pyramids
|-
|[[Olympics (Ancient Greek)]]
|An ancient Greek sporting event first held in 776 B.C., establishing the beginning of the Greek civilization
|-
|[[Paper]]
|The Chinese made paper in A.D. 100 They would dip a bamboo screen into a mixture of bark, rags and plants. Then they would let only a |thin layer of pulp dry on the bamboo screen.
|-
|[[patricians]]
|The upper class of the Roman Republic. Consisted of wealthy landowners; took up only 10% of the society.
|-
|[[Paul]]
|an energetic evangelist for early Christianity, who wrote many letters now in the New Testament of the Bible
|-
|[[Pax Romana]]
|27 BC-180 AD: the "glory days" of the Roman empire, a time of peaceful prosperity and influence (but cruelty to Christians)
|-
|[[Peloponnesian War]]
|War fought between Athens and Sparta, 431-404 B.C. The war was ultimately won by Sparta and its allies
|-
|[[Pentateuch]]
|The first five books of the modern Bible, believed to have been written by Moses
|-
|[[Persian empire]]
|A large empire stretching from India to southern Europe and Egypt
|-
|[[Persian Wars]]
|Wars between Persia (modern-day Iran) and Greek city-states such as Athens and Sparta
|-
|[[Peter]]
|a leading apostle of Jesus who became the first pope in Rome, where he was martyred
|-
|[[phalanx]]
|Common Greek military formation. Rectangular, also the Greek word for "finger".
|-
|[[pharaoh]]
|a ruler of Ancient Egypt, considered by Egyptians to be a son of god
|-
|[[Philip of Macedon]]
|King of Macedonia who arranged for the homeschooling of his son, Alexander the Great.
|-
|[[Philistines]]
|Group of people occupying the land of Canaan. Enemies of Israel and God.
|-
|[[Phoenicians]]
|Ancient people who lived and traded goods on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea, developing a new language using an alphabet of 22 letters, on which Greek, Latin, English, French, etc., are based.
|-
|Pillars of Islam
|Five basic rules of Islam: submit to Allah, pray, fast, give to the poor, and make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca (in Saudi Arabia today)
|-
|[[Plato]]
|Greek (Athens) philosopher who taught emphasized the value of logic, while his student Aristotle preferred the value of experience.
|-
|[[Pompey the Great]]
|Ruled Rome as a part of the first [[triumvirate]] with [[Julius Caesar]] and [[Marcus Crassus]]. Pompey is well known for his noble act of ridding the Mediterranean sea of pirates.
|-
|[[polis]]
|The name for city-states in Ancient Greece
|-
|[[polytheism]]
|A religion with many gods. This was the norm in ancient times until Judaism and Christianity emerged
|-
|[[Ptolemy]]
|Greek mathematician, geographer, astronomer, and astrologer
|-
|[[Punic Wars]]
|Won by the Roman Republic, enabling it to gain control of the Mediterranean Sea and access many goods
|-
|[[pyramids]]
|Very large monuments in Egypt for the burial of pharaohs, built with a precision that cannot be duplicated even today.
|-
|Qin Shia Huandgi
|the first Chinese emperor he ruled from 221-210 B.C. He built new roads and made all of China use the same coin and weight system. He also made a standard form of writing so everyone would understand his decrees. This Qin (or Chi'in) state Ch'in was the first unified Chinese empire.
|-
|[[Ramses II]]
|Most famous Pharaoh of Egypt who served during the New Kingdom.
|-
|[[Reformation]]
|Events that led to the separation of Catholic and Protestant churches
|-
|[[The Republic]]
|Plato's greatest writings, which form the foundation for America's system of government.
|-
|[[Renaissance]]
|A revival in the arts and in Greek and Roman literature, and more of a focus on the current life
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Church]]
|The Christian Church led by the Pope; the first Pope being Saint Peter. Catholic means "universal".
|-
|[[Roman citizenship]]
|a special status attained by living in Rome, being birthed to a Roman citizens, or earned by enlisting in the army for 25 years.
|-
|[[Roman empire]]
|(27 BC-476 AD) Began when August Caesar became emperor, and ended 500 years later when barbarians overran it; the Roman empire civilized western Europe, built roads, established laws, and eventually spread Christianity.
|-
|[[Roman law]]
|began with a code of laws inscribed in the Twelve Tables. Through these laws, the concept of "justice" - ruling by principle and not by whim - was developed.
|-
|[[Roman military]]
|Considered to be invincible; each soldier was equipped with shields, helmets, swords, and javelins.
|-
|[[Roman republic]]
|509-27 B.C.: The first republic in history, it was located in Rome and inspired some of the principles of the government of the United States. The Roman republic ended when Augustus Caesar took full power and established the Roman empire.
|-
|Roman senate
|300 members representing wealthy families in Rome, it dominated the Roman Republic; similar to the U.S. Senate today
|-
|[[Rome]]
|The capital city of the Roman Empire, and of modern day Italy. Founded by Romulus and Remus; supposedly Romulus killed his brother, and had the city was named after him.
|-
|[[Rosetta Stone]]
|Ancient text written on stone in three different languages that enabled the first translations of Egyptian hieroglyphics
|-
|[[Royal Road]]
|Ancient Persian highway rebuilt by Darius the Great
|-
|[[Saul]]
|The first king of Israel appointed by God. A flawed character, Saul was jealous of David.
|-
|[[satraps]]
|Governors in the distant lands of the Persian empire which extended to Egypt and Arabia; carefully watched by the "King's Eyes and Ears" soldiers to prevent rebellions
|-
|[[Scholasticism]]
|Christian doctrines about man popular in the Middle Ages
|-
|[[Scientific Revolution]]
|The beginning of modern science in the mid-1500s
|-
|[[Second Punic War]]
|between Rome and Carthage in 218-202 BC; Carthage's leader Hannibal led his army with elephants over the Alps to surprise the Romans, but could not conquer Rome; by the end Rome had acquired Spain
|-
|[[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]]
|A listing of the most impressive public works in the world written by Greek writer Antipater in the 2nd century B.C.
|-
|[[Shang Dynasty]]
|First major dynasty of China, which lasted from 1766 B.C. (when T'ang overthrew the [prior dynasty) to 1122 B.C.
|-
|[[Shinto]]
|The national religion of Japan, which considered the emperor to be a god. Sometimes considered more of a code of conduct rather than a religion.
|-
|[[Siddhartha Gautama]]
|The Buddha, and the founder of the religion of Buddhism
|-
|[[Silk Road]]
|A trade route from East China to Central Asia and Europe
|-
|[[Socrates]]
|the first great Greek philosopher, Socrates taught that the world we see is not all of reality. Socrates taught Plato, who taught Aristotle.
|-
|[[Socratic method]]
|A teaching method developed by [[Socrates]] which consists of asking questions
|-
|[[Solomon]]
|Third king of Israel. Wrote ''Proverbs'', ''Ecclesiastes'' and ''Song of Solomon''.
|-
|[[Solon of Athens]]
|One of the Seven Sages of Greece, believed that one should, "keep everything with moderation."
|-
|[[Sparta]]
|A Greek city-state well-known for its military prowess. Fought (and won) the Peloponnesian war against Athens.
|-
|[[Spread of Buddhism]]
|Buddhism traveled outside of India along the Silk Road
|-
|[[St. Augustine]]
|(A.D. 354-430) A father of the early Christian church who wrote intellectual discussions of the faith entitled ''Confessions'', ''City of God'', and ''On Christian Doctrine''
|-
|[[Sumer]]
|Homeland of the Sumerians, located in Mesopotamia, in present-day Iraq
|-
|[[Sunni Muslims]]
|The members of the Umayyad clan and enemies of the Shiite Muslims.
|-
|[[Sumerians]]
|The earliest civilizations living in the Middle East; invented many things including the first known form of writing
|-
|[[Taijitu]]
|Also called "Yin and Yang," this is the symbol for Taoism. It represents a constant interaction and harmony in nature between two forces having opposite qualities.
|-
|[[Taoism (Daoism)]]
|Chinese philosophy of seeking harmony with nature by recognizing two forces opposed to each other
|-
|[[Ten Commandments]]
|The laws of the God of Israel handed down to Moses
|-
|[[Theocracy]]
|A government ruled by the laws of a specific religion
|-
|[[Thales of Melitus]]
|A Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher that tried to explain natural phenomena without the use of mythology. Was regarded by Aristotle as the first |philosopher in the Greek tradition.
|-
|[[The Tale of Gengi]]
|The world's first psychological novel. Was written in the 1000s and about Japanese culture.
|-
|[[Thomas Aquinas]]
|An Italian Christian philosopher whose ideas were influential in developing complex Christian theology.
|-
|[[Third Punic War]]
|Romans conquered and destroyed Carthage in 146 BC and then went into Macedonia and Greece to defeat the regions in revenge for having helped Hannibal; as a result, Rome controlled all the land around the Mediterranean, equivalent to the entire western civilized world
|-
|[[Thucydides]]
|Greek scientific historian, wrote ''History of the Peloponnesian War'', the first work of historical analysis
|-
|[[Torah]]
|The Jewish name for the five books of Moses, meaning Law. The first five books of the modern Bible.
|-
|[[tragedy]]
|A type of drama and/or poetic saga that was common in Ancient Greece. It normally followed the fall of a character, often because of a specific character flaw such as envy or greed.
|-
|[[Troy]]
|An ancient city whose destruction was recorded in the Iliad, and survivors supposedly helped found Rome and the civilization of the Britons.
|-
|[[Tutankhamen]]
|"King Tut": a young Egyptian pharaoh (18th dynasty pharaoh) who ruled from 1341-1323 BC. Howard Carter first discovered his tomb in 1922, shedding light on Egyptian culture.
|-
|[[Twelve Tables]]
|450 BC: basic and successful Roman laws that filled twelve tablets, such as "If one is slain while committing theft by night, he is rightly slain."
|-
|[[Vassals]]
|Performed military services to the lords in exchange for protection and land in the feudal system.
|-
|[[Vedas]]
|Holy books of Hinduism
|-
|[[Virgil]]
|(70-19 BC) a Roman poet & philosopher, a friend of Octavian (Augustus Caesar), and author of the Aeneid. Portrayed in the Middle Ages as a noble pagan and symbol of wisdom.
|-
|[[Vishnu]]
|Supreme god of Hinduism
|-
|[[Visigoths]]
|A confederacy of Germanic tribes that ultimately fell to the Moors
|-
|[[Vulgate]]
|The Latin translation of the Hebrew Old Testament and the Greek New Teastament written out by Saint Jerome. It was used as the authoritative bible for over 1000 years.
|-
|[[Warring States Period]]
|War period in China also known for the philosophical schools that flourished
|-
|[[wheel]]
|The ancient Mesopotamia invention, originally in the form of a potter’s wheel. This is considered the first and greatest of man's inventions.
|-
|[[Yahweh]]
|God as described in the [[Old Testament]], written as YHWH in the original Hebrew (which lacked vowels).
|-
|[[Yangtze River]]
|Longest river in Asia which flows south for 3000 miles; navigable from the sea for half of its course; along with the Yellow River, it is one of the most important rivers in the history, culture, and economy of China
|-
|[[Yellow River]]
|Second longest river in Asia; known also as Huang He and "the cradle of Chinese civilization", it runs westward from the Yellow Sea; has a tendency to flood surrounding lands causing frequent course changes and devastating results
|-
|[[Zeus]]
|Highest of Greek Gods, God of Thunder, supposedly father of the Gods.
|-
|[[Zhou dynasty]] (or Chou dynasty)
|1071 to 221 B.C., it was the longest lasting dynasty in China and included both Prince Zheng as a leader, and Confucius as the major philosopher. This dynasty benefited from the Iron Age.
|-
|[[Ziggurat]]
|Manmade step-sided structures resembling pyramids that were built in Mesopotamia. The [[Tower of Babel]], described in Genesis 11, may have been a giant ziggurat.
|-
|[[Zoroastrianism]]
|Polytheistic religion founded between 1200 and 600 B.C. by the Persians.
|}

==Honors terms==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Description
|-
|[[Aeneas]]
|According to legend, a prince who escaped from Troy who's son began Rome and grandson, Brutus began the Britons.
|-
|[[Aeschylus]]
|The oldest of the three great Athenian tragic playwrights (next to [[Sophocles]] and [[Euripides]]), 525-456 B.C.
|-
|[[Age of Metal]]
|discovery of metals for use in tools: copper (beginning 3500 B.C.), iron (beginning 2500 B.C.), and bronze (beginning 1200 B.C.) were developed as tools.
|-
|[[Age of Pericles]]
|The "golden age" of Athens, led by Pericles, who introduced a form of direct democracy from 461-429 B.C.
|-
|[[Ahuramazda]]
| The Creator in Persia's religion of Zoroastrianism.
|-
|[[Queen Ahhotep|Ahhotep]]
|A Middle Kingdom Pharaoh who repelled Hyksos from Egypt.
|-
|[[Akkadian Empire]]
|A Sumerian empire (2360-2180 B.C.) located in the fertile crescent in the lower Mesopotamia and north of the Sumer River.
|-
|[[Alluvial]]
|A deposit of sediment (alluvium) in a river bed.
|-
|archons
|in the early Greek empire (around 700 B.C.), archons were government officials elected by the land-owning aristocrats. The archons then made the law.
|-
|[[Arianism]]
|A heresy spread by Arius in A.D. 320, denying that Jesus was God; rejected and banned by the Council of Nicaea in A.D. 325.
|-
|[[Aristophanes]]
|Athenian playwright, a writer of comedies and political satires. 456-380 B.C.
|-
|[[Ark of the Covenant]]
|The chest used by the Hebrews to contain the tablets of the Law given to Moses by God.
|-
|[[Aryans]]
|A semi-nomadic Nordic tribe who invaded and settled India around 1500 B.C.
|-
|[[Ashoka]]
|Emperor of the Mauryan Empire of India (273-232 B.C.). Upset by the horrors of war (despite winning), he converted to Buddhism and recorded Buddha's teachings on thousands of rock pillars.
|-
|Assembly of Centuries
|the group of representatives who approved new laws in the Roman republic
|-
|Assembly of Tribes
|the governing entity that held the election of representatives
|-
|[[Ashoka]]
|Emperor of the Mauryan Empire of India (273-232 B.C.). Upset by the horrors of war (despite winning), he converted to Buddhism and recorded Buddha's teachings on thousands of rock pillars.
|-
|Aztecs
|<fill in>
|-
|-
|[[Bantu]]
|Over 400 tribes in Africa that share the Bantu language and common customs.
|-
|[[Barracks Emperors]]
|A series of Roman emperors (235-284 AD) who used the Roman army as a base for political power. These emperors usually had a poor, rural background.
|-
|[[Battle of Marathon]]
|In August 490 B.C., King Darius I of Persia brought his army to the plains of Marathon to invade Athens. Despite being outnumbered ten to one, the Athenian army defeated the Persians.
|-
|Battle of Chalons
|451 BC: one of the bloodiest battles in world history and the last major victory of the Roman empire, when it defeated Attila the Hun in what is now France; Attila returned later for revenge and could have looted Rome
|-
|[[Bhagavad Gita]]
|A section of the Mahabharata, the Bhagavad Gita is an ancient Hindu text written in Sanskrit which consists of Krishna's writings on philosophy and morality.
|-
|[[Breda]]
|Became one of the leaders of the Hun, but was killed by his power-hungry brother, Attila the Hun.
|-
|[[Caesar's Commentaries]]
|A history by Julius Caesar describing the wars he fought.
|-
|[[Caligula]]
|A Roman emperor, ruling from 37 AD to 41 AD, who is historically depicted as a brutal monster, and who was so hated that he was murdered by his own guards.
|-
|[[Canaan]]
|The geographical area that encompasses modern-day Israel, the West Bank and a portion of land east of the Jordan River.
|-
|[[Catal Huyuk]]
|An ancient settlement in southern Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey.
|-
|[[Catholic Monarchs]]
|The title given by Pope Alexander VI to King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, whose marriage in 1469 unified Spain led to its conversion back to a Catholic nation from Islam (the "Reconquest").
|-
|[[Cato the Censor]]
|A Roman statesman who during the Punic War called for the destruction of Carthage.
|-
|[[Champollion, Jean]]
|Jean Champollion (1790-1832) is the father of Egyptology (the study of Egypt), and who translated a portion of the Rosetta Stone.
|-
|[[Chandragupta Maurya]]
|The founder of the Mauryan Empire in India who ruled between 320 and 293 B.C. The first Indian emperor to be converted to Jainism, he eventually renounced his throne and joined a group of nomadic Jain monks.
|-
|[[Christian Catacombs]]
|Ancient, secret underground burial places for Christians, which served as secret passageways for Christians to meet and worship God together.
|-
|[[Cicero]]
|A Roman consul, statesman, lawyer, philosopher and author. After Julius Caesar's assassination, Cicero was one of the most powerful politicians in Rome, and was Mark Antony's rival.
|-
|[[Cincinnatus]]
|A Roman hero for whom the city of Cincinnati, Ohio is named. In 458 B.C., he raised an army in Rome and came to the aid of the consul Minucius and his men, who were trapped by the Aequians. Cincinnatus also voluntarily giving up power, surpassed only by George Washington in that respect.
|-
|[[Claudius]]
|Roman emperor who became ruler after his nephew Caligula's assassination, he ruled from 41-54 AD, when he was poisoned by his wife Agrippina. Britain came under Roman rule during his reign, and his edict expelling the Jews from Rome is mentioned in the Book of Acts in the Bible.
|-
|[[Cleopatra]]
|Seven Egyptian queens of Greek decent that ruled from 193 BC until 30 BC during the Ptolemaic Dynasty. The most famous, Cleopatra VII Philopator, Egypt's last independent ruler, had affairs with both Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
|An elaborate code of law created by Hammurabi that called for harsh punishment, such as an eye for an eye, a foot for a foot.
|-
|[[Confucianism]]
|A Chinese ethical and moral philosophy based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius that focuses on human morality and right action. It has had a significant influence on the development on the culture and history of East Asia.
|-
|[[Constitutional monarchy]]
|A government with a constitution that acknowledges a monarch as head of state with varying degrees of influence in the running of the country. Countries with constitutional monarchies include the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Denmark, the Netherlands and Spain.
|-
|[[consul]]
|An elected governmental position in ancient Rome that held executive authority and military command of the Roman Republic.
|-
|[[Copts]]
|The Coptic Church originated in Egypt around 50 AD when St. Mark the Evangelist traveled to Alexandria, and is one of the oldest Christian denominations. Its leader is the Patriarch of Alexandria, who is called Pope.
|-
|[[Covenant]]
|An oath or promise.
|-
|[[Cynicism]]
|A Greek philosophy founded by Antisthenes (444 BC - 365 BC) that rejects worldly pleasure in favor of happiness derived from virtue.
|-
|[[Cyrus]]
|A Persian emperor (576 BC – 529 BC) who conquered Babylon and sent the Jews back to Israel.
|-
|[[Darius]]
|A Persian emperor (521 BC – 486 BC) who quelled the Ionian Revolt and invaded Greece, but was forced to withdraw at the Battle of Marathon.
|-
|[[Delian League]]
|A confederation during the Persian Wars controlled by Athens, and consisting of Athens and other Greek city-states and Aegean towns. Its navy helped defend Greece from Persia.
|-
|[[Demosthenes (Greek statesman)|Demosthenes]]
|A ancient Greek statesman who spoke against Philip II of Macedonia in speeches that came to be known as "Philippics". He also attempted to convince Greeks to rise up against Macedonian rule after the death of Philip's son, Alexander the Great.
|-
|[[Diadochi]]
|After the death of Alexander the Great, his empire was partitioned among the rivalling generals of his army, the so-called diadochi ("successors").
|-
|[[Diocletian]]
|The last Barrack Emperor of Rome, he ruled from 284-305 AD. He divided the Roman Empire into eastern and western regions in an attempt to save the empire, and formed a tetrarchy of four rulers, two for each region. He required the military to worship the Roman pagan gods, making it impossible for Christians to be soldiers, and persecuted them.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|Tribes that settled in Greece between 1100 BC and 1000 BC, and had a military ruling class, which persisted in Sparta and Crete even after democracy was established in Athens. These tribes created the simplest style of Greek architecture, known as the Doric order, which consisted of unadorned, straight columns.
|-
|Draco
|a tyrant in Athens during the early Greek empire (600s B.C.) who established a set of written laws that were so strict that the term "draconian" today refers to overly harsh rules of punishment
|-
|[[Dravidians]]
|Dravidians are the people of southern India and Sri Lanka who speak the Dravidian languages and are found in the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka.
|-
|[[Empress Lu]]
|The wife of the Chinese emperor Han Gaozu, who after her husband's death had all other possible heirs murdered and installed her son as emperor, ruling as regent until her death.
|-
|[[Epicureanism]]
|A philosophy founded by Epicurus in the late 4th century that holds the belief that great happiness is achievable through the avoidance of pain and fear. It does not believe in divine power interacting with humanity.
|-
|[[Etruscans]]
|People who settled in the Italian peninsula prior to 700 BC. Most Etruscan cities ran on a democratic-style system. Their culture influenced the later Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Euripides]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 480-406.
|-
|[[Exodus]]
|The abrupt departure of the people of Israel from Egypt, as told in the Book of Exodus in the Bible.
|-
|[[Ezana]]
|Ezana was the king of Axum, in Africa, ruling from A.D. 330-350. He was the first Christian king in Africa.
|-
|[[Five Good Emperors]]
|Five consecutive Roman emperors who ruled between 96 AD to 180 AD and were elected due to talent rather than family connections.
|-
|[[foraging society]]
|A pre-farming economy based upon scavenging, hunting, and gathering resources.
|-
|[[Four Emperors Era]]
|A series of Roman emperors who ruled in quick succession in 68-69 AD.
|-
|[[Franks]]
|A Germanic people that, beginning in the 4th century AD, eventually conquered the areas of France, Benelux, Belgium, The Netherlands and portions of Germany.
|-
|[[Gaul]]
|The Roman name for the area comprising modern-day France and Belgium, and parts of northern Italy, western Switzerland and Germany, and the Netherlands. This area was under Roman rule for most of its existence.
|-
|[[Golden mean]]
|Is considered the middle between two extremes in philosophy.
|-
|[[Great Canal]]
|A canal that connected the Nile River to the Red Sea, built during the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.
|-
|[[Hadrian]]
|The third of the "Five Good Emperors" of the Roman Empire, Hadrian ruled from A.D. 117 to 138 and had two main achievements: he ended Rome's costly territorial expansion, fortifying her boundaries with numerous "Walls of Hadrian," and he effectively "Hellenized" Rome by anointing Athens the empire’s cultural center, thereby enhancing learning.
|-
|[[Han empire]]
|was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms.
|-
|[[Harappa]]
|A city that is part of the Indus Valley Civilization. It is part of modern Pakistan
|-
|[[Hatshepsut]]
|Originally a regent for her son, Thutmose III, Hatshepsut was the longest reigning female ruler of Egypt. She ruled during the eighth dynasty from 1479-1458 B.C. She established trade networks for Egypt and thus collected most of the wealth of the eighth dynasty. She was eventually dethroned when her son took power at the age of 22. Her monuments are the Temple of Karnak, Deirle-Bahri, and Speos Artemidos.
|-
|[[Hellenistic culture]]
|Greek culture after the death of Alexander in 323 B.C., when Greek influence extended throughout the territory he conquered; Hellenistic culture was renowned for its strict code of ethics, its culinary prowess, and its use of metal.
|-
|[[heliocentric]]
|Recognizing that the Sun ("helio" is Greek for "sun"), and not Earth, is the center of solar system.
|-
|[[Helot]]
|A person from the class of serfs in the city-state of Sparta (700s - 300s B.C.) in ancient Greece.
|-
|[[Herodotus]]
|Greek historian (484 to 425 BC), the "father of history". His book is simply called ''Histories'' and describes the Persian Wars.
|-
|[[Hiram]]
|d
|-
|[[Hittites]]
|An ancient people in the Middle East that gained control of most of Mesopotamia in 1650 B.C. due to their advanced inventions, such as horse-drawn chariots.
|-
|[[Horace]]
|The leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus, lived from 65-8 B.C.
|-
|[[humanism]]
|Thee Greek emphasis on reason, ethics and rational thinking rather than religion.
|-
|[[Hyksos]]
|Refers to a people who entered - possibly forcibly - into Egypt, and built their capital at Avaris in the Nile Delta area in about 1648 B.C.
|-
|[[Ides (of March)]]
|The 15th of March, May, July and October in the ancient Roman calendar. The 13th is the ides of all the other months. Julius Caesar was murdered on the ides of March.
|-
|[[Imperator]]
|A title first used by Octavian (Augustus Caesar), literally meaning in Latin “general” or “commander”, giving him power over the entire army.
|-
|[[Iron Smelting]]
|A technology comprised of the extraction of usable metal from iron ore.
|-
|[[Iliad]]
|a great Greek work of literature written by Homer in the 800s or 700s B.C., describing the mythical Trojan War
|-
|Incas
|<fill in>
|-
|[[Indo-European]]
|A very general classification of peoples that includes all the way from India to Egypt.
|-
|[[Jericho]]
|A city in Israel by the Jordan River. Mentioned extensively in the Bible. Joshua and the Israelites marched around this city and blew trumpets in order to destroy it and to reach the promised land.
|-
|[[Josephus]]
| Flavius Josephus 37 - 101 A.D. Jewish general and historian who took part in the Jewish revolt against the Romans and later worked for a Roman patron.
|-
|[[Judaism]]
|The monotheistic religion of the Hebrews, also the oldest religion that remains currently active.
|-
|[[Kassites]]
|Led by their king [[Agumkakrine]], they took advantage of the [[Hittite]] raid of 1595 B.C. and occupied the [[Babylonian]] region, where they ruled for over 400 years.
|-
|[[Kautilya]]
|Advisor to Chaundragupta Maurya, wrote book
"Arthoshastra" on maintaining political power.
|-
|[[Khufu]]
|Egyptian pharaoh who had the pyramid of Giza built
|-
|[[Khyber Pass]]
|An important break in the mountains between Pakistan and Afghanistan, pivotal in military campaigns by Alexander the Great, Aryans, Muslims, and later the British, who had to overcome defensive positions taken from above by local tribesman.
|-
|[[Kush]]
|Was part of a larger region called Nubia.
|-
|[[Larger Vehicle]]
|a form of Buddhism practiced in China, Korea, Japan and Tibet, teaching how to attain full enlightenment for the sake of others. (Also known as Mahayana Buddhism.)
|-
|[[Last Roman Emperor]]
| The last ruler of the Roman Empire was Romulus Augustus, who ruled from October of 475 A.D. to September of 476 A.D.
|-
|legalism
|Legalism is the excessive adherence to law or formula.
|-
|[[Legions]]
|Legions were the principal unit of the Roman army comprising 3,000 to 6,000 foot soldiers and cavalry in addition to the foot soldiers.
|-
|[[Lesser Vehicle]]
|in Buddhism, describes how to attain freedom from one's own suffering.
|-
|[[Livy]]
|A Roman historian (59 B.C. - 17 A.D.) who wrote a monumental history of Rome from its beginnings to his day.
|-
|[[Loess]]
|d
|-
|[[Magadha]]
|Led Aryans to join and try to repel the Persians.
|-
|[[Mahayana]]
|d
|-
|[[Manichaeism]]
|d
|-
|[[Marathon]]
|A small town about 26 miles from Athens where the Greeks won a key battle against the Persians in 490 B.C., and a messenger ran the distance to deliver the news to Athens, inspiring the modern marathon race today.
|-
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]
|Roman emperor from AD 161 to 180. Marcus Aurelius was also a philosopher, a Stoic, and wrote a famous book, ''Meditations''.
|-
|[[Marius]]
|d
|-
|[[Masada]]
|d
|-
|Maya
|<fill in>
|-
|[[Menes]]
|Was a legendary Pharoah of Egypt from somewhere between 3100-2850 BC.
|-
|[[Meroe]]
|d
|-
|[[Mesolithic Age]]
|Before the beginning of recorded history in 3500 B.C., when humans changed from hunting and gathering food to producing food, as in planting and farming.
|-
|[[Minoan Civilization]]
|d
|-
|Moche
|<fill in>
|-
|[[Moksha]]
|d
|-
|[[monsoons]]
|Tropical storms, particularly in the climate of India, where the "southwest monsoon" occurs from about mid-June to the first week in October, and consists of winds carrying heavy rainfall from the Indian Ocean and resulting in widespread flooding
|-
|[[Mount Sinai]]
|A 7,498 foot mountain, located in Southern Sinai, now part of modern Egypt.The location where Moses received the Ten Commandments from God.
|-
|[[Mycenaean Civilization]]
|Was an early Indo-European civilization of Greece.
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar I]]
|was the emperor of the Babylonian Empire from 1146 to 1123 BC.
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar II]]
| Lived from 635 BC- 562 BC, was King of the Chaldeans and final conqueror of the Southern Kingdom of Israel, called "Judah." He was the first of many heads of state of foreign superpowers to come to a possibly salvific knowledge of God.
|-
|[[Neolithic Age]]
|The last part of the Stone Age (neo = "new", lithic = "of/like stone"), before the invention of metallurgy. It immediately preceded the rise of the first civilizations.
|-
|[[Nero]]
| Was the Emperor of Rome from AD 54-68. He blamed the great fire of Rome on the Christians who were unpopular due to their belief in one God.
|-
|[[Nerva]]
|Roman emperor from AD 96 to 98. Following the turmoils after Nero's death, he stood at the beginning of a long peaceful and prosperous time in the history of the Roman empire.
|-
|[[Nile River]]
|A river that ran throughout all of Egypt and fueled its entire agricultural and economic system.
|-
|[[Nineveh]]
|The capital of Assyria, seized and destroyed by the Chaldeans in 612 B.C.
|-
|[[Nok culture]]
|The African culture where the people created the first terracotta production as well as iron-smelting technology.
|-
|[[Oath of the Hindu Physician]]
|Oath requiring, among other things, that doctors not to drink alcohol and to have an honest doctor-patient relationship.
|-
|[[Octavian]]
|Also known as Augustus Caesar (63 B.C. - A.D. 14) was the first Roman emperor. He was originally called Gaius Octavius Thurinus until he changed it after being adopted by Julius Caesar in 44 B.C.
|-
|[[Odyssey]]
|The Odyssey was an epic poem written by the [[Greek]] poet [[Homer]]. It traces the journey home to Greece by a hero of the Trojan war and the troubles he faces at the hands of gods and men.
|-
|[[Olmec]]
|The first major Pre-Columbian civilization in Mexico
|-
|oracle bone
|First concrete evidence that the Shang Dynasty really existed. They were generally used as medicine by grinding them up into powder but they were also used to write on.
|-
|[[Origen]]
|dddd
|-
|[[Ostrogoths]]
|Were a Germanic tribe influential in the last days of the Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Ovid]]
|Ovid or Publius Ovidius Naso was a famous Roman poet, known for his Heroides, Amores, Ars Amatoria, and Metamorphosis. He lived from 43 B.C. to 17 A.D.
|-
|[[Paleolithic Age]]
| Is the name given by atheists to the first part of the Stone age, followed by the Neolithic Age. During the Paleolithic Age, atheists believe people harvested wild plants and animals for food.
|-
|[[papyrus]]
|A thin parchment constructed from reeds near the Nile River
|-
|pariah
|An outcast or any person or animal that is despised.
|-
|[[Parthenon]]
| The Parthenon is a celebrated marble temple of Athene, on the Acropolis at Athens. It was of the pure Doric order, and has had an important influence on art.
|-
|[[patricians]]
|A patrician is a person of high honor or rank.
|-
|Pericles
|493-429 BC: a fabulous orator, he led Athens during its Golden Age (between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars), and expanded democracy: "Government in the hands of the many, not of the few," he said.
|-
|[[Peru]]
|Peru is a country in South America with a rich history. Once dominated by the Incas, Peru fell to the Spanish in the 16th Century.
|-
|[[Petra]]
|Petra was an ancient city that lasted from some time in 6th century B.C. to 360 A.D. when an earthquake destroyed their water supply. The city is famous for its buildings carved in red sandstone and given the name the pink city. Also Indiana Jones was filmed there.
|-
|[[Philippides]]
|An athlete sent by Athens to run 150 miles to Sparta as they needed help in their battle against Persia, where they were outnumbered 10 to 1. His remarkable ability continues to inspire ambitious joggers today.
|-
|[[Philo]]
|(20 B.C. - 50 A.D.) was a Jewish historian from Alexandria in the first century. He combined Judaism and Greek philosophy.
|-
|[[pictograph]]
|A pictorial symbol for a word or phrase. Pictographs are the foundation for cuneiform and hieroglyphics, having been discovered in Egypt and Mesopotamia from before 3000 B.C.
|-
|[[Pisistratids]]
|Was a ruler of Athens around 570 B.C.
|-
|[[plebian]]
|A Plebian was one of the lower classes in the early Roman world, such as small farmers and shopkeepers, similar to a commoner in Medieval Europe. This status was inherited in ancient Rome, though it could change through marriage or (rarely) promotion.
|-
|[[Plutarch]]
|d
|-
|[[Pompey]]
| 106-48 B.C., general, statesman, and triumvir during the last years of the Roman Republic. His soldiers are credited with bestowing the title Magnus (the Great) while serving in Africa (82–81 BC).
|-
|[[praetors]]
|one of a number of elected magistrates charged chiefly with the administration of civil justice and ranking next below a consul.
|-
|[[Prehistory]]
|Before 3400 B.C.
|-
|purdah
|The seclusion of women from the sight of men or strangers. Purdah is practiced most in the Muslim and Hindu religions.
|-
|[[Pythagorus]]
|A Greek philosopher mathematician (569-475 B.C.), best known for his Pythagorean Theorem which equates the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle to the sum of the squares of each side. His philosophy included abstracting 2 ships + 2 ships = 4 ships to the more general truth that 2 of anything plus 2 of anything = 4 of anything.
|-
|[[Ramayana]]
| A Sandskrit epic, depicting the life and adventures of Ramachandra.
|-
|[[Ramses II]]
| Ramses II was the king of Egypt. His reign is remembered by his constant war with the Hittites.
|-
|[[Rembrandt]]
| A Dutch painted who lived from 1606-1669 A.D.
|-
|[[Rig Veda]]
|A collection of over one thousand hymns that date back to as early as two thousand B.C.
|-
|[[Romance of Three Kingdoms]]
|Is a novel written by Luo Guanzhong in the Han Dynasty when it fell into disorganization.(A.D. 220-280)
|-
|[[Romulus and Remus]]
|Rome obtained its name from Romulus and Remus, who were twins, and by legend the the sons of Mars who were rescued from death by a mother wolf after his uncle threw him into the Tiber river out of jealousy.
|-
|[[rule of tyrants]]
|during the early Greek empire in the 600s, a series of tyrants ruled Athens. One was "Draco", who imposed the same penalty of death for every crime, no matter how minor!
|-
|[[Saint Patrick]]
|Born in Wales and grew up in England. Later traveled to Ireland and converted the Celts there to Christianity in the mid-400s A.D.
|-
|[[Sargon the Great]]
|The first person in recorded history to create an empire or multi-ethnic state.
|-
|[[Sati (Buddhism)]]
|Mindfulness, self-collectedness, powers of reference and retention. In some contexts, the word sati when used alone covers alertness
|-
|[[Satrap]]
|Local governors established in distant lands by the powerful Persian ruler Cyrus
|-
|[[Saxons]]
|Were a Germanic tribe, eventually settling in England and North Western France.
|-
|[[Schliemann, Heinrich]]
|d
|-
|[[Scipio]]
|d
|-
|[[Seneca]]
|Roman philosopher (a [[Stoicism|Stoic]]), statesman and playwright; teacher of [[Nero]]. BC 4 - AD 65.
|-
|[[Shang dynasty]]
|Was a major ancient Chinese dynasty from about 1766 to 1122 BC. Built cities in northern China along the Yellow River. It consisted of city-states which were often at war with one another.
|-
|[[Shang Yang]]
|Was a Chinese statesman and philosopher. He promoted Legalism, which was like the divine right of kings in the West.
|-
|[[Shi]]
|A scholar class created by the Han dynasty
|-
|[[Shiva]]
|In Hinduism, Shiva "the Destroyer" is the third member of the Trimurti, or the "Hindu triad", along with Brahma "the Creator" and Vishnu "the Preserver".
|-
|[[Solon]]
| Solon was an Athenian statesman who introduced economic, political, and legal reforms.
|-
|[[Sophocles]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 497-406.
|-
|[[Steppes]]
|Steppes are large areas of flat unforested grassland in southeastern Europe or Siberia.
|-
|[[stirrup]]
|a metal frame for each foot when riding a horse; invented in China in 322 BC and used to great advantage in battle, because they make it easier to control the horse and shoot arrows with accuracy
|-
|[[Stoicism]]
| The second of the two main Greek philosophical schools of thought. Stoicism sought to find a sense of divine justice, deemphasizing pain and pleasure for the goal of reason, logic, and self discipline.
|-
|[[Stone age]]
|The stone age is believed to be at time before men had metal working skills in our prehistory. Young Earth Creationists dispute the exsistence of a stone age rather there were stone working cultures.
|-
|[[Stupa]]
|An ornate Buddhist dome-like stone structure originally built to cover items believed to be relics of the Buddha.
|-
|[[Sulla]]
| (138-78 BC) was a Roman general and dictator during the Republican period. He won Rome's first civil war. Reforms during his time gave the Senate more power.
|-
|Sunna
|d
|-
|[[Sumuabum]]
|d
|-
|[[Suttee]]
|An ancient Hindu practice in India where a wife sacrifices herself upon her husband's funeral pyre. Outlawed by the British Raj.
|-
|[[Tacitus]]
| (A.D. 55-120) Was the Roman author of Histories, Annals, and Germania, describing first century Rome. His work chronicles Nero's blaming of the Christians for the fire in Rome and the resulting large scale persecution of Christians that ensued.
|-
|[[Taj Mahal]]
|A marble memorial located in Agra, India. It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, Queen Mumtaz Mahal, who died in childbirth.
|-
|Teotihuacan
|<fill in>
|-
|[[terra cotta]]
|A hard fired clay, distinctively brownish-red colored traditionally used for architectural purposes, especially ornamental, and for pottery and sculpture.
|-
|Terracotta army
|when Shia Huandgi (the first emperor of China) died in 210 B.C he was buried with an army of life sized terracotta warriors, which all had different expressions on their carved faces.
|-
|[[Thales]]
|Thales of Miletus (ca. 624 BC–ca. 546 BC) was the first Greek philosopher. He successfully predicted the solar eclipse of 585 BC and posited that water was the basic principle of all matter in the world.
|-
|[[Theravada]]
| Oldest surviving Buddhist school, founded in India
|-
|[[Thirty Years' War]]
|A religious conflict as Catholic states sought to suppress Protestantism. It began as a fight between Bohemian Protestants and Hapsburg Catholics in 1618, and soon became a political conflict for power that included Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Sweden, and the Habsburg dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire. The war ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.
|-
|[[Thutmos III]]
|The 6th Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. The first 22 of years of his reign he was co-regent with his stepmother, Hatshepsut. Reigned from 1479 BC to 1425 BC;
|-
|[[Tiber River]]
|One of the longest Italian rivers, over 250 miles long, it flows through the city of Rome.
|-
|[[Tiberius]]
| Tiberius was a tyrannical Roman emperor who reigned from 14-37 A.D.
|-
|[[Tigris and Euphrates]]
|Two rivers where civilization began in [[Mesopotamia]] before 3500 B.C., as described in the Book of [[Genesis]] and also confirmed by non-biblical sources.
|-
|[[Titus and Domitian]]
|The two sons of Emperor Vespasian. Titus ruled from 79 – 81 A.D. Domitian ruled from 81-96 A.D.
|-
|Toltecs
|AD 900-1200: a northern Mexican nomadic tribe that ruled about 50 miles north of present-day Mexico City, in a city called Tula
|-
|[[Trajan]]
|Was a Roman Emperor from 98 to 117 AD and the second of the Five Good Emperors.
|-
|[[Tribal Assembly]]
|Was a Roman assembly of plebians & patricians, composed of members of 35 various Roman tribes
|-
|[[Triumvirate]]
|A triumvirate is a system of governance led by 3 leaders. The two most important triumvirates of ancient times were those of Rome: one led by Julius Caesar, Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great") and Marcus Crassus; the other led by Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. It was the failings of these triumvirates that lead to the downfall of the Republic, and the emergence of the Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Untouchables]]
|People at the very bottom of the Hindu caste system. Their Hindi name is "Dalits." Under the system,these people literally are not be touched because they are considered to be so undesirable.
|-
|[[Upanishads]]
|Hindu scriptures that describe reincarnation. Written in Sanskrit, they predate the teachings of Buddha by several centuries.
|-
|[[Ur]]
|Important city-state in Mesopotamia
|-
|[[Vandals]]
|Eastern Germanic tribe that sacked Rome in A.D. 455. Sweeping through Gaul and Spain they finally settled in North Africa. The Spanish region of Andalusia is named after them.
|-
|[[Vergil]]
|Writer of Famous Roman Mythology "The Aeneid."
|-
|[[Vespasian]]
|a Roman Emperor (A.D. 70-79), also the general in charge of putting down the Jewish revolt near the end of the A.D. 60s
|-
|[[Xenephos]]
|(435-354 B.C.) Was historian, philosopher, and military commander, born at Athens, son of an Athenian of good position; was a pupil and friend of Socrates.
|-
|[[Xenophon]]
|Famous Greek writer, Writer of renowned historical work "The Anabasis."
|-
|[[Xerxes]]
|A Persian king in the 5th century BC who attacked and conquered much of Greece, before being defeated in a naval battle in the Battle of Salamis and forced to withdraw back to Babylon
|-
|[[Zealots]]
|A group of Jews in the 1st century AD who sought the violent overthrow and expulsion of Rome from Israel. Their most famous battle (and defeat) came at Masada, a mountain fortress that still holds spiritual significance for Israel today.
|-
|[[Zeno]]
|a Greek philosopher who proposed Paradoxes, such as how a destination is never reached if the traveler goes half the distance to the goal an infinite number of times.
|-
|}
 
[[Category:World History lectures]]

World History Homework Five Answers - Student 1

2011-10-07T01:43:22Z

Wh: Created page with "JessicaW 3. Charles Martel, the “Hammer”, was the determined Christian who led the Germanic peoples to a decisive victory against the Muslims. If not for this pivotal Battl..."

JessicaW

3. Charles Martel, the “Hammer”, was the determined Christian who led the Germanic peoples to a decisive victory against the Muslims. If not for this pivotal Battle of Tours in 732, all of Europe might have become Muslim. He was also the ruler of Gaul, now France, from 719-741, and the rest of his descendants formed the Carolingian dynasty that ruled the Franks from 751 all the way to 987.

5. Islam’s religious beliefs are comprised in the “Five Pillars of Islam.” The first is submission to the one god, Allah, and accepting Muhammad as the god’s messenger. When one wishes to convert to Islam, he is required to say this set statement called the shahadah and believe in it. The second is prayer to Allah five times a day. This sala, the Islamic prayer, is performed before dawn, at noon, in the afternoon, after sunset, and in the evening, facing Mecca. The last three are fasting, almsgiving, and the Haji, or pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in the Muslim’s lifetime.

Terms:
Battle of Tours, Charles Martel, Carolingian Court, Feudalism, Chivalry

World History Study Guide to 1648

2011-10-07T01:41:37Z

Wh: /* Basic terms */

''This is the growing list of study terms for [[World History Lectures|World history]], from creation to 1648 (the same midpoint used by the [[CLEP]] exams)''.

Currently at 239 regular terms and 187 honors terms, for a total of 426 terms. Goal is 500 terms by mid-October. ''An examination on this material will be given in late October or early November 2011''.

==Basic terms==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Term
!Definition
|-
|[[Abraham]]
|Approximately 2000 B.C. Father of Jewish people; God made a covenant with him to make his descendants great in number. Arabs claim descendance from Abraham's son Ishmael.
|-
|[[Acropolis]]
|Portion of a town or city that is built on a hilltop for easy defense. Best known Acropolis is in Athens, where the democratic assembly met. Most Greek city-states had an Acropolis.
|-
|[[the Academy]]
|Founded by Plato, this was the first great center of learning
|-
|[[Aesop]]
|a Greek writer famous for writing [[''Aesop's Fables'']] (around 600 B.C.), such as "The Fox and the Grapes" and "The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing".
|-
|[[Aesop's Fables]]
|Stories and fables written by [[Aesop]] around 600 B.C. They contain moral teaching.
|-
|[[Ahuramazda]]
| The creator in the Persian's religion of Zoroastrianism.
|-
|[[Alexander the Great]]
|356 - 323 B.C. Born to Philip II of Macedon and tutored by [[Aristotle]]. Conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia, and more, but turned back at India. Alexander's conquests spread Greek culture and language and helped the future spread of [[Christianity]].
|-
|[[Alexandria]]
|City in Egypt captured by Alexander the Great and Hellenized. Known for its famous library.
|-
|[[Analects]]
|The analects are a record of the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius, written and compiled by his disciples circa 400-300 B.C.
|-
|[[Ancient world]]
|Civilized world before the fall of the [[Roman Empire]] in AD 476.
|-
|[[Aneid]]
|A classic book written by the great Roman poet [[Virgil]]. The Anead is a fictional story written about how [[Rome]] was founded.
|-
|[[Anselm]]
|A Christian philosopher, founder of scholasticism, and archbishop of Canterbury
|-
|[[Antisthenes]]
|A disciple of Socrates; founded Cynicism.
|-
|[[Archimedes]]
|287 – 212 B.C. Greek mathematician and engineer. Discovered Archimedes' Principle, invented "Archimedes' screw," and built defenses against the Romans for his city of Syracuse; killed by the Romans.
|-
|[[Archons]]
|Aristocratic officials elected by the Athenian government to make the laws; later overtook by tyrants who rose to power in the 600s BC
|-
|[[Arianism]]
|False doctrine during the Roman Empire. Stated that Jesus was an exceptional teacher but was not God.
|-
|[[Aristocracy]]
|"Rule by the best": aristocrats were generally wealthy and privileged. European feudal government resembled aristocracy, and some governments in ancient Greece were aristocracies.
|-
|[[Aristotle]]
|384 to 322 B.C. Greek [[philosopher]], student of [[Plato]] and tutor to Alexander the Great. Focused on experience with the physical world; studied biology and founded a school, the Lyceum, resembling a university with specimens and a library.
|-
|[[Art of Warfare]]
|First military treatise; written by Sun Tzu. Reflects the insight shared by ancient Chinese culture.
|-
|[[Assyrian Empire]]
|1400-605 B.C. First dependent on Babylonia, then became an independent state, and finally an empire. Known for cruelty, especially to the Hebrews. Captured northern Kingdom of Israel in 722, but destroyed by Medians in the 600s.
|-
|[[Athens]]
|Greek city-state. Democracy begun by Pericles in 5th century B.C. Previously ruled by aristocrats. First democracy in the world and a great naval power. Rival with Persia but united to defeat invading Persians.
|-
|[[Attila the Hun]]
|Last and greatest ruler of the Huns. Fought against the eastern Roman Empire and then fought the western Roman Empire throughout the mid AD 400s. Almost defeated, but then almost sacked Rome; turned away by Pope Leo I.
|-
|[[Augustus Caesar]]
|63 B.C. - A.D. 14. Succeeded Julius Caesar and became first Roman Emperor. Ruler during the birth of Christ. Defeated Mark Antony for rule of Rome.
|-
|[[Ezana]]
|Ezana was the king of Axum, in Africa. He ruled from A.D.330 to A.D.350. He was the first Christian king in Africa.
|-
|[[Babylon]]
|The major Mesopotamian city in the ancient Middle East. Greatest ruler was Hammurabi. Developed Cuneiform, used base-60 numbers, and defeated ancient Sumer about 2000 B.C. Later cruel to Hebrews.
|-
|[[Babylonia]]
|State and Empire created by Babylon. First empire existed from 1900-1600 B.C. Resurged as the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 625-538 B.C. Imposed [[Babylonian Exile]] on Hebrews.
|-
|[[ Babylonian Exile]]
| Period of time from 597 to 538 B.C. In which the Israelites were kept as prisoners in Babylon.
|-
|[[Barbarian]]
|Any “uncivilized” (not Roman), unshaven, wild warriors that would attack and invade ancient Rome were considered to be such, and were named by the Romans (“barbarus” for “bearded”).
|-
|[[Battle of Tours]]
|Pivotal victory against the Muslims (732); led by Charles "the Hammer" of the Germanic people known as the "Franks".
|-
|[[B.C.E.]]
|Flawed secularized term to denote "Before Common Era" same dating system as B.C. but secularized.
|-
|[[Bible]]
|Collection of Hebrew (Old Testament) and Christian (New Testament) Scriptures. Foretells the coming of a Messiah for the Hebrews, and recounts ancient history including the Tower of Babel and the Great Flood.
|-
|[[Birth Of Christ]]
|Jesus was born in Bethlehem, estimated at 4 B.C. rather than 0 B.C. as estimated when the calendar was fixed.
|-
|[[Brahman/Brahmin]]
|The ultimate god or existence in Hinduism, of which all existence is somehow a part, or from which all comes; ''Brahmin'': the highest class for families in the Hindu caste system
|-
|[[Breda]]
|Became one of the leaders of the Hun, but was killed by his power-hungry brother, Attila the Hun.
|-
|[[Bronze Age]]
|It is the age referred to during which time bronze was the common metal used in people's everyday lives. It was used for jewelry, tools, utensils, weapons, and it helped enable the introduction of the plough.
|-
|[[Buddha]]
|"Awakened One" in Buddhism. What Siddhartha Gautama's followers called him.
|-
|[[Buddhism]]
|It is a belief system which teaches that desire causes suffering and if desire is eliminated, enlightenment and Nirvana are attained.
|-
|[[Byzantine Empire]]
|It was the eastern part of the Roman Empire that split away. It outlasted the Western half by 1000 years due to its greater financial resources.
|-
|[[Caligula]]
|Caligula ruled from (A.D. 37-41) He was a cruel, mindless emperor. At one point he made his horse a consul.
|-
|[[Carolingian Court]]
|Dynasty that started with Charles Martel and his descendants, including Charlemagne, whose revival of education became known as the Carolingian Renaissance. The crowning of Charlemagne in 800 is considered the birth of the "Holy Roman Empire", also known as the Carolingian empire.
|-
|[[Carthage]]
|A city off the coast of Africa whose rivalry with Rome led to the three Punic Wars at the end of which Carthage was destroyed and decreed never to be rebuilt.
|-
|[[Caste]]
|It is a social rank in Hinduism. Brahmans are priests and scholars, Kshatriya are rulers, Vaishya are peasants, and Shudra are serfs. Good karma enables one to improve his caste in the next life.
|-
|[[Catullus]]
|Famous Roman Poet who wrote famous love poems. In love with different women at different times, most famous interest was named "Lesbia."
|-
|[[Celts]]
|A tribal people who had lived and had controlled parts of Europe including Ireland, England, Scotland, and Wales since ancient times, whose religious consisted of worshiping many gods and being led by priests called "druids", until converted to Christianity by Saint Patrick in Ireland
|-
|[[C.E.]]
|Secularized term for A.D. same dating system as A.D. But Means Common Era instead of In the Year of our lord.
|-
|[[Chaldeans]]
|The ancient Babylonians
|-
|[[Chaldean Empire]]
|Ancient Babylonian Empire that lasted from 605 B.C to 562 B.C
|-
|[[Chandragupta Mauryan]]
|Built the largest Indian empire in India's history. A tough and strong dictator.
|-
|[[Charlemagne]]
|King of the Franks from 768 AD to 814 AD, and Holy Roman Emperor from 800 AD; he greatly expanded both his empire and Christianity during his rule.
|-
|[[Charles Martel]]
|Charles "the Hammer"; Christian ruler who led the Germanic peoples to a decisive victory against the Muslims in the Battle of Tours (732)
|-
|[[Chivalry]]
|Code of behavior developed during feudalism; required loyalty to one's lord and to God and looking out for one another
|-
|[[China]]
|The world's oldest major civilization
|-
|[[Christian Catacombs]]
|Ancient graves of martyred Christians. These catacombs served as secret passage-ways for Christians to meet and worship God together. The Catacombs contain the bodies of thousands of ancient Christians.
|-
|[[Cicero]]
|Famous Orator who lived during chaotic first century. Strong opponent of Marc Anthony.
|-
|[[City-states]]
|Small nations consisting of only a single city each; common in ancient Greece. Examples included Sparta, Athens and Corinth. They fought each other, but also banned together to defeat the Persians when that great empire sought to absorb Greece.
|-
|[[Civilization]]
|A group of people who live in an area. They have agriculture, currency, a government and laws, and an economy.
|-
|[[Classical Civilizations]]
|Ancient Mediterranean civilizations that were generally pre-Christian, such as Rome, Greece, and Egypt
|-
|[[Classicism]]
|A Renaissance movement in the arts, looking back to ancient Rome and Greece for inspiration
|-
|[[Cleopatra]]
|The queen of Egypt who reigned from 51-30 B.C.
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
| The code of Hammurabi was one of the first set of written laws. It was a harsh code that demanded an eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth. Hammurabi was the king of Babylon from 1792 to 1750 B.C.
|-
|[[Code of Manu]]
|Hindu law containing rules and codes of conduct.Written in 200 BC, India.
|-
|[[Colosseum]]
|A massive stadium in Rome that was used to hold gladiatorial contests, chariot racing and killing Christians for entertainment.
|-
|[[Comedy]]
|In a classical sense, a play with a happy ending. All classical plays were either a "comedy" or a "tragedy".
|-
|[[Confucius]]
|A very famous Chinese philosopher who came up with many ideas about ethics and social conduct
|-
|[[Constantine]]
|The first Christian emperor of Rome who legalized Christianity and ended the persecution of Christians
|-
|[[Constantinople]]
|Modern day Istanbul, it was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire from AD 330. Also known as Byzantium.
|-
|[[Council of Nicaea]]
|325 AD. A council of bishops called by Constantine to obtain agreement on various aspects of Christianity such as the doctrine of the Trinity and the role of the Roman Bishop(the Pope)and also in order to address disunity in the Church stemming from Arianism.
|-
|[[cuneiform]]
|The earliest known form of writing. Consists of lines and dashes to represent different concrete things, such as fish.
|-
|[[Cynicism]]
|Philosophy that focuses on the negative things of life. Founded by Antisthenes.
|-
|[[David]]
|Second king of Israel and a descendant of Jesus Christ. He was chosen by God to replace Saul and he expands the kingdom of Israel greatly.
|-
|[[Delian League]]
|Alliance against Persia; formed in 477 BC consisting of Athens and various other Greek city-states and Aegean towns; controlled by Athens who imposed taxes and used the League's budget to fund Athenian projects
|-
|[[Dharma]]
|The laws of religions such as Buddhism and Hinduism
|-
|[[Diaspora]]
|The migration or scattering of a people away from their ancestral home.
|-
|[[Diocletian]]
| The Roman emperor who tried to save the empire of Rome by dividing it into eastern and western regions. He established the "tetrartchy", and ruled from A.D. 284 to 305.
|-
|[[Direct Democracy]]
|laws are made by votes of the citizens, rather than by elected officials. Athens of ancient Greece was the first direct democracy.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|tribes that settled Greece between 1100 and 1000 B.C., having a military ruling class that oppressed the local people some cities even after the Greeks established democracy in Athens. The "Doric order" is the simplest form of Greek architecture, consisting of a straight column without any artistic trim at the top.
|-
|[[Early agriculture]]
|Crops such as grain being grown in places such as Egypt
|-
|[[Edict of Milan]]
|a political proclamation that fully legalized Christianity (and all other religions) throughout the Roman Empire. This edict was issued by Constantine I in 313 AD, shortly after the end of the Diocletian persecutions against Christians.
|-
|[[Egypt]]
|One of the oldest civilizations in recorded history, going back over 5,000 years
|-
|[[Eightfold Path]]
|The Buddhist path to reach the end of suffering
|-
|[[Emperor]]
|A ruler or king of a country, i.e. Augustus Caesar 1st emperor of Rome.
|-
|[[Enlightened One]]
|A translation of the name Buddha
|-
|[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]
|A Sumerian poem preserved on stone tablets with a story bearing great resemblance to Noah's ark
|-
|[[Euclid]]
|Lived 325-365 B.C. in Hellenistic Alexandria.A Greek mathematician and the father of geometry who wrote the Elements.
|-
|[[Euphrates river]]
| The Euphrates is a river that was the border of Mesopotamia and was both a trading route and a protection for Mesopotamia. The land between the Euphrates and the Tigris river is known as the fertile crescent and is the birthplace of civilization.
|-
|[[Fertile Crescent]]
|An area of land in the Middle East area where it was easier to grow crops
|-
|[[feudalism]]
|The new system of government and economics for Western Europe in the 8th century of the Frankish kingdom; basic system consisted of a "noble" or "lord" who owned land (called a "fief") given by the king which was rented out to "vassals". These vassals, in turn, rented it out to the "peasants" or "serfs" to farm.
|-
|[[First Punic War]]
|254-241 BC; Rome conquered the island of Sicily and developed a navy; though no match for the powerful Carthaginian navy, Romans invented a corvus, allowing them to board enemy ships and win the war
|-
|[[Four Noble Truths]]
|Important principles in [[Buddhism]]
|-
|[[Gentiles]]
|The term for people who are not of Israeli descent.
|-Golden Age: An age of great peace and prosperity.
|[[Gracchi brothers]]
|Two tribunes of ancient Rome who wanted to help the poor by redistributing land from the rich
|-
|[[Great Wall of China]]
|A large wall created in Ancient China to keep invaders out of the country
|-
|[[Greece]]
|The most significant ancient civilization, and it may have even been the greatest civilization of all time. Greece had many remarkable acheivments including, the invention of democracy, and the discovery of mathematics and philosophy. Intellectually, politically, and militarily, Greece had it all.
|-
|[[Greek drama]]
|Theatrical tradition of ancient Greece between 600 and 400 B.C. with two main types: comedies (good ending) and tragedies (bad ending)
|-
|[[Greek empire]]
|An important empire that produced some of the first works of literature and mythology that has impacted culture today
|-
|[[Gual]]
|A barbaric people who lived in what is now France and terrorized Roman Empire much to its fall.
|-
|[[Gupta empire]]
|An empire that covered much of modern India and Pakistan that came up with algebra, the concepts of zero and infinity, and the numbers 1-9
|-
|[[Hammurabi]]
|King of Babylon who developed the Code of Hammurabi, which is based on the concept of an eye for an eye
|-
|[[Hannibal]]
|Military commander who planned attacks against Rome and Spain
|-
|[[Hebrews]]
|God's chosen people, and the ancestors of the Israelites
|-
|[[heliocentric]]
|A theory where the Sun is the center of the universe.
|-
|[[Hellenistic]]
|Relating to Greek culture, particularly in lands beyond Greece as conquered by Alexander the Great beginning in 335 B.C.
|-
|[[Hieroglyphics]]
|A phonetic alphabet developed by the ancient Egyptians that uses the pictographic symbols to represent both an object and/or a phonetic sound.
|-
|[[Himalaya Mountain Range]]
|Mountain range famous for having the world's tallest peaks, including Mount Everest and K2; a geographic protection which isolated ancient China
|-
|[[Hinduism]]
|A major religion. It is polytheistic, and is practiced in many places, most notably India.
|-
|[[Hippocrates]]
|"The father of medicine", developed the [[Hippocratic Oath]] which all medical students worldwide take as a condition of graduation.
|-History:A usually chronological record of events, as of the life or development of a people or institution, often including an explanation of or commentary on those events.
|[[Holy Roman Empire]]
|Sometimes called the First Reich; it lasted from 900 to 1806 AD, and included the territory in Europe that was loosely under the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor. In practice, the constituent states ruled themselves.
|-
|[[Homer]]
|An early Greek poet, famous for lengthy sagas such as ''Iliad'' and ''The Odyssey''.
|-
|[[Huns]]
|A tribe of people who fought with the Romans in what is now the Ukraine. They were considered by many Romans to be the most ferocious of enemies
|-
|[[Ideograms]]
|A graphic symbol representing a concept or an idea
|-
|[[Ides (of March)]]
|The 15th of March, May, July and October, according to the ancient Roman calendar. The 13th is the ides of all the other months. Julius Caesar was murdered on the ides of March.
|-
|[[Imperator]]
|A title first used by Octavian (Augustus Caesar), literally meaning in Latin “general” or “commander”, giving him power over the entire army.
|-
|[[India]]
|A country that was home to the Indus Valley civilization and dates back over 3,000 years
|-
|[[Indo-European]]
|A very general classification of peoples that includes all the way from India to Egypt.
|-
|[[Indus River Valley]]
|A fertile valley that was home to an ancient civilization and is modern Pakistan and northwestern India
|-
|[[Iron Age]]
|An era where tools and weapons were made primarily out of iron
|-
|[[Isaac]]
|The promised son born to Abraham and Sarah in their old age. The father of the Israeli people.
|-
|[[Ishmael]]
|The son born to Abraham and Sarah's servant, Hagar. Ishmael is revered by Muslims as an ancestor who was unfairly treated as an outcast after Isaac was subsequently born to Abraham and Sarah.
|-
|[[Israel]]
|The chosen nation of God and place where most events of the Bible took place
|-
|[[Jainism]]
|Branched off of Hinduism, this religion stresses strict vegetarianism and non-violence towards all life.
|-
|[[Japan]]
|An island archipelago made up of 4 large islands and over 4,000 smaller ones.
|-
|[[Jesus]]
|The Holy Messiah of the Christian faith, and the only son of God who was promised to save all humanity. He was the only founder of a religion to perform miracles to cure the suffering, the only one to emphasize the power of faith, and the only one to give up His life for the salvation of others.
|-
|[[Joan of Arc]]
|17 year old girl who heard God calling her to lead the French army against the English in the 15th century. Was later canonized by the Catholic Church
|-
|[[Judah, Kingdom of]]
|the southern kingdom of a divided Israel
|-
|[[Julius Caesar]]
|A political leader who laid out the groundwork for the future Roman Empire, and also provided the foundation of the Gregorian calendar
|-
|[[Julian Calendar]]
| The 12 month, 365-day calendar the Julius Caesar established.
|-
|[[Justinian|Justinian I]] and the [[Justinian Code]]
|Eastern Roman Emperor from 527 to 565 who developed the Justinian Code, which is the basis of civil law in many places
|-
|[[Karma]]
|In Hinduism, everything a person has done. Determines status in the next life
|-
|[[Kassites]]
|Eastern Tribe which controlled Babylon.
|-
|[[Kautilya]]
|Advisor to Chaundragupta Maurya, wrote book
"Arthoshastra" on maintaining political power.
|-
|[[Latin]]
|The language spoken in ancient Rome that has contributed to many modern day European languages, including English
|-
|[[Lyceum]]
|The great center of learning founded by Aristotle, which then competed with the Academy
|-
|[[Niccolo Machiavelli]]
|An Italian political theorist and author, known for his book ''The Prince'', which showed how a self-serving ruler will follow the policy that the "end justifies the means."
|-
|[[Magadha]]
|Led Aryans to join and try to repel the Persians.
|-
|[[Magna Carta]]
|A charter of personal and political liberties granted to the barons by King John of England in June 1215.
|-
|[[Maize]]
|Corn, first grown by Native Americans
|-
|[[Mandate of Heaven]]
|Chinese mandate that held that the gods blessed good rulers and overthrew bad ones
|-
|[[manor]]
|Under feudalism during the Middle Ages, a manor was a farm owned by a lord who had peasants to do the work and pay him rent in exchange for food, shelter and protection
|-
|[[Marc Antony]]
|A Roman commander and close friend of Caesar. He was in the 1st civil war of the Roman Republic
|-
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]
|A Roman emperor known most for ending Pax Romana and conquering Germanic tribes.
|-
|[[Marcus Crassus]]
|Ruled Rome along with [[Julius Caesar]], and Pompey the Great, as a part of the first [[triumvirate.]] He was as very wealthy.
|-
|[[Martin Luther]]
|An important Christian figure who launched the Protestant Reformation and founded the Lutheran Church. He was responsible for the first major split from the Catholic Church
|-
|[[Mauryan Empire]]
|A Buddhist empire covering much of modern India
|-
|[[Mesoamerica]]
|Mexico and Central America, where Pre-Columbian (before Christopher Columbus' exploration in 1492) civilizations existed
|-
|[[Mesopotamia]]
|Modern-day [[Iraq]], where civilization first appeared
|-
|[[Messiah]]
|Essentially means anointed by God. Jesus Christ is the Messiah of Christianity
|-
|[[Michelangelo]]
|A Renaissance painter and sculptor, known for his paintings on the Sistine Chapel ceiling, among other masterpieces. The archetypal Renaissance man.
|-
|[[Middle Ages]]
|A period of time, also called the Medieval Ages, spanning from approximately 500 AD to 1500 AD, where kingdoms were ruled by the system of [[feudalism]]
|-
|[[Middle Kingdom]]
|Egyptian kingdom known for its works and ideas that ended due to a civil war
|-
|[[monotheism]]
|The belief in a religion worshiping only one god. [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], and [[Islam]] are monotheistic religions.
|-
|[[Moses]]
|The prophet who led the Israelites out of Egypt. He also brought the Ten Commandments to the Israelites, and is credited with writing the first five books of the Bible
|-
|[[Nile]]
|River in Egypt which flows towards the Mediterranean Sea and supplies Egypt with water.
|-
|[[New Kingdom]]
|Ancient Egypt at the time of Moses, where many buildings were built primarily with slave labor
|-
|[[Nero]]
| One of the most irresponsible, cruelest emperors of Rome. Nero reigned from when he was sixteen years of age, until A.D. 69.
|-
|[[Nicene Creed]]
|A core statement of Christianity that asserts the Holy Trinity of God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Ghost
|-
|[[Nirvana]]
|The ultimate goal of Buddhism, the end of all suffering
|-
|[[Oath of the Hindu Physician]]
|Oath requiring, among other things, Doctors not to drink alcohol and to have an honest Doctor-Patient relationship.
|-
|[[Octavian]]
| The grandnephew of Julius Caesar; Octavian was the first Emperor of Rome. He ruled under the adopted name of Augustas Caesar.
|-
|[[Old Kingdom]]
|The ancient Egyptian kingdom that built the famous pyramids
|-
|[[Olympics (Ancient Greek)]]
|An ancient Greek sporting event first held in 776 B.C., establishing the beginning of the Greek civilization
|-
|[[Paper]]
|The Chinese made paper in A.D. 100 They would dip a bamboo screen into a mixture of bark, rags and plants. Then they would let only a |thin layer of pulp dry on the bamboo screen.
|-
|[[Paul]]
|An apostle of Jesus, and the only one not to have seen Him in the flesh. He went to different churches and wrote letters that make up a part of the New Testament of the Bible
|-
|[[patricians]]
|The upper class of the Roman Republic. Consisted of wealthy landowners; took up only 10% of the society.
|-
|[[Pax Romana]]
|27 B.C.-180 A.D. A time of peace for the Roman Empire
|-
|[[Peloponnesian War]]
|War fought between Athens and Sparta, 431-404 B.C. The war was ultimately won by Sparta and its allies
|-
|[[Pentateuch]]
|The first five books of the modern Bible, believed to have been written by Moses
|-
|[[Persian empire]]
|A large empire stretching from India to southern Europe and Egypt
|-
|[[Persian Wars]]
|Wars between Persia (modern-day Iran) and Greek city-states such as Athens and Sparta
|-
|[[Peter]]
|A disciple and apostle of Jesus, who taught in areas such as Jerusalem and Palestine
|-
|[[Petra]]
|Petra was an ancient city that lasted from some time in 6th century B.C. to 360 A.D. when an earthquake destroyed their water supply. The city is famous for its buildings carved in red sandstone and given the name the pink city. Also Indiana Jones was filmed there.
|-
|[[phalanx]]
|Common Greek military formation. Rectangular, also the Greek word for "finger".
|-
|[[pharaoh]]
|The ruler of Ancient Egypt
|-
|[[Philip of Macedon]]
|King of Macedonia, and father of Alexander the Great who arranged for him to be homeschooled. Philip lived from 359 to 336 B.C., and his son succeeded him in power.
|-
|[[Philistines]]
|Group of people occupying the land of Canaan. Enemies of Israel and God.
|-
|[[Phoenicians]]
|An ancient people who lived and traded goods on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea, and who developed a new language based on an alphabet of 22 letters. All Western alphabets, such as English and French and Italian and Greek and Latin, are based on it.
|-
|[[Plato]]
|Athenian philosopher who wrote several treatises on philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, and mathematics. He founded the Academy, of which Aristotle was the most famous student.
|-
|[[Pompey the Great]]
|Ruled Rome as a part of the first [[triumvirate]] with [[Julius Caesar]] and [[Marcus Crassus]]. Pompey is well known for his noble act of ridding the Mediterranean sea of pirates.
|-
|[[polis]]
|The name for city-states in Ancient Greece
|-
|[[polytheism]]
| A religion with many gods. This was the norm in ancient times until Judaism and Christianity emerged
|-
|[[Ptolemy]]
|Greek mathematician, geographer, astronomer, and astrologer
|-
|[[Punic Wars]]
|Enabled the Roman republic to gain control of the Mediterranean Sea and access to many goods
|-
|[[pyramids]]
|A structure with 3 or more triangular-shaped sides and a base that is either a triangle, a rectangle or some other polygon. These structures have been built for thousands of years, in such diverse areas as Egypt, Mexico, North America, China and India. Pyramids have either smooth sides, like the famous pyramids in Egypt, or stepped sides similar to those built by the Mayans in Mexico.
|-
|Qin Shia Huandgi
|the first Chinese emperor he ruled from 221 B.C. to 210 B.C. He built new roads and made all of China use the same coin and weight system. He also made a standard form of writing so everyone would understand his decrees.
|-
|[[ Ramses II]]
| Most famous Pharaoh of Egypt who served during the new kingdom.
|[[Reformation]]
|Events that led to the separation of Catholic and Protestant churches
|-
|[[Remus]]
|One of two brothers, believed to have founded Rome. Was rescued from death by a mother wolf after his uncle threw him into the Tiber river out of jealousy. Brother of Romulus, his brother Romulus killed his over what the location of their city was going to be. This story is a good example of how the Romans are, cruel.
|-
|[[Renaissance]]
|A revival in the arts and in Greek and Roman literature, and more of a focus on the current life
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Church]]
|The Christian Church led by the Pope; the first Pope being Saint Peter, Catholic meaning “universal.”
|-
|[[Roman Citizenship]]
|The status of being a citizen of Rome. Living in Rome, being birthed to Roman Citizens, and earning the condition by enlisting in the army for 25 years all entitled one to be a Roman Citizen.
|-
|[[Roman empire]]
|Transition of Rome from a republic to having an emperor, starting with the appointment of Augustus Caesar as ruler in 27 B.C.
|-
|[[Roman law]]
|One of two ingredients in making [[Rome]] a great empire. The Roman law began by developing a code of laws inscribed in the twelve tables. Through these laws, the concept of ruling by principal, and not by whim was developed. The concept of “justice’ was also developed through these laws.
|-
|[[Roman Military]]
|Considered to be invincible. Each soldier was equipped with shields, helmets, swords, and javelins.
|-
|[[Roman republic]]
|The first republic, located in Rome, and the basis of many principles of the government of the United States
|-
|[[Rome]]
|The capital city of the Roman Empire, and of modern day Italy. Founded by Romulus and Remus, who supposedly fought over which one of them the city would be named after. Romulus killed his brother, and had the city named after himself.
|-
|[[Romulus]]
|One of two brothers, believed to have founded Rome. Was rescued from death by a mother wolf after his uncle threw him into the Tiber river out of jealousy. Romulus killed his brother Remus over where the location of their city was to be and founded Rome. This story is a good example of how the Romans are, cruel.
|-
|[[Rosetta Stone]]
|Ancient text written on stone in three different languages that enabled the first translations of Egyptian hieroglyphics
|-
|[[Royal Road]]
|Ancient Persian highway rebuilt by Darius the Great
|-
|[[Saul]]
|The first king of Israel appointed by God. He turned out to be a very flawed character, afflicted by jealousy for David.
|-
|[[satraps]]
|Governors in the distant lands of the Persian empire which expanded further to Egypt and Arabia; carefully watched by a special force called the "King's Eyes and Ears" to prevent any rebellions
|-
|[[Scholasticism]]
|Christian doctrines about man popular in the Middle Ages
|-
|[[Scientific Revolution]]
|The beginning of modern science in the mid-1500s
|-
|[[Second Punic War]]
|218-202 BC; Rome fought against Hannibal, leader of Carthage, who crossed over the Alps with his army and elephants to surprise the Romans but ultimately could not conquer Rome; Rome acquired Spain as a result of this war
|-
|[[Senate]]
|The dominant force of the Roman Republic's government.
|-
|[[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]]
|A listing of the most impressive public works in the world written by Greek writer Antipater in the 2nd century B.C.
|-
|[[Shang Dynasty]]
|First dynasty of China that lasted from 1766 B.C. to 1122 B.C.
|-
|[[Siddhartha Gautama]]
|The Buddha, and the founder of the religion of Buddhism
|-
|[[Silk Road]]
|A trade route from East China to Central Asia and Europe
|-
|[[Socrates]]
|An Athenian philosopher who believed that the world we experience is a poor substitute for reality. His philosophy inspired Plato and in turn Aristotle, and became the accepted Orthodoxy until modern times.
|-
|[[Socratic method]]
|[[A teaching method developed by [[Socrates]] which consists of asking questions]]
|-
|[[Solomon]]
|Third king of Israel. Wrote ''Proverbs'', ''Ecclesiastes'' and ''Song of Solomon''.
|-
|[[Solon of Athens]]
|One of the Seven Sages of Greece, believed that one should, "keep everything with moderation."
|-
|[[Sparta]]
|A Greek city-state well-known for its military prowess. Fought (and won) the Peloponnesian war against Athens.
|-
|[[Spread of Buddhism]]
|Buddhism traveled outside of India along the Silk Road
|-
|[[Stirrup]]
|The stirrup was invented in China in 322 B.C. The stirrup greatly helped riders control their horses more and gave advantage in battle.
|-
|[[St. Augustine]]
|(A.D. 354-430) A father of the early Christian church who wrote an intellectual discussions of the faith
|-
|[[Sumer]]
|Homeland of the Sumerians, located in Mesopotamia, in present-day Iraq
|-
|[[Sumerians]]
|The earliest civilizations living in the Middle East; invented many things including the first known form of writing
|-
|[[Sun Tzu]]
|Wrote ''The Art of War'', a Chinese book on military strategy.
|-
|[[Taijitu]]
|Also called "Yin and Yang". Symbol for Taoism. Represents a constant interaction in nature between two forces having opposite qualities.
|-
|[[Taoism (Daoism)]]
|Chinese philosophy of seeking harmony with nature
|-
|[[Ten Commandments]]
|The laws of the God of Israel handed down to Moses
|-Terracotta army- when Shia Huandgi (the first emperor of China) died in 210 B.C he was buried with an army of life sized terracotta warriors, which all had different expressions on their carved faces.
|[[Theocracy]]
|A government ruled by the laws of a specific religion
|-
|[[Thales of Melitus]]
|A Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher that tried to explain natural phenomena without the use of mythology. Was regarded by Aristotle as the first |philosopher in the Greek tradition.
|-
|[[Thomas Aquinas]]
|An Italian Christian philosopher whose ideas were influential in developing complex Christian theology.
|-
|[[Third Punic War]]
|Romans destroyed Carthage in 146 BC and then went into Macedonia and Greece to defeat the regions in revenge for having helped Hannibal; as a result, Rome controlled all the land around the Mediterranean, equivalent to the entire western civilized world
|-
|[[Thirty Years' War]]
|Primarily a religious conflict as Catholic states sought to suppress Protestantism. It began as a fight between Bohemian Protestants and Hapsburg Catholics in 1618, and soon became a political conflict for power that included Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Sweden, and The Habsburgs of the Holy Roman Empire. The war ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.
|-
|[[Thucydides]]
|Greek scientific historian, wrote ''History of the Peloponnesian War'', the first work of historical analysis
|-
|[[Torah]]
|The Jewish name for the five books of Moses, meaning Law. The first five books of the modern Bible.
|-
|[[Tragedy]]
|A type of drama and/or poetic saga that was common in Ancient Greece. It normally followed the fall of a character, often because of a specific character flaw such as envy or greed. The production and study of tragedies was very important in early philosophical movements, particularly that of Aristotle
|-
|[[Triumvirate]]
|A political regime dominated by three individuals. The first being Julius Caesar, Marcus Crassus, and Pompey the Great.
|-
|[[Troy]]
|A ancient city that's destruction was recorded in the Iliad. Survivors of this disaster went on to help start the city of Rome and the civilization of the Britons.
|-
|[[Tutankhamen]]
|A young Egyptian 18th dynasty pharaoh who ruled from approx. 1341 B.C. to 1323 B.C. The discovery of his tomb by Howard Carter in 1922 shed light on Egyptian culture.
|-
|[[Vedas]]
|Holy books of Hinduism
|-
|[[Virgil]]
|Well-known Roman poet and philosopher
|-
|[[Vishnu]]
|Supreme god of Hinduism
|-
|[[Visigoths]]
|A confederacy of Germanic tribes that ultimately fell to the Moors
|-
|[[Vulgate]]
|The Latin translation of the Hebrew Old Testament and the Greek New Teastament written out by Saint Jerome. It was used as the authoritative bible for over 1000 years.
|-
|[[Warring States Period]]
|War period in China also known for the philosophical schools that flourished
|-
|[[Xenophon]]
|Famous Greek writer, Writer of renowned historical work "The Anabasis."
|-
|[[Yahweh]]
|God as described in the [[Old Testament]], written as YHWH in the original Hebrew.
|-
|[[Yangtze River]]
|Longest river in Asia which flows south for 3000 miles; navigable from the sea for half of its course; along with the Yellow River, it is one of the most important rivers in the history, culture, and economy of China
|-
|[[Yellow River]]
|Second longest river in Asia; known also as Huang He and "the cradle of Chinese civilization", it runs westward from the Yellow Sea; has a tendency to flood surrounding lands causing frequent course changes and devastating results
|-
|[[Yin and Yang]]
|Daoist idea that everything in the universe stays in harmony
|-
|[[Zeus]]
|Highest of Greek Gods, God of Thunder, supposedly father of the Gods.
|-
|[[Zhou dynasty]]
|771 to 221 B.C. Longest lasting Chinese dynasty. Confucius lived during it.
|-
|[[Ziggurat]]
|Manmade step-sided structures resembling pyramids that were built in Mesopotamia. The [[Tower of Babel]], described in Genesis 11, may have been a giant ziggurat.
|-
|[[Zoroastrianism]]
|Polytheistic religion founded between 1200 and 600 B.C. by the Persians.
|}

==Honors terms==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Definition
|-
|[[Aeneas]]
|A prince who escaped from troy who's son began Rome and grandson, Brutus began the Britons.
|-
|[[Aeschylus]]
|The oldest of the three great Athenian tragic playwrights (next to [[Sophocles]] and [[Euripides]]), 525-456 B.C.
|-
|[[Age of Metal]]
|discovery of metals for use in tools: copper (beginning 3500 B.C.), iron (beginning 2500 B.C.), and bronze (beginning 1200 B.C.) were developed as tools.
|-
|[[Age of Pericles]]
|The "golden age" of Athens, led by Pericles, who introduced a form of direct democracy from 461-429 B.C.
|-
|[[Queen Ahhotep|Ahhotep]]
|A Middle Kingdom Pharaoh who repelled Hyksos from Egypt.
|-
|[[Akkadian Empire]]
|A Sumerian empire (2360-2180 B.C.) located in the fertile crescent in the lower Mesopotamia and north of the Sumer River.
|-
|[[Alluvial]]
|A deposit of sediment (alluvium) in a river bed.
|-
|archons
|in the early Greek empire (around 700 B.C.), archons were government officials elected by the land-owning aristocrats. The archons then made the law.
|-
|[[Arianism]]
|A theological view, taught by Arius around 320 AD, that Jesus was divine but was created by and is lesser than God. This view was considered heresy by orthodox Trinitarians, and condemned by the Council of Nicaea in 325 AD.
|-
|[[Aristophanes]]
|Athenian playwright, a writer of comedies and political satires. 456-380 B.C.
|-
|[[Ark of the Covenant]]
|The chest used by the Hebrews to contain the tablets of the Law given to Moses by God.
|-
|[[Aryans]]
|A semi-nomadic Nordic tribe that invaded and settled India around 1500 B.C.
|-
|[[Ashoka]]
|Emperor of the Mauryan Empire of India from 273 to 232 B.C. He was upset by the horrors of war after being triumphant, and became an advocate of Buddhism. After his conversion, he had thousands of rock pillars erected that were inscribed with the teachings of the Buddha. These are the first recordings of Buddha's teachings.
|-
|[[Bantu]]
|Over 400 tribes in Africa that share the Bantu language and common customs.
|-
|[[Barracks Emperors]]
|A series of Roman emperors who from 235 AD to 284 AD used the Roman army as a base for political power. These emperors usually had a poor, rural background.
|-
|[[Battle of Marathon]]
|In August 490 B.C., King Darius I of Persia brought his army to the plains of Marathon to invade Athens. Despite being outnumbered ten to one, the Athenian army defeated the Persians.
|-
|[[Bhagavad Gita]]
|A section of the Mahabharata, the Bhagavad Gita is an ancient Hindu text written in Sanskrit which consists of Krishna's writings on philosophy and morality.
|-
|[[Caesar's Commentaries]]
|A history by Julius Caesar describing the wars he fought.
|-
|[[Caligula]]
|A Roman emperor, ruling from 37 AD to 41 AD, who is historically depicted as a brutal monster, and who was so hated that he was murdered by his own guards.
|-
|[[Canaan]]
|The geographical area that encompasses modern-day Israel, the West Bank and a portion of land east of the Jordan River.
|-
|[[Catal Huyuk]]
|An ancient settlement in southern Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey.
|-
|[[Catholic Monarchs]]
|The title given by Pope Alexander VI to King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, whose marriage in 1469 caused the unification of Spain and its conversion back to a Catholic nation from Islam (the "Reconquest")
|-
|[[Cato the Censor]]
|A Roman statesman who during the Punic War called for the destruction of Carthage.
|-
|[[Champollion, Jean]]
|Jean Champollion (1790-1832) is the father of Egyptology (the study of Egypt), and who translated a portion of the Rosetta Stone.
|-
|[[Chandragupta Maurya]]
|The founder of the Mauryan Empire in India who ruled between 320 and 293 B.C. The first Indian emperor to be converted to Jainism, he eventually renounced his throne and joined a group of nomadic Jain monks.
|-
|[[Cicero]]
|A Roman consul, statesman, lawyer, philosopher and author. After Julius Caesar's assassination, Cicero was one of the most powerful politicians in Rome, and was Mark Antony's rival.
|-
|[[Cincinnatus]]
|A Roman hero for whom the city of Cincinnati, Ohio was named. In 458 B.C., he raised an army in Rome and came to the aid of the consul Minucius and his men, who were trapped in a dead-end valley by the Aequians. The Roman Senate had declared war against the Aequians because they had been raiding Roman farms. Cincinnatus is also known for voluntarily giving up power, surpassed only by George Washington in that regard among government leaders.
|-
|[[Claudius]]
|Roman emperor who became ruler after his nephew Caligula's assassination, he ruled from 41 AD until 54 AD, when he was poisoned by his wife Agrippina. Britain came under Roman rule during his reign, and his edict expelling the Jews from Rome is mentioned in the Book of Acts in the Bible.
|-
|[[Cleopatra]]
|Seven Egyptian queens of Greek decent that ruled from 193 BC until 30 BC during the Ptolemaic Dynasty. The most famous, Cleopatra VII Philopator, Egypt's last independent ruler, had affairs with both Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
|An elaborate code of law created by Hammurabi that called for harsh punishment, such as an eye for an eye, a foot for a foot.
|-
|[[Confucianism]]
|A Chinese ethical and moral philosophy based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius that focuses on human morality and right action. It has had a significant influence on the development on the culture and history of East Asia.
|-
|[[Constitutional monarchy]]
|A government with a constitution that acknowledges a monarch as head of state with varying degrees of influence in the running of the country. Countries with constitutional monarchies include the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Denmark, the Netherlands and Spain.
|-
|[[consul]]
|An elected governmental position in ancient Rome that held executive authority and military command of the Roman Republic.
|-
|[[Copts]]
|The Coptic Church originated in Egypt around 50 AD when St. Mark the Evangelist traveled to Alexandria, and is one of the oldest Christian denominations. Its leader is the Patriarch of Alexandria, who is called Pope.
|-
|[[Covenant]]
|An oath or promise.
|-
|[[Cynicism]]
|A Greek philosophy founded by Antisthenes (444 BC - 365 BC) that rejects worldly pleasure in favor of happiness derived from virtue.
|-
|[[Cyrus]]
|A Persian emperor (576 BC – 529 BC) who conquered Babylon and sent the Jews back to Israel.
|-
|[[Darius]]
|A Persian emperor (521 BC – 486 BC) who quelled the Ionian Revolt and invaded Greece, but was forced to withdraw at the Battle of Marathon.
|-
|[[Delian League]]
|A confederation during the Persian Wars controlled by Athens, and consisting of Athens and other Greek city-states and Aegean towns. Its navy helped defend Greece from Persia.
|-
|[[Demosthenes (Greek statesman)|Demosthenes]]
|A ancient Greek statesman who spoke against Philip II of Macedonia in speeches that came to be known as "Philippics". He also attempted to convince Greeks to rise up against Macedonian rule after the death of Philip's son, Alexander the Great.
|-
|[[Diadochi]]
|After the death of Alexander the Great, his empire was partitioned among the rivalling generals of his army, the so-called diadochi ("successors").
|-
|[[Diocletian]]
|The last Barrack Emperor of Rome, he ruled from 284 AD until 305 AD. He divided the Roman Empire into eastern and western regions in an attempt to save the empire, and formed a tetrarchy of four rulers, two for each region. He also required the military to worship the Roman pagan gods, thus making it impossible for Christians to be soldiers, as well as cruelly persecuted them.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|Tribes that settled in Greece between 1100 BC and 1000 BC, and had a military ruling class, which persisted in Sparta and Crete even after democracy was established in Athens. These tribes created the simplest style of Greek architecture, known as the Doric order, which consisted of unadorned, straight columns.
|-
|Draco
|a tyrant in Athens during the early Greek empire (600s B.C.) who established a set of written laws that were so strict that the term "draconian" today refers to overly harsh rules of punishment
|-
|[[Dravidians]]
|Dravidians are the people of southern India and Sri Lanka who speak the Dravidian languages and are found in the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka.

|-
|[[Empress Lu]]
|The wife of the Chinese emperor Han Gaozu, who after her husband's death had all other possible heirs murdered and installed her son as emperor, ruling as regent until her death.
|-
|[[Epicureanism]]
|A philosophy founded by Epicurus in the late 4th century that holds the belief that great happiness is achievable through the avoidance of pain and fear. It does not believe in divine power interacting with humanity.
|-
|[[Etruscans]]
|People who settled in the Italian peninsula prior to 700 BC. Most Etruscan cities ran on a democratic-style system. Their culture influenced the later Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Euripides]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 480-406.
|-
|[[Exodus]]
|The abrupt departure of the people of Israel from Egypt, as told in the Book of Exodus in the Bible.
|-
|[[Five Good Emperors]]
|Five consecutive Roman emperors who ruled between 96 AD to 180 AD and were elected due to talent rather than family connections.
|-
|[[foraging society]]
|A pre-farming economy based upon scavenging, hunting, and gathering resources.
|-
|[[Four Emperors Era]]
|A series of Roman emperors who ruled in quick succession in 68-69 AD.
|-
|[[Franks]]
|A Germanic people that, beginning in the 4th century AD, eventually conquered the areas of France, Benelux, Belgium, The Netherlands and portions of Germany.
|-
|[[Gaul]]
|The Roman name for the area comprising modern-day France and Belgium, and parts of northern Italy, western Switzerland and Germany, and the Netherlands. This area was under Roman rule for most of its existence.
|-
|[[Golden mean]]
|Is considered the middle between two extremes in philosophy.
|-
|[[Great Canal]]
|A canal that connected the Nile River to the Red Sea, built during the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.
|-
|[[Hadrian]]
|The third of the "Five Good Emperors" of the Roman Empire, Hadrian ruled from A.D. 117 to 138 and had two main achievements: he ended Rome's costly territorial expansion, fortifying her boundaries with numerous "Walls of Hadrian," and he effectively "Hellenized" Rome by anointing Athens the empire’s cultural center, thereby enhancing learning.
|-
|[[Han empire]]
|was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms.
|-
|[[Harappa]]
|A city that is part of the Indus Valley Civilization. It is part of modern Pakistan
|-
|[[Hatshepsut]]
|Originally a regent for her son, Thutmose III, Hatshepsut was the longest reigning female ruler of Egypt. She ruled during the eighth dynasty from 1479-1458 B.C. She established trade networks for Egypt and thus collected most of the wealth of the eighth dynasty. She was eventually dethroned when her son took power at the age of 22. Her monuments are the Temple of Karnak, Deirle-Bahri, and Speos Artemidos.
|-
|[[Hellenistic culture]]
|Greek culture after the death of Alexander in 323 B.C., when Greek influence extended throughout the territory he conquered; Hellenistic culture was renowned for its strict code of ethics, its culinary prowess, and its use of metal.
|-
|[[Helot]]
|A person from the class of serfs in the city-state of Sparta (700s - 300s B.C.) in ancient Greece.
|-
|[[Herodotus]]
|Greek historian (484 to 425 BC), the "father of history". His book is simply called ''Histories'' and describes the Persian Wars.
|-
|[[Hiram]]
|d
|-
|[[Hittites]]
|An ancient people in the Middle East that gained control of most of Mesopotamia in 1650 B.C. due to their advanced inventions, such as horse-drawn chariots.
|-
|[[Horace]]
|The leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus, lived from 65-8 B.C.
|-
|[[humanism]]
|Thee Greek emphasis on reason, ethics and rational thinking rather than religion.
|-
|[[Hyksos]]
|Refers to a people who entered - possibly forcibly - into Egypt, and built their capital at Avaris in the Nile Delta area in about 1648 B.C.
|-
|[[Iron Smelting]]
|A technology comprised of the extraction of usable metal from iron ore.
|-
|[[Iliad]]
|a great Greek work of literature written by Homer in the 800s or 700s B.C., describing the mythical Trojan War
|-
|[[Jericho]]
|A city in Israel by the Jordan River. Mentioned extensively in the Bible. Joshua and the Israelites marched around this city and blew trumpets in order to destroy it and to reach the promised land.
|-
|[[Josephus]]
| Flavius Josephus 37 - 101 A.D. Jewish general and historian who took part in the Jewish revolt against the Romans and later worked for a Roman patron.
|-
|[[Judaism]]
|The monotheistic religion of the Hebrews, also the oldest religion that remains currently active.
|-
|[[Kassites]]
|Led by their king [[Agumkakrine]], they took advantage of the [[Hittite]] raid of 1595 B.C. and occupied the [[Babylonian]] region, where they ruled for over 400 years.
|-
|[[Khufu]]
|Egyptian pharaoh who had the pyramid of Giza built
|-
|[[Khyber Pass]]
|An important break in the mountains between Pakistan and Afghanistan, pivotal in military campaigns by Alexander the Great, Aryans, Muslims, and later the British, who had to overcome defensive positions taken from above by local tribesman.
|-
|[[Kush]]
|Was part of a larger region called Nubia.
|-
|[[Larger Vehicle]]
|Also known as Mahayana Buddhism, is a form of Buddhism practiced in China, Korea, Japan and Tibet. Teaches how to attain full enlightenment for the sake of others.
|-
|[[Last Roman Emperor]]
| The last ruler of the Roman Empire was Romulus Augustus, who ruled from October of 475 A.D. to September of 476 A.D.
|-
|legalism
| Legalism is the excessive adherence to law or formula.
|-
|[[Legions]]
| Legions were the principal unit of the Roman army comprising 3,000 to 6,000 foot soldiers and calvary in addition to the foot soldiers.
|-
|[[Lesser Vehicle]]
|Also called the Hinayana, describes how to attain freedom from suffering for oneself alone.It is the strict conservative version of Buddhism under the Theravada branch.
|-
|[[Livy]]
|A Roman historian (59 B.C. - 17 A.D.) who wrote a monumental history of Rome from its beginnings to his day.
|-
|[[Loess]]
|d
|-
|[[Mahayana]]
|d
|-
|[[Manichaeism]]
|d
|-
|[[Marathon]]
|Marathon is a small town near Athens where the Greeks won an important battle against the Persians in 490 B.C. News of the victory was carried on foot to Athens by a soldier. Modern marathon running takes its name from that feat and covers a distance of 42 kilometers, allegedly the distance between Marathon and Athens.
|-
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]
|Roman emperor from AD 161 to 180. Marcus Aurelius was also a philosopher, a Stoic, and wrote a famous book, ''Meditations''.
|-
|[[Marius]]
|d
|-
|[[Masada]]
|d
|-
|[[Menes]]
|Was a legendary Pharoah of Egypt from somewhere between 3100-2850 BC.
|-
|[[Meroe]]
|d
|-
|[[Mesolithic Age]]
|Sometime before the beginning of recorded history in 3500 B.C., when humans changed from hunting and gathering food to producing food, as in planting and farming.
|-
|[[Minoan Civilization]]
|d
|-
|[[Moksha]]
|d
|-
|[[monsoons]]
|Tropical storms, particularly in the climate of India, where the "southwest monsoon" occurs from about mid-June to the first week in October, and consists of winds carrying heavy rainfall from the Indian Ocean and resulting in widespread flooding
|-
|[[Mount Sinai]]
|A 7,498 foot mountain, located in Southern Sinai, now part of modern Egypt.The location where Moses received the Ten Commandments from God.

|-
|[[Mycenaean Civilization]]
|Was an early Indo-European civilization of Greece.
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar I]]
|was the emperor of the Babylonian Empire from 1146 to 1123 BC.
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar II]]
| Lived from 635 BC- 562 BC, was King of the Chaldeans and final conqueror of the Southern Kingdom of Israel, called "Judah." He was the first of many heads of state of foreign superpowers to come to a possibly salvific knowledge of God.
|-
|[[Neolithic Age]]
|The last part of the Stone Age (neo = "new", lithic = "of/like stone"), before the invention of metallurgy. It immediately preceded the rise of the first civilizations.
|-
|[[Nero]]
| Was the Emperor of Rome from AD 54-68. He blamed the great fire of Rome on the Christians who were unpopular due to their belief in one God.
|-
|[[Nerva]]
|Roman emperor from AD 96 to 98. Following the turmoils after Nero's death, he stood at the beginning of a long peaceful and prosperous time in the history of the Roman empire.
|-
|[[Nile River]]
|A river that ran throughout all of Egypt and fueled its entire agricultural and economic system.
|-
|[[Nineveh]]
|The capital of Assyria, seized and destroyed by the Chaldeans in 612 B.C.
|-
|[[Nok culture]]
|The African culture where the people created the first terracotta production as well as iron-smelting technology.
|-
|[[Octavian]]
|Also known as Augustus Caesar (63 B.C. - A.D. 14) was the first Roman emperor. He was originally called Gaius Octavius Thurinus until he changed it after being adopted by Julius Caesar in 44 B.C.

|-
|[[Odyssey]]
|The Odyssey was an epic poem written by the [[Greek]] poet [[Homer]]. It traces the journey home to Greece by a hero of the Trojan war and the troubles he faces at the hands of gods and men.
|-
|[[Olmec]]
|The first major Pre-Columbian civilization in Mexico
|-
|oracle bone
|First concrete evidence that the Shang Dynasty really existed. They were generally used as medicine by grinding them up into powder but they were also used to write on.
|-
|[[Origen]]
|dddd
|-
|[[Ostrogoths]]
|Were a Germanic tribe influential in the last days of the Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Ovid]]
|Ovid or Publius Ovidius Naso was a famous Roman poet, known for his Heroides, Amores, Ars Amatoria, and Metamorphosis. He lived from 43 B.C. to 17 A.D.
|-
|[[Paleolithic Age]]
| Is the name given by atheists to the first part of the Stone age, followed by the Neolithic Age. During the Paleolithic Age, atheists believe people harvested wild plants and animals for food.
|-
|[[papyrus]]
|A thin parchment constructed from reeds near the Nile River
|-
|pariah
|An outcast or any person or animal that is despised.
|-
|[[Parthenon]]
| The Parthenon is a celebrated marble temple of Athene, on the Acropolis at Athens. It was of the pure Doric order, and has had an important influence on art.
|-
|[[patricians]]
|A patrician is a person of high honor or rank.
|-
|[[Peru]]
|Peru is a country in South America with a rich history. Once dominated by the Incas, Peru fell to the Spanish in the 16th Century.
|-
|[[Philippides]]
|An athlete sent by Athens to run 150 miles to Sparta as they needed help in their battle against Persia, where they were outnumbered 10 to 1. His remarkable ability continues to inspire ambitious joggers today.
|-
|[[Philo]]
|(20 B.C. - 50 A.D.) was a Jewish historian from Alexandria in the first century. He combined Judaism and Greek philosophy.
|-
|[[pictograph]]
|A pictorial symbol for a word or phrase. Pictographs are the foundation for cuneiform and hieroglyphics, having been discovered in Egypt and Mesopotamia from before 3000 B.C.
|-
|[[Pisistratids]]
|Was a ruler of Athens around 570 B.C.
|-
|[[plebian]]
|A Plebian was one of the lower classes in the early Roman world. It was composed of small farmers and shopkeepers, was comparable to that of commoner in Medieval Europe. This status was inherited in ancient Rome, although it was possible to ascend status by marriage, and in rare cases promotion.
|-
|[[Plutarch]]
|d
|-
|[[Pompey]]
| 106-48 B.C., general, statesman, and triumvir during the last years of the Roman Republic. His soldiers are credited with bestowing the title Magnus (the Great) while serving in Africa (82–81 BC).
|-
|[[praetors]]
|one of a number of elected magistrates charged chiefly with the administration of civil justice and ranking next below a consul.
|-
|[[Prehistory]]
|Before 3400 B.C.
|-
|purdah
|The seclusion of women from the sight of men or strangers. Purdah is practiced most in the Muslim and Hindu religions.
|-
|[[Pythagorus]]
|A Greek philosopher mathematician (569-475 B.C.), best known for his Pythagorean Theorem which equates the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle to the sum of the squares of each side. His philosophy included abstracting 2 ships + 2 ships = 4 ships to the more general truth that 2 of anything plus 2 of anything = 4 of anything.
|-
|[[Ramayana]]
| A Sandskrit epic, depicting the life and adventures of Ramachandra.
|-
|[[Ramses II]]
| Ramses II was the king of Egypt. His reign is remembered by his constant war with the Hittites.
|-
|[[Rembrandt]]
| A Dutch painted who lived from 1606-1669 A.D.
|-
|[[Rig Veda]]
|A collection of over one thousand hymns that date back to as early as two thousand B.C.
|-
|[[Romance of Three Kingdoms]]
|Is a novel written by Luo Guanzhong in the Han Dynasty when it fell into disorganization.(A.D. 220-280)
|-
|[[Romulus and Remus]]
|Rome obtained its name from Romulus and Remus, who were twins, and also the sons of Mars.
|-
|[[rule of tyrants]]
|during the early Greek empire in the 600s, a series of tyrants ruled Athens. One was "Draco", who imposed the same penalty of death for every crime, no matter how minor!
|-
|[[Saint Patrick]]
|Born in Wales and grew up in England. Later traveled to Ireland and converted the Celts there to Christianity in the mid-400s A.D.
|-
|[[Sargon the Great]]
|The first person in recorded history to create an empire or multi-ethnic state.
|-
|[[Sati (Buddhism)]]
|Mindfulness, self-collectedness, powers of reference and retention. In some contexts, the word sati when used alone covers alertness
|-
|[[Satrap]]
|Local governors established in distant lands by the powerful Persian ruler Cyrus
|-
|[[Saxons]]
|Were a Germanic tribe, eventually settling in England and North Western France.
|-
|[[Schliemann, Heinrich]]
|d
|-
|[[Scipio]]
|d
|-
|[[Seneca]]
|Roman philosopher (a [[Stoicism|Stoic]]), statesman and playwright; teacher of [[Nero]]. BC 4 - AD 65.
|-
|[[Shang dynasty]]
|Was a major ancient Chinese dynasty from about 1766 to 1122 BC. Built cities in northern China along the Yellow River. It consisted of city-states which were often at war with one another.
|-
|[[Shang Yang]]
|Was a Chinese statesman and philosopher. He promoted Legalism, which was like the divine right of kings in the West.
|-
|[[Shi]]
|A scholar class created by the Han dynasty
|-
|[[Shiva]]
|In Hinduism, Shiva "the Destroyer" is the third member of the Trimurti, or the "Hindu triad", along with Brahma "the Creator" and Vishnu "the Preserver".
|-
|[[Solon]]
| Solon was an Athenian statesman who introduced economic, political, and legal reforms.
|-
|[[Sophocles]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 497-406.
|-
|[[Steppes]]
|Steppes are large areas of flat unforested grassland in southeastern Europe or Siberia.
|-
|[[Stoicism]]
| The second of the two main Greek philosophical schools of thought. Stoicism sought to find a sense of divine justice, deemphasizing pain and pleasure for the goal of reason, logic, and self discipline.
|-
|[[Stone age]]
|The stone age is believed to be at time before men had metal working skills in our prehistory. Young Earth Creationists dispute the exsistence of a stone age rather there were stone working cultures.
|-
|[[Stupa]]
|An ornate Buddhist dome-like stone structure originally built to cover items believed to be relics of the Buddha.
|-
|[[Sulla]]
| (138-78 BC) was a Roman general and dictator during the Republican period. He won Rome's first civil war. Reforms during his time gave the Senate more power.
|-
|Sunna
|d
|-
|[[Sumuabum]]
|d
|-
|[[Suttee]]
|An ancient Hindu practice in India where a wife sacrifices herself upon her husband's funeral pyre.
|-
|[[Tacitus]]
| (A.D. 55-120) Was the Roman author of Histories, Annals, and Germania, describing first century Rome. His work chronicles Nero's blaming of the Christians for the fire in Rome and the resulting large scale persecution of Christians that ensued.
|-
|[[Taj Mahal]]
|A marble memorial located in Agra, India. It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, Queen Mumtaz Mahal, who died in childbirth.
|-
|[[terra cotta]]
|A hard fired clay, distinctively brownish-red colored (from Latin "terra cotta": baked earth) traditionally used for architectural purposes, especially ornamental, and for pottery and sculpture.
|-
|[[Thales]]
|Thales of Miletus (ca. 624 BC–ca. 546 BC) was the first Greek philosopher. He successfully predicted the solar eclipse of 585 BC and posited that water was the basic principle of all matter in the world.
|-
|[[Theravada]]
| Oldest surviving Buddhist school, founded in India
|-
|[[The Republic]]
|Plato's greatest writings, which form the foundation for America's system of government.
|-
|[[Thutmos III]]
|The 6th Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. The first 22 of years of his reign he was co-regent with his stepmother, Hatshepsut. Reigned from 1479 BC to 1425 BC;
|-
|[[Tiber River]]
|One of the longest Italian rivers, over 250 miles long, it flows through the city of Rome.
|-
|[[Tiberius]]
| Tiberius was a tyranical Roman emperor who reigned from 14-37 A.D.
|-
|[[Tigris and Euphrates]]
|Two rivers where civilization began in [[Mesopotamia]] before 3500 B.C., as described in the Book of [[Genesis]] and also confirmed by non-biblical sources.
|-
|[[Titus and Domitian]]
|The two sons of Emperor Vespasian. Titus ruled from 79 – 81 A.D. Domitian ruled from 81-96 A.D.
|-
|[[Trajan]]
|Was a Roman Emperor from 98 to 117 AD and the second of the Five Good Emperors.
|-
|[[Tribal Assembly]]
|Was a Roman assembly of plebians & patricians, composed of members of 35 various Roman tribes
|-
|[[Triumvirate]]
|A triumvirate is a system of governance led by 3 leaders. The two most important triumvirates of ancient times were those of Rome: one led by Julius Caesar, Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great") and Marcus Crassus; and that led by Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. It was the failings of these triumvirates that lead to the downfall of the Republic, and the emergence of the Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Twelve Tables]]
|Were written in 451 BC. They were Rome's first written laws as well as the oldest surviving literature from the Romans.
|-
|[[Untouchables]]
|People at the very bottom of the Hindu caste system. Under the system,these people literally are not be touched because they are considered to be so undesirable.
|-
|[[Upanishads]]
|Hindu scriptures that describe reincarnation. Written in Sanskrit, they predate the teachings of Buddha by several centuries.
|-
|[[Ur]]
|Important city state in Mesopotamia
|-
|[[Vandals]]
|Eastern Germanic tribe that sacked Rome in A.D. 455. Sweeping through Gaul and Spain they finally settled in North Africa. The Spanish region of Andalusia is named after them.
|-
|[[Vergil]]
|Writer of Famous Roman Mythology "The Aeneid."
|-
|[[Vespasian]]
|(A.D.9-79) Was the Roman Emperor AD 70-79. He was a Roman general in charge of putting down the Jewish revolt in the later 60s A.D.
|-
|[[Wheel]]
|The ancient Mesopotamians invented the wheel, originally in the form of a potter’s wheel. This is considered the first and greatest of man's inventions.
|-
|[[Xenephos]]
|(435-354 B.C.) Was historian, philosopher, and military commander, born at Athens, son of an Athenian of good position; was a pupil and friend of Socrates.
|-
|[[Xerxes]]
|A Persian king in the 5th century BC who attacked and conquered much of Greece, before being defeated in a naval battle in the Battle of Salamis and forced to withdraw back to Babylon
|-
|[[Zealots]]
|A group of Jews in the 1st century AD who sought the violent overthrow and expulsion of Rome from Israel. Their most famous battle (and defeat) came at the Masada, a mountain fortress that still holds spiritual significance for Israel today.
|-
|[[Zeno]]
|a Greek philosopher and follower of Parmenides who devised a number of famous arguments (his Paradoxes) directed against the opponents of Parmenides. His most famous was to explain how a finite distance can be divided into an infinite number of segments, each time traveling half the distance towards the destination such that destination would never be reached.
|-
|}

[[Category:World History lectures]]