https://conservapedia.com/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Adi&feedformat=atomConservapedia - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T02:07:33ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.24.2https://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Apartheid&diff=485806Talk:Apartheid2008-07-02T17:22:24Z<p>Adi: /* Adi and AliceBG */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mandela ... told the court: "I do not deny that I planned sabotage. I did not plan it in a spirit of recklessness nor because I have any love of violence. I planned it as a result of a calm and sober assessment of the political situation that had arisen after many years of tyranny, exploitation and oppression of my people by the whites." [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/12/newsid_3006000/3006437.stm]<br />
<br />
==Further additions==<br />
What is needed now is information regarding apartheid in the 1970-1980s; who fought against it; countries which opposed it; Stephen Biko; the end of apartheid under F.W. De Klerk and the change in government of South Africa. [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 04:28, 6 June 2008 (EDT)<br />
<br />
==Adi and AliceBG==<br />
Please, let's end this revert war and discuss this on the talk page to reach some kind of resolution. I'm sure a compromise is possible. Thank you. [[User:DrSandstone|DrSandstone]] 14:42, 1 July 2008 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:Read what Adi is trying to do; he/she is trying to whitewash apartheid by deliberately distorting the historical truth. Other users have been banned for this in the past. Furthermore, there is no compromise possible with racism. Thanks. [[User:AliceBG|AliceBG]] 14:44, 1 July 2008 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::Well the revert war has to come to an end, at least duke it out on the talk page. I'm not taking a position on this as I'm sure you two know more about this than I do, but reverting is not an appropriate debate/discussion tactic. [[User:DrSandstone|DrSandstone]] 14:49, 1 July 2008 (EDT)<br />
<br />
Apartheid is racism and its proponents are no better than the Ku Klux Klan; anyone here who attempts to change that ugly fact just to make it appear friendly will be removed for inserting false information. [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 00:33, 2 July 2008 (EDT)<br />
<br />
Apartheid is not racism. Racism is the belief that your race is better or supreme to one another. The National Party which implemented Apartheid never held this belief. They merely supported seperate development. Apartheid is segregation, not racism. The government suppoted seperate DEVELPOMENT. The white government, in fact, payed for the creation of black schools and universities and gave them man job opportunities. The litteracy rate among blacks increased from 0 - 66% from 1800 to 1960! And you call that racist! They never murdered the blacks like the racist Americans murdered the Indians or like the racist Australians murdered the Aboriginies. [[User:Adi|Adi]]</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Paleoconservative&diff=485798Paleoconservative2008-07-02T17:07:38Z<p>Adi: /* Religion */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Paleoconservative''' is a term that describes an academic or scholarly [[conservative]] who emphasizes religious heritage, national and Western identity, [[tradition]], [[civil society]] and classical [[federalism]], the importance of [[demographics]], and an anti-interventionist policy of [[Robert Taft]]. Paleoconservatives oppose [[illegal immigration]], [[communism]], [[authoritarianism]], [[social democracy]] and entitlement programs.<br />
<br />
Many paleoconservatives identify themselves as "classical conservatives" and trace their philosophy to the [[Old Right]] [[Republicans]] of the interwar period, which helped keep the U.S. out of the [[United Nations|League of Nations]], reduce immigration with the passage of the Immigration Act of 1924, and oppose [[Franklin Roosevelt]]. They often look back even further, to [[Edmund Burke]], as well as the American anti-federalist movement that stretched from the days of [[Thomas Jefferson]] to [[John C. Calhoun]].<br />
<br />
Paleoconservatism is a dominant paradigm in the [[Bible Belt]] states.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The term paleoconservative was first used by either [[Thomas Fleming]] or [[Paul Gottfried]] originally as a joke, with the "paleo" prefix meaning "old" in opposition to the "neo", or "new", conservatives. Even though the term was used by the paleoconservatives' enemies because they saw it as unflattering, it is now routinely used by both its proponents and its detractors.<ref>'''Phillips, Dan''' "What the Heck is a Paleoconservative and Why You Should Care" (2006) [http://www.intellectualconservative.com/2006/12/08/what-the-heck-is-a-paleoconservative-and-why-you-should-care/ Intellectual Conservative]. Accessed 26 December 2007.</ref><br />
<br />
Gottfried wrote in his entry to ''American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia'': "Paleoconservative" becomes a conceptual and political counterpoint to "neoconservative" in "The Conservative Movement" by Thomas Fleming and Paul Gottfried (1988). Here the term no longer refers merely to conservative traditionalists of the 1950s and 1960s, e.g., Southern Agrarians, Catholic anticommunists associated with "National Review", and Taft Republicans who rallied to the Cold War. Instead, the term is now applied to embattled conservatives who opposed the growing influence of anticommunist New Deal Democrats on the Reagan presidency and on the conservative movement on the 1980s."<br />
<br />
==Philosophy==<br />
Paleoconservatism "is distinguished by certain [[Philosophy|philosophical]] presumptions that differ markedly from the presumptions of [[neocon]]s and most modern conservatives."<ref>'''Phillips, Dan''' "What the Heck is a Paleoconservative and Why You Should Care" op cit.</ref> <br />
<br />
Unlike most conservatives today, paleoconservatives are against the [[Iraq War]]. They are highly critical of the [[George W. Bush|Bush administration]] and the mainstream conservative movement. Paleoconservatism vocally distinguishes itself in its opposition to [[neoconservative|neoconservatism]]. However, what really sets them apart from other conservatives is much deeper than just policy: they generally reject the [[Enlightenment]] in whole or in part; they reject [[John Locke|Lockean]] "[[Social contract|contract theory]]" and the concept of "natural rights" outright. Dr. Donald Livingston, Professor of Philosophy at [[Emory University]], has argued that natural rights are a "philosophical superstition," and that "Whatever they might be, natural rights are universal and apply to all men. Further, they are known by reason, independent of any inherited moral tradition... It follows, therefore, that the doctrine of natural rights must be in a condition of permanent hostility to all inherited moral traditions. Any such tradition, no matter how noble the goods of excellence cultivated in it, can always be seen as violating ''someone's'' natural rights under some interpretation or another."<ref>'''Phillips, Dan''' "Understanding the Paleoconservative Perspective on Life" (2006) [http://www.intellectualconservative.com/2006/10/31/understanding-the-paleoconservative-perspective-on-life/ Intellectual Conservative]. Accessed 26 December 2007.</ref> <br />
<br />
Paleos agree with mainstream conservatives on issues like opposition to [[secularism]], [[abortion]] on demand and [[gay marriage]], while supporting capital punishment, handgun ownership and an original intent reading of the [[U.S. Constitution]]. Paleocons also often argue that modern managerial society is a threat to stable families.<br />
<br />
=== Government ===<br />
<br />
Paleos strongly oppose American membership in the [[United Nations]]. They also seek to limit the power of the [[Federal|Federal Government]], while strongly supporting [[Local Government|State's Rights]]. Paleos believe America was founded as a [[Constitutional Republic]] and support this form of government in favor of pure [[democracy]]. Some paleos in the [[Neo-Confederate]] movement, support the seccession of the Southern States.<br />
<br />
=== Culture ===<br />
<br />
Paleoconservatives differ from neoconservatives on [[immigration]], [[affirmative action]] and, unlike mainstream conservatives, paleos generally oppose [[miscegenation]] (multicultural integration). Paleoconservatives also question the supposition that [[European]] [[culture]] and mores can ever be transplanted or forced upon non-Western cultures, due to separate cultural heritages. As a result, paleocons are most distinctive in their emphatic opposition to open immigration by non-Europeans, and their general disapproval of U.S. intervention overseas for the purposes of exporting democracy.<ref>http://www.nationalinvestor.com/Experts-Lubinskas.htm</ref> <br />
<br />
Some Paleoconservatives have been labelled as anti-semetic, because many of them [[Holocaust denial|deny the holocaust]].<br />
<br />
=== Religion ===<br />
<br />
Paleoconservatives are [[Conservative Christianity|Conservative Christians]], like [[Christian Fundamentalism|Protestant Fundamentalists]] and [[Traditionalist Cathlics]]. They oppose religious [[pluralism]] and support orthodoxy of the [[doctrine]] within the respective denominations. They stress the importance of the need of America to return to its Christian Heritage.<br />
<br />
=== Economy ===<br />
<br />
Paleoconservatives support [[free market]] [[capitalism]], but many are ardent opponents of [[free trade]], citing disintegration of America's manufacturing base, and American dependance on imports as adverse effects of free trade. They strongly oppose all forms of [[socialism]] or [[communism]]. They seek to replace [[Federal Reserve System]] with a Constitutional monetary system. They are deeply concerned with the United States' loans of large amounts of money from the [[World Bank]] and the huge trade deficit the country is experiencing. Unlike mainstream conservatives, paleos oppose the continuing US financial support of [[Israel]]. Like other conservatives, they emphasize the importance of creating jobs for the working class and the slashing of [[taxes]] and spending.<br />
<br />
== Definitions ==<br />
<br />
In the March 2004 edition of [[Chronicles (magazine)|''Chronicles'']] magazine, Samuel Francis defined paleoconservatism versus conservatism as: "What paleoconservatism tries to tell Americans is that the dominant forces in their society are no longer committed to conserving the traditions, institutions, and values that created and formed it, and, therefore, that those who are really conservative in any serious sense and wish to live under those traditions, institutions, and values need to oppose the dominant forces and form new ones."<br />
<br />
Journalist Rod Dreher of the ''Dallas Morning News'' outlined what he called the "Crunchy Con Manifesto", which summarizes most paleoconservative principles:<br />
<br />
*"We are conservatives who stand outside the conservative mainstream; therefore, we can see things that matter more clearly.<br />
*Modern conservatism has become too focused on money, power, and the accumulation of stuff, and insufficiently concerned with the content of our individual and social character.<br />
*Big business deserves as much skepticism as big government.<br />
*Culture is more important than politics and economics. <br />
*A conservatism that does not practice restraint, humility, and good stewardship — especially of the [[Conservation|natural world]] — is not fundamentally conservative.<br />
*Small, Local, Old, and Particular are almost always better than Big, Global, New, and Abstract.<br />
*Beauty is more important than efficiency. <br />
*The relentlessness of media-driven pop culture deadens our senses to authentic truth, beauty, and wisdom.<br />
*We share Russell Kirk’s conviction that “the institution most essential to conserve is the family.”<br />
*Politics and economics won’t save us; if our culture is to be saved at all, it will be by faithfully living by the [[Russell Kirk|Permanent Things]], conserving these ancient moral truths in the choices we make in our everyday lives."<ref>'''Dreher, Rod''' "A Crunchy Con Manifesto" [http://crunchycon.nationalreview.com/about/ National Review Online]. Accessed 26 December 2007.</ref><br />
<br />
The leading publications of the paleoconservatives includes ''[[The American Conservative]]'' and ''[[Chronicles (magazine)]].'' Perhaps the most well known paleoconservative is [[Patrick J. Buchanan]]. Other paleoconservatives include [[Peter Brimelow]], [[Thomas Fleming]], the late [[Samuel Francis]], [[Peter Hitchens]], [[William S. Lind]], [[Scott McConnell]], [[Charley Reese]], [[Paul Craig Roberts]], [[Steve Sailer]], and [[Clyde Wilson]]. The term has also been applied to the three key intellectuals in post-war conservatism: [[Russell Kirk]], [[Richard Weaver]], and [[Robert Nisbet]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Paleoconservative Organizations ==<br />
<br />
* [[American Nationalist Union]]<br />
* [[Constitution Party]]<br />
* [[Council of Conservative Citizens]]<br />
* [[Family Research Council]]<br />
* [[Heritage Foundation]]<br />
* [[Institute on the Constitution]]<br />
* [[League of the South]] ([[Neo-Confederate]])<br />
* [[Rockford Institute]]<br />
* [[VDARE]]<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
*[[Paleoconservatism Worldwide]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
[[category:politics]]</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Paleoconservative&diff=485797Paleoconservative2008-07-02T17:06:41Z<p>Adi: /* Religion */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Paleoconservative''' is a term that describes an academic or scholarly [[conservative]] who emphasizes religious heritage, national and Western identity, [[tradition]], [[civil society]] and classical [[federalism]], the importance of [[demographics]], and an anti-interventionist policy of [[Robert Taft]]. Paleoconservatives oppose [[illegal immigration]], [[communism]], [[authoritarianism]], [[social democracy]] and entitlement programs.<br />
<br />
Many paleoconservatives identify themselves as "classical conservatives" and trace their philosophy to the [[Old Right]] [[Republicans]] of the interwar period, which helped keep the U.S. out of the [[United Nations|League of Nations]], reduce immigration with the passage of the Immigration Act of 1924, and oppose [[Franklin Roosevelt]]. They often look back even further, to [[Edmund Burke]], as well as the American anti-federalist movement that stretched from the days of [[Thomas Jefferson]] to [[John C. Calhoun]].<br />
<br />
Paleoconservatism is a dominant paradigm in the [[Bible Belt]] states.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The term paleoconservative was first used by either [[Thomas Fleming]] or [[Paul Gottfried]] originally as a joke, with the "paleo" prefix meaning "old" in opposition to the "neo", or "new", conservatives. Even though the term was used by the paleoconservatives' enemies because they saw it as unflattering, it is now routinely used by both its proponents and its detractors.<ref>'''Phillips, Dan''' "What the Heck is a Paleoconservative and Why You Should Care" (2006) [http://www.intellectualconservative.com/2006/12/08/what-the-heck-is-a-paleoconservative-and-why-you-should-care/ Intellectual Conservative]. Accessed 26 December 2007.</ref><br />
<br />
Gottfried wrote in his entry to ''American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia'': "Paleoconservative" becomes a conceptual and political counterpoint to "neoconservative" in "The Conservative Movement" by Thomas Fleming and Paul Gottfried (1988). Here the term no longer refers merely to conservative traditionalists of the 1950s and 1960s, e.g., Southern Agrarians, Catholic anticommunists associated with "National Review", and Taft Republicans who rallied to the Cold War. Instead, the term is now applied to embattled conservatives who opposed the growing influence of anticommunist New Deal Democrats on the Reagan presidency and on the conservative movement on the 1980s."<br />
<br />
==Philosophy==<br />
Paleoconservatism "is distinguished by certain [[Philosophy|philosophical]] presumptions that differ markedly from the presumptions of [[neocon]]s and most modern conservatives."<ref>'''Phillips, Dan''' "What the Heck is a Paleoconservative and Why You Should Care" op cit.</ref> <br />
<br />
Unlike most conservatives today, paleoconservatives are against the [[Iraq War]]. They are highly critical of the [[George W. Bush|Bush administration]] and the mainstream conservative movement. Paleoconservatism vocally distinguishes itself in its opposition to [[neoconservative|neoconservatism]]. However, what really sets them apart from other conservatives is much deeper than just policy: they generally reject the [[Enlightenment]] in whole or in part; they reject [[John Locke|Lockean]] "[[Social contract|contract theory]]" and the concept of "natural rights" outright. Dr. Donald Livingston, Professor of Philosophy at [[Emory University]], has argued that natural rights are a "philosophical superstition," and that "Whatever they might be, natural rights are universal and apply to all men. Further, they are known by reason, independent of any inherited moral tradition... It follows, therefore, that the doctrine of natural rights must be in a condition of permanent hostility to all inherited moral traditions. Any such tradition, no matter how noble the goods of excellence cultivated in it, can always be seen as violating ''someone's'' natural rights under some interpretation or another."<ref>'''Phillips, Dan''' "Understanding the Paleoconservative Perspective on Life" (2006) [http://www.intellectualconservative.com/2006/10/31/understanding-the-paleoconservative-perspective-on-life/ Intellectual Conservative]. Accessed 26 December 2007.</ref> <br />
<br />
Paleos agree with mainstream conservatives on issues like opposition to [[secularism]], [[abortion]] on demand and [[gay marriage]], while supporting capital punishment, handgun ownership and an original intent reading of the [[U.S. Constitution]]. Paleocons also often argue that modern managerial society is a threat to stable families.<br />
<br />
=== Government ===<br />
<br />
Paleos strongly oppose American membership in the [[United Nations]]. They also seek to limit the power of the [[Federal|Federal Government]], while strongly supporting [[Local Government|State's Rights]]. Paleos believe America was founded as a [[Constitutional Republic]] and support this form of government in favor of pure [[democracy]]. Some paleos in the [[Neo-Confederate]] movement, support the seccession of the Southern States.<br />
<br />
=== Culture ===<br />
<br />
Paleoconservatives differ from neoconservatives on [[immigration]], [[affirmative action]] and, unlike mainstream conservatives, paleos generally oppose [[miscegenation]] (multicultural integration). Paleoconservatives also question the supposition that [[European]] [[culture]] and mores can ever be transplanted or forced upon non-Western cultures, due to separate cultural heritages. As a result, paleocons are most distinctive in their emphatic opposition to open immigration by non-Europeans, and their general disapproval of U.S. intervention overseas for the purposes of exporting democracy.<ref>http://www.nationalinvestor.com/Experts-Lubinskas.htm</ref> <br />
<br />
Some Paleoconservatives have been labelled as anti-semetic, because many of them [[Holocaust denial|deny the holocaust]].<br />
<br />
=== Religion ===<br />
<br />
Paleoconservatives are [[Conservative Christianity|Conservative Christians]], like [[Christian Fundamentalism|Protestant Fundamentalists]] and [[Traditionalist Cathlics]] They oppose religious [[pluralism]] and support orthodoxy of the [[doctrine]] within the respective denominations. They stress the importance of the need of America to return to its Christian Heritage.<br />
<br />
=== Economy ===<br />
<br />
Paleoconservatives support [[free market]] [[capitalism]], but many are ardent opponents of [[free trade]], citing disintegration of America's manufacturing base, and American dependance on imports as adverse effects of free trade. They strongly oppose all forms of [[socialism]] or [[communism]]. They seek to replace [[Federal Reserve System]] with a Constitutional monetary system. They are deeply concerned with the United States' loans of large amounts of money from the [[World Bank]] and the huge trade deficit the country is experiencing. Unlike mainstream conservatives, paleos oppose the continuing US financial support of [[Israel]]. Like other conservatives, they emphasize the importance of creating jobs for the working class and the slashing of [[taxes]] and spending.<br />
<br />
== Definitions ==<br />
<br />
In the March 2004 edition of [[Chronicles (magazine)|''Chronicles'']] magazine, Samuel Francis defined paleoconservatism versus conservatism as: "What paleoconservatism tries to tell Americans is that the dominant forces in their society are no longer committed to conserving the traditions, institutions, and values that created and formed it, and, therefore, that those who are really conservative in any serious sense and wish to live under those traditions, institutions, and values need to oppose the dominant forces and form new ones."<br />
<br />
Journalist Rod Dreher of the ''Dallas Morning News'' outlined what he called the "Crunchy Con Manifesto", which summarizes most paleoconservative principles:<br />
<br />
*"We are conservatives who stand outside the conservative mainstream; therefore, we can see things that matter more clearly.<br />
*Modern conservatism has become too focused on money, power, and the accumulation of stuff, and insufficiently concerned with the content of our individual and social character.<br />
*Big business deserves as much skepticism as big government.<br />
*Culture is more important than politics and economics. <br />
*A conservatism that does not practice restraint, humility, and good stewardship — especially of the [[Conservation|natural world]] — is not fundamentally conservative.<br />
*Small, Local, Old, and Particular are almost always better than Big, Global, New, and Abstract.<br />
*Beauty is more important than efficiency. <br />
*The relentlessness of media-driven pop culture deadens our senses to authentic truth, beauty, and wisdom.<br />
*We share Russell Kirk’s conviction that “the institution most essential to conserve is the family.”<br />
*Politics and economics won’t save us; if our culture is to be saved at all, it will be by faithfully living by the [[Russell Kirk|Permanent Things]], conserving these ancient moral truths in the choices we make in our everyday lives."<ref>'''Dreher, Rod''' "A Crunchy Con Manifesto" [http://crunchycon.nationalreview.com/about/ National Review Online]. Accessed 26 December 2007.</ref><br />
<br />
The leading publications of the paleoconservatives includes ''[[The American Conservative]]'' and ''[[Chronicles (magazine)]].'' Perhaps the most well known paleoconservative is [[Patrick J. Buchanan]]. Other paleoconservatives include [[Peter Brimelow]], [[Thomas Fleming]], the late [[Samuel Francis]], [[Peter Hitchens]], [[William S. Lind]], [[Scott McConnell]], [[Charley Reese]], [[Paul Craig Roberts]], [[Steve Sailer]], and [[Clyde Wilson]]. The term has also been applied to the three key intellectuals in post-war conservatism: [[Russell Kirk]], [[Richard Weaver]], and [[Robert Nisbet]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Paleoconservative Organizations ==<br />
<br />
* [[American Nationalist Union]]<br />
* [[Constitution Party]]<br />
* [[Council of Conservative Citizens]]<br />
* [[Family Research Council]]<br />
* [[Heritage Foundation]]<br />
* [[Institute on the Constitution]]<br />
* [[League of the South]] ([[Neo-Confederate]])<br />
* [[Rockford Institute]]<br />
* [[VDARE]]<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
*[[Paleoconservatism Worldwide]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
[[category:politics]]</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Paleoconservative&diff=485796Paleoconservative2008-07-02T17:03:15Z<p>Adi: /* Culture */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Paleoconservative''' is a term that describes an academic or scholarly [[conservative]] who emphasizes religious heritage, national and Western identity, [[tradition]], [[civil society]] and classical [[federalism]], the importance of [[demographics]], and an anti-interventionist policy of [[Robert Taft]]. Paleoconservatives oppose [[illegal immigration]], [[communism]], [[authoritarianism]], [[social democracy]] and entitlement programs.<br />
<br />
Many paleoconservatives identify themselves as "classical conservatives" and trace their philosophy to the [[Old Right]] [[Republicans]] of the interwar period, which helped keep the U.S. out of the [[United Nations|League of Nations]], reduce immigration with the passage of the Immigration Act of 1924, and oppose [[Franklin Roosevelt]]. They often look back even further, to [[Edmund Burke]], as well as the American anti-federalist movement that stretched from the days of [[Thomas Jefferson]] to [[John C. Calhoun]].<br />
<br />
Paleoconservatism is a dominant paradigm in the [[Bible Belt]] states.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The term paleoconservative was first used by either [[Thomas Fleming]] or [[Paul Gottfried]] originally as a joke, with the "paleo" prefix meaning "old" in opposition to the "neo", or "new", conservatives. Even though the term was used by the paleoconservatives' enemies because they saw it as unflattering, it is now routinely used by both its proponents and its detractors.<ref>'''Phillips, Dan''' "What the Heck is a Paleoconservative and Why You Should Care" (2006) [http://www.intellectualconservative.com/2006/12/08/what-the-heck-is-a-paleoconservative-and-why-you-should-care/ Intellectual Conservative]. Accessed 26 December 2007.</ref><br />
<br />
Gottfried wrote in his entry to ''American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia'': "Paleoconservative" becomes a conceptual and political counterpoint to "neoconservative" in "The Conservative Movement" by Thomas Fleming and Paul Gottfried (1988). Here the term no longer refers merely to conservative traditionalists of the 1950s and 1960s, e.g., Southern Agrarians, Catholic anticommunists associated with "National Review", and Taft Republicans who rallied to the Cold War. Instead, the term is now applied to embattled conservatives who opposed the growing influence of anticommunist New Deal Democrats on the Reagan presidency and on the conservative movement on the 1980s."<br />
<br />
==Philosophy==<br />
Paleoconservatism "is distinguished by certain [[Philosophy|philosophical]] presumptions that differ markedly from the presumptions of [[neocon]]s and most modern conservatives."<ref>'''Phillips, Dan''' "What the Heck is a Paleoconservative and Why You Should Care" op cit.</ref> <br />
<br />
Unlike most conservatives today, paleoconservatives are against the [[Iraq War]]. They are highly critical of the [[George W. Bush|Bush administration]] and the mainstream conservative movement. Paleoconservatism vocally distinguishes itself in its opposition to [[neoconservative|neoconservatism]]. However, what really sets them apart from other conservatives is much deeper than just policy: they generally reject the [[Enlightenment]] in whole or in part; they reject [[John Locke|Lockean]] "[[Social contract|contract theory]]" and the concept of "natural rights" outright. Dr. Donald Livingston, Professor of Philosophy at [[Emory University]], has argued that natural rights are a "philosophical superstition," and that "Whatever they might be, natural rights are universal and apply to all men. Further, they are known by reason, independent of any inherited moral tradition... It follows, therefore, that the doctrine of natural rights must be in a condition of permanent hostility to all inherited moral traditions. Any such tradition, no matter how noble the goods of excellence cultivated in it, can always be seen as violating ''someone's'' natural rights under some interpretation or another."<ref>'''Phillips, Dan''' "Understanding the Paleoconservative Perspective on Life" (2006) [http://www.intellectualconservative.com/2006/10/31/understanding-the-paleoconservative-perspective-on-life/ Intellectual Conservative]. Accessed 26 December 2007.</ref> <br />
<br />
Paleos agree with mainstream conservatives on issues like opposition to [[secularism]], [[abortion]] on demand and [[gay marriage]], while supporting capital punishment, handgun ownership and an original intent reading of the [[U.S. Constitution]]. Paleocons also often argue that modern managerial society is a threat to stable families.<br />
<br />
=== Government ===<br />
<br />
Paleos strongly oppose American membership in the [[United Nations]]. They also seek to limit the power of the [[Federal|Federal Government]], while strongly supporting [[Local Government|State's Rights]]. Paleos believe America was founded as a [[Constitutional Republic]] and support this form of government in favor of pure [[democracy]]. Some paleos in the [[Neo-Confederate]] movement, support the seccession of the Southern States.<br />
<br />
=== Culture ===<br />
<br />
Paleoconservatives differ from neoconservatives on [[immigration]], [[affirmative action]] and, unlike mainstream conservatives, paleos generally oppose [[miscegenation]] (multicultural integration). Paleoconservatives also question the supposition that [[European]] [[culture]] and mores can ever be transplanted or forced upon non-Western cultures, due to separate cultural heritages. As a result, paleocons are most distinctive in their emphatic opposition to open immigration by non-Europeans, and their general disapproval of U.S. intervention overseas for the purposes of exporting democracy.<ref>http://www.nationalinvestor.com/Experts-Lubinskas.htm</ref> <br />
<br />
Some Paleoconservatives have been labelled as anti-semetic, because many of them [[Holocaust denial|deny the holocaust]].<br />
<br />
=== Religion ===<br />
<br />
Paleoconservatives are [[Conservative Christianity|Conservative Christians]] in theology and oppose religious [[pluralism]]. They support orthodoxy of the [[doctrine]] within the respective denominations. They stress the importance of the need of America to return to its Christian Heritage.<br />
<br />
=== Economy ===<br />
<br />
Paleoconservatives support [[free market]] [[capitalism]], but many are ardent opponents of [[free trade]], citing disintegration of America's manufacturing base, and American dependance on imports as adverse effects of free trade. They strongly oppose all forms of [[socialism]] or [[communism]]. They seek to replace [[Federal Reserve System]] with a Constitutional monetary system. They are deeply concerned with the United States' loans of large amounts of money from the [[World Bank]] and the huge trade deficit the country is experiencing. Unlike mainstream conservatives, paleos oppose the continuing US financial support of [[Israel]]. Like other conservatives, they emphasize the importance of creating jobs for the working class and the slashing of [[taxes]] and spending.<br />
<br />
== Definitions ==<br />
<br />
In the March 2004 edition of [[Chronicles (magazine)|''Chronicles'']] magazine, Samuel Francis defined paleoconservatism versus conservatism as: "What paleoconservatism tries to tell Americans is that the dominant forces in their society are no longer committed to conserving the traditions, institutions, and values that created and formed it, and, therefore, that those who are really conservative in any serious sense and wish to live under those traditions, institutions, and values need to oppose the dominant forces and form new ones."<br />
<br />
Journalist Rod Dreher of the ''Dallas Morning News'' outlined what he called the "Crunchy Con Manifesto", which summarizes most paleoconservative principles:<br />
<br />
*"We are conservatives who stand outside the conservative mainstream; therefore, we can see things that matter more clearly.<br />
*Modern conservatism has become too focused on money, power, and the accumulation of stuff, and insufficiently concerned with the content of our individual and social character.<br />
*Big business deserves as much skepticism as big government.<br />
*Culture is more important than politics and economics. <br />
*A conservatism that does not practice restraint, humility, and good stewardship — especially of the [[Conservation|natural world]] — is not fundamentally conservative.<br />
*Small, Local, Old, and Particular are almost always better than Big, Global, New, and Abstract.<br />
*Beauty is more important than efficiency. <br />
*The relentlessness of media-driven pop culture deadens our senses to authentic truth, beauty, and wisdom.<br />
*We share Russell Kirk’s conviction that “the institution most essential to conserve is the family.”<br />
*Politics and economics won’t save us; if our culture is to be saved at all, it will be by faithfully living by the [[Russell Kirk|Permanent Things]], conserving these ancient moral truths in the choices we make in our everyday lives."<ref>'''Dreher, Rod''' "A Crunchy Con Manifesto" [http://crunchycon.nationalreview.com/about/ National Review Online]. Accessed 26 December 2007.</ref><br />
<br />
The leading publications of the paleoconservatives includes ''[[The American Conservative]]'' and ''[[Chronicles (magazine)]].'' Perhaps the most well known paleoconservative is [[Patrick J. Buchanan]]. Other paleoconservatives include [[Peter Brimelow]], [[Thomas Fleming]], the late [[Samuel Francis]], [[Peter Hitchens]], [[William S. Lind]], [[Scott McConnell]], [[Charley Reese]], [[Paul Craig Roberts]], [[Steve Sailer]], and [[Clyde Wilson]]. The term has also been applied to the three key intellectuals in post-war conservatism: [[Russell Kirk]], [[Richard Weaver]], and [[Robert Nisbet]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Paleoconservative Organizations ==<br />
<br />
* [[American Nationalist Union]]<br />
* [[Constitution Party]]<br />
* [[Council of Conservative Citizens]]<br />
* [[Family Research Council]]<br />
* [[Heritage Foundation]]<br />
* [[Institute on the Constitution]]<br />
* [[League of the South]] ([[Neo-Confederate]])<br />
* [[Rockford Institute]]<br />
* [[VDARE]]<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
*[[Paleoconservatism Worldwide]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
[[category:politics]]</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Paleoconservative&diff=485794Paleoconservative2008-07-02T17:01:50Z<p>Adi: /* Philosophy */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Paleoconservative''' is a term that describes an academic or scholarly [[conservative]] who emphasizes religious heritage, national and Western identity, [[tradition]], [[civil society]] and classical [[federalism]], the importance of [[demographics]], and an anti-interventionist policy of [[Robert Taft]]. Paleoconservatives oppose [[illegal immigration]], [[communism]], [[authoritarianism]], [[social democracy]] and entitlement programs.<br />
<br />
Many paleoconservatives identify themselves as "classical conservatives" and trace their philosophy to the [[Old Right]] [[Republicans]] of the interwar period, which helped keep the U.S. out of the [[United Nations|League of Nations]], reduce immigration with the passage of the Immigration Act of 1924, and oppose [[Franklin Roosevelt]]. They often look back even further, to [[Edmund Burke]], as well as the American anti-federalist movement that stretched from the days of [[Thomas Jefferson]] to [[John C. Calhoun]].<br />
<br />
Paleoconservatism is a dominant paradigm in the [[Bible Belt]] states.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The term paleoconservative was first used by either [[Thomas Fleming]] or [[Paul Gottfried]] originally as a joke, with the "paleo" prefix meaning "old" in opposition to the "neo", or "new", conservatives. Even though the term was used by the paleoconservatives' enemies because they saw it as unflattering, it is now routinely used by both its proponents and its detractors.<ref>'''Phillips, Dan''' "What the Heck is a Paleoconservative and Why You Should Care" (2006) [http://www.intellectualconservative.com/2006/12/08/what-the-heck-is-a-paleoconservative-and-why-you-should-care/ Intellectual Conservative]. Accessed 26 December 2007.</ref><br />
<br />
Gottfried wrote in his entry to ''American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia'': "Paleoconservative" becomes a conceptual and political counterpoint to "neoconservative" in "The Conservative Movement" by Thomas Fleming and Paul Gottfried (1988). Here the term no longer refers merely to conservative traditionalists of the 1950s and 1960s, e.g., Southern Agrarians, Catholic anticommunists associated with "National Review", and Taft Republicans who rallied to the Cold War. Instead, the term is now applied to embattled conservatives who opposed the growing influence of anticommunist New Deal Democrats on the Reagan presidency and on the conservative movement on the 1980s."<br />
<br />
==Philosophy==<br />
Paleoconservatism "is distinguished by certain [[Philosophy|philosophical]] presumptions that differ markedly from the presumptions of [[neocon]]s and most modern conservatives."<ref>'''Phillips, Dan''' "What the Heck is a Paleoconservative and Why You Should Care" op cit.</ref> <br />
<br />
Unlike most conservatives today, paleoconservatives are against the [[Iraq War]]. They are highly critical of the [[George W. Bush|Bush administration]] and the mainstream conservative movement. Paleoconservatism vocally distinguishes itself in its opposition to [[neoconservative|neoconservatism]]. However, what really sets them apart from other conservatives is much deeper than just policy: they generally reject the [[Enlightenment]] in whole or in part; they reject [[John Locke|Lockean]] "[[Social contract|contract theory]]" and the concept of "natural rights" outright. Dr. Donald Livingston, Professor of Philosophy at [[Emory University]], has argued that natural rights are a "philosophical superstition," and that "Whatever they might be, natural rights are universal and apply to all men. Further, they are known by reason, independent of any inherited moral tradition... It follows, therefore, that the doctrine of natural rights must be in a condition of permanent hostility to all inherited moral traditions. Any such tradition, no matter how noble the goods of excellence cultivated in it, can always be seen as violating ''someone's'' natural rights under some interpretation or another."<ref>'''Phillips, Dan''' "Understanding the Paleoconservative Perspective on Life" (2006) [http://www.intellectualconservative.com/2006/10/31/understanding-the-paleoconservative-perspective-on-life/ Intellectual Conservative]. Accessed 26 December 2007.</ref> <br />
<br />
Paleos agree with mainstream conservatives on issues like opposition to [[secularism]], [[abortion]] on demand and [[gay marriage]], while supporting capital punishment, handgun ownership and an original intent reading of the [[U.S. Constitution]]. Paleocons also often argue that modern managerial society is a threat to stable families.<br />
<br />
=== Government ===<br />
<br />
Paleos strongly oppose American membership in the [[United Nations]]. They also seek to limit the power of the [[Federal|Federal Government]], while strongly supporting [[Local Government|State's Rights]]. Paleos believe America was founded as a [[Constitutional Republic]] and support this form of government in favor of pure [[democracy]]. Some paleos in the [[Neo-Confederate]] movement, support the seccession of the Southern States.<br />
<br />
=== Culture ===<br />
<br />
Paleoconservatives differ from neoconservatives on [[immigration]], [[affirmative action]] and, unlike mainstream conservatives, paleos generally oppose [[miscegenation]] (multicultural integration). Paleoconservatives also question the supposition that [[European]] [[culture]] and mores can ever be transplanted or forced upon non-Western cultures, due to separate cultural heritages. As a result, paleocons are most distinctive in their emphatic opposition to open immigration by non-Europeans, and their general disapproval of U.S. intervention overseas for the purposes of exporting democracy.<ref>http://www.nationalinvestor.com/Experts-Lubinskas.htm</ref> <br />
Some Paleoconservatives have been labelled as anti-semetic, because many of them [[Holocaust deniel|deny the holocaust]].<br />
<br />
=== Religion ===<br />
<br />
Paleoconservatives are [[Conservative Christianity|Conservative Christians]] in theology and oppose religious [[pluralism]]. They support orthodoxy of the [[doctrine]] within the respective denominations. They stress the importance of the need of America to return to its Christian Heritage.<br />
<br />
=== Economy ===<br />
<br />
Paleoconservatives support [[free market]] [[capitalism]], but many are ardent opponents of [[free trade]], citing disintegration of America's manufacturing base, and American dependance on imports as adverse effects of free trade. They strongly oppose all forms of [[socialism]] or [[communism]]. They seek to replace [[Federal Reserve System]] with a Constitutional monetary system. They are deeply concerned with the United States' loans of large amounts of money from the [[World Bank]] and the huge trade deficit the country is experiencing. Unlike mainstream conservatives, paleos oppose the continuing US financial support of [[Israel]]. Like other conservatives, they emphasize the importance of creating jobs for the working class and the slashing of [[taxes]] and spending.<br />
<br />
== Definitions ==<br />
<br />
In the March 2004 edition of [[Chronicles (magazine)|''Chronicles'']] magazine, Samuel Francis defined paleoconservatism versus conservatism as: "What paleoconservatism tries to tell Americans is that the dominant forces in their society are no longer committed to conserving the traditions, institutions, and values that created and formed it, and, therefore, that those who are really conservative in any serious sense and wish to live under those traditions, institutions, and values need to oppose the dominant forces and form new ones."<br />
<br />
Journalist Rod Dreher of the ''Dallas Morning News'' outlined what he called the "Crunchy Con Manifesto", which summarizes most paleoconservative principles:<br />
<br />
*"We are conservatives who stand outside the conservative mainstream; therefore, we can see things that matter more clearly.<br />
*Modern conservatism has become too focused on money, power, and the accumulation of stuff, and insufficiently concerned with the content of our individual and social character.<br />
*Big business deserves as much skepticism as big government.<br />
*Culture is more important than politics and economics. <br />
*A conservatism that does not practice restraint, humility, and good stewardship — especially of the [[Conservation|natural world]] — is not fundamentally conservative.<br />
*Small, Local, Old, and Particular are almost always better than Big, Global, New, and Abstract.<br />
*Beauty is more important than efficiency. <br />
*The relentlessness of media-driven pop culture deadens our senses to authentic truth, beauty, and wisdom.<br />
*We share Russell Kirk’s conviction that “the institution most essential to conserve is the family.”<br />
*Politics and economics won’t save us; if our culture is to be saved at all, it will be by faithfully living by the [[Russell Kirk|Permanent Things]], conserving these ancient moral truths in the choices we make in our everyday lives."<ref>'''Dreher, Rod''' "A Crunchy Con Manifesto" [http://crunchycon.nationalreview.com/about/ National Review Online]. Accessed 26 December 2007.</ref><br />
<br />
The leading publications of the paleoconservatives includes ''[[The American Conservative]]'' and ''[[Chronicles (magazine)]].'' Perhaps the most well known paleoconservative is [[Patrick J. Buchanan]]. Other paleoconservatives include [[Peter Brimelow]], [[Thomas Fleming]], the late [[Samuel Francis]], [[Peter Hitchens]], [[William S. Lind]], [[Scott McConnell]], [[Charley Reese]], [[Paul Craig Roberts]], [[Steve Sailer]], and [[Clyde Wilson]]. The term has also been applied to the three key intellectuals in post-war conservatism: [[Russell Kirk]], [[Richard Weaver]], and [[Robert Nisbet]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Paleoconservative Organizations ==<br />
<br />
* [[American Nationalist Union]]<br />
* [[Constitution Party]]<br />
* [[Council of Conservative Citizens]]<br />
* [[Family Research Council]]<br />
* [[Heritage Foundation]]<br />
* [[Institute on the Constitution]]<br />
* [[League of the South]] ([[Neo-Confederate]])<br />
* [[Rockford Institute]]<br />
* [[VDARE]]<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
*[[Paleoconservatism Worldwide]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
[[category:politics]]</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Apartheid&diff=485786Apartheid2008-07-02T16:53:42Z<p>Adi: /* Verwoerd and the Bantustans */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Apartheid''' (Afrikaans: ''separateness''), was a social and political policy of racial [[segregation]] which was enforced by white minority governments in [[South Africa]] from 1948 to 1994.<br />
<br />
==Verwoerd and the Bantustans==<br />
Laws passed in 1950 forced a separation of non-whites from whites in South African society. The first, the ''Population Registration Act'', which had people register with a racial classification board to determine "officially" if they belonged to one of four racial groups: white, African, colored, or Indian. The second, the Group Areas Act, was the enforced relocation of the different races from the few mixed-race communities; the non-white immigrants, especially the Africans, were ordered to carry passbooks to go from place to place in white areas. [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5&page=2] Likewise, whites were ordered to relocate from the areas which they settled, that historically belonged to blacks.<br />
<br />
Dr. Hendrik F Verwoerd, Prime Minister of South Africa from 1957 until 1966, designed a system that expanded the scope and impact of apartheid. Blacks were given increased education which guaranteed them many job opportunities as well as the opportunity to attend a university. Five Universities exclusively for Blacks were created and financed by the white government during the 1960s. <ref>Cloete, South Africa - key to a continent, 1970</ref>. The ''Reservation of Separate Amenities Act'', passed in 1953, ordered the segregation of blacks at all public facilities, including post offices, public transportation, beaches, sports venues, parks, toilets, and even cemeteries. [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5&page=2] <br />
<br />
:''"There is no place for him [the African] in the European community above the level of certain forms of labor. Within his own community, however, all doors are open. For that reason it is to no avail for him to receive a training which has as its aim absorption in the European community, where he cannot be absorbed."'' Hendrik F. Verwoerd (1954) [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5]<br />
<br />
Verwoerd had also insisted, and succeeded in getting, limited self-administration in the black reservations (called "homelands") of the Transkei, Ciskei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and KwaZulu, which meant they were semi-autonomous. This had also meant that the homelands were now responsible for their own societal and economic problems, although the South African government continued supporting the homelands financially; it also had the benefit for the white-controlled South African government that a huge majority of blacks in the country were no longer citizens, and therefore ineligible to vote, however, all blacks gained full voting rights in the bantustans. [http://www.suedafrika.net/history/eh_apart2.htm]<br />
<br />
==1983 Whites-only referendum==<br />
In 1983 President PW Botha put the question of allowing Colored and Indian representation to the White electorate. 66% of whites voted to allow Coloreds and Indians their own houses of parliament (called the House of Representatives and the House of Delegates respectively).<br />
<br />
Although many ultra-nationalistic and conservative whites attacked the move as it was power-sharing (which they feared would result in Black rule, and indeed it did some 11 years later).<br />
<br />
==The Troubles==<br />
The followers of Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi (Zulu King) and his Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) were staunchly pro-separation and even entered into a short-lived non-aggression pact with the [[Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging|AWB]] in 1993.<br />
<br />
However the African National Congress, who drew members from most other Black tribes, were pro-integration and, as such, Zulu workers who had migrated to White South Africa were frequently involved in clashes with ANC supporters in the townships (Black areas adjoining many White towns and cities). <br />
<br />
Between 1986 and 1994 some 10,000 IFP members were murdered by ANC supporters, many in a brutal fashion, the practice of "necklacing" was very popular amongst ANC members. Necklacing entailed placing a petrol-filled tire around the neck of a victim and then setting it alight.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
*Apartheid: A History by Brian Lapping</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Apartheid&diff=485783Apartheid2008-07-02T16:51:33Z<p>Adi: /* Verwoerd and the Bantustans */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Apartheid''' (Afrikaans: ''separateness''), was a social and political policy of racial [[segregation]] which was enforced by white minority governments in [[South Africa]] from 1948 to 1994.<br />
<br />
==Verwoerd and the Bantustans==<br />
Laws passed in 1950 forced a separation of non-whites from whites in South African society. The first, the ''Population Registration Act'', which had people register with a racial classification board to determine "officially" if they belonged to one of four racial groups: white, African, colored, or Indian. The second, the Group Areas Act, was the enforced relocation of the different races from the few mixed-race communities; the non-white immigrants, especially the Africans, were ordered to carry passbooks to go from place to place in white areas. [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5&page=2] Likewise, whites were ordered to relocate from the areas which they settled, that historically belonged to blacks.<br />
<br />
Dr. Hendrik F Verwoerd, Prime Minister of South Africa from 1957 until 1966, designed a system that expanded the scope and impact of apartheid. Blacks were given increased education which guaranteed them many job opportunities as well as the opportunity to attend a university. Five Universities exclusively for Blacks were created and financed by the white government during the 1960s. <ref>Cloete, South Africa - key to a continent, 1970</ref>. The ''Reservation of Separate Amenities Act'', passed in 1953, ordered the segregation of blacks at all public facilities, including post offices, public transportation, beaches, sports venues, parks, toilets, and even cemeteries. [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5&page=2] <br />
<br />
:''"There is no place for him [the African] in the European community above the level of certain forms of labor. Within his own community, however, all doors are open. For that reason it is to no avail for him to receive a training which has as its aim absorption in the European community, where he cannot be absorbed."'' Hendrik F. Verwoerd (1954) [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5]<br />
<br />
Verwoerd had also insisted, and succeeded in getting, limited self-administration in the black reservations (called "homelands") of the Transkei, Ciskei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and KwaZulu, which meant they were semi-autonomous. This had also meant that the homelands were now responsible for their own societal and economic problems; it also had the benefit for the white-controlled South African government that a huge majority of blacks in the country were no longer citizens, and therefore ineligible to vote, however, all blacks gained full voting rights in the bantustans. [http://www.suedafrika.net/history/eh_apart2.htm]<br />
<br />
==1983 Whites-only referendum==<br />
In 1983 President PW Botha put the question of allowing Colored and Indian representation to the White electorate. 66% of whites voted to allow Coloreds and Indians their own houses of parliament (called the House of Representatives and the House of Delegates respectively).<br />
<br />
Although many ultra-nationalistic and conservative whites attacked the move as it was power-sharing (which they feared would result in Black rule, and indeed it did some 11 years later).<br />
<br />
==The Troubles==<br />
The followers of Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi (Zulu King) and his Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) were staunchly pro-separation and even entered into a short-lived non-aggression pact with the [[Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging|AWB]] in 1993.<br />
<br />
However the African National Congress, who drew members from most other Black tribes, were pro-integration and, as such, Zulu workers who had migrated to White South Africa were frequently involved in clashes with ANC supporters in the townships (Black areas adjoining many White towns and cities). <br />
<br />
Between 1986 and 1994 some 10,000 IFP members were murdered by ANC supporters, many in a brutal fashion, the practice of "necklacing" was very popular amongst ANC members. Necklacing entailed placing a petrol-filled tire around the neck of a victim and then setting it alight.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
*Apartheid: A History by Brian Lapping</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Anti-Semitism&diff=485781Anti-Semitism2008-07-02T16:48:03Z<p>Adi: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Aldershot Cemetery.jpg|right|thumb|Community Security Trust. <br> Nov. 2004: The Aldershot Cemetery.]]<br />
'''Anti-Semitism''' (or '''antisemitism''') is [[discrimination]], [[Hate|hatred]], or criticism of [[Jews]], Jewish culture, or the state of [[Israel]].<br />
<br />
==Origins of Anti-Semitism==<br />
The first [[Christian]]s were [[Jews]], as [[Jesus Christ]] was. The story of Jesus was remembered and retold in the synagogues. Splits appeared very soon after the death of Jesus between the Pharisees and the Revisionist Jews. The Gospel of John was written quite soon after he and other revisionist Jews were barred from the synagogue by the Orthodox party. The references to Jews in the Gospel according to St John does not refer to Jews as a whole, but to the Pharisees. However, this was not well understood by later readers, and once the early generations of Jews had died out John's gospel was often used to justify acts of anti-Semitism.<br />
<br />
==Early Anti-Semitism==<br />
One of the oldest instances of anti-Semitic claims was made in the first century AD by Apion who claimed Jews sacrificed Greeks in their temple in a ritual known as a blood libel. Christianity later brought this up again in England in 1144, after William of Norwich was found murdered. William was called a martyr and created a second wave of anti-semitism, this time in Europe. It was mostly popularized with the story of Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln, and was even present in the Canterbury Tales. This continued on for many centuries until modern times. This "[[blood libel]]" accusation has survived the centuries and is today seen in Muslim anti-Semitic propaganda.<br />
<br />
In the Middle Ages, misplaced blame on Jews for the death of [[Jesus Christ]], despite the fact that Jesus Himself was obviously Jewish, and that He had been executed under [[Roman]] law, led to Christian antipathy against Jews in parts of [[Europe]]. This also led to rumors that Jews "desecrated the host" (tortured communion bread as per the [[Catholic]] doctrine of transubstination, and that they "poisoned the wells", leading to the [[Black Death]].<br />
<br />
Anti-semitism was rife in Europe well into the twentieth century. Anti-Semitic references were common in the popular literature of both the 19th and early 20th centuries. It became more "scientific", and often connected with psuedo-scientific racial theories. Well known 19th-century anti-Semites include Houston Stewart Chamberlain, [[Karl Marx]], and [[Richard Wagner]]. In [[Russia]], [[pogroms]] (mass slaughter) were carried out against the Jews. When [[Adolf Hitler]] needed a scapegoat on which to blame the inflationary problems of [[Germany]], he built on a bedrock of anti-Semitism that was already there. The consequence was the [[Holocaust]], called by Hitler the [[Final Solution]] to the 'Jewish problem'.<br />
<br />
==WWII to the Gulf War==<br />
[[Henry Ford]] was an outspoken anti-semite who used his newspaper, ''The Dearborn Independent'', to reprint the false ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]''. He was an admirer of [[Adolf Hitler]] and strongly opposed U.S. entry into the Second World War.<ref>Power, Ignorance, and Anti-Semitism: <br />
Henry Ford and His War on Jews http://history.hanover.edu/hhr/99/hhr99_2.html</ref> Aviator Charles Lindberg has also been accused of being an anti-semite. He also opposed U.S. entry into the war, though implied that if we did enter, it should be on the side of Germany.<ref>Asimov, Issac ''Isaac Asimov's Book of Facts''. New York: Random House, 1977.</ref> <br />
<br />
Republican President [[Richard Nixon]] unfairly earned a reputation as an anti-Semite after recordings of informal conversations laden with racial slurs and invective known as the [[Watergate Tapes]] were made public. These informal comments about Jewish control of the media and calling [[Robert Vesco]] "a cheap kike" among other comments suggested to Nixon critics that his views were informed by a mistrust of Jewish culture. <ref>http://hnn.us/articles/657.html</ref> Nixon defenders refute claims that he was an anti-semite because of his support of [[Israel]] during the [[Yom Kippur War]] and his many Jewish friends and associates such as [[Henry Kissinger]], [[Herb Stein]] and others. <ref>http://www.slate.com/id/1003783/ </ref><br />
<br />
In 1984 [[Democratic]] Presidential candidate [[Jesse Jackson]] is said to have uttered anti-Semitic comments to reporter for the ''Washington Post'' when discussing the state of African-American and Jewish relations, which had been a key [[New Deal]] coalition for half a century. Jackson is reported to have referred to Jews as "Hymie's", and to New York City as "Hymietown". Jackson is alleged to have apologized for the incident. <ref>[http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=187440 Jesse and the Jews], Michael W. Hirschorn, ''The Harvard Crimson'', March 05, 1984.</ref><br />
<br />
==Modern anti-Semitism==<br />
<br />
During the [[Gulf War]] of 1991 anti-Semites alleged the United States was being used to fight Israel's wars.<ref>[http://newint.org/features/2004/10/01/conspiracism/ ''Zog ate my brains''], [[Chip Berlet]], New Internationalist, October 2004.</ref><br />
<br />
The U.S. State Department ''Report on Global Anti-Semitism'' in 2005 said this about the current state of anti-Semitism worldwide:<br />
<br />
:Beginning in 2000, verbal attacks directed against Jews increased while incidents of vandalism... surged. Physical assaults including beatings, stabbings and other violence against Jews in Europe increased markedly, in a number of cases resulting in serious injury and even death. Also troubling is a bias that spills over into anti-Semitism in some of the [[leftist|left-of-center]] press and among some intellectuals. <br />
<br />
:The United States is frequently included as a target of such attacks, which often assert that U.S. foreign policy is made in Israel or that Jews control the media and financial markets in the United States and the rest of the world. ...Similarly, allegations that Jews were behind the 9/11 attacks were widely disseminated. <ref>[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/40258.htm Report on Global Anti-Semitism], U.S. Department of State Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on International Relations, Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, January 5, 2005. </ref> <br />
<br />
In the United States, [[Democratic Party|Democratic]] Senator [[Ernest Hollings]] was recently ostracized for public criticism of the Bush Administration <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040506-20051231re_/http://hollings.senate.gov/~hollings/opinion/2004506A17.html Bush's failed Mideast policy is creating more terrorism], U.S. Senator Ernest F. Hollings, Charleston Post and Courier, 6 May 2004.</ref> considered to be anti-Semitic. <ref>[http://www.adl.org/PresRele/ASUS_12/4496_12.htm Anti-Semitism: USA, ADL Urges Senator Hollings to Disavow Statements on Jews and the Iraq War], ADL Press Release, New York, 14 May 2004. </ref> On March 3, 2003 Rep. [[James Moran]] (D-Va.) said, "If it were not for the strong support of the Jewish community for this war with Iraq, we would not be doing this". <ref>[http://judaism.about.com/library/2_antisemitism/bl_moran_iraq.htm Are Jews Behind the War on Iraq?] A Case of Classical Anti-Semitism. </ref> Moran has since made further anti-semitic comments. <ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/16/AR2005061601570.html Democrats Play House To Rally Against the War], Dana Milbank, ''Washington Post'', June 17, 2005.</ref> <ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/14/AR2007091402171.html</ref><br />
Some supporters of the anti-[[Iraq War]] movement have been accused of anti-Semitism, including a group known as ANSWER-[[Act Now to Stop War and End Racism]], one of the first organizations formed to protest the policies of the Bush administration after 9/11. <ref>[http://www.forward.com/articles/the-%E2%80%98answer%E2%80%99-question-poses-difficult-choices/ "The 'Answer' Question Poses Difficult Choices for Liberals"] by Gal Beckerman, ''The Forward'', September 30, 2005. </ref> <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20041019075845/http://www.tikkun.org/magazine/index.cfm/action/tikkun/issue/tik0305/article/030512a.html Authoritarianism and Anti-Semitism in the Anti-War Movement?]. ''Tikkun'', May/June 2003. Link is to page on the Internet Archive, archived Oct 19, 2004.</ref><br />
<br />
Liberal activist [[Cindy Sheehan]], though she found popular support among [[leftist]]s and the mainstream media, was condemned for her outspoken anti-Semitic conspiracy theories. <ref>[http://www.davidduke.com/index.php?p=350 Why Cindy Sheehan is Right!], David Duke, 8/14/2005.</ref> Sheehan traveled to [[Venezuela]] <ref>[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/40258.htm Report on Global Anti-Semitism] U. S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, January 5, 2005. </ref> to appear with Venezuelan dictator, [[Hugo Chavez]] to denounce U.S. foreign policy which she blames as responsible for the death of her son.<br />
<br />
Former [[President of the United States|U.S. president]] [[Jimmy Carter]] has recently come under much criticism for his anti-Semitic writings and anti-Semitic comments. In his book, "Palestine Peace Not Apartheid", Carter endorsed Islamic terrorism against Israel as a tactic to achieve political ends. The sentiment was widely criticized by people across the political spectrum. In early 2007, it was revealed that Carter once complained there were "too many Jews" on the U.S. government's Holocaust Memorial Council. The council's former executive director, Monroe Freedman, also revealed that a noted Holocaust scholar who was a Presbyterian Christian was rejected from the council's board by Carter because the scholar's name "sounded too Jewish." <ref>http://www.worldnetdaily.com/staticarticles/article53954.html</ref><br />
<br />
While the contempory American left's hatred for Jews and Jewish traditions has been documented, others who were on the right have been ostracized by conservative commentators. William F. Buckley, Jr., founder and publisher of the ''National Review'' said of [[Reform Party]] presidential candidate and former Nixon speechwriter [[Patrick Buchanan]], "I find it impossible to defend Pat Buchanan against the charge that what he did and said during the period under examination amounted to anti-Semitism…" refering to comments Buchanan made regarding the U.S. involvement in the first [[Gulf War]] which lead to military action against [[Saddam Hussein]] and [[Iraq]]. <ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n24_v43/ai_11810753 In search of anti-semitism], William F. Buckley, Jr., ''National Review'', Dec 30, 1991.</ref> <br />
<br />
The number of anti-Semitic incidents in Britain increased by 34 percent in 2006. <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,290187,00.html Increase in Anti-Semitic Violence Troubles Jews in Britain] by Donald Snyder, Fox News, July 20, 2007</ref><br />
<br />
[[Swastika]]s have been carved into several cornfields in the United States. A 130-foot-square swastika was carved into a field in July 1998. A bigger 600-by-600 foot version of the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi]] symbol was found in a nearby cornfield almost a year later. In September 2007, a giant swastika covering several acres was discovered. <ref><br />
[http://www.nj.com/printer/printer.ssf?/base/news-8/1190695524193000.xml&coll=1 Police helicopter finds swastika cut into a Mercer County cornfield] The Star-Ledger, September 25, 2007</ref><br />
<br />
===Anti-Semitism and the Left===<br />
Anti-semitism has been growing rapidly at a phenomenal rate in Liberal countries, especially European countries. <br />
<br />
It has also been growing amongst liberals in the United States of America, The Institute for Jewish & Community Research, did a study of who is anti-semitic, and found that people who identify as being Democrat are consistenly more likely to believe any anti-semitic belief than a Republican. The data from the survey also revealed a connection between anti-Zionism and anti-Semitism. This is important since liberals are more likely to be anti-Zionist than conservatives. The study found that the young, who are more likely to be liberal, are also more likely to be Anti-semites than people over age 35. The study found that more than 75% of Democrats hold at least one anti-semitic belief. According to the study 20% of Democrats believe Jews care only about themselves<ref>http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=30503</ref><br />
<br />
Recently, [[liberal]] [[atheist]] [[Richard Dawkins]] came under criticism for saying that the Religious Jews monopolize control over the American government.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Wandering Jew]]<br />
*[[Blood libel|Blood Libel]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
*[http://www.discoverthenetworks.org/viewSubCategory.asp?id=86 DiscoverTheNetworks.org - Anti-Semitism in Academia]<br />
<br />
[[Category:culture]]<br />
[[Category:Judaism]]</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Holocaust&diff=485780Holocaust2008-07-02T16:46:10Z<p>Adi: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Warsaw ghetto.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Jewish families are forced from the Warsaw Ghetto in the aftermath of its destruction by the S.S. in 1943. Their final destination was the killing center at Treblinka.]]<br />
The '''Holocaust''' was the period during 1933-1945 in [[Nazi]] [[Germany]] when [[Jews]] were barred from social life and work, imprisoned en masse, and exterminated under the policy of ''die Endlösung'' (the '''Final Solution'''). <br />
<br />
==Origins==<br />
After years of struggling to push their ideology into the masses through browbeatings and violence, the Nazi Party in Germany came to power in 1933, with [[Adolf Hitler]] as Chancellor, his ideology firmly entrenched within the party, and in the pages of his ''Mein Kampf'', a semi-biographical work containing his rambling political philosophy. In its pages Hitler expounded on the idea that the Aryan race, of which he was a part, was the so-called “master race”, and had a moral right and duty to subjugate the world; in the way stood the ''untermenschen'' (“sub-humans”), which, according to the Nazis, were meant to serve the master race as slaves. At the very bottom were the Jews, who were depicted as an evil race bent on world domination. <br />
<br />
Hitler came to power on January 30, 1933 to lead a coalition government at the request of [[President]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]], and almost immediately he made moves to consolidate power to himself and the Nazi Party, as well as restrict or eliminate political opposition. Jewish businesses began feeling the effects of a boycott as soon as it began on April 1, followed by the dismissal of Jewish civil service workers, judges, and university professors a week later. On May 10, some ten days after laws were enacted which prevented Jewish children from attending public schools except by quota, thousands of university students and professors stormed bookstores and libraries to remove books they deemed “un-Germanic” and opposed to Nazi teachings, throwing them into public bonfires. The [[Nuremberg Laws]] were enacted in 1935, which revoked German citizenship from Jews as well as declaring the marriage between a Jew and a [[German]] illegal. By 1938, the political and economic foundations of German Jewry were completely decimated.<br />
<br />
==Crystal Night==<br />
On November 7, 1938, Herschel Grynszpan, a German Jew living in [[Paris]] and upset over his family’s forced deportation to [[Poland]], shot the third secretary (Ernst vom Rath) to the German ambassador in [[France]], who died two days later. His assassination touched off a wave of riots on November 9, seemingly at the behest of the Nazi minister of propaganda, [[Joseph Goebbels]], but this was expanded and organized better with the issuing of orders by the head of the S.S., [[Reinhard Heydrich]], later that evening, who specified that S.S. and S.A. units in various cities would march out with sledgehammers against Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues - but in civilian clothes only (to symbolize the “righteous” anger of the German people). Business could not be looted, as the property inside was deemed property of the state; Jewish property near German shops and homes could not be burned, but smashed; and many Jewish males, particularly the wealthy, were subject to arrest. Over 35,000 men were arrested that night, and according to figures released by Heydrich the total number of arrests exceeded 100,000; 815 Jewish businesses were destroyed, 191 Synagogues were destroyed or demolished, and over 2,000 were dead. By the end of the week local jails as well as the new [[Buchenwald]] and [[Dachau]] concentration camps were quickly filled. To further add insult to injury, the Jews were declared responsible for the damages done to their property and ordered to pay the staggering sum of one billion Reichmarks. <br />
<br />
The sidewalks were littered with shards of the expensive storefront glass that was preferred for shops in Germany, which was called ''Kristallglas'' for its high-quality. The amount of glass left behind gave the incident its name: ''Kristallnacht'' (“Crystal Night”), or the Night of Broken Glass.<br />
<br />
==Non-Jewish victims==<br />
Jews were not the only victims of Nazi persecution. <ref> It is estimated that around 6 million Jews were killed during the Final Solution, along with as many as another 6 million non-Jews. [http://www.holocaust-history.org/short-essays/heinrich-himmler.shtml] </ref> <br />
Members of unions, members of the Social Democratic Party, and political dissidents were also sent to the camps; indeed they were among the first ones incarcerated immediately following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor. Some 20,000 [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] also were rounded up and sent to the camps, primarily because of refusal to register for the draft, swear allegiance to the state, or give the “Heil Hitler” greeting. [[Homosexual]]s were arrested, where they were forced to wear a pink triangle on their prison garments. [[Gypsies]] as well were rounded up and imprisoned, and like the Jews, were deliberately marked for killing.<br />
<br />
The mentally retarded, the disabled, and the insane were selected for the T-4 Program, which was created in 1939. Dubbed “useless eaters” by S.S. general Ernst Kaltenbrunner, these people were murdered as part of a “euthanasia” campaign, usually by placing them in a special room where a vehicle’s engine provided the carbon monoxide gas that flowed in through a hose in a wall. <br />
<br />
Following the outbreak of World War II in [[Poland]], the Nazis killed Polish intellegensia in territories under their control, politicians, priests, and anyone else deemed part of a Polish leadership; the remainder were deemed slaves to serve their new masters; many were forced to perform hard labor, while many of the children who happened to look Aryan were kidnapped and raised as Germans in German households.<br />
<br />
==World War II==<br />
[[Image:Goeth.jpg|right|150px|right|thumb|Amon Goeth, commandant of the Plazow concentration camp near Krakow, Poland. A sadistic man, his recreation was to target and kill individual Jews in the camp with a hunting rifle from the balcony of his villa.]]<br />
When World War II began in the fall of 1939, Jews in Germany were completely marginalized. They could not own property, go to a park, associate with Germans, enter a library or museum, work in any professional field or engage in business, nor could their children attend public schools. Public transportation would be forbidden by 1941, and the wearing of the yellow Star of David badge on their clothing was mandatory. They were also, prior to September 1, forced to migrate from countries and territories which had come under Hitler’s wing (the Rhineland, Austria, the Sudetenland), with many being deported to Poland. By September 21, Poland was now the “General Government” protectorate under former lawyer [[Hans Frank]], and on that day Heydrich ordered the establishment of ''Judenrates'' (Jewish councils) which comprised 24 men - political leaders and rabbis – and whose personal responsibility was to carry out, to the letter, all German orders. This would include supplying people for work details, usually mundane things like digging ditches to amuse their Nazi overlords. Later, they were made to be responsible for supplying thousands of people a day for the “work” camps of [[Treblinka]], [[Sobibor]], [[Belzec]], and new one under construction near the town of Oswiecim, which the Germans called [[Auschwitz]].<br />
<br />
Thousands, nearly thirty percent of the total population of Warsaw, were crammed into just over 2 percent of the city’s total land area, a density of 200,000 people per square mile. Naturally disease and malnutrition would take its toll, but for the German overlords this was a minor inconvenience. The ghetto was a temporary place to hold all of Europe’s Jews until a final solution was determined, and when the Nazis invaded their former ally, the Soviet Union, in June 1941, the killing began in earnest.<br />
<br />
====The Einsatzgruppen====<br />
[[Image:Babi Yar.jpg|right|150px|left|thumb|1943 German photo of Soviet POWs forced to dig up the thousands of Jews killed at Babi Yar two years before; the Nazis destroyed the evidence by burning the bodies.]]<br />
Alongside the German Army were special mobile units whose job it was to locate and kill Jews, Gypsies, Soviets commissars, and others deemed unfit in the areas controlled by the army. These ''Einsatzgruppen'' (“special units”) were also aided by local populations who felt the Germans had relieved them of [[Soviet]] occupation as well as sharing a hatred for Jews and other minorities. Making no difference between young or old, male or female, the Einsatzgruppen killed 70,000 Jews at Ponary, near Vilnius, [[Lithuania]]; 33,771 Jews were machine-gunned in a ravine known as Babi Yar near [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]], between [[September]] 28-29, 1941 [http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/yevtushenko.htm]; 9,000 Jews were killed at the Ninth Fort at Kaunas, Lithuania, on October 28, of which half of the dead were children. On November 30 in the Rumbula Forest outside of Riga, Latvia, between 25,000-28,000 were killed. <br />
<br />
The killings were done in first and second waves, with the bodies buried in mass graves. When the Soviets threatened and carried out counter-offensives to reclaim lost territory, special units made up of concentration camp inmates (''sonderkomandos'') would return to the sites, dig up the bodies, and burn them in mass pyres, destroying the evidence of their crimes. The number of individual persons killed by the Einsatzgruppen has been estimated at a bare minimum of one million.<br />
<br />
==Endlösung==<br />
[[Image:Heydrich.jpg|right|150px|thumb|''Obersturbanfuhrer'' Reinhard Heydrich, the man who convened the Wannsee Conference with the intention of determining a "final solution to the Jewish question".]]<br />
:''To Gruppenführer Heydrich:''<br />
:''Supplementing the task assigned to you by the decree of January 24, 1939, to solve the Jewish problem by means of emigration and evacuation in the best possible way according to present conditions, I hereby charge you to carry out preparations as regards organizational, financial, and material matters for a total solution (Gesamtlösung) of the Jewish question in all the territories of Europe under German occupation.'' <br />
:''Where the competency of other central organizations touches on this matter, these organizations are to collaborate.'' <br />
:''I charge you further to submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired final solution (Endlösung) of the Jewish question.'' (Order from Hermann Göring to Reinhard Heydrich, July 31, 1941)<br />
<br />
====Wannsee Conference====<br />
On January 20, 1942 at a lakeside villa near Berlin named Wannsee a conference was convened by Heydrich to implement methods and ideas for a "final solution to the Jewish question" (''die Endlösung der Judenfrage''). At the conference were fifteen men, among them Heydrich’s head of Jewish affairs, [[Adolf Eichmann]], who would be instrumental in providing the logistical plans for removing the Jews to the camps. The men present were highly educated, and represented government agencies, such as the Gestapo, the Race and Resettlement Office, the S.S., as well as a representative from the General Government in Poland. As Heydrich himself explained near the beginning of the conference, ideas were bartered about as to relocating Jews:<br />
<br />
:''“Another possible solution of the [Jewish] problem has now taken the place of emigration—i.e., evacuation of the Jews to the east…Such activities are, however, to be considered as provisional actions, but practical experience is already being collected which is of greatest importance in relation to the future final solution of the Jewish problem.”''<br />
<br />
The minutes of the meeting were kept, but had been edited by Heydrich. The language it contains euphemisms in place of what was really said. ''Evacuation of Jews to the east'' and ''resettlement'' meant relocation to the concentration and extermination camps in Poland; ''special handling'' regarded the killing of Jews, either through slave labor in which the Jew was worked to death, or being killed immediately on arrival. The ''final solution'' was put into practice within a few months of the conference, as the bullets of the machine guns and the exhaust of carbon monoxide were replaced by the more efficient killing methods installed in the first gas chambers.<br />
<br />
====The killing centers====<br />
[[Image:Hgdye56.jpg|right|200px|thumb|''Selektion'' of Hungarian Jews at the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp in May/June 1944. To be sent to the right meant slave labor; to the left, the gas chambers.]]<br />
In the early years of Nazi Germany concentration camps were built with the expressed purpose of housing political prisoners; this was quickly expanded to Jews and other people the Nazis considered undesirable. But by 1942 new camps were built in eastern Poland as killing centers; the victims, once targeted by the Einsatzgruppen coming to them, had been rounded up by units of the Army and Waffen S.S., and forced to travel to their own destruction. The victims were packed tightly into cattle cars - so tight in fact that many would die standing up – and transported by rail to the new extermination camps of Chelmno, Treblinka, Sobibor, [[Majdanek]], and Belzec. The camps were essentially factories which specialized in death, making the process from arrival to counting to shower to disposal coldly efficient.<br />
<br />
As they arrived the victims were divided in two: those fit for work, usually young to middle aged men, or possessed a special skill needed in the camp, and the remainder sent for delousing in the showers. Deceived to the end, the “showers” was actually a sealed room in which a chemical tablet known as “[[Zyklon B]]” was dropped through a hole in the ceiling. The cyanide-based vapors would kill the entire room within minutes; within thirty, the room was emptied by the ''sonderkomandos'', cleaned, and ready for another group of victims.<br />
<br />
Of the killing centers, the one at Osweicim, Poland - Auschwitz - was perhaps the most notorious. Auschwitz was three camps: a prisoner-of-war camp (Auschwitz I), a slave-labour camp (Auschwitz III–Buna-Monowitz) and the extermination camp (Auschwitz II–Birkenau). The arrivals would disembark the trains at Auschwitz II, where the old, handicapped, infirm, sick, and pregnant women would face a German doctor (among them the notorious [[Joseph Mengele]]) in the ''selektion'', where a flick of a thumb could mean the difference between slave labor in the nearby factory run by I.G. Farben (which took advantage of the forced labor by investing some 700 million Reichsmarks in the project), or to their immediate deaths. Those selected for labor would be worked to death by a combination of hard labor and inadequate food and medical care; a second ''selektion'' of their numbers, if they had survived, would mean a trip to the gas chambers.<br />
<br />
The number of Jews put to death were staggering. Beginning in the summer of 1942 a bare minimum of 960,000 were believed killed at Auschwitz during its three years in operation. At Treblinka, between 750,000-900,000 Jews were killed within 17 months, considering the staff and guards there numbered 120. 600,000 Jews died at Belzac within 10 months by a staff numbering 104. In the eighteen months of its operation, Sobibor killed 250,000.<br />
<br />
==Clandestine aid==<br />
In territory occupied by the Germans the situation was bleak for Jews. Their allies were few and resources were meager. Despite this, many put their lives on the line to provide aid and comfort, as well as putting them in hiding or through a network of underground units to get them to safety. In Poland it was punishable by death to aid Jews, yet a “council for the aid of Jews” known as the Zegota rescued about 5,000 men, women, and children, providing hiding places and forged identity papers. A similar number was hidden by French Huguenots in the little town of Le Chamblon-sur-Lignon. Although criticized by many for his silence about the Nazi persecution of the Jews, Pope [[Pius XII]] hid several hundred inside the Vatican, away from Mussolini and German occupiers and quietly worked behind the scenes to do what they could. The Vatican estimates they were able to save upwards of 150,000 Jews during this horrible time. For those who say the Vatican should have done more to save Jews, it should be noted that they weren't even able to stop the killing of Polish Catholics, of whom more than a million lost their lives, so how could they stop the killing of Jews?<br />
<br />
Swedish diplomat [[Raoul Wallenburg]], in an attempt to save the last remaining Jews in Hungary, arrived in Budapest on July 9, 1944, and working with neutral diplomats and the Vatican, secured the release of several thousand; his efforts at the rescue of Jews would total well over 100,000 by war’s end. A Nazi businessman who took advantage of the slave labor conditions to make a personal profit, [[Oskar Schindler]], would use that profit to bribe camp guards and Nazi officials at the Plazow camp to ensure that the workers he had grown to love and admire would survive the end of the war; among the individuals he played cat and mouse with for their lives was the camp's commandant, Amon Goeth, a sadistic man who shot Jews for target practice from his villa and tortured a captured escapee by shooting the prisoners around him. These men and women, who hid Jews out of a sense of common humanity, would not be forgotten: the state of Israel would recognize them with honorary citizenship several years later.<br />
<br />
==Resistance==<br />
Jews stood virtually alone against the Nazi war machine and those who collaborated with them, receiving no aid or assistance from outside, as well as having no access to arms with which to defend themselves. Further, the Nazis took great care to prevent their victims from knowing their true plans right up to the moment of their deaths; at Babi Yar many had believed they were being transported to a “family work camp” right up to the point of standing before their own mass grave. There was also the fear of reprisals against large numbers of Jews within the ghettos, which also prevented resistance. But word of the unbelievable atrocities of the death camps filtered into places like Warsaw, and as the trains were leaving packed with Jews many saw that resistance was preferable to the death that awaited them.<br />
<br />
Nine months after the Warsaw deportations had commenced, and after confirmation that their destination was the Treblinka extermination camp, 24-year-old [[Mordecai Anielewicz]] and his Jewish Resistance began the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising on April 19, 1943, which lasted just over a month. Jews would fight alongside partisans elsewhere in France, the Balkans, and Soviet Russia during the last three years of the war. Uprisings also occurred in two of the death camps, Treblinka and Sobibor; the latter was closed as a result and the site razed to hide the evidence.<br />
<br />
But the killing continued unabated, even to the last week of the war. As territory was regained by Soviet forces, the death camps were evacuated of survivors and destroyed as much as possible in a futile attempt to hide the evidence. The survivors were moved west into Germany, usually in hellish death marches, and interned in concentration camps where death still awaited them; such killing by the S.S. took priority over military matters at times.<br />
<br />
==Aftermath==<br />
{| border="1" align="right" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" width="450" style="margin-left:5px"<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="5" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: yellow no-repeat scroll top left;"|Jewish Death Statistics during the Holocaust<br />
|-<br />
!align ="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Country<br />
!align ="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Prior Jewish Population<br />
!align ="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: red no-repeat scroll top left;"|Estimated Number Killed<br />
!align ="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Percentage of Total<br />
!align ="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Estimated Number of Survivors<br />
|-<br />
|'''Poland'''<br />
|3,300,000<br />
|'''3,000,000'''<br />
|91%<br />
|300,000<br />
|-<br />
|'''Germany'''<br />
|566,000<br />
|'''200,000'''<br />
|36%<br />
|366,000<br />
|-<br />
|'''USSR'''<br />
|3,020,000<br />
|'''1,100,000'''<br />
|36%<br />
|1,920,000<br />
|-<br />
|'''Hungary'''<br />
|800,000<br />
|'''596,000'''<br />
|74%<br />
|204,000<br />
|-<br />
|'''Lithuania'''<br />
|168,000<br />
|'''143,000'''<br />
|85%<br />
|25,000<br />
|-<br />
|'''Estonia'''<br />
|4,500<br />
|'''2,000'''<br />
|44%<br />
|2,500<br />
|-<br />
|'''Latvia'''<br />
|95,000<br />
|'''80,000'''<br />
|84%<br />
|15,000<br />
|-<br />
|'''France'''<br />
|350,000<br />
|'''77,320'''<br />
|22%<br />
|272,680<br />
|-<br />
|'''Austria'''<br />
|185,000<br />
|'''65,000'''<br />
|35%<br />
|120,000<br />
|-<br />
|'''Netherlands'''<br />
|140,000<br />
|'''100,000'''<br />
|71%<br />
|40,000<br />
|-<br />
|'''Belgium'''<br />
|65,700<br />
|'''28,900'''<br />
|45%<br />
|36,800<br />
|-<br />
|'''Romania'''<br />
|342,000<br />
|'''287,000'''<br />
|84%<br />
|55,000<br />
|-<br />
|'''Bohemia Moravia'''<br />
|118,310<br />
|'''71,150'''<br />
|60%<br />
|47,160<br />
|-<br />
|'''Greece'''<br />
|77,380<br />
|'''67,000'''<br />
|87%<br />
|10,380<br />
|-<br />
|'''Czechoslovakia'''<br />
|88,950<br />
|'''71,000'''<br />
|80%<br />
|17,950<br />
|-<br />
|'''Yugoslavia'''<br />
|78,000<br />
|'''63,300'''<br />
|81%<br />
|14,700<br />
|-<br />
|'''Italy'''<br />
|44,500<br />
|'''7,680'''<br />
|17%<br />
|36,820<br />
|-<br />
|'''Bulgaria'''<br />
|50,000<br />
|'''0'''<br />
|0%<br />
|50,000<br />
|-<br />
|'''Denmark'''<br />
|7,800<br />
|'''60'''<br />
|.8%<br />
|7,740<br />
|-<br />
|'''Finland'''<br />
|2,000<br />
|'''7'''<br />
|.03%<br />
|1,993<br />
|-<br />
|'''Norway'''<br />
|1,700<br />
|'''762'''<br />
|45%<br />
|938<br />
|-<br />
|'''TOTAL'''<br />
|'''9,508,340'''<br />
|'''5,962,129'''<br />
|'''63%'''<br />
|'''3,546,211'''<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
[[Image:Ike at Ordruf.jpg|left|150px|thumb|General Dwight D. Eisenhower saw for himself the carnage wrought by the Nazis when he toured the Ordruf concentration camp on April 12, 1945. These prisoners were executed prior to the camp's liberation.]]<br />
More than nine million people were discovered by the [[Allies]] to have been displaced throughout the European Theater of the war; of these, six million were returned to their native lands. One million refused, citing either a fear of communist persecution or a fear of being discovered to have collaborated with the enemy. The remainder, more than three and a half million Jews, had nothing. For these survivors, life after the war meant searching for loved ones, as well as recovering from the severe effects of malnutrition and disease at the hands of the Nazis. <br />
<br />
As to the future of finding homes for the surviving Jews, that was solved in part by both covert and well-publicized efforts to pressure [[Great Britain]] into relinquishing control of [[Palestine]] for the purpose of a Jewish homeland, as well as the relaxing of American immigration laws in 1948 which allowed a large influx of Jewish refugees. So shocking was the Holocaust to the Jewish mindset that it caused a determination of survivors to speed the creation of the State of [[Israel]] in May, 1948, vowing that a repeat of the Holocaust, as well as previous pogroms against the Jews in the past, would not happen again. Since 1948, Israel has fought in four major wars against their neighbors bent on eradicating it, and each time Israel has emerged victorious.<br />
<br />
The Allies were just as shocked over the conditions which prevailed at the Nazi death camps, and set up military tribunals as a result. The most famous was the [[Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal|Nürnberg Trials]], taking place 1945-1946 near the site of the Nazi mass rallies. For the first time in history, an international tribunal would try the 22 major living Nazis for crimes against humanity; all but one would be found guilty, and more than half would suffer death by hanging.<br />
<br />
Many Nazis would flee justice, seeking solace in many counties which sympathized with them. [[Adolf Eichmann]], a chief architect of the Holocaust, was captured while hiding in Argentina under an assumed name, brought to Israel, and put on trial in 1961. He was found guilty, and suffered the first and only death penalty carried out Israel’s history. Other Nazis would eventually be brought to trial: [[Klaus Barbie]], the “Butcher of Lyon”, was tried in France in 1987, as well as [[Maurice Papon]] a decade later for collaborating with the Nazis. These trials brought to new generations an awareness of the Holocaust.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The word '''Holocaust''' comes from the Greek word ''holokaustos'' (''holos'': complete, and ''kaustos'': a sacrificial or burnt offering to a god); the [[Hebrew]] word ''hurban'' (destruction) was also used, and and survivors have used both to refer to what seemed to be the complete and utter destruction of the Jewish people at the hands of the Nazis, specifically in the crematoria of the [[concentration camps|extermination camps]] built for that purpose. In Hebrew, the Holocaust is known by the word "''Shoah''."<br />
<br />
==Books and film==<br />
*''[[Schindler's List]]''<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Holocaust denial]]<br />
*[[Holocaust Memorial Day]]<br />
*[[Kindertransport]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*Shirer, William L. ''The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich'', Simon and Schuster, New York (1960).<br />
*Yahil, Leni. ''The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry'', Schocken Publishing House, Ltd, Tel Aviv, Israel (1987). English edition by Oxford University Press, New York (1990).<br />
*[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/yevtushenko.htm ''Babi Yar'', poem by Yevgeni Yevtushenko]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
:[http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/ Holocaust Encyclopedia]<br />
:[http://www.ushmm.org/ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]<br />
:[http://www.hmh.org/ Houston Holocaust Museum]<br />
:[http://www.flholocaustmuseum.org/ Florida Holocaust Museum]<br />
:[http://www.va-holocaust.com/ Virginia Holocaust Museum]<br />
:[http://holocausteducationcenter.org/ Holocaust Awareness Museum & Educational Center of Philadelphia; America's First Holocaust Museum]<br />
:[http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/Nuremberg/Nuremberg.html#search Searchable list of 2300 victims from Nuremberg]<br />
:[http://www.holocaustcentre.net/ Beth Shalom Holocaust Centre in Newark, England]<br />
:[http://www.mhmc.ca/ Montreal Holocaust Memorial Center Museum]<br />
:[http://www.holocaust-mahnmal.de/en German Government's Memorial To Jews Murdered During Holocaust]<br />
:[http://www.amcha.org/ AMCHA: Israeli Association of Holocaust Survivors]<br />
<br />
[[category:European History]]<br />
[[Category:World War II]]<br />
[[Category:Genocide]]<br />
[[Category:Holocaust| ]]</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Apartheid&diff=485777Apartheid2008-07-02T16:43:30Z<p>Adi: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Apartheid''' (Afrikaans: ''separateness''), was a social and political policy of racial [[segregation]] which was enforced by white minority governments in [[South Africa]] from 1948 to 1994.<br />
<br />
==Verwoerd and the Bantustans==<br />
Laws passed in 1950 forced a separation of non-whites from whites in South African society. The first, the ''Population Registration Act'', which had people register with a racial classification board to determine "officially" if they belonged to one of four racial groups: white, African, colored, or Indian. The second, the Group Areas Act, was the enforced relocation of the different races from the few mixed-race communities; the non-white immigrants, especially the Africans, were ordered to carry passbooks to go from place to place in white areas. [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5&page=2] Likewise, whites were ordered to relocate from the areas which they settled, that historically belonged to blacks.<br />
<br />
Dr. Hendrik F Verwoerd, Prime Minister of South Africa from 1957 until 1966, designed a system that expanded the scope and impact of apartheid. Blacks were given increased education which guaranteed them meny job opportunities as well as the opportunity to attend a university. Five Universities exclusively for Blacks were created and financed by the white government during the 1960s. [http://www.stanford.edu/~jbaugh/saw/Chloe_Bantu_Education.html]. The ''Reservation of Separate Amenities Act'', passed in 1953, ordered the segregation of blacks at all public facilities, including post offices, public transportation, beaches, sports venues, parks, toilets, and even cemeteries. [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5&page=2] <br />
<br />
:''"There is no place for him [the African] in the European community above the level of certain forms of labor. Within his own community, however, all doors are open. For that reason it is to no avail for him to receive a training which has as its aim absorption in the European community, where he cannot be absorbed."'' Hendrik F. Verwoerd (1954) [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5]<br />
<br />
Verwoerd had also insisted, and succeeded in getting, limited self-administration in the black reservations (called "homelands") of the Transkei, Ciskei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and KwaZulu, which meant they were semi-autonomous. This had also meant that the homelands were now responsible for their own societal and economic problems; it also had the benefit for the white-controlled South African government that a huge majority of blacks in the country were no longer citizens, and therefore ineligible to vote, however, all blacks gained full voting rights in the bantustans. [http://www.suedafrika.net/history/eh_apart2.htm]<br />
<br />
==1983 Whites-only referendum==<br />
In 1983 President PW Botha put the question of allowing Colored and Indian representation to the White electorate. 66% of whites voted to allow Coloreds and Indians their own houses of parliament (called the House of Representatives and the House of Delegates respectively).<br />
<br />
Although many ultra-nationalistic and conservative whites attacked the move as it was power-sharing (which they feared would result in Black rule, and indeed it did some 11 years later).<br />
<br />
==The Troubles==<br />
The followers of Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi (Zulu King) and his Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) were staunchly pro-separation and even entered into a short-lived non-aggression pact with the [[Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging|AWB]] in 1993.<br />
<br />
However the African National Congress, who drew members from most other Black tribes, were pro-integration and, as such, Zulu workers who had migrated to White South Africa were frequently involved in clashes with ANC supporters in the townships (Black areas adjoining many White towns and cities). <br />
<br />
Between 1986 and 1994 some 10,000 IFP members were murdered by ANC supporters, many in a brutal fashion, the practice of "necklacing" was very popular amongst ANC members. Necklacing entailed placing a petrol-filled tire around the neck of a victim and then setting it alight.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
*Apartheid: A History by Brian Lapping</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Apartheid&diff=485271Apartheid2008-07-01T18:49:04Z<p>Adi: /* Verwoerd and the Bantustans */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Apartheid''' (Afrikaans: ''separateness''), was a social and political policy of racial [[segregation]] which was enforced by white minority governments in [[South Africa]] from 1948 to 1994.<br />
<br />
==Verwoerd and the Bantustans==<br />
Laws passed in 1950 forced a separation of non-whites from whites in South African society. The first, the ''Population Registration Act'', which had people register with a racial classification board to determine "officially" if they belonged to one of four racial groups: white, African, colored, or Indian. The second, the Group Areas Act, relocated the different races the few mixed-race communities into segregated areas; the non-white immigrants, especially the Africans, were ordered to carry passbooks to go from place to place in white areas. [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5&page=2] Likewise, whites were ordered to relocate from the areas which they settled, that historically belonged to blacks.<br />
<br />
Dr. Hendrik F Verwoerd, Prime Minister of South Africa from 1957 until 1966, designed a system that expanded the scope and impact of apartheid. Blacks were given a increased education which guaranteed them many job opportunities as well as the opportunity to attend a university. 5 Black universities were created en financed by the white government during the 1960s.<ref>Da Gama, South Africa - key to a continent, Johannesburg, 1970</ref>. The ''Reservation of Separate Amenities Act'', passed in 1953, ordered the segregation of blacks and whites at all public facilities, including post offices, public transportation, beaches, sports venues, parks, toilets, and even cemeteries. [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5&page=2] <br />
<br />
:''"There is no place for him [the African] in the European community above the level of certain forms of labor. Within his own community, however, all doors are open."'' Hendrik F. Verwoerd (1954) [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5]<br />
<br />
Verwoerd had also insisted, and succeeded in getting, limited self-administration in the black homelands of the Transkei, Ciskei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and KwaZulu, which meant they were semi-autonomous. This had also meant that the homelands were now responsible for their own societal and economic problems; it also had the benefit for the white-controlled South African government that a huge majority of blacks in the country were no longer citizens, and therefore ineligible to vote, however, all blacks gained full voting rights in the bantustans. [http://www.suedafrika.net/history/eh_apart2.htm]<br />
<br />
==1983 Whites-only referendum==<br />
In 1983 President PW Botha put the question of allowing Colored and Indian representation to the White electorate. 66% of whites voted to allow Coloreds and Indians their own houses of parliament (called the House of Representatives and the House of Delegates respectively).<br />
<br />
Although many ultra-nationalistic and conservative whites attacked the move as it was power-sharing (which they feared would result in Black rule, and indeed it did some 11 years later).<br />
<br />
==The Troubles==<br />
The followers of Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi (Zulu King) and his Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) were staunchly pro-separation and even entered into a short-lived non-aggression pact with the [[Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging|AWB]] in 1993.<br />
<br />
However the African National Congress, who drew members from most other Black tribes, were pro-integration and, as such, Zulu workers who had migrated to White South Africa were frequently involved in clashes with ANC supporters in the townships (Black areas adjoining many White towns and cities). <br />
<br />
Between 1986 and 1994 some 10,000 IFP members were murdered by ANC supporters, many in a brutal fashion, the practice of "necklacing" was very popular amongst ANC members. Necklacing entailed placing a petrol-filled tire around the neck of a victim and then setting it alight.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
*Apartheid: A History by Brian Lapping</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Apartheid&diff=485267Apartheid2008-07-01T18:44:37Z<p>Adi: /* Verwoerd and the Bantustans */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Apartheid''' (Afrikaans: ''separateness''), was a social and political policy of racial [[segregation]] which was enforced by white minority governments in [[South Africa]] from 1948 to 1994.<br />
<br />
==Verwoerd and the Bantustans==<br />
Laws passed in 1950 forced a separation of non-whites from whites in South African society. The first, the ''Population Registration Act'', which had people register with a racial classification board to determine "officially" if they belonged to one of four racial groups: white, African, colored, or Indian. The second, the Group Areas Act, relocated the different races the few mixed-race communities into segregated areas; the non-white immigrants, especially the Africans, were ordered to carry passbooks to go from place to place in white areas. [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5&page=2] Likewise, whites were ordered to relocate from the areas which they settled, that historically belonged to blacks.<br />
<br />
Dr. Hendrik F Verwoerd, Prime Minister of South Africa from 1957 until 1966, designed a system that expanded the scope and impact of apartheid. Blacks were given a increased education which guaranteed them many job opportunities as well as the opportunity to attend a university. 5 Black universities were created en financed by the white government during the 1960s.<ref>Da Gama, South Africa - key to a continent, Johannesburg, 1970</ref>. The ''Reservation of Separate Amenities Act'', passed in 1953, ordered the segregation of blacks and whites at all public facilities, including post offices, public transportation, beaches, sports venues, parks, toilets, and even cemeteries. [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5&page=2] <br />
<br />
:''"There is no place for him [the African] in the European community above the level of certain forms of labor. Within his own community, however, all doors are open."'' Hendrik F. Verwoerd (1954) [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5]<br />
<br />
Verwoerd had also insisted, and succeeded in getting, limited self-administration in the black homelands of the Transkei, Ciskei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and KwaZulu, which meant they were semi-autonomous. This had also meant that the homelands were now responsible for their own societal and economic problems; it also had the benefit for the white-controlled South African government that a huge majority of blacks in the country were no longer citizens, and therefore ineligible to vote, however, all blacks gained full voting rights in the bantustans. [http://www.suedafrika.net/history/eh_apart2.htm]<br />
<br />
==1983 Whites-only referendum==<br />
In 1983 President PW Botha put the question of allowing Colored and Indian representation to the White electorate. 66% of whites voted to allow Coloreds and Indians their own houses of parliament (called the House of Representatives and the House of Delegates respectively).<br />
<br />
Although many ultra-nationalistic and conservative whites attacked the move as it was power-sharing (which they feared would result in Black rule, and indeed it did some 11 years later).<br />
<br />
==The Troubles==<br />
The followers of Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi (Zulu King) and his Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) were staunchly pro-separation and even entered into a short-lived non-aggression pact with the [[Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging|AWB]] in 1993.<br />
<br />
However the African National Congress, who drew members from most other Black tribes, were pro-integration and, as such, Zulu workers who had migrated to White South Africa were frequently involved in clashes with ANC supporters in the townships (Black areas adjoining many White towns and cities). <br />
<br />
Between 1986 and 1994 some 10,000 IFP members were murdered by ANC supporters, many in a brutal fashion, the practice of "necklacing" was very popular amongst ANC members. Necklacing entailed placing a petrol-filled tire around the neck of a victim and then setting it alight.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
*Apartheid: A History by Brian Lapping</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Apartheid&diff=485266Apartheid2008-07-01T18:43:25Z<p>Adi: boy, you're narrow-minded</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Apartheid''' (Afrikaans: ''separateness''), was a social and political policy of racial [[segregation]] which was enforced by white minority governments in [[South Africa]] from 1948 to 1994.<br />
<br />
==Verwoerd and the Bantustans==<br />
Laws passed in 1950 forced a separation of non-whites from whites in South African society. The first, the ''Population Registration Act'', which had people register with a racial classification board to determine "officially" if they belonged to one of four racial groups: white, African, colored, or Indian. The second, the Group Areas Act, was the enforced relocation of non-whites to the outskirts of various cities; to compel these people into the new "townships", which were in essence little more than shanty towns, the government ordered the bulldozing of once-vibrant mixed-race communities; the non-white inhabitants, especially the Africans, were ordered to carry passbooks to go from place to place in white areas. [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5&page=2] Likewise, whites were ordered to relocate from the areas which they settled, that historically belonged to blacks.<br />
<br />
Dr. Hendrik F Verwoerd, Prime Minister of South Africa from 1957 until 1966, designed a system that expanded the scope and impact of apartheid. Blacks were given a limited education which guaranteed them menial job opportunities as opposed to whites [http://www.stanford.edu/~jbaugh/saw/Chloe_Bantu_Education.html]. The ''Reservation of Separate Amenities Act'', passed in 1953, ordered the segregation of blacks at all public facilities, including post offices, public transportation, beaches, sports venues, parks, toilets, and even cemeteries. [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5&page=2] <br />
<br />
:''"There is no place for him [the African] in the European community above the level of certain forms of labor. Within his own community, however, all doors are open. For that reason it is to no avail for him to receive a training which has as its aim absorption in the European community, where he cannot be absorbed."'' Hendrik F. Verwoerd (1954) [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5]<br />
<br />
Verwoerd had also insisted, and succeeded in getting, limited self-administration in the black reservations (called "homelands") of the Transkei, Ciskei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and KwaZulu, which meant they were semi-autonomous. This had also meant that the homelands were now responsible for their own societal and economic problems; it also had the benefit for the white-controlled South African government that a huge majority of blacks in the country were no longer citizens, and therefore ineligible to vote, however, all blacks gained full voting rights in the bantustans. [http://www.suedafrika.net/history/eh_apart2.htm]<br />
<br />
==1983 Whites-only referendum==<br />
In 1983 President PW Botha put the question of allowing Colored and Indian representation to the White electorate. 66% of whites voted to allow Coloreds and Indians their own houses of parliament (called the House of Representatives and the House of Delegates respectively).<br />
<br />
Although many ultra-nationalistic and conservative whites attacked the move as it was power-sharing (which they feared would result in Black rule, and indeed it did some 11 years later).<br />
<br />
==The Troubles==<br />
The followers of Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi (Zulu King) and his Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) were staunchly pro-separation and even entered into a short-lived non-aggression pact with the [[Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging|AWB]] in 1993.<br />
<br />
However the African National Congress, who drew members from most other Black tribes, were pro-integration and, as such, Zulu workers who had migrated to White South Africa were frequently involved in clashes with ANC supporters in the townships (Black areas adjoining many White towns and cities). <br />
<br />
Between 1986 and 1994 some 10,000 IFP members were murdered by ANC supporters, many in a brutal fashion, the practice of "necklacing" was very popular amongst ANC members. Necklacing entailed placing a petrol-filled tire around the neck of a victim and then setting it alight.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
*Apartheid: A History by Brian Lapping</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Apartheid&diff=485260Apartheid2008-07-01T18:34:01Z<p>Adi: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Verwoerd and the Bantustans==<br />
Laws passed in 1950 forced a separation of non-whites from whites in South African society. The first, the ''Population Registration Act'', which had people register with a racial classification board to determine "officially" if they belonged to one of four racial groups: white, African, colored, or Indian. The second, the Group Areas Act, relocated the different races the few mixed-race communities into segregated areas; the non-white immigrants, especially the Africans, were ordered to carry passbooks to go from place to place in white areas. [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5&page=2] Likewise, whites were ordered to relocate from the areas which they settled, that historically belonged to blacks.<br />
<br />
Dr. Hendrik F Verwoerd, Prime Minister of South Africa from 1957 until 1966, designed a system that expanded the scope and impact of apartheid. Blacks were given a increased education which guaranteed them many job opportunities as well as the opportunity to attend a university. 5 Black universities were created en financed by the white government during the 1960s.<ref>Da Gama, South Africa - key to a continent, Johannesburg, 1970</ref>. The ''Reservation of Separate Amenities Act'', passed in 1953, ordered the segregation of blacks and whites at all public facilities, including post offices, public transportation, beaches, sports venues, parks, toilets, and even cemeteries. [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5&page=2] <br />
<br />
:''"There is no place for him [the African] in the European community above the level of certain forms of labor. Within his own community, however, all doors are open."'' Hendrik F. Verwoerd (1954) [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5]<br />
<br />
Verwoerd had also insisted, and succeeded in getting, limited self-administration in the black homelands of the Transkei, Ciskei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and KwaZulu, which meant they were semi-autonomous. This had also meant that the homelands were now responsible for their own societal and economic problems; it also had the benefit for the white-controlled South African government that a huge majority of blacks in the country were no longer citizens, and therefore ineligible to vote, however, all blacks gained full voting rights in the bantustans. [http://www.suedafrika.net/history/eh_apart2.htm]</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Apartheid&diff=485253Apartheid2008-07-01T18:25:20Z<p>Adi: I can only pray th</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Apartheid''' (Afrikaans: ''separateness''), was a social and political policy of racial [[segregation]] which was enforced by white minority governments in [[South Africa]] from 1948 to 1994.<br />
<br />
==Verwoerd and the Bantustans==<br />
Laws passed in 1950 forced a separation of non-whites from whites in South African society. The first, the ''Population Registration Act'', which had people register with a racial classification board to determine "officially" if they belonged to one of four racial groups: white, African, colored, or Indian. The second, the Group Areas Act, relocated the different races the few mixed-race communities into segregated areas; the non-white immigrants, especially the Africans, were ordered to carry passbooks to go from place to place in white areas. [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5&page=2] Likewise, whites were ordered to relocate from the areas which they settled, that historically belonged to blacks.<br />
<br />
Dr. Hendrik F Verwoerd, Prime Minister of South Africa from 1957 until 1966, designed a system that expanded the scope and impact of apartheid. Blacks were given a increased education which guaranteed them many job opportunities as well as the opportunity to attend a university. 5 Black universities were created en financed by the white government during the 1960s.<ref>Da Gama, South Africa - key to a continent, Johannesburg, 1970</ref>. The ''Reservation of Separate Amenities Act'', passed in 1953, ordered the segregation of blacks and whites at all public facilities, including post offices, public transportation, beaches, sports venues, parks, toilets, and even cemeteries. [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5&page=2] <br />
<br />
:''"There is no place for him [the African] in the European community above the level of certain forms of labor. Within his own community, however, all doors are open."'' Hendrik F. Verwoerd (1954) [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5]<br />
<br />
Verwoerd had also insisted, and succeeded in getting, limited self-administration in the black homelands of the Transkei, Ciskei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and KwaZulu, which meant they were semi-autonomous. This had also meant that the homelands were now responsible for their own societal and economic problems; it also had the benefit for the white-controlled South African government that a huge majority of blacks in the country were no longer citizens, and therefore ineligible to vote, however, all blacks gained full voting rights in the bantustans. [http://www.suedafrika.net/history/eh_apart2.htm]<br />
<br />
The ultimate goal of the Apartheid system was cultural preservation for all races.<br />
<br />
==1983 Whites-only referendum==<br />
In 1983 President PW Botha put the question of allowing Colored and Indian representation to the White electorate. 66% of whites voted to allow Coloreds and Indians their own houses of parliament (called the House of Representatives and the House of Delegates respectively).<br />
<br />
Although many ultra-nationalistic and conservative whites attacked the move as it was power-sharing (which they feared would result in Black rule, and indeed it did some 11 years later).<br />
<br />
==The Troubles==<br />
The followers of Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi (Zulu King) and his Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) were staunchly pro-separation and even entered into a short-lived non-aggression pact with the [[Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging|AWB]] in 1993.<br />
<br />
However the African National Congress, who drew members from most other Black tribes, were pro-integration and, as such, Zulu workers who had migrated to White South Africa were frequently involved in clashes with ANC supporters in the townships (Black areas adjoining many White towns and cities). <br />
<br />
Between 1986 and 1994 some 10,000 IFP members were murdered by ANC supporters, many in a brutal fashion, the practice of "necklacing" was very popular amongst ANC members. Necklacing entailed placing a petrol-filled tire around the neck of a victim and then setting it alight.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
*Apartheid: A History by Brian Lapping</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Apartheid&diff=485242Apartheid2008-07-01T18:10:49Z<p>Adi: Look, I don't have the energy to argue with you. I can only pray that the Lord will open your eyen to the millions of lies you have been told.</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Apartheid''' (Afrikaans: ''separateness''), was a social and political policy of racial [[segregation]] which was enforced by white minority governments in [[South Africa]] from 1948 to 1994.<br />
<br />
==Verwoerd and the Bantustans==<br />
Laws passed in 1950 forced a separation of non-whites from whites in South African society. The first, the ''Population Registration Act'', which had people register with a racial classification board to determine "officially" if they belonged to one of four racial groups: white, African, colored, or Indian. The second, the Group Areas Act, relocated the different races the few mixed-race communities into segregated areas; the non-white immigrants, especially the Africans, were ordered to carry passbooks to go from place to place in white areas. [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5&page=2] Likewise, whites were ordered to relocate from the areas which they settled, that historically belonged to blacks.<br />
<br />
Dr. Hendrik F Verwoerd, Prime Minister of South Africa from 1957 until 1966, designed a system that expanded the scope and impact of apartheid. Blacks were given a increased education which guaranteed them many job opportunities as well as the opportunity to attend a university. [http://www.stanford.edu/~jbaugh/saw/Chloe_Bantu_Education.html]. The ''Reservation of Separate Amenities Act'', passed in 1953, ordered the segregation of blacks and whites at all public facilities, including post offices, public transportation, beaches, sports venues, parks, toilets, and even cemeteries. [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5&page=2] <br />
<br />
:''"There is no place for him [the African] in the European community above the level of certain forms of labor. Within his own community, however, all doors are open."'' Hendrik F. Verwoerd (1954) [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5]<br />
<br />
Verwoerd had also insisted, and succeeded in getting, limited self-administration in the black homelands of the Transkei, Ciskei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and KwaZulu, which meant they were semi-autonomous. This had also meant that the homelands were now responsible for their own societal and economic problems; it also had the benefit for the white-controlled South African government that a huge majority of blacks in the country were no longer citizens, and therefore ineligible to vote, however, all blacks gained full voting rights in the bantustans. [http://www.suedafrika.net/history/eh_apart2.htm]<br />
<br />
The ultimate goal of the Apartheid system was cultural preservation for all races.<br />
<br />
==1983 Whites-only referendum==<br />
In 1983 President PW Botha put the question of allowing Colored and Indian representation to the White electorate. 66% of whites voted to allow Coloreds and Indians their own houses of parliament (called the House of Representatives and the House of Delegates respectively).<br />
<br />
Although many ultra-nationalistic and conservative whites attacked the move as it was power-sharing (which they feared would result in Black rule, and indeed it did some 11 years later).<br />
<br />
==The Troubles==<br />
The followers of Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi (Zulu King) and his Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) were staunchly pro-separation and even entered into a short-lived non-aggression pact with the [[Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging|AWB]] in 1993.<br />
<br />
However the African National Congress, who drew members from most other Black tribes, were pro-integration and, as such, Zulu workers who had migrated to White South Africa were frequently involved in clashes with ANC supporters in the townships (Black areas adjoining many White towns and cities). <br />
<br />
Between 1986 and 1994 some 10,000 IFP members were murdered by ANC supporters, many in a brutal fashion, the practice of "necklacing" was very popular amongst ANC members. Necklacing entailed placing a petrol-filled tire around the neck of a victim and then setting it alight.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
*Apartheid: A History by Brian Lapping</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Apartheid&diff=485234Apartheid2008-07-01T18:03:24Z<p>Adi: The truth will set you free!</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Apartheid''' (Afrikaans: ''separateness''), was a social and political policy of racial [[segregation]] which was enforced by white minority governments in [[South Africa]] from 1948 to 1994.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Verwoerd and the Bantustans==<br />
Laws passed in 1950 forced a separation of non-whites from whites in South African society. The first, the ''Population Registration Act'', which had people register with a racial classification board to determine "officially" if they belonged to one of four racial groups: white, African, colored, or Indian. The second, the Group Areas Act, relocated the different races the few mixed-race communities into segregated areas; the non-white immigrants, especially the Africans, were ordered to carry passbooks to go from place to place in white areas. [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5&page=2] Likewise, whites were ordered to relocate from the areas which they settled, that historically belonged to blacks.<br />
<br />
Dr. Hendrik F Verwoerd, Prime Minister of South Africa from 1957 until 1966, designed a system that expanded the scope and impact of apartheid. Blacks were given a increased education which guaranteed them many job opportunities as well as the opportunity to attend a university. [http://www.stanford.edu/~jbaugh/saw/Chloe_Bantu_Education.html]. The ''Reservation of Separate Amenities Act'', passed in 1953, ordered the segregation of blacks and whites at all public facilities, including post offices, public transportation, beaches, sports venues, parks, toilets, and even cemeteries. [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5&page=2] <br />
<br />
:''"There is no place for him [the African] in the European community above the level of certain forms of labor. Within his own community, however, all doors are open."'' Hendrik F. Verwoerd (1954) [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5]<br />
<br />
Verwoerd had also insisted, and succeeded in getting, limited self-administration in the black homelands of the Transkei, Ciskei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and KwaZulu, which meant they were semi-autonomous. This had also meant that the homelands were now responsible for their own societal and economic problems; it also had the benefit for the white-controlled South African government that a huge majority of blacks in the country were no longer citizens, and therefore ineligible to vote, however, all blacks gained full voting rights in the bantustans. [http://www.suedafrika.net/history/eh_apart2.htm]<br />
<br />
The ultimate goal of the Apartheid system was cultural preservation for all races.<br />
<br />
==1983 Whites-only referendum==<br />
In 1983 President PW Botha put the question of allowing Colored and Indian representation to the White electorate. 66% of whites voted to allow Coloreds and Indians their own houses of parliament (called the House of Representatives and the House of Delegates respectively).<br />
<br />
Although many ultra-nationalistic and conservative whites attacked the move as it was power-sharing (which they feared would result in Black rule, and indeed it did some 11 years later).<br />
<br />
==The Troubles==<br />
The followers of Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi (Zulu King) and his Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) were staunchly pro-separation and even entered into a short-lived non-aggression pact with the [[Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging|AWB]] in 1993.<br />
<br />
However the African National Congress, who drew members from most other Black tribes, were pro-integration and, as such, Zulu workers who had migrated to White South Africa were frequently involved in clashes with ANC supporters in the townships (Black areas adjoining many White towns and cities). <br />
<br />
Between 1986 and 1994 some 10,000 IFP members were murdered by ANC supporters, many in a brutal fashion, the practice of "necklacing" was very popular amongst ANC members. Necklacing entailed placing a petrol-filled tire around the neck of a victim and then setting it alight.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
*Apartheid: A History by Brian Lapping</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Apartheid&diff=485229Apartheid2008-07-01T17:58:41Z<p>Adi: /* Verwoerd and the Bantustans */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Apartheid''' (Afrikaans: ''separateness''), was a social and political policy of racial [[segregation]] which was enforced by white minority governments in [[South Africa]] from 1948 to 1994.<br />
<br />
==Verwoerd and the Bantustans==<br />
Laws passed in 1950 forced a separation of non-whites from whites in South African society. The first, the ''Population Registration Act'', which had people register with a racial classification board to determine "officially" if they belonged to one of four racial groups: white, African, colored, or Indian. The second, the Group Areas Act, relocated the different races the few mixed-race communities into segregated areas; the non-white immigrants, especially the Africans, were ordered to carry passbooks to go from place to place in white areas. [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5&page=2] Likewise, whites were ordered to relocate from the areas which they settled, that historically belonged to blacks.<br />
<br />
Dr. Hendrik F Verwoerd, Prime Minister of South Africa from 1957 until 1966, designed a system that expanded the scope and impact of apartheid. Blacks were given a increased education which guaranteed them many job opportunities as well as the opportunity to attend a university. [http://www.stanford.edu/~jbaugh/saw/Chloe_Bantu_Education.html]. The ''Reservation of Separate Amenities Act'', passed in 1953, ordered the segregation of blacks and whites at all public facilities, including post offices, public transportation, beaches, sports venues, parks, toilets, and even cemeteries. [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5&page=2] <br />
<br />
:''"There is no place for him [the African] in the European community above the level of certain forms of labor. Within his own community, however, all doors are open."'' Hendrik F. Verwoerd (1954) [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5]<br />
<br />
Verwoerd had also insisted, and succeeded in getting, limited self-administration in the black homelands of the Transkei, Ciskei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and KwaZulu, which meant they were semi-autonomous. This had also meant that the homelands were now responsible for their own societal and economic problems; it also had the benefit for the white-controlled South African government that a huge majority of blacks in the country were no longer citizens, and therefore ineligible to vote, however, all blacks gained full voting rights in the bantustans. [http://www.suedafrika.net/history/eh_apart2.htm]<br />
<br />
==1983 Whites-only referendum==<br />
In 1983 President PW Botha put the question of allowing Colored and Indian representation to the White electorate. 66% of whites voted to allow Coloreds and Indians their own houses of parliament (called the House of Representatives and the House of Delegates respectively).<br />
<br />
Although many ultra-nationalistic and conservative whites attacked the move as it was power-sharing (which they feared would result in Black rule, and indeed it did some 11 years later).<br />
<br />
==The Troubles==<br />
The followers of Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi (Zulu King) and his Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) were staunchly pro-separation and even entered into a short-lived non-aggression pact with the [[Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging|AWB]] in 1993.<br />
<br />
However the African National Congress, who drew members from most other Black tribes, were pro-integration and, as such, Zulu workers who had migrated to White South Africa were frequently involved in clashes with ANC supporters in the townships (Black areas adjoining many White towns and cities). <br />
<br />
Between 1986 and 1994 some 10,000 IFP members were murdered by ANC supporters, many in a brutal fashion, the practice of "necklacing" was very popular amongst ANC members. Necklacing entailed placing a petrol-filled tire around the neck of a victim and then setting it alight.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
*Apartheid: A History by Brian Lapping</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Apartheid&diff=485224Apartheid2008-07-01T17:48:32Z<p>Adi: /* Verwoerd and the Bantustans */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Apartheid''' (Afrikaans: ''separateness''), was a social and political policy of racial [[segregation]] which was enforced by white minority governments in [[South Africa]] from 1948 to 1994.<br />
<br />
==Verwoerd and the Bantustans==<br />
Laws passed in 1950 forced a separation of non-whites from whites in South African society. The first, the ''Population Registration Act'', which had people register with a racial classification board to determine "officially" if they belonged to one of four racial groups: white, African, colored, or Indian. The second, the Group Areas Act, was the enforced relocation of non-whites to the outskirts of various cities; the non-white inhabitants, especially the Africans, were ordered to carry passbooks to go from place to place in white areas. [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5&page=2] Likewise, whites were ordered to relocate from the areas which they settled, that historically belonged to blacks.<br />
<br />
Dr. Hendrik F Verwoerd, Prime Minister of South Africa from 1957 until 1966, designed a system that expanded the scope and impact of apartheid. Blacks were given increased education which guaranteed them many job opportunities as well as the opportunity to study at a University. hites [http://www.stanford.edu/~jbaugh/saw/Chloe_Bantu_Education.html]. The ''Reservation of Separate Amenities Act'', passed in 1953, ordered the segregation of blacks at all public facilities, including post offices, public transportation, beaches, sports venues, parks, toilets, and even cemeteries. [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5&page=2] <br />
<br />
:''"There is no place for him [the African] in the European community above the level of certain forms of labor. Within his own community, however, all doors are open."'' Hendrik F. Verwoerd (1954) [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5]<br />
<br />
Verwoerd had also insisted, and succeeded in getting, limited self-administration in the black reservations (called "homelands") of the Transkei, Ciskei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and KwaZulu, which meant they were semi-autonomous. This had also meant that the homelands were now responsible for their own societal and economic problems; it also had the benefit for the white-controlled South African government that a huge majority of blacks in the country were no longer citizens, and therefore ineligible to vote, however, all blacks gained full voting rights in the bantustans. [http://www.suedafrika.net/history/eh_apart2.htm]<br />
<br />
==1983 Whites-only referendum==<br />
In 1983 President PW Botha put the question of allowing Colored and Indian representation to the White electorate. 66% of whites voted to allow Coloreds and Indians their own houses of parliament (called the House of Representatives and the House of Delegates respectively).<br />
<br />
Although many ultra-nationalistic and conservative whites attacked the move as it was power-sharing (which they feared would result in Black rule, and indeed it did some 11 years later).<br />
<br />
==The Troubles==<br />
The followers of Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi (Zulu King) and his Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) were staunchly pro-separation and even entered into a short-lived non-aggression pact with the [[Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging|AWB]] in 1993.<br />
<br />
However the African National Congress, who drew members from most other Black tribes, were pro-integration and, as such, Zulu workers who had migrated to White South Africa were frequently involved in clashes with ANC supporters in the townships (Black areas adjoining many White towns and cities). <br />
<br />
Between 1986 and 1994 some 10,000 IFP members were murdered by ANC supporters, many in a brutal fashion, the practice of "necklacing" was very popular amongst ANC members. Necklacing entailed placing a petrol-filled tire around the neck of a victim and then setting it alight.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
*Apartheid: A History by Brian Lapping</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Apartheid&diff=485210Apartheid2008-07-01T17:35:29Z<p>Adi: /* Verwoerd and the Bantustans */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Apartheid''' (Afrikaans: ''separateness''), was a social and political policy of racial [[segregation]] which was enforced by white minority governments in [[South Africa]] from 1948 to 1994.<br />
<br />
==Verwoerd and the Bantustans==<br />
Laws passed in 1950 forced a separation of non-whites from whites in South African society. The first, the ''Population Registration Act'', which had people register with a racial classification board to determine "officially" if they belonged to one of four racial groups: white, African, colored, or Indian. The second, the Group Areas Act, was the enforced relocation of non-whites to the outskirts of various cities; to compel these people into the new "townships", which were in essence little more than simple towns, the government ordered the bulldozing of once-vibrant mixed-race communities; the non-white inhabitants, especially the Africans, were ordered to carry passbooks to go from place to place in white areas. [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5&page=2] Likewise, whites were ordered to relocate from the areas which they settled, that historically belonged to blacks.<br />
<br />
Dr. Hendrik F Verwoerd, Prime Minister of South Africa from 1957 until 1966, designed a system that expanded the scope and impact of apartheid. Blacks were given a limited education which guaranteed them menial job opportunities as opposed to whites [http://www.stanford.edu/~jbaugh/saw/Chloe_Bantu_Education.html]. The ''Reservation of Separate Amenities Act'', passed in 1953, ordered the segregation of blacks at all public facilities, including post offices, public transportation, beaches, sports venues, parks, toilets, and even cemeteries. [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5&page=2] <br />
<br />
:''"There is no place for him [the African] in the European community above the level of certain forms of labor. Within his own community, however, all doors are open. For that reason it is to no avail for him to receive a training which has as its aim absorption in the European community, where he cannot be absorbed."'' Hendrik F. Verwoerd (1954) [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5]<br />
<br />
Verwoerd had also insisted, and succeeded in getting, limited self-administration in the black reservations (called "homelands") of the Transkei, Ciskei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and KwaZulu, which meant they were semi-autonomous. This had also meant that the homelands were now responsible for their own societal and economic problems; it also had the benefit for the white-controlled South African government that a huge majority of blacks in the country were no longer citizens, and therefore ineligible to vote, however, all blacks gained full voting rights in the bantustans. [http://www.suedafrika.net/history/eh_apart2.htm]<br />
<br />
Although Apartheid was not implimented perfectly, its main goal was merely cultural preservation for all races.<br />
<br />
==1983 Whites-only referendum==<br />
In 1983 President PW Botha put the question of allowing Colored and Indian representation to the White electorate. 66% of whites voted to allow Coloreds and Indians their own houses of parliament (called the House of Representatives and the House of Delegates respectively).<br />
<br />
Although many ultra-nationalistic and conservative whites attacked the move as it was power-sharing (which they feared would result in Black rule, and indeed it did some 11 years later).<br />
<br />
==The Troubles==<br />
The followers of Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi (Zulu King) and his Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) were staunchly pro-separation and even entered into a short-lived non-aggression pact with the [[Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging|AWB]] in 1993.<br />
<br />
However the African National Congress, who drew members from most other Black tribes, were pro-integration and, as such, Zulu workers who had migrated to White South Africa were frequently involved in clashes with ANC supporters in the townships (Black areas adjoining many White towns and cities). <br />
<br />
Between 1986 and 1994 some 10,000 IFP members were murdered by ANC supporters, many in a brutal fashion, the practice of "necklacing" was very popular amongst ANC members. Necklacing entailed placing a petrol-filled tire around the neck of a victim and then setting it alight.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
*Apartheid: A History by Brian Lapping</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Apartheid&diff=485203Apartheid2008-07-01T17:28:12Z<p>Adi: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Apartheid''' (Afrikaans: ''separateness''), was a social and political policy of racial [[segregation]] which was enforced by white minority governments in [[South Africa]] from 1948 to 1994.<br />
<br />
==Verwoerd and the Bantustans==<br />
Laws passed in 1950 forced a separation of non-whites from whites in South African society. The first, the ''Population Registration Act'', which had people register with a racial classification board to determine "officially" if they belonged to one of four racial groups: white, African, colored, or Indian. The second, the Group Areas Act, was the enforced relocation of non-whites to the outskirts of various cities; to compel these people into the new "townships", which were in essence little more than shanty towns, the government ordered the bulldozing of once-vibrant mixed-race communities; the non-white inhabitants, especially the Africans, were ordered to carry passbooks to go from place to place in white areas. [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5&page=2] Likewise, whites were ordered to relocate from the areas which they settled, that historically belonged to blacks.<br />
<br />
Dr. Hendrik F Verwoerd, Prime Minister of South Africa from 1957 until 1966, designed a system that expanded the scope and impact of apartheid. Blacks were given a limited education which guaranteed them menial job opportunities as opposed to whites [http://www.stanford.edu/~jbaugh/saw/Chloe_Bantu_Education.html]. The ''Reservation of Separate Amenities Act'', passed in 1953, ordered the segregation of blacks at all public facilities, including post offices, public transportation, beaches, sports venues, parks, toilets, and even cemeteries. [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5&page=2] <br />
<br />
:''"There is no place for him [the African] in the European community above the level of certain forms of labor. Within his own community, however, all doors are open. For that reason it is to no avail for him to receive a training which has as its aim absorption in the European community, where he cannot be absorbed."'' Hendrik F. Verwoerd (1954) [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5]<br />
<br />
Verwoerd had also insisted, and succeeded in getting, limited self-administration in the black reservations (called "homelands") of the Transkei, Ciskei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and KwaZulu, which meant they were semi-autonomous. This had also meant that the homelands were now responsible for their own societal and economic problems; it also had the benefit for the white-controlled South African government that a huge majority of blacks in the country were no longer citizens, and therefore ineligible to vote, however, all blacks gained full voting rights in the bantustans. [http://www.suedafrika.net/history/eh_apart2.htm]<br />
<br />
Although Apartheid was not implimented perfectly, its main goal was merely cultural preservation for all races.<br />
<br />
==1983 Whites-only referendum==<br />
In 1983 President PW Botha put the question of allowing Colored and Indian representation to the White electorate. 66% of whites voted to allow Coloreds and Indians their own houses of parliament (called the House of Representatives and the House of Delegates respectively).<br />
<br />
Although many ultra-nationalistic and conservative whites attacked the move as it was power-sharing (which they feared would result in Black rule, and indeed it did some 11 years later).<br />
<br />
==The Troubles==<br />
The followers of Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi (Zulu King) and his Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) were staunchly pro-separation and even entered into a short-lived non-aggression pact with the [[Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging|AWB]] in 1993.<br />
<br />
However the African National Congress, who drew members from most other Black tribes, were pro-integration and, as such, Zulu workers who had migrated to White South Africa were frequently involved in clashes with ANC supporters in the townships (Black areas adjoining many White towns and cities). <br />
<br />
Between 1986 and 1994 some 10,000 IFP members were murdered by ANC supporters, many in a brutal fashion, the practice of "necklacing" was very popular amongst ANC members. Necklacing entailed placing a petrol-filled tire around the neck of a victim and then setting it alight.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
*Apartheid: A History by Brian Lapping</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Apartheid&diff=485198Apartheid2008-07-01T17:25:45Z<p>Adi: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Apartheid''' (Afrikaans: ''separateness''), was a social and political policy of racial [[segregation]] which was enforced by white minority governments in [[South Africa]] from 1948 to 1994.<br />
<br />
==Verwoerd and the Bantustans==<br />
Laws passed in 1950 forced a separation of non-whites from whites in South African society. The first, the ''Population Registration Act'', which had people register with a racial classification board to determine "officially" if they belonged to one of four racial groups: white, African, colored, or Indian. The second, the Group Areas Act, was the enforced relocation of non-whites to the outskirts of various cities; to compel these people into the new "townships", which were in essence little more than shanty towns, the government ordered the bulldozing of once-vibrant mixed-race communities; the non-white inhabitants, especially the Africans, were ordered to carry passbooks to go from place to place in white areas. [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5&page=2] Likewise, whites were ordered to relocate from the areas which they settled, that historically belonged to blacks.<br />
<br />
Dr. Hendrik F Verwoerd, Prime Minister of South Africa from 1957 until 1966, designed a system that expanded the scope and impact of apartheid. Blacks were given a limited education which guaranteed them menial job opportunities as opposed to whites [http://www.stanford.edu/~jbaugh/saw/Chloe_Bantu_Education.html]. The ''Reservation of Separate Amenities Act'', passed in 1953, ordered the segregation of blacks at all public facilities, including post offices, public transportation, beaches, sports venues, parks, toilets, and even cemeteries. [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5&page=2] <br />
<br />
:''"There is no place for him [the African] in the European community above the level of certain forms of labor. Within his own community, however, all doors are open. For that reason it is to no avail for him to receive a training which has as its aim absorption in the European community, where he cannot be absorbed."'' Hendrik F. Verwoerd (1954) [http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=5]<br />
<br />
Verwoerd had also insisted, and succeeded in getting, limited self-administration in the black reservations (called "homelands") of the Transkei, Ciskei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and KwaZulu, which meant they were semi-autonomous. This had also meant that the homelands were now responsible for their own societal and economic problems; it also had the benefit for the white-controlled South African government that a huge majority of blacks in the country were no longer citizens, and therefore ineligible to vote, however, all blacks gained full voting rights in the bantustans. [http://www.suedafrika.net/history/eh_apart2.htm]<br />
<br />
==1983 Whites-only referendum==<br />
In 1983 President PW Botha put the question of allowing Colored and Indian representation to the White electorate. 66% of whites voted to allow Coloreds and Indians their own houses of parliament (called the House of Representatives and the House of Delegates respectively).<br />
<br />
Although many ultra-nationalistic and conservative whites attacked the move as it was power-sharing (which they feared would result in Black rule, and indeed it did some 11 years later).<br />
<br />
Although Apartheid was not implimented perfectly, its main goal was merely cultural preservation.<br />
<br />
==The Troubles==<br />
The followers of Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi (Zulu King) and his Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) were staunchly pro-separation and even entered into a short-lived non-aggression pact with the [[Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging|AWB]] in 1993.<br />
<br />
However the African National Congress, who drew members from most other Black tribes, were pro-integration and, as such, Zulu workers who had migrated to White South Africa were frequently involved in clashes with ANC supporters in the townships (Black areas adjoining many White towns and cities). <br />
<br />
Between 1986 and 1994 some 10,000 IFP members were murdered by ANC supporters, many in a brutal fashion, the practice of "necklacing" was very popular amongst ANC members. Necklacing entailed placing a petrol-filled tire around the neck of a victim and then setting it alight.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
*Apartheid: A History by Brian Lapping</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Boers&diff=483935Boers2008-06-29T18:55:56Z<p>Adi: /* Education */</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Boers''' are an [[Afrikaans]]-speaking people whose ancestors are mainly [[Dutch]], Huguenots and [[German]] [[Reformed Churches|Reformed]] [[Protestants]]. Boers are also commonly called "Boervolk", "Afrikaner-Boers", "Boere-Afrikaners" or sometimes merely "Covenant Afrikaners". They should not be confused with the larger Afrikaans-speaking ethnic group in South Africa, commonly called the [[Afrikaner]]s. The Boers number approximately 400,000 people today. <br />
<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
=== The Great Trek ===<br />
<br />
The origin of the Boer people can be seen as the [[Great Trek of the Boers|Great Trek]] (1835-1845), it was the northern migration of 12,000–14,000 Boer settlers from Cape Colony in South Africa when the British arrived and took control of the government. They sought freedom and [[self-determination]] in their own homeland. The leaders of the "Trek" was Andries Pretorius, Piet Retief, Piet Uys, Hendrik Potgieter and Gerrit Maritz. The Boers migrated northward into what became known as the [[Orange Free State]] and later into the Transvaal ([[South African Republic]]). Although the Boers found no indigenous people at the time of settlement in these areas, Retief chose to settle in Natal, where he came into conflict with the [[Zulus]]. After various battles in Natal in 1838, help from the other [[Voorttrekker]] leaders arrived in December. Some 438 Trekkers made a [[Covenant]] with God, that they would give the glory of the victory to Him. Charl Cilliers was the author of the Covenant. On 16 December 1838, the Trekkers defeated nearly 12,000 Zulus during the [[Battle of Blood River]]. Various Boer Republics were founded after the "Trek": in 1838, the Republic of Natalia was founded, but it was short-lived, it ceased to exist in 1843. The South African Republic and the Orange Free State gained independence from [[Great Britain]] in 1852 and 1854, respectively.<ref><br />
http://www.groottrek.za.cx/</ref><br />
<br />
=== The Anglo-Boer Wars ===<br />
Two Anglo-Boer wars were fought during the latter part of the 18th century, both the result of British [[Imperialism]]. The first was won by the South African Republic in 1881, the second, spanning from 1899 to 1902, was eventually won by the [[British]]. On May 31, 1902, both the South African Republic and the Orange Free State conceded their independence to Great Britain. Over 27,000 Boer woman and children died in British concentration camps during the war.<ref>http://www.anglo-boer.co.za/</ref><br />
<br />
=== The Maritz Rebellion ===<br />
After the Union of South Africa was formed by the British colonies of the Cape, Natal, Orange Free State and Transvaal in 1910, a few thousand Boers participated in a rebellion, under leadership of Manie Maritz, against the government in 1914, after the government declared war against Germany. The aim of the Rebellion was to found a new Boer Republic. The rebels were suppressed by the government forces, however, and many received jail sentences.<ref>http://www.123exp-history.com/t/03764450045/</ref><br />
<br />
=== 20th Century ===<br />
After the formation of the Union, there was a deliberate attempt to assimilate the Boers with the Cape-based Afrikaners. Although this had some success in the 20th century, recently it became increasingly clear that the Boers and Afrikaners have remained distinct cultural groups. Many Boers were represented in the National Party that ruled the country from 1924 to 1934 and again from 1948 to 1994. It was the influence of Boer Nationalism that led to the formation of the independent Republic of [[South Africa]] on May 31, 1961 under leadership of Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd. In the late 1980s, most Boers left the National Party and joined the [[Conservative Party of South Africa]] and some already joined the [[Re-constituted National Party]] some 15-20 years earlier.<ref>http://www.crwflags.com/FOTW/flags/za}kp.html</ref> In the 1992 referendum, virtually all Boers voted against the transformation of South Africa into a multiracial state.<br />
<br />
== The Boers today ==<br />
<br />
=== Politics ===<br />
<br />
Some organizations were created in the early 21st century to promote Boer Nationalism and strive towards achieving independence along religious lines, since Boers believe that they are completely dependent on the will of God for their existence and seek to glorify Him, should they receive self-determination. Here is a list of some of the groups promoting the ideals on the Boer people:<br />
<br />
* [[Afrikaner Resistance Movement (AWB)]]<br />
* [[Boere-Afrikaner Freedom Inisiative]]<br />
* [[Boer state Party]]<br />
* [[Boerevolk Vryheidstigting]]<br />
* [[Federation for Afrikaner simbols]] <br />
* [[Federation of Covenant Comitees]]<br />
* [[Freedom Front Plus]]<br />
* [[Orde-Boerevolk]]<br />
* [[Praag]]<br />
* [[Re-constituted National Party]]<br />
* [[Sekretariaat vir Volksbou]]<br />
* [[Transvaal Agricultural Union]]<br />
<br />
=== Education ===<br />
<br />
The [[BCVO]] ('Movement for Christian-National Education') is a federation of 47 Calvinist private schools, primarily located in the Free State and the Transvaal, comitted to educating Boer children from grade 0 through to 12.<ref>www.bcvo.co.za</ref><br />
<br />
=== Media ===<br />
<br />
Some local Radio stations promote the ideals of the Boere-Afrikaner people, like [[Radio Rosestad]] (in Bloemfontein) and [[Radio Pretoria]].<br />
<br />
=== Territories ===<br />
<br />
Two territorial areas are being developed as settlement exclusively for Boere-Afrikaners, [[Orania]] in the Northern Cape and [[Kleinfontein]] near [[Pretoria]].<br />
<br />
== Characteristics ==<br />
<br />
=== Nationalism ===<br />
''See also: [[Boer Nationalism]]''<br />
<br />
[[Nationalism]] is one of the main distinctions of the Boers. The Boers originated from a northward migration in the 19th century, in order to escape British Imperialism, and since then they have had a continuous struggle for self-determination in their own homeland. Boer nationalism also supports a [[Republican]] form of government and strongly oppose [[Communism]] in favour of [[Capitalism]].<ref>http://www.boerevolk.com/boerevolk/index.htm</ref> Boers still celebrate the Covenant made at Blood River on December 16th, 1838, annually. This is often regarded as their biggest distinction as a seperate culture group.<br />
<br />
=== Calvinism ===<br />
<br />
''See also: [[Boer Calvinism]]''<br />
<br />
The Boers are mainly descended from Dutch, German and French [[Calvinists]], who left Europe between the late 17th and early 19th centuries. The Boers had a distinct Calvinist influence throughout their history, however it has varied from time to time. During the second half of the century, the [[Dutch Reformed (Hervormde) Church]] was the state church of the Transvaal and Calvinism was also the national religion of the Orange Free State. Note the "Orange" in Orange Free State: it is named after the Protestant [[House of Orange]] in the Netherlands. Most Boers today are members of [[Reformed Churches]] and they represent approximately 80% of the members of the [[Afrikaans Protestant Church]]. Boer Nationalists also often stress the importance of Calvinism in Boer culture.<ref>http://www.kletskerk.co.za/viewtopic.php?p=78085#78085</ref> In recent times, however, many Boers joined the [[Christian Identity]] movement. A very small number is also members of [[Baptist]] and [[Pentecostal]] Churches.<br />
<br />
Unlike most [[Afrikaner]]s, Boers use the 1953-translation of the Afrikaans [[Bible]].<br />
<br />
[[Category:Africa]]<br />
[[Category:South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnicities]]</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Boers&diff=483934Boers2008-06-29T18:53:32Z<p>Adi: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Boers''' are an [[Afrikaans]]-speaking people whose ancestors are mainly [[Dutch]], Huguenots and [[German]] [[Reformed Churches|Reformed]] [[Protestants]]. Boers are also commonly called "Boervolk", "Afrikaner-Boers", "Boere-Afrikaners" or sometimes merely "Covenant Afrikaners". They should not be confused with the larger Afrikaans-speaking ethnic group in South Africa, commonly called the [[Afrikaner]]s. The Boers number approximately 400,000 people today. <br />
<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
=== The Great Trek ===<br />
<br />
The origin of the Boer people can be seen as the [[Great Trek of the Boers|Great Trek]] (1835-1845), it was the northern migration of 12,000–14,000 Boer settlers from Cape Colony in South Africa when the British arrived and took control of the government. They sought freedom and [[self-determination]] in their own homeland. The leaders of the "Trek" was Andries Pretorius, Piet Retief, Piet Uys, Hendrik Potgieter and Gerrit Maritz. The Boers migrated northward into what became known as the [[Orange Free State]] and later into the Transvaal ([[South African Republic]]). Although the Boers found no indigenous people at the time of settlement in these areas, Retief chose to settle in Natal, where he came into conflict with the [[Zulus]]. After various battles in Natal in 1838, help from the other [[Voorttrekker]] leaders arrived in December. Some 438 Trekkers made a [[Covenant]] with God, that they would give the glory of the victory to Him. Charl Cilliers was the author of the Covenant. On 16 December 1838, the Trekkers defeated nearly 12,000 Zulus during the [[Battle of Blood River]]. Various Boer Republics were founded after the "Trek": in 1838, the Republic of Natalia was founded, but it was short-lived, it ceased to exist in 1843. The South African Republic and the Orange Free State gained independence from [[Great Britain]] in 1852 and 1854, respectively.<ref><br />
http://www.groottrek.za.cx/</ref><br />
<br />
=== The Anglo-Boer Wars ===<br />
Two Anglo-Boer wars were fought during the latter part of the 18th century, both the result of British [[Imperialism]]. The first was won by the South African Republic in 1881, the second, spanning from 1899 to 1902, was eventually won by the [[British]]. On May 31, 1902, both the South African Republic and the Orange Free State conceded their independence to Great Britain. Over 27,000 Boer woman and children died in British concentration camps during the war.<ref>http://www.anglo-boer.co.za/</ref><br />
<br />
=== The Maritz Rebellion ===<br />
After the Union of South Africa was formed by the British colonies of the Cape, Natal, Orange Free State and Transvaal in 1910, a few thousand Boers participated in a rebellion, under leadership of Manie Maritz, against the government in 1914, after the government declared war against Germany. The aim of the Rebellion was to found a new Boer Republic. The rebels were suppressed by the government forces, however, and many received jail sentences.<ref>http://www.123exp-history.com/t/03764450045/</ref><br />
<br />
=== 20th Century ===<br />
After the formation of the Union, there was a deliberate attempt to assimilate the Boers with the Cape-based Afrikaners. Although this had some success in the 20th century, recently it became increasingly clear that the Boers and Afrikaners have remained distinct cultural groups. Many Boers were represented in the National Party that ruled the country from 1924 to 1934 and again from 1948 to 1994. It was the influence of Boer Nationalism that led to the formation of the independent Republic of [[South Africa]] on May 31, 1961 under leadership of Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd. In the late 1980s, most Boers left the National Party and joined the [[Conservative Party of South Africa]] and some already joined the [[Re-constituted National Party]] some 15-20 years earlier.<ref>http://www.crwflags.com/FOTW/flags/za}kp.html</ref> In the 1992 referendum, virtually all Boers voted against the transformation of South Africa into a multiracial state.<br />
<br />
== The Boers today ==<br />
<br />
=== Politics ===<br />
<br />
Some organizations were created in the early 21st century to promote Boer Nationalism and strive towards achieving independence along religious lines, since Boers believe that they are completely dependent on the will of God for their existence and seek to glorify Him, should they receive self-determination. Here is a list of some of the groups promoting the ideals on the Boer people:<br />
<br />
* [[Afrikaner Resistance Movement (AWB)]]<br />
* [[Boere-Afrikaner Freedom Inisiative]]<br />
* [[Boer state Party]]<br />
* [[Boerevolk Vryheidstigting]]<br />
* [[Federation for Afrikaner simbols]] <br />
* [[Federation of Covenant Comitees]]<br />
* [[Freedom Front Plus]]<br />
* [[Orde-Boerevolk]]<br />
* [[Praag]]<br />
* [[Re-constituted National Party]]<br />
* [[Sekretariaat vir Volksbou]]<br />
* [[Transvaal Agricultural Union]]<br />
<br />
=== Education ===<br />
<br />
The [[BCVO]] ('Movement for Christian-National Education') is a federation of 47 Calvinist private schools, primarily located in the Free State and the Transvaal, comitted to educating Boer children from grade 0 through to 12.<br />
<br />
=== Media ===<br />
<br />
Some local Radio stations promote the ideals of the Boere-Afrikaner people, like [[Radio Rosestad]] (in Bloemfontein) and [[Radio Pretoria]].<br />
<br />
=== Territories ===<br />
<br />
Two territorial areas are being developed as settlement exclusively for Boere-Afrikaners, [[Orania]] in the Northern Cape and [[Kleinfontein]] near [[Pretoria]].<br />
<br />
== Characteristics ==<br />
<br />
=== Nationalism ===<br />
''See also: [[Boer Nationalism]]''<br />
<br />
[[Nationalism]] is one of the main distinctions of the Boers. The Boers originated from a northward migration in the 19th century, in order to escape British Imperialism, and since then they have had a continuous struggle for self-determination in their own homeland. Boer nationalism also supports a [[Republican]] form of government and strongly oppose [[Communism]] in favour of [[Capitalism]].<ref>http://www.boerevolk.com/boerevolk/index.htm</ref> Boers still celebrate the Covenant made at Blood River on December 16th, 1838, annually. This is often regarded as their biggest distinction as a seperate culture group.<br />
<br />
=== Calvinism ===<br />
<br />
''See also: [[Boer Calvinism]]''<br />
<br />
The Boers are mainly descended from Dutch, German and French [[Calvinists]], who left Europe between the late 17th and early 19th centuries. The Boers had a distinct Calvinist influence throughout their history, however it has varied from time to time. During the second half of the century, the [[Dutch Reformed (Hervormde) Church]] was the state church of the Transvaal and Calvinism was also the national religion of the Orange Free State. Note the "Orange" in Orange Free State: it is named after the Protestant [[House of Orange]] in the Netherlands. Most Boers today are members of [[Reformed Churches]] and they represent approximately 80% of the members of the [[Afrikaans Protestant Church]]. Boer Nationalists also often stress the importance of Calvinism in Boer culture.<ref>http://www.kletskerk.co.za/viewtopic.php?p=78085#78085</ref> In recent times, however, many Boers joined the [[Christian Identity]] movement. A very small number is also members of [[Baptist]] and [[Pentecostal]] Churches.<br />
<br />
Unlike most [[Afrikaner]]s, Boers use the 1953-translation of the Afrikaans [[Bible]].<br />
<br />
[[Category:Africa]]<br />
[[Category:South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnicities]]</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Boers&diff=483929Boers2008-06-29T18:37:48Z<p>Adi: /* Early 21st century */</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Boers''' are an [[Afrikaans]]-speaking people whose ancestors are mainly [[Dutch]], Huguenots and [[German]] [[Reformed Churches|Reformed]] [[Protestants]]. Boers are also commonly called "Boervolk", "Afrikaner-Boers", "Boere-Afrikaners" or sometimes merely "Covenant Afrikaners". They should not be confused with the larger Afrikaans-speaking ethnic group in South Africa, commonly called the [[Afrikaner]]s. The Boers number approximately 400,000 people today. <br />
<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
=== The Great Trek ===<br />
<br />
The origin of the Boer people can be seen as the [[Great Trek of the Boers|Great Trek]] (1835-1845), it was the northern migration of 12,000–14,000 Boer settlers from Cape Colony in South Africa when the British arrived and took control of the government. They sought freedom and [[self-determination]] in their own homeland. The leaders of the "Trek" was Andries Pretorius, Piet Retief, Piet Uys, Hendrik Potgieter and Gerrit Maritz. The Boers migrated northward into what became known as the [[Orange Free State]] and later into the Transvaal ([[South African Republic]]). Although the Boers found no indigenous people at the time of settlement in these areas, Retief chose to settle in Natal, where he came into conflict with the [[Zulus]]. After various battles in Natal in 1838, help from the other [[Voorttrekker]] leaders arrived in December. Some 438 Trekkers made a [[Covenant]] with God, that they would give the glory of the victory to Him. Charl Cilliers was the author of the Covenant. On 16 December 1838, the Trekkers defeated nearly 12,000 Zulus during the [[Battle of Blood River]]. Various Boer Republics were founded after the "Trek": in 1838, the Republic of Natalia was founded, but it was short-lived, it ceased to exist in 1843. The South African Republic and the Orange Free State gained independence from [[Great Britain]] in 1852 and 1854, respectively.<ref><br />
http://www.groottrek.za.cx/</ref><br />
<br />
=== The Anglo-Boer Wars ===<br />
Two Anglo-Boer wars were fought during the latter part of the 18th century, both the result of British [[Imperialism]]. The first was won by the South African Republic in 1881, the second, spanning from 1899 to 1902, was eventually won by the [[British]]. On May 31, 1902, both the South African Republic and the Orange Free State conceded their independence to Great Britain. Over 27,000 Boer woman and children died in British concentration camps during the war.<ref>http://www.anglo-boer.co.za/</ref><br />
<br />
=== The Maritz Rebellion ===<br />
After the Union of South Africa was formed by the British colonies of the Cape, Natal, Orange Free State and Transvaal in 1910, a few thousand Boers participated in a rebellion, under leadership of Manie Maritz, against the government in 1914, after the government declared war against Germany. The aim of the Rebellion was to found a new Boer Republic. The rebels were suppressed by the government forces, however, and many received jail sentences.<ref>http://www.123exp-history.com/t/03764450045/</ref><br />
<br />
=== 20th Century ===<br />
After the formation of the Union, there was a deliberate attempt to assimilate the Boers with the Cape-based Afrikaners. Although this had some success in the 20th century, recently it became increasingly clear that the Boers and Afrikaners have remained distinct cultural groups. Many Boers were represented in the National Party that ruled the country from 1924 to 1934 and again from 1948 to 1994. It was the influence of Boer Nationalism that led to the formation of the independent Republic of [[South Africa]] on May 31, 1961 under leadership of Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd. In the late 1980s, most Boers left the National Party and joined the [[Conservative Party of South Africa]] and some already joined the [[Re-constituted National Party]] some 15-20 years earlier.<ref>http://www.crwflags.com/FOTW/flags/za}kp.html</ref> In the 1992 referendum, virtually all Boers voted against the transformation of South Africa into a multiracial state.<br />
<br />
=== Early 21st century ===<br />
Some organizations were created in the early 21st century to promote Boer Nationalism and strive towards achieving independence along religious lines, since Boers believe that they are completely dependent on the will of God for their existence and seek to glorify Him, should they receive self-determination.<br />
<br />
=== Education ===<br />
<br />
The [[BCVO]] ('Movement for Christian-National Education') is a federation of 47 Calvinist private schools, primarily located in the Free State and the Transvaal, comitted to educating Boer children from grade 0 through to 12.<br />
<br />
=== Media ===<br />
<br />
Some local Radio stations promote the ideals of the Boere-Afrikaner people, like [[Radio Rosestad]] (in Bloemfontein) and [[Radio Pretoria]].<br />
<br />
== Characteristics ==<br />
<br />
=== Nationalism ===<br />
''See also: [[Boer Nationalism]]''<br />
<br />
[[Nationalism]] is one of the main distinctions of the Boers. The Boers originated from a northward migration in the 19th century, in order to escape British Imperialism, and since then they have had a continuous struggle for self-determination in their own homeland. Boer nationalism also supports a [[Republican]] form of government and strongly oppose [[Communism]] in favour of [[Capitalism]].<ref>http://www.boerevolk.com/boerevolk/index.htm</ref> Boers still celebrate the Covenant made at Blood River on December 16th, 1838, annually. This is often regarded as their biggest distinction as a seperate culture group.<br />
<br />
=== Calvinism ===<br />
<br />
''See also: [[Boer Calvinism]]''<br />
<br />
The Boers are mainly descended from Dutch, German and French [[Calvinists]], who left Europe between the late 17th and early 19th centuries. The Boers had a distinct Calvinist influence throughout their history, however it has varied from time to time. During the second half of the century, the [[Dutch Reformed (Hervormde) Church]] was the state church of the Transvaal and Calvinism was also the national religion of the Orange Free State. Note the "Orange" in Orange Free State: it is named after the Protestant [[House of Orange]] in the Netherlands. Most Boers today are members of [[Reformed Churches]] and they represent approximately 80% of the members of the [[Afrikaans Protestant Church]]. Boer Nationalists also often stress the importance of Calvinism in Boer culture.<ref>http://www.kletskerk.co.za/viewtopic.php?p=78085#78085</ref> In recent times, however, many Boers joined the [[Christian Identity]] movement. A very small number is also members of [[Baptist]] and [[Pentecostal]] Churches.<br />
<br />
Unlike most [[Afrikaner]]s, Boers use the 1953-translation of the Afrikaans [[Bible]].<br />
<br />
[[Category:Africa]]<br />
[[Category:South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnicities]]</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Boer_Calvinism&diff=483926Boer Calvinism2008-06-29T18:33:36Z<p>Adi: /* Boere-Afrikaner Calvinism Today */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Boer Calvinism''' refers to the distinct form of [[Calvinism]] that has long been the religion of the overwelming majority of Boer-Afrikaners and one of the most significant distinctions of their culture.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
The [[Reformed Churches|Reformed religion]] in [[South Africa]] originated when [[Jan van Riebeeck]], the first white man to settle in Southern Africa, made a [[covenant]] with God, that he would spread the Reformed faith in their new country. Boers see themselves as bound to this covenant.<br />
<br />
Many spiritual birth of the Boer people is generally cosidered to be their [[Great Trek of the Boers|Great Trek]], which took place during the first half of the 19th century. Apart from the desire to remain independent from foreign rule, another major reason for this migration, is the Anglicanization of the Dutch Reformed Church in the Cape. In the Covenant of [[The Battle of Blood River]], still observed by Boers, on the 16th of December every year, the Voortrekkers declared their belief in their people's complete dependence on God for their existence.<br />
<br />
Two Boer Republics were founded in the 1850s and the [[Dutch Reformed (Hervormde) Church]] was the national Church in the South African Republic (1852) and the Orange Free State (1854) was named after the Calvinist [[House of Orange]] in the [[Netherlands]]. Many Boers were members of the conservative [[Reformed Churches in South Africa]], founded in 1859.<br />
<br />
Because the Trekkers were partly isolated from Europe, they remained free from many of the [[liberal]] tendencies, which influenced European [[Calvinism]] during the 19th century.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Boere-Afrikaner Calvinism Today ==<br />
<br />
While many Boers were members of the [[Dutch Reformed Church (NG Kerk)]] in the past, very few have remained as the church has gradually grown more liberal. The same can be said of the [[Dutch Reformed (Hervormde) Church]], although in this denomination, as well as in the [[Reformed Churches in South Africa]], Boers remain a significant minority. Boers now comporomise the overwelming majority of the members of the [[Afrikaans Protestant Church]] and the smaller [[Afrikaans Reformation Church]].<br />
<br />
The [[BCVO]] ('Movement for Christian-National Education') is a federation of 47 [[Calvinist]] private schools, primarily located in the Free State and the Transvaal, comitted to educating Boer children from grade 0 through to 12.<br />
<br />
== Doctrine ==<br />
<br />
In the Dutch Reformed tradition, Boer Calvinists faithfully subscribe to the [[Three Forms of Unity]]. Boer Calvinism can be characterized as Orthodox, Conservative and Fundamentalist.<br />
<br />
=== Distinctives ===<br />
<br />
* Boers faithfully celebrate the Covenant of Blood River on the 16th of December every year.<br />
* They generally use the 1953-translation of the Afrikaans Bible.<br />
* They believe every nation have a biblical command to remain seperated and protect their own culture, according to God's creation-order. Boer Calvinists strive to protect the Boere-Afrikaner Culture.<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Boers]]<br />
* [[Boer Nationalism]]</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Boer_Calvinism&diff=483925Boer Calvinism2008-06-29T18:33:06Z<p>Adi: /* Boere-Afrikaner Calvinism Today */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Boer Calvinism''' refers to the distinct form of [[Calvinism]] that has long been the religion of the overwelming majority of Boer-Afrikaners and one of the most significant distinctions of their culture.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
The [[Reformed Churches|Reformed religion]] in [[South Africa]] originated when [[Jan van Riebeeck]], the first white man to settle in Southern Africa, made a [[covenant]] with God, that he would spread the Reformed faith in their new country. Boers see themselves as bound to this covenant.<br />
<br />
Many spiritual birth of the Boer people is generally cosidered to be their [[Great Trek of the Boers|Great Trek]], which took place during the first half of the 19th century. Apart from the desire to remain independent from foreign rule, another major reason for this migration, is the Anglicanization of the Dutch Reformed Church in the Cape. In the Covenant of [[The Battle of Blood River]], still observed by Boers, on the 16th of December every year, the Voortrekkers declared their belief in their people's complete dependence on God for their existence.<br />
<br />
Two Boer Republics were founded in the 1850s and the [[Dutch Reformed (Hervormde) Church]] was the national Church in the South African Republic (1852) and the Orange Free State (1854) was named after the Calvinist [[House of Orange]] in the [[Netherlands]]. Many Boers were members of the conservative [[Reformed Churches in South Africa]], founded in 1859.<br />
<br />
Because the Trekkers were partly isolated from Europe, they remained free from many of the [[liberal]] tendencies, which influenced European [[Calvinism]] during the 19th century.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Boere-Afrikaner Calvinism Today ==<br />
<br />
While many Boers were members of the [[Dutch Reformed Church (NG Kerk)]] in the past, very few have remained as the church has gradually grown more liberal. The same can be said of the [[Dutch Reformed (Hervormde) Church]], although in this denomination, as well as in the [[Reformed Churches in South Africa]], Boers remain a significant minority. Boers now comporomise the overwelming majority of the members of the [[Afrikaans Protestant Church]] and the smaller [[Afrikaans Reformation Church]].<br />
<br />
The [[BCVO]] ('Movement for Christian-National Education') is a federation of 47 private [[Calvinist]] private schools, primarily located in the Free State and the Transvaal, comitted to educating Boer children from grade 0 through to 12.<br />
<br />
== Doctrine ==<br />
<br />
In the Dutch Reformed tradition, Boer Calvinists faithfully subscribe to the [[Three Forms of Unity]]. Boer Calvinism can be characterized as Orthodox, Conservative and Fundamentalist.<br />
<br />
=== Distinctives ===<br />
<br />
* Boers faithfully celebrate the Covenant of Blood River on the 16th of December every year.<br />
* They generally use the 1953-translation of the Afrikaans Bible.<br />
* They believe every nation have a biblical command to remain seperated and protect their own culture, according to God's creation-order. Boer Calvinists strive to protect the Boere-Afrikaner Culture.<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Boers]]<br />
* [[Boer Nationalism]]</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Boer_Nationalism&diff=483923Boer Nationalism2008-06-29T18:29:40Z<p>Adi: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Boer Nationalism''' is a strong nationalist and separatist belief held by the [[Boers|Boer people]] of [[South Africa]]. It is best described as a desire to be politically and socially independent in a [[homeland]] in Southern Africa and, since the Boer culture developed in South Africa, they claim indegious status there. Boer Nationalism is accompanied by a strong [[Calvinist]] worldview. Boer nationalists believe their people to be a [[covenant]] people, in a special relationship with [[God]], according to the covenant made by the [[Voortrekkers]] during the [[Great Trek]] and Boers still celebrate the day of the Vow, December, 16th as a [[sabbath]]. It also supports [[republicanism]] and [[capitalism]] and strongly opposes [[communism]] and [[imperialism]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Boers]]<br />
* [[Boer Calvinism]]<br />
<br />
[[category:south Africa]]</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Boers&diff=483920Boers2008-06-29T18:27:25Z<p>Adi: /* Calvinism */</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Boers''' are an [[Afrikaans]]-speaking people whose ancestors are mainly [[Dutch]], Huguenots and [[German]] [[Reformed Churches|Reformed]] [[Protestants]]. Boers are also commonly called "Boervolk", "Afrikaner-Boers", "Boere-Afrikaners" or sometimes merely "Covenant Afrikaners". They should not be confused with the larger Afrikaans-speaking ethnic group in South Africa, commonly called the [[Afrikaner]]s. The Boers number approximately 400,000 people today. <br />
<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
=== The Great Trek ===<br />
<br />
The origin of the Boer people can be seen as the [[Great Trek of the Boers|Great Trek]] (1835-1845), it was the northern migration of 12,000–14,000 Boer settlers from Cape Colony in South Africa when the British arrived and took control of the government. They sought freedom and [[self-determination]] in their own homeland. The leaders of the "Trek" was Andries Pretorius, Piet Retief, Piet Uys, Hendrik Potgieter and Gerrit Maritz. The Boers migrated northward into what became known as the [[Orange Free State]] and later into the Transvaal ([[South African Republic]]). Although the Boers found no indigenous people at the time of settlement in these areas, Retief chose to settle in Natal, where he came into conflict with the [[Zulus]]. After various battles in Natal in 1838, help from the other [[Voorttrekker]] leaders arrived in December. Some 438 Trekkers made a [[Covenant]] with God, that they would give the glory of the victory to Him. Charl Cilliers was the author of the Covenant. On 16 December 1838, the Trekkers defeated nearly 12,000 Zulus during the [[Battle of Blood River]]. Various Boer Republics were founded after the "Trek": in 1838, the Republic of Natalia was founded, but it was short-lived, it ceased to exist in 1843. The South African Republic and the Orange Free State gained independence from [[Great Britain]] in 1852 and 1854, respectively.<ref><br />
http://www.groottrek.za.cx/</ref><br />
<br />
=== The Anglo-Boer Wars ===<br />
Two Anglo-Boer wars were fought during the latter part of the 18th century, both the result of British [[Imperialism]]. The first was won by the South African Republic in 1881, the second, spanning from 1899 to 1902, was eventually won by the [[British]]. On May 31, 1902, both the South African Republic and the Orange Free State conceded their independence to Great Britain. Over 27,000 Boer woman and children died in British concentration camps during the war.<ref>http://www.anglo-boer.co.za/</ref><br />
<br />
=== The Maritz Rebellion ===<br />
After the Union of South Africa was formed by the British colonies of the Cape, Natal, Orange Free State and Transvaal in 1910, a few thousand Boers participated in a rebellion, under leadership of Manie Maritz, against the government in 1914, after the government declared war against Germany. The aim of the Rebellion was to found a new Boer Republic. The rebels were suppressed by the government forces, however, and many received jail sentences.<ref>http://www.123exp-history.com/t/03764450045/</ref><br />
<br />
=== 20th Century ===<br />
After the formation of the Union, there was a deliberate attempt to assimilate the Boers with the Cape-based Afrikaners. Although this had some success in the 20th century, recently it became increasingly clear that the Boers and Afrikaners have remained distinct cultural groups. Many Boers were represented in the National Party that ruled the country from 1924 to 1934 and again from 1948 to 1994. It was the influence of Boer Nationalism that led to the formation of the independent Republic of [[South Africa]] on May 31, 1961 under leadership of Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd. In the late 1980s, most Boers left the National Party and joined the [[Conservative Party of South Africa]] and some already joined the [[Re-constituted National Party]] some 15-20 years earlier.<ref>http://www.crwflags.com/FOTW/flags/za}kp.html</ref> In the 1992 referendum, virtually all Boers voted against the transformation of South Africa into a multiracial state.<br />
<br />
=== Early 21st century ===<br />
Some organizations were created in the early 21st century to promote Boer Nationalism and strive towards achieving independence along religious lines, since Boers believe that they are completely dependent on the will of God for their existence and seek to glorify Him, should they receive self-determination. The most notable of these are the "Boere Vryheids Inisiatief" and the "Sekretariaat vir Volksbou". Many Boers are also members of the "Transvaal Agricultural Union".<br />
<br />
== Characteristics ==<br />
<br />
=== Nationalism ===<br />
''See also: [[Boer Nationalism]]''<br />
<br />
[[Nationalism]] is one of the main distinctions of the Boers. The Boers originated from a northward migration in the 19th century, in order to escape British Imperialism, and since then they have had a continuous struggle for self-determination in their own homeland. Boer nationalism also supports a [[Republican]] form of government and strongly oppose [[Communism]] in favour of [[Capitalism]].<ref>http://www.boerevolk.com/boerevolk/index.htm</ref> Boers still celebrate the Covenant made at Blood River on December 16th, 1838, annually. This is often regarded as their biggest distinction as a seperate culture group.<br />
<br />
=== Calvinism ===<br />
<br />
''See also: [[Boer Calvinism]]''<br />
<br />
The Boers are mainly descended from Dutch, German and French [[Calvinists]], who left Europe between the late 17th and early 19th centuries. The Boers had a distinct Calvinist influence throughout their history, however it has varied from time to time. During the second half of the century, the [[Dutch Reformed (Hervormde) Church]] was the state church of the Transvaal and Calvinism was also the national religion of the Orange Free State. Note the "Orange" in Orange Free State: it is named after the Protestant [[House of Orange]] in the Netherlands. Most Boers today are members of [[Reformed Churches]] and they represent approximately 80% of the members of the [[Afrikaans Protestant Church]]. Boer Nationalists also often stress the importance of Calvinism in Boer culture.<ref>http://www.kletskerk.co.za/viewtopic.php?p=78085#78085</ref> In recent times, however, many Boers joined the [[Christian Identity]] movement. A very small number is also members of [[Baptist]] and [[Pentecostal]] Churches.<br />
<br />
Unlike most [[Afrikaner]]s, Boers use the 1953-translation of the Afrikaans [[Bible]].<br />
<br />
[[Category:Africa]]<br />
[[Category:South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnicities]]</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Boers&diff=483917Boers2008-06-29T18:26:33Z<p>Adi: /* Calvinism */</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Boers''' are an [[Afrikaans]]-speaking people whose ancestors are mainly [[Dutch]], Huguenots and [[German]] [[Reformed Churches|Reformed]] [[Protestants]]. Boers are also commonly called "Boervolk", "Afrikaner-Boers", "Boere-Afrikaners" or sometimes merely "Covenant Afrikaners". They should not be confused with the larger Afrikaans-speaking ethnic group in South Africa, commonly called the [[Afrikaner]]s. The Boers number approximately 400,000 people today. <br />
<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
=== The Great Trek ===<br />
<br />
The origin of the Boer people can be seen as the [[Great Trek of the Boers|Great Trek]] (1835-1845), it was the northern migration of 12,000–14,000 Boer settlers from Cape Colony in South Africa when the British arrived and took control of the government. They sought freedom and [[self-determination]] in their own homeland. The leaders of the "Trek" was Andries Pretorius, Piet Retief, Piet Uys, Hendrik Potgieter and Gerrit Maritz. The Boers migrated northward into what became known as the [[Orange Free State]] and later into the Transvaal ([[South African Republic]]). Although the Boers found no indigenous people at the time of settlement in these areas, Retief chose to settle in Natal, where he came into conflict with the [[Zulus]]. After various battles in Natal in 1838, help from the other [[Voorttrekker]] leaders arrived in December. Some 438 Trekkers made a [[Covenant]] with God, that they would give the glory of the victory to Him. Charl Cilliers was the author of the Covenant. On 16 December 1838, the Trekkers defeated nearly 12,000 Zulus during the [[Battle of Blood River]]. Various Boer Republics were founded after the "Trek": in 1838, the Republic of Natalia was founded, but it was short-lived, it ceased to exist in 1843. The South African Republic and the Orange Free State gained independence from [[Great Britain]] in 1852 and 1854, respectively.<ref><br />
http://www.groottrek.za.cx/</ref><br />
<br />
=== The Anglo-Boer Wars ===<br />
Two Anglo-Boer wars were fought during the latter part of the 18th century, both the result of British [[Imperialism]]. The first was won by the South African Republic in 1881, the second, spanning from 1899 to 1902, was eventually won by the [[British]]. On May 31, 1902, both the South African Republic and the Orange Free State conceded their independence to Great Britain. Over 27,000 Boer woman and children died in British concentration camps during the war.<ref>http://www.anglo-boer.co.za/</ref><br />
<br />
=== The Maritz Rebellion ===<br />
After the Union of South Africa was formed by the British colonies of the Cape, Natal, Orange Free State and Transvaal in 1910, a few thousand Boers participated in a rebellion, under leadership of Manie Maritz, against the government in 1914, after the government declared war against Germany. The aim of the Rebellion was to found a new Boer Republic. The rebels were suppressed by the government forces, however, and many received jail sentences.<ref>http://www.123exp-history.com/t/03764450045/</ref><br />
<br />
=== 20th Century ===<br />
After the formation of the Union, there was a deliberate attempt to assimilate the Boers with the Cape-based Afrikaners. Although this had some success in the 20th century, recently it became increasingly clear that the Boers and Afrikaners have remained distinct cultural groups. Many Boers were represented in the National Party that ruled the country from 1924 to 1934 and again from 1948 to 1994. It was the influence of Boer Nationalism that led to the formation of the independent Republic of [[South Africa]] on May 31, 1961 under leadership of Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd. In the late 1980s, most Boers left the National Party and joined the [[Conservative Party of South Africa]] and some already joined the [[Re-constituted National Party]] some 15-20 years earlier.<ref>http://www.crwflags.com/FOTW/flags/za}kp.html</ref> In the 1992 referendum, virtually all Boers voted against the transformation of South Africa into a multiracial state.<br />
<br />
=== Early 21st century ===<br />
Some organizations were created in the early 21st century to promote Boer Nationalism and strive towards achieving independence along religious lines, since Boers believe that they are completely dependent on the will of God for their existence and seek to glorify Him, should they receive self-determination. The most notable of these are the "Boere Vryheids Inisiatief" and the "Sekretariaat vir Volksbou". Many Boers are also members of the "Transvaal Agricultural Union".<br />
<br />
== Characteristics ==<br />
<br />
=== Nationalism ===<br />
''See also: [[Boer Nationalism]]''<br />
<br />
[[Nationalism]] is one of the main distinctions of the Boers. The Boers originated from a northward migration in the 19th century, in order to escape British Imperialism, and since then they have had a continuous struggle for self-determination in their own homeland. Boer nationalism also supports a [[Republican]] form of government and strongly oppose [[Communism]] in favour of [[Capitalism]].<ref>http://www.boerevolk.com/boerevolk/index.htm</ref> Boers still celebrate the Covenant made at Blood River on December 16th, 1838, annually. This is often regarded as their biggest distinction as a seperate culture group.<br />
<br />
=== Calvinism ===<br />
<br />
''See also: [[Boer Calvinism]]''<br />
<br />
The Boers are mainly descended from Dutch, German and French [[Calvinists]], who left Europe between the late 17th and early 19th centuries. The Boers had a distinct Calvinist influence throughout their history, however it has varied from time to time. During the second half of the century, the [[Dutch Reformed (Hervormde) Church]] was the state church of the Transvaal and Calvinism was also the national religion of the Orange Free State. Note the "Orange" in Orange Free State: it is named after the Protestant [[House of Orange]] in the Netherlands. Most Boers today are members of [[Reformed Churches]] and they represent approximately 75% of the members of the [[Afrikaans Protestant Church]]. Boer Nationalists also often stress the importance of Calvinism in Boer culture.<ref>http://www.kletskerk.co.za/viewtopic.php?p=78085#78085</ref> In recent times, however, many Boers joined the [[Christian Identity]] movement. A very small number is also members of [[Baptist]] and [[Pentecostal]] Churches.<br />
<br />
Unlike most [[Afrikaner]]s, Boers use the 1953-translation of the Afrikaans [[Bible]].<br />
<br />
[[Category:Africa]]<br />
[[Category:South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnicities]]</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Boer_Calvinism&diff=483916Boer Calvinism2008-06-29T18:25:11Z<p>Adi: /* Distinctives */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Boer Calvinism''' refers to the distinct form of [[Calvinism]] that has long been the religion of the overwelming majority of Boer-Afrikaners and one of the most significant distinctions of their culture.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
The [[Reformed Churches|Reformed religion]] in [[South Africa]] originated when [[Jan van Riebeeck]], the first white man to settle in Southern Africa, made a [[covenant]] with God, that he would spread the Reformed faith in their new country. Boers see themselves as bound to this covenant.<br />
<br />
Many spiritual birth of the Boer people is generally cosidered to be their [[Great Trek of the Boers|Great Trek]], which took place during the first half of the 19th century. Apart from the desire to remain independent from foreign rule, another major reason for this migration, is the Anglicanization of the Dutch Reformed Church in the Cape. In the Covenant of [[The Battle of Blood River]], still observed by Boers, on the 16th of December every year, the Voortrekkers declared their belief in their people's complete dependence on God for their existence.<br />
<br />
Two Boer Republics were founded in the 1850s and the [[Dutch Reformed (Hervormde) Church]] was the national Church in the South African Republic (1852) and the Orange Free State (1854) was named after the Calvinist [[House of Orange]] in the [[Netherlands]]. Many Boers were members of the conservative [[Reformed Churches in South Africa]], founded in 1859.<br />
<br />
Because the Trekkers were partly isolated from Europe, they remained free from many of the [[liberal]] tendencies, which influenced European [[Calvinism]] during the 19th century.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Boere-Afrikaner Calvinism Today ==<br />
<br />
While many Boers were members of the [[Dutch Reformed Church (NG Kerk)]] in the past, very few have remained as the church has gradually grown more liberal. The same can be said of the [[Dutch Reformed (Hervormde) Church]], although in this denomination, as well as in the [[Reformed Churches in South Africa]], Boers remain a significant minority. Boers now comporomise the overwelming majority of the members of the [[Afrikaans Protestant Church]] and the smaller [[Afrikaans Reformation Church]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Doctrine ==<br />
<br />
In the Dutch Reformed tradition, Boer Calvinists faithfully subscribe to the [[Three Forms of Unity]]. Boer Calvinism can be characterized as Orthodox, Conservative and Fundamentalist.<br />
<br />
=== Distinctives ===<br />
<br />
* Boers faithfully celebrate the Covenant of Blood River on the 16th of December every year.<br />
* They generally use the 1953-translation of the Afrikaans Bible.<br />
* They believe every nation have a biblical command to remain seperated and protect their own culture, according to God's creation-order. Boer Calvinists strive to protect the Boere-Afrikaner Culture.<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Boers]]<br />
* [[Boer Nationalism]]</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Boer_Calvinism&diff=483915Boer Calvinism2008-06-29T18:23:16Z<p>Adi: started</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Boer Calvinism''' refers to the distinct form of [[Calvinism]] that has long been the religion of the overwelming majority of Boer-Afrikaners and one of the most significant distinctions of their culture.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
The [[Reformed Churches|Reformed religion]] in [[South Africa]] originated when [[Jan van Riebeeck]], the first white man to settle in Southern Africa, made a [[covenant]] with God, that he would spread the Reformed faith in their new country. Boers see themselves as bound to this covenant.<br />
<br />
Many spiritual birth of the Boer people is generally cosidered to be their [[Great Trek of the Boers|Great Trek]], which took place during the first half of the 19th century. Apart from the desire to remain independent from foreign rule, another major reason for this migration, is the Anglicanization of the Dutch Reformed Church in the Cape. In the Covenant of [[The Battle of Blood River]], still observed by Boers, on the 16th of December every year, the Voortrekkers declared their belief in their people's complete dependence on God for their existence.<br />
<br />
Two Boer Republics were founded in the 1850s and the [[Dutch Reformed (Hervormde) Church]] was the national Church in the South African Republic (1852) and the Orange Free State (1854) was named after the Calvinist [[House of Orange]] in the [[Netherlands]]. Many Boers were members of the conservative [[Reformed Churches in South Africa]], founded in 1859.<br />
<br />
Because the Trekkers were partly isolated from Europe, they remained free from many of the [[liberal]] tendencies, which influenced European [[Calvinism]] during the 19th century.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Boere-Afrikaner Calvinism Today ==<br />
<br />
While many Boers were members of the [[Dutch Reformed Church (NG Kerk)]] in the past, very few have remained as the church has gradually grown more liberal. The same can be said of the [[Dutch Reformed (Hervormde) Church]], although in this denomination, as well as in the [[Reformed Churches in South Africa]], Boers remain a significant minority. Boers now comporomise the overwelming majority of the members of the [[Afrikaans Protestant Church]] and the smaller [[Afrikaans Reformation Church]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Doctrine ==<br />
<br />
In the Dutch Reformed tradition, Boer Calvinists faithfully subscribe to the [[Three Forms of Unity]]. Boer Calvinism can be characterized as Orthodox, Conservative and Fundamentalist.<br />
<br />
=== Distinctives ===<br />
<br />
* Boers faithfully celebrate the Covenant of Blood River on the 16th of December every year.<br />
* They generally use the 1953-translation of the Afrikaans Bible.<br />
* They believe every nation have a biblical command to remain seperated and protect their own culture, according to God's creation-order. Boer Calvinists strive to protect the Boere-Afrikaner Culture.</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Presbyterian_Church_(USA)&diff=483885Presbyterian Church (USA)2008-06-29T17:35:20Z<p>Adi: started</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Presbyterian Church (USA)''' is the largest [[Reformed Churches|Reformed Church]] in the United States. It is generally very liberal, but a few Ortodox [[Calvinist]] congregations exist as well.</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Reformed_Churches&diff=483808Reformed Churches2008-06-29T12:41:50Z<p>Adi: /* United States and Canada */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Geneva_Bible.jpg|right|280px|Geneva Bible]]<br />
The '''Reformed Churches''' are a group of [[Protestant]] Churches, that originated during the 16th century [[Reformation]], led by [[Huldrych Zwingli]] and [[John Calvin]]. Reformed Churches are [[Calvinist]] in doctrine.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
The Reformer, John Calvin was of French descent, however he wrote and preached mostly in Switzerland. Here he published his "Institutes of the Christian Religion". From here, Calvinism spread throughout Europe, but especially the [[Netherlands]] and [[Scotland]]. Various Confessions were drawn up to distinguish the Reformed faith. English [[Puritans]] and Scottish [[Presbyterian]]s brought the Reformed faith to the United States and Australasia after the Reformation. So did the Reformed [[Dutch]] and [[Germans]] and the [[French]] [[Huguenots]] bring their faith to South Africa.<br />
<br />
== Doctrine ==<br />
<br />
For a summary of the Reformed beliefs, see [[Calvinism]].<br />
<br />
The Reformed Doctrine is expressed in various confessions, which they believe to be explanations of the doctrine of the [[Bible]]:<br />
<br />
*Dutch: [[The Belgic Confession]], [[The Heidelberg Cathegism]] and the [[Canons of Dordt]].<br />
*Scottish: [[The Westminster Confession]], [[The Westminster Larger Cathegism]] and [[The Westminster Shorter Cathegism]], as well as the [[Scots Confession]].<br />
*Swiss: [[The Second Helvetic Confession]].<br />
<br />
In Reformed Churches, the Bible is, however, the sole and supreme authority in all matters of faith.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Form of Governance ==<br />
<br />
Reformed Churches use the [[Presbyterian polity]] for their church government. This emphisizes the autonomy of the local church, which is governed by [[elders]].<br />
<br />
== Different Traditions ==<br />
<br />
Scottish Presbyterian, Dutch and Swiss Reformed churches are merely distinguished by different confessions, and hold to the same set of beliefs. <br />
Two other traditions have developed, however: "Reformed Baptist" and "Reformed Episcopal" denominations. They share the same Calvinist beliefs as the general Reformed Churches, but Reformed Baptists baptize adults and not infants as other Reformed Churches do. They have the [[London Baptist Confession]]. Reformed Episcopals hold to an [[Episcopal polity|Episcopal]] form of Church government (by bishops) and holds steadfastly to the [[Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion]].<br />
<br />
== Summary of Reformed Churches Worldwide ==<br />
<br />
Here is a brief summary of the Reformed Churches in the Western world. Liberal denominations are distiguished from the more Conservative ones. "Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox" denominations include a wide spectrum, however, and may range from moderately conservative to very Orthodox.<br />
<br />
=== United States and Canada ===<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Liberal, Non-Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church (USA)]] - around 3,600,000 members<br />
<br />
[[United Church of Canada]] - around 2,800,000 members - Presbyterian & Congregational & Methodist<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Presbyterian Church]] - around 68,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Korean Presbyterian Church in America]] - around 29,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church in Canada]] - around 225,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in America]] - around 300,000 members<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox'''<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church in America]] - around 350,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church]] - around 40,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Korean American Presbyterian Church]] - around 33,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Orthodox Presbyterian Church]] - around 30,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Confederation of Reformed Evangelical Churches]] - around 15,000 members, Reformed and Reformed Baptist<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America]] - around 7,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Covenant Reformed Presbyterian Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Free Presbyterian Church]] - Reformed Baptist<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbyterian Church - Hanover Presbytery]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbyterian Church General Assembly]]<br />
<br />
[[Upper Cumberland Presbyterian Church]] - less than 1000 members - Four-Point Calvinist<br />
<br />
[[Traditional Protestant Episcopal Church]] - Episcopal<br />
<br />
[[Christian Reformed Church]] - around 270,000 members<br />
<br />
[[United Reformed Churches in North America]] - around 20,700 members<br />
<br />
[[Canadian and American Reformed Churches]] - around 16,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Confederation of Reformed Evangelical Churches]] - around 15,000 members - Reformed Baptist<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in the United States]]<br />
<br />
[[Orthodox Christian Reformed Church]] - around 1,500 members<br />
<br />
[[Bible Presbyterian Church]] - around 3,500 members<br />
<br />
[[American Presbyterian Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Christian Presbyterian Church]] - Korean<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Reformed Presbyterian Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbytery in North America]]<br />
<br />
[[Westminster Presbyterian Church in the United States]]<br />
<br />
[[Netherlands Reformed Congregations]] - around 9,500 members - Dutch<br />
<br />
[[Free Reformed Churches in North America]] - around 4,500 members<br />
<br />
[[Heritage Reformed Congregations]] - around 2,000 members<br />
<br />
'''Hyper Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[Protestant Reformed Church|Protestant Reformed Churches in America]] - around 7,000 members<br />
<br />
=== The Netherlands ===<br />
<br />
'''Liberal, non-Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[Protestant Church in the Netherlands]] - 2 million members<br />
<br />
[[Continued Reformed Churches in the Netherlands]] - 5,000 members<br />
<br />
'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox'''<br />
<br />
[[Christian Reformed Churches of the Netherlands]] - 75,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Congregrations in the Netherlands]] - 31,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Netherlands Reformed Churches]] - 19,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Restored Reformed Church]] - 70,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Old-Reformed Church in the Netherlands]]<br />
<br />
[[Netherlands Reformed Congregations]] - 105,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Churches of the Netherlands (Liberated)]] - 130,000 members<br />
<br />
[[New Liberated Reformed Church]] - 3,000 members<br />
<br />
=== Germany ===<br />
<br />
'''Liberal, non Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Church in Germany]]<br />
<br />
'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Othodox'''<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Oldreformed Churches]]<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Reformed Churches of Middle Germany]]<br />
<br />
[[Free Reformed Church]] - Episcopal<br />
<br />
=== The UK and Ireland ===<br />
<br />
'''Liberal, non-Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[United Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church in Ireland]]<br />
<br />
[[Church of Scotland]]<br />
<br />
'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox'''<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Engand and Wales]]<br />
<br />
[[Free Presbyterian Church]] - Reformed Baptist<br />
<br />
[[Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbyterian Church of Ireland]]<br />
<br />
[[Free Church of Scotland]]<br />
<br />
[[Free Church of Scotland (Continuing)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Rest of Europe ===<br />
<br />
'''Liberal, non Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[United Protestant Church in Belgium]]<br />
<br />
[[Swiss Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Polish Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Hungarian Reformed Church]] (Episcopal)<br />
<br />
[[French Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church of Elsance-Lorraine]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in Croatia]]<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Church of the Czech Brethren]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Synod of Denmark]]<br />
<br />
[[Synod of the Evangelical Reformed Church in Luthuania]]<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Portugal]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in Portugal]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in Romania]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in Romania - Transylvanian district]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Christian Church in Serbia and Montenegro]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Christian Church in Slovakia]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in Slovenia]]<br />
<br />
[[Spanish Evangelical Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in Transcarpathia]] - Ukraine<br />
<br />
'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Othodox'''<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Churches of the Westminster Confession]] (Austria and Switzerland)<br />
<br />
[[National Union of Independent Reformed Evangelical Churches of France]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbyterian Church of Central and Eastern Europe]] (Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine)<br />
<br />
[[Belarussian Evangelical Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Brethren Church]] - Czech Republic and Slovakia<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Congregation in Fredericia]] - Denmark<br />
<br />
[[German Reformed Church of Copenhagen]] - Denmark<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in Latvia]]<br />
<br />
[[Christian Presbyterian Church of Portugal]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Fundamental Church]] - Russia<br />
<br />
[[Union of Evangelical Reformed Churches of Russia]]<br />
<br />
[[Ukrainian Evangelical Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
=== Australia and New Zealand ===<br />
<br />
'''Liberal, non-Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[Australian Free Church]] <br />
<br />
[[Christian Reformed Churches of Australia]] <br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church of Australia]]<br />
<br />
[[Uniting Church in Australia]] <br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand]]<br />
<br />
'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox'''<br />
<br />
[[Free Presbyterian Church]] - Reformed Baptist<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Presbyterian Church]] <br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Reformed Church (Australia)]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbyterian Church of Australia]] <br />
<br />
[[Westminster Presbyterian Church of Australia]] <br />
<br />
[[Grace Presbyterian Church of New Zealand]] <br />
<br />
[[Free Reformed Churches of Australia]]<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia]]<br />
<br />
[[Southern Presbyterian Church]] <br />
<br />
[[Reformed Churches of New Zealand]]<br />
<br />
=== South Africa ===<br />
<br />
'''Liberal, non-Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[Dutch Reformed Church (NG Kerk)]] - about 1 million members<br />
<br />
[[Dutch Reformed (Hervormde) Church]] (NH Kerk) - 100,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church of Southern Africa]]<br />
<br />
[[Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa]] - 80,000 members<br />
<br />
'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox'''<br />
<br />
[[Afrikaans Reformation Church]] - just over 100 members<br />
<br />
[[Afrikaans Protestant Church]] - 46,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Free Reformed Churches in South Africa]] - less than 1,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Churches in South Africa]] - 90,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Church of England in South Africa]] - Episcopal<br />
<br />
[[category:churches]]<br />
[[category:protestantism]]<br />
[[category:Christian Denominations]]</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Protestant_Reformed_Church&diff=483806Protestant Reformed Church2008-06-29T12:38:57Z<p>Adi: started</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Protestant Reformed Church''' is a very conservative [[American]] [[Reformed Churches|Reformed Denomination]]. It is [[presbyterian]] in government. It is regarded as [[Hyper-Calvinist]] by many, because it rejects [[common grace]].</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Christian_Reformed_Church&diff=483804Christian Reformed Church2008-06-29T12:34:15Z<p>Adi: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Christian Reformed Church''' is a Conservative, Evangelical American [[Protestant]] denomination in the [[Reformed Churches|Reformed]] tradition. It subscribes to the Historic creeds of the Church as well as the [[Three Forms of Unity]]. The denomination has around 270,000 members, making it the second largest of the conservative Reformed denominations in the United States. <br />
<br />
The CRC is slightly more liberal overall than the three smaller churches which seperated from it, the [[Protestant Reformed Church]], [[Orthodox Christian Reformed Church]] and the [[United Reformed Churches in North America]].</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Traditional_Protestant_Episcopal_Church&diff=483803Traditional Protestant Episcopal Church2008-06-29T12:30:43Z<p>Adi: started</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Traditional Protestant Episcopal Church''' is an [[American]] [[Protestant]] [[Episcopal]] [[Reformed Churches|Reformed Church]]. It differs from most reformed churches in that it is [[episcopal]] in church government. It faithfully subscribes to the [[Thirty Nine Articles of Religion]].</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Reformed_Churches&diff=483802Reformed Churches2008-06-29T12:23:57Z<p>Adi: /* United States and Canada */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Geneva_Bible.jpg|right|280px|Geneva Bible]]<br />
The '''Reformed Churches''' are a group of [[Protestant]] Churches, that originated during the 16th century [[Reformation]], led by [[Huldrych Zwingli]] and [[John Calvin]]. Reformed Churches are [[Calvinist]] in doctrine.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
The Reformer, John Calvin was of French descent, however he wrote and preached mostly in Switzerland. Here he published his "Institutes of the Christian Religion". From here, Calvinism spread throughout Europe, but especially the [[Netherlands]] and [[Scotland]]. Various Confessions were drawn up to distinguish the Reformed faith. English [[Puritans]] and Scottish [[Presbyterian]]s brought the Reformed faith to the United States and Australasia after the Reformation. So did the Reformed [[Dutch]] and [[Germans]] and the [[French]] [[Huguenots]] bring their faith to South Africa.<br />
<br />
== Doctrine ==<br />
<br />
For a summary of the Reformed beliefs, see [[Calvinism]].<br />
<br />
The Reformed Doctrine is expressed in various confessions, which they believe to be explanations of the doctrine of the [[Bible]]:<br />
<br />
*Dutch: [[The Belgic Confession]], [[The Heidelberg Cathegism]] and the [[Canons of Dordt]].<br />
*Scottish: [[The Westminster Confession]], [[The Westminster Larger Cathegism]] and [[The Westminster Shorter Cathegism]], as well as the [[Scots Confession]].<br />
*Swiss: [[The Second Helvetic Confession]].<br />
<br />
In Reformed Churches, the Bible is, however, the sole and supreme authority in all matters of faith.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Form of Governance ==<br />
<br />
Reformed Churches use the [[Presbyterian polity]] for their church government. This emphisizes the autonomy of the local church, which is governed by [[elders]].<br />
<br />
== Different Traditions ==<br />
<br />
Scottish Presbyterian, Dutch and Swiss Reformed churches are merely distinguished by different confessions, and hold to the same set of beliefs. <br />
Two other traditions have developed, however: "Reformed Baptist" and "Reformed Episcopal" denominations. They share the same Calvinist beliefs as the general Reformed Churches, but Reformed Baptists baptize adults and not infants as other Reformed Churches do. They have the [[London Baptist Confession]]. Reformed Episcopals hold to an [[Episcopal polity|Episcopal]] form of Church government (by bishops) and holds steadfastly to the [[Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion]].<br />
<br />
== Summary of Reformed Churches Worldwide ==<br />
<br />
Here is a brief summary of the Reformed Churches in the Western world. Liberal denominations are distiguished from the more Conservative ones. "Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox" denominations include a wide spectrum, however, and may range from moderately conservative to very Orthodox.<br />
<br />
=== United States and Canada ===<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Liberal, Non-Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church (USA)]] - around 3,600,000 members<br />
<br />
[[United Church of Canada]] - around 2,800,000 members - Presbyterian & Congregational & Methodist<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Presbyterian Church]] - around 68,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Korean Presbyterian Church in America]] - around 29,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church in Canada]] - around 225,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in America]] - around 300,000 members<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox'''<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church in America]] - around 350,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church]] - around 40,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Korean American Presbyterian Church]] - around 33,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Orthodox Presbyterian Church]] - around 30,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Confederation of Reformed Evangelical Churches]] - around 15,000 members, Reformed and Reformed Baptist<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America]] - around 7,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Covenant Reformed Presbyterian Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Free Presbyterian Church]] - Reformed Baptist<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbyterian Church - Hanover Presbytery]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbyterian Church General Assembly]]<br />
<br />
[[Upper Cumberland Presbyterian Church]] - less than 1000 members - Four-Point Calvinist<br />
<br />
[[Traditional Protestant Episcopal Church]] - Episcopal<br />
<br />
[[Christian Reformed Church]] - around 270,000 members<br />
<br />
[[United Reformed Churches in North America]] - around 20,700 members<br />
<br />
[[Canadian and American Reformed Churches]] - around 16,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Confederation of Reformed Evangelical Churches]] - around 15,000 members - Reformed Baptist<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in the United States]]<br />
<br />
[[Orthodox Christian Reformed Church]] - around 1,500 members<br />
<br />
[[Bible Presbyterian Church]] - around 3,500 members<br />
<br />
[[American Presbyterian Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Christian Presbyterian Church]] - Korean<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Reformed Presbyterian Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbytery in North America]]<br />
<br />
[[Westminster Presbyterian Church in the United States]]<br />
<br />
[[Netherlands Reformed Congregations]] - around 9,500 members - Dutch<br />
<br />
[[Free Reformed Churches in North America]] - around 4,500 members<br />
<br />
[[Heritage Reformed Congregations]] - around 2,000 members<br />
<br />
'''Hyper Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[Protestant Reformed Churches in America]] - around 7,000 members<br />
<br />
=== The Netherlands ===<br />
<br />
'''Liberal, non-Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[Protestant Church in the Netherlands]] - 2 million members<br />
<br />
[[Continued Reformed Churches in the Netherlands]] - 5,000 members<br />
<br />
'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox'''<br />
<br />
[[Christian Reformed Churches of the Netherlands]] - 75,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Congregrations in the Netherlands]] - 31,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Netherlands Reformed Churches]] - 19,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Restored Reformed Church]] - 70,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Old-Reformed Church in the Netherlands]]<br />
<br />
[[Netherlands Reformed Congregations]] - 105,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Churches of the Netherlands (Liberated)]] - 130,000 members<br />
<br />
[[New Liberated Reformed Church]] - 3,000 members<br />
<br />
=== Germany ===<br />
<br />
'''Liberal, non Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Church in Germany]]<br />
<br />
'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Othodox'''<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Oldreformed Churches]]<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Reformed Churches of Middle Germany]]<br />
<br />
[[Free Reformed Church]] - Episcopal<br />
<br />
=== The UK and Ireland ===<br />
<br />
'''Liberal, non-Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[United Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church in Ireland]]<br />
<br />
[[Church of Scotland]]<br />
<br />
'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox'''<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Engand and Wales]]<br />
<br />
[[Free Presbyterian Church]] - Reformed Baptist<br />
<br />
[[Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbyterian Church of Ireland]]<br />
<br />
[[Free Church of Scotland]]<br />
<br />
[[Free Church of Scotland (Continuing)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Rest of Europe ===<br />
<br />
'''Liberal, non Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[United Protestant Church in Belgium]]<br />
<br />
[[Swiss Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Polish Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Hungarian Reformed Church]] (Episcopal)<br />
<br />
[[French Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church of Elsance-Lorraine]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in Croatia]]<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Church of the Czech Brethren]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Synod of Denmark]]<br />
<br />
[[Synod of the Evangelical Reformed Church in Luthuania]]<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Portugal]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in Portugal]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in Romania]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in Romania - Transylvanian district]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Christian Church in Serbia and Montenegro]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Christian Church in Slovakia]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in Slovenia]]<br />
<br />
[[Spanish Evangelical Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in Transcarpathia]] - Ukraine<br />
<br />
'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Othodox'''<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Churches of the Westminster Confession]] (Austria and Switzerland)<br />
<br />
[[National Union of Independent Reformed Evangelical Churches of France]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbyterian Church of Central and Eastern Europe]] (Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine)<br />
<br />
[[Belarussian Evangelical Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Brethren Church]] - Czech Republic and Slovakia<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Congregation in Fredericia]] - Denmark<br />
<br />
[[German Reformed Church of Copenhagen]] - Denmark<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in Latvia]]<br />
<br />
[[Christian Presbyterian Church of Portugal]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Fundamental Church]] - Russia<br />
<br />
[[Union of Evangelical Reformed Churches of Russia]]<br />
<br />
[[Ukrainian Evangelical Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
=== Australia and New Zealand ===<br />
<br />
'''Liberal, non-Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[Australian Free Church]] <br />
<br />
[[Christian Reformed Churches of Australia]] <br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church of Australia]]<br />
<br />
[[Uniting Church in Australia]] <br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand]]<br />
<br />
'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox'''<br />
<br />
[[Free Presbyterian Church]] - Reformed Baptist<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Presbyterian Church]] <br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Reformed Church (Australia)]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbyterian Church of Australia]] <br />
<br />
[[Westminster Presbyterian Church of Australia]] <br />
<br />
[[Grace Presbyterian Church of New Zealand]] <br />
<br />
[[Free Reformed Churches of Australia]]<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia]]<br />
<br />
[[Southern Presbyterian Church]] <br />
<br />
[[Reformed Churches of New Zealand]]<br />
<br />
=== South Africa ===<br />
<br />
'''Liberal, non-Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[Dutch Reformed Church (NG Kerk)]] - about 1 million members<br />
<br />
[[Dutch Reformed (Hervormde) Church]] (NH Kerk) - 100,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church of Southern Africa]]<br />
<br />
[[Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa]] - 80,000 members<br />
<br />
'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox'''<br />
<br />
[[Afrikaans Reformation Church]] - just over 100 members<br />
<br />
[[Afrikaans Protestant Church]] - 46,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Free Reformed Churches in South Africa]] - less than 1,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Churches in South Africa]] - 90,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Church of England in South Africa]] - Episcopal<br />
<br />
[[category:churches]]<br />
[[category:protestantism]]<br />
[[category:Christian Denominations]]</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Free_Reformed_Churches_in_North_America&diff=483800Free Reformed Churches in North America2008-06-29T12:18:38Z<p>Adi: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Free Reformed Churches in North America''' is an Orthodox [[American]] [[Calvinist]] denomination in the [[Reformed Churches|Reformed]] tradition. These churches together confess the Bible to be the Word of God and believe it is faithfully summarized by the [[Three Forms of Unity]]. It is [[presbyterian]] in Church government.</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Free_Reformed_Churches_in_North_America&diff=483798Free Reformed Churches in North America2008-06-29T12:17:25Z<p>Adi: started</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Free Reformed Churches in North America''' is an Orthodox [[American]] [[Calvinist]] denomination in the [[Reformed|Reformed Churches]] tradition. These churches together confess the Bible to be the Word of God and believe it is faithfully summarized by the [[Three Forms of Unity]]. It is [[presbyterian in Church government]].</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Reformed_Presbytery_in_North_America&diff=483797Reformed Presbytery in North America2008-06-29T12:12:28Z<p>Adi: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Reformed Presbytery in North America''' is an Orthodox and Conservative [[American]] [[Reformed Churches|Reformed denomination]]. It subscribes faithfully to the [[Westminster Standards]] and the [[Solemn League and Covenant]] in the Scottish [[presbyterian]] tradition.</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Reformed_Presbytery_in_North_America&diff=483796Reformed Presbytery in North America2008-06-29T12:11:07Z<p>Adi: started</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Reformed Presbytery in North America'''is a Orthodox and Conservative [[American]] [[Reformed Churches|Reformed denomination]]. It subscribes faithfully to the [[Westminster Standards]] and the [[Solemn League and Covenant]] in the Scottish [[presbyterian]] tradition.</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Orthodox_Christian_Reformed_Church&diff=483795Orthodox Christian Reformed Church2008-06-29T12:02:33Z<p>Adi: New page: The '''Orthodox Christian Reformed Church''' is a theologically conservative federation of American Reformed Churches in the Dutch Calvinist tradition. These churches confess t...</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Orthodox Christian Reformed Church''' is a theologically conservative federation of [[American]] [[Reformed Churches]] in the Dutch [[Calvinist]] tradition. These churches confess the Bible to be the Word of God and believe it is faithfully summarized by the [[Three Forms of Unity]]. <br />
<br />
The first Orthodox Christian Reformed Church congregation was organized in Listowel (now Wingham), Ontario Canada, in 1979 by families who had left the [[Christian Reformed Church]] for doctrinal reasons.</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Reformed_Church_in_the_United_States&diff=483793Reformed Church in the United States2008-06-29T11:58:00Z<p>Adi: started</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Reformed Church in the United States''' is an conservative and evangelical American [[Protestant]] denomination in the [[Reformed Churches|Reformed]] ([[Calvinist]]) tradition. It is committed to historic biblical orthodoxy, confessional Reformed theology, presbyterial church government, and God-centered worship. Its roots are in the [[German]] Reformed tradition.<br />
<br />
The present RCUS is a conservative, Calvinist denomination and subscribes to the [[Three Forms of Unity]]. It is [[presbyterian]] in government.</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Reformed_Church_in_the_United_States&diff=483792Reformed Church in the United States2008-06-29T11:57:40Z<p>Adi: started</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Reformed Church in the United States''' is an conservative and evangelical American [[Protetant]] denomination in the [[Reformed Churches|Reformed]] ([[Calvinist]]) tradition. It is committed to historic biblical orthodoxy, confessional Reformed theology, presbyterial church government, and God-centered worship. Its roots are in the [[German]] Reformed tradition.<br />
<br />
The present RCUS is a conservative, Calvinist denomination and subscribes to the [[Three Forms of Unity]]. It is [[presbyterian]] in government.</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Reformed_Churches&diff=483304Reformed Churches2008-06-28T14:22:00Z<p>Adi: /* United States and Canada */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Geneva_Bible.jpg|right|280px|Geneva Bible]]<br />
The '''Reformed Churches''' are a group of [[Protestant]] Churches, that originated during the 16th century [[Reformation]], led by [[Huldrych Zwingli]] and [[John Calvin]]. Reformed Churches are [[Calvinist]] in doctrine.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
The Reformer, John Calvin was of French descent, however he wrote and preached mostly in Switzerland. Here he published his "Institutes of the Christian Religion". From here, Calvinism spread throughout Europe, but especially the [[Netherlands]] and [[Scotland]]. Various Confessions were drawn up to distinguish the Reformed faith. English [[Puritans]] and Scottish [[Presbyterian]]s brought the Reformed faith to the United States and Australasia after the Reformation. So did the Reformed [[Dutch]] and [[Germans]] and the [[French]] [[Huguenots]] bring their faith to South Africa.<br />
<br />
== Doctrine ==<br />
<br />
For a summary of the Reformed beliefs, see [[Calvinism]].<br />
<br />
The Reformed Doctrine is expressed in various confessions, which they believe to be explanations of the doctrine of the [[Bible]]:<br />
<br />
*Dutch: [[The Belgic Confession]], [[The Heidelberg Cathegism]] and the [[Canons of Dordt]].<br />
*Scottish: [[The Westminster Confession]], [[The Westminster Larger Cathegism]] and [[The Westminster Shorter Cathegism]], as well as the [[Scots Confession]].<br />
*Swiss: [[The Second Helvetic Confession]].<br />
<br />
In Reformed Churches, the Bible is, however, the sole and supreme authority in all matters of faith.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Form of Governance ==<br />
<br />
Reformed Churches use the [[Presbyterian polity]] for their church government. This emphisizes the autonomy of the local church, which is governed by [[elders]].<br />
<br />
== Different Traditions ==<br />
<br />
Scottish Presbyterian, Dutch and Swiss Reformed churches are merely distinguished by different confessions, and hold to the same set of beliefs. <br />
Two other traditions have developed, however: "Reformed Baptist" and "Reformed Episcopal" denominations. They share the same Calvinist beliefs as the general Reformed Churches, but Reformed Baptists baptize adults and not infants as other Reformed Churches do. They have the [[London Baptist Confession]]. Reformed Episcopals hold to an [[Episcopal polity|Episcopal]] form of Church government (by bishops) and holds steadfastly to the [[Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion]].<br />
<br />
== Summary of Reformed Churches Worldwide ==<br />
<br />
Here is a brief summary of the Reformed Churches in the Western world. Liberal denominations are distiguished from the more Conservative ones. "Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox" denominations include a wide spectrum, however, and may range from moderately conservative to very Orthodox.<br />
<br />
=== United States and Canada ===<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Liberal, Non-Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church (USA)]] - around 3,600,000 members<br />
<br />
[[United Church of Canada]] - around 2,800,000 members - Presbyterian & Congregational & Methodist<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Presbyterian Church]] - around 68,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Korean Presbyterian Church in America]] - around 29,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church in Canada]] - around 225,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in America]] - around 300,000 members<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox'''<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church in America]] - around 350,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church]] - around 40,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Korean American Presbyterian Church]] - around 33,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Orthodox Presbyterian Church]] - around 30,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Confederation of Reformed Evangelical Churches]] - around 15,000 members, Reformed and Reformed Baptist<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America]] - around 7,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Covenant Reformed Presbyterian Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Free Presbyterian Church]] - Reformed Baptist<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbyterian Church - Hanover Presbytery]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbyterian Church General Assembly]]<br />
<br />
[[Upper Cumberland Presbyterian Church]] - less than 1000 members - Four-Point Calvinist<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Episcopal Church]] - around 13,000 members - Episcopal<br />
<br />
[[Traditional Protestant Episcopal Church]] - Episcopal<br />
<br />
[[Christian Reformed Church]] - around 270,000 members<br />
<br />
[[United Reformed Churches in North America]] - around 20,700 members<br />
<br />
[[Canadian and American Reformed Churches]] - around 16,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Confederation of Reformed Evangelical Churches]] - around 15,000 members - Reformed Baptist<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in the United States]]<br />
<br />
[[Orthodox Christian Reformed Church]] - around 1,500 members<br />
<br />
[[Bible Presbyterian Church]] - around 3,500 members<br />
<br />
[[American Presbyterian Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Christian Presbyterian Church]] - Korean<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Reformed Presbyterian Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbytery in North America]]<br />
<br />
[[Westminster Presbyterian Church in the United States]]<br />
<br />
[[Netherlands Reformed Congregations]] - around 9,500 members - Dutch<br />
<br />
[[Free Reformed Churches in North America]] - around 4,500 members<br />
<br />
[[Heritage Reformed Congregations]] - around 2,000 members<br />
<br />
'''Hyper Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[Protestant Reformed Churches in America]] - around 7,000 members<br />
<br />
=== The Netherlands ===<br />
<br />
'''Liberal, non-Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[Protestant Church in the Netherlands]] - 2 million members<br />
<br />
[[Continued Reformed Churches in the Netherlands]] - 5,000 members<br />
<br />
'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox'''<br />
<br />
[[Christian Reformed Churches of the Netherlands]] - 75,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Congregrations in the Netherlands]] - 31,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Netherlands Reformed Churches]] - 19,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Restored Reformed Church]] - 70,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Old-Reformed Church in the Netherlands]]<br />
<br />
[[Netherlands Reformed Congregations]] - 105,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Churches of the Netherlands (Liberated)]] - 130,000 members<br />
<br />
[[New Liberated Reformed Church]] - 3,000 members<br />
<br />
=== Germany ===<br />
<br />
'''Liberal, non Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Church in Germany]]<br />
<br />
'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Othodox'''<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Oldreformed Churches]]<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Reformed Churches of Middle Germany]]<br />
<br />
[[Free Reformed Church]] - Episcopal<br />
<br />
=== The UK and Ireland ===<br />
<br />
'''Liberal, non-Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[United Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church in Ireland]]<br />
<br />
[[Church of Scotland]]<br />
<br />
'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox'''<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Engand and Wales]]<br />
<br />
[[Free Presbyterian Church]] - Reformed Baptist<br />
<br />
[[Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbyterian Church of Ireland]]<br />
<br />
[[Free Church of Scotland]]<br />
<br />
[[Free Church of Scotland (Continuing)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Rest of Europe ===<br />
<br />
'''Liberal, non Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[United Protestant Church in Belgium]]<br />
<br />
[[Swiss Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Polish Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Hungarian Reformed Church]] (Episcopal)<br />
<br />
[[French Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church of Elsance-Lorraine]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in Croatia]]<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Church of the Czech Brethren]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Synod of Denmark]]<br />
<br />
[[Synod of the Evangelical Reformed Church in Luthuania]]<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Portugal]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in Portugal]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in Romania]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in Romania - Transylvanian district]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Christian Church in Serbia and Montenegro]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Christian Church in Slovakia]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in Slovenia]]<br />
<br />
[[Spanish Evangelical Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in Transcarpathia]] - Ukraine<br />
<br />
'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Othodox'''<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Churches of the Westminster Confession]] (Austria and Switzerland)<br />
<br />
[[National Union of Independent Reformed Evangelical Churches of France]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbyterian Church of Central and Eastern Europe]] (Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine)<br />
<br />
[[Belarussian Evangelical Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Brethren Church]] - Czech Republic and Slovakia<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Congregation in Fredericia]] - Denmark<br />
<br />
[[German Reformed Church of Copenhagen]] - Denmark<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in Latvia]]<br />
<br />
[[Christian Presbyterian Church of Portugal]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Fundamental Church]] - Russia<br />
<br />
[[Union of Evangelical Reformed Churches of Russia]]<br />
<br />
[[Ukrainian Evangelical Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
=== Australia and New Zealand ===<br />
<br />
'''Liberal, non-Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[Australian Free Church]] <br />
<br />
[[Christian Reformed Churches of Australia]] <br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church of Australia]]<br />
<br />
[[Uniting Church in Australia]] <br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand]]<br />
<br />
'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox'''<br />
<br />
[[Free Presbyterian Church]] - Reformed Baptist<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Presbyterian Church]] <br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Reformed Church (Australia)]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbyterian Church of Australia]] <br />
<br />
[[Westminster Presbyterian Church of Australia]] <br />
<br />
[[Grace Presbyterian Church of New Zealand]] <br />
<br />
[[Free Reformed Churches of Australia]]<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia]]<br />
<br />
[[Southern Presbyterian Church]] <br />
<br />
[[Reformed Churches of New Zealand]]<br />
<br />
=== South Africa ===<br />
<br />
'''Liberal, non-Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[Dutch Reformed Church (NG Kerk)]] - about 1 million members<br />
<br />
[[Dutch Reformed (Hervormde) Church]] (NH Kerk) - 100,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church of Southern Africa]]<br />
<br />
[[Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa]] - 80,000 members<br />
<br />
'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox'''<br />
<br />
[[Afrikaans Reformation Church]] - just over 100 members<br />
<br />
[[Afrikaans Protestant Church]] - 46,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Free Reformed Churches in South Africa]] - less than 1,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Churches in South Africa]] - 90,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Church of England in South Africa]] - Episcopal<br />
<br />
[[category:churches]]<br />
[[category:protestantism]]<br />
[[category:Christian Denominations]]</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Church_of_Scotland&diff=483302Church of Scotland2008-06-28T14:19:42Z<p>Adi: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Church of Scotland''' (The "Kirk" in [[Scots]]) is the established church in [[Scotland]]. [[Reformed Churches|Reformed]] in terms of theology and [[Presbyterian]] in terms of organization, it has its origins in the [[16th century]] Scottish reformation.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The key figure in the Scottish reformation was [[John Knox]], an Edinburgh preacher and disciple of Swiss reformer [[John Calvin]]. He was aided by the [[martyr]]s of the faith who were murdered by [[Roman Catholic]]s and are commemmorated at the [[Martyrs' Monument]]. <br />
<br />
[[Scotland]] was finally liberated from the yoke of [[Roman Catholic Church|Rome]] in 1560,<ref>http://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/organisation/orghistory.htm#reformation</ref> the year the [[Scottish Parliament]] formally rejected Papal jurisdiction. In the following turbulent 130 years, there was a great deal of conflict - at times armed - between various factions in the United Kingdom (formed from the union of the Scottish and English Royal Houses in 1603), and religion was often a defining factor in the shifting alliances that shaped the dynastic, political and cultural landscape of the time. (See [[British Civil War]]). Specifically, Presbyterianisms, [[Episcopalianism]] and [[Catholicism]] were vying for supremacy in this period. With the ascendancy of the Protestant House of Orange in the Glorious Revolution of 1690, the predominance of the Presbyterianism Kirk was assured.<ref>http://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/organisation/orghistory.htm#national</ref><br />
<br />
==Church organization==<br />
Rejecting a distinction between bishops and the clergy, and, indeed, downplaying the distinction between clergy and laity, each Church of Scotland congregation is governed by a Kirk Session consisting of body of elected [[elder|elders]], the [[minister]] considered to be but a special case of elder. The church as a whole takes decisions at the annual General Assembly, at which both elders and ministers are represented.<ref>http://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/organisation/orgstructure.htm</ref><br />
<br />
==Role in education==<br />
As a result of the zeal of early reformers to spread the [[Word of God]], Scotland became the first country in the world to pass a law requiring a school to be established in every parish, in [[1616]]. By the end of the [[seventeenth century]], this goal was achieved, and Scotland is generally held to have been the first modern country to have instituted a system of universal [[public education]]., a source of great pride among Scots and their descendants to this day.<br />
<br />
==Liberal position on women==<br />
There has been full equality between men and women in the Church of Scotland since 1968.<ref>http://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/organisation/orgwomen.htm</ref><br />
<br />
==Homosexuality==<br />
The Church of Scotland is generally tolerant of [[homosexuality]]. A recent report concluded that: ''Many people are both gay and Christian; having a homosexual orientation is not a matter for censure; having a homosexual orientation does not preclude service to Christ in the church and the world. A homosexual orientation should not be a barrier to any role in church and state, and the Church should oppose all forms of discrimination on these grounds, both in environments where the Church carries authority and in society at large. ''<ref>http://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/generalassembly/downloads/gareports07manddchallengetounity.rtf</ref><br />
<br />
(For more see [[Homosexuality and Scotland]])<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Scotland, Church of}}<br />
[[Category:Christian Denominations]]<br />
[[Category:Scottish Culture]]</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Church_of_Scotland&diff=483299Church of Scotland2008-06-28T14:18:50Z<p>Adi: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Church of Scotland''' (The "Kirk" in [[Scots]]) is the established church in [[Scotland]]. [[Reformed churches|Reformed]] in terms of theology and [[Presbyterianism|presbyterian]] in terms of organization, it has its origins in the [[16th century]] Scottish reformation.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The key figure in the Scottish reformation was [[John Knox]], an Edinburgh preacher and disciple of Swiss reformer [[John Calvin]]. He was aided by the [[martyr]]s of the faith who were murdered by [[Roman Catholic]]s and are commemmorated at the [[Martyrs' Monument]]. <br />
<br />
[[Scotland]] was finally liberated from the yoke of [[Roman Catholic Church|Rome]] in 1560,<ref>http://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/organisation/orghistory.htm#reformation</ref> the year the [[Scottish Parliament]] formally rejected Papal jurisdiction. In the following turbulent 130 years, there was a great deal of conflict - at times armed - between various factions in the United Kingdom (formed from the union of the Scottish and English Royal Houses in 1603), and religion was often a defining factor in the shifting alliances that shaped the dynastic, political and cultural landscape of the time. (See [[British Civil War]]). Specifically, Presbyterianisms, [[Episcopalianism]] and [[Catholicism]] were vying for supremacy in this period. With the ascendancy of the Protestant House of Orange in the Glorious Revolution of 1690, the predominance of the Presbyterianism Kirk was assured.<ref>http://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/organisation/orghistory.htm#national</ref><br />
<br />
==Church organization==<br />
Rejecting a distinction between bishops and the clergy, and, indeed, downplaying the distinction between clergy and laity, each Church of Scotland congregation is governed by a Kirk Session consisting of body of elected [[elder|elders]], the [[minister]] considered to be but a special case of elder. The church as a whole takes decisions at the annual General Assembly, at which both elders and ministers are represented.<ref>http://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/organisation/orgstructure.htm</ref><br />
<br />
==Role in education==<br />
As a result of the zeal of early reformers to spread the [[Word of God]], Scotland became the first country in the world to pass a law requiring a school to be established in every parish, in [[1616]]. By the end of the [[seventeenth century]], this goal was achieved, and Scotland is generally held to have been the first modern country to have instituted a system of universal [[public education]]., a source of great pride among Scots and their descendants to this day.<br />
<br />
==Liberal position on women==<br />
There has been full equality between men and women in the Church of Scotland since 1968.<ref>http://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/organisation/orgwomen.htm</ref><br />
<br />
==Homosexuality==<br />
The Church of Scotland is generally tolerant of [[homosexuality]]. A recent report concluded that: ''Many people are both gay and Christian; having a homosexual orientation is not a matter for censure; having a homosexual orientation does not preclude service to Christ in the church and the world. A homosexual orientation should not be a barrier to any role in church and state, and the Church should oppose all forms of discrimination on these grounds, both in environments where the Church carries authority and in society at large. ''<ref>http://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/generalassembly/downloads/gareports07manddchallengetounity.rtf</ref><br />
<br />
(For more see [[Homosexuality and Scotland]])<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Scotland, Church of}}<br />
[[Category:Christian Denominations]]<br />
[[Category:Scottish Culture]]</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Church_of_Scotland&diff=483298Church of Scotland2008-06-28T14:18:24Z<p>Adi: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Church of Scotland''' (The "Kirk" in [[Scots]]) is the established church in [[Scotland]]. [[Reformed churcheds|Reformed]] in terms of theology and [[Presbyterianism|presbyterian]] in terms of organization, it has its origins in the [[16th century]] Scottish reformation.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The key figure in the Scottish reformation was [[John Knox]], an Edinburgh preacher and disciple of Swiss reformer [[John Calvin]]. He was aided by the [[martyr]]s of the faith who were murdered by [[Roman Catholic]]s and are commemmorated at the [[Martyrs' Monument]]. <br />
<br />
[[Scotland]] was finally liberated from the yoke of [[Roman Catholic Church|Rome]] in 1560,<ref>http://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/organisation/orghistory.htm#reformation</ref> the year the [[Scottish Parliament]] formally rejected Papal jurisdiction. In the following turbulent 130 years, there was a great deal of conflict - at times armed - between various factions in the United Kingdom (formed from the union of the Scottish and English Royal Houses in 1603), and religion was often a defining factor in the shifting alliances that shaped the dynastic, political and cultural landscape of the time. (See [[British Civil War]]). Specifically, Presbyterianisms, [[Episcopalianism]] and [[Catholicism]] were vying for supremacy in this period. With the ascendancy of the Protestant House of Orange in the Glorious Revolution of 1690, the predominance of the Presbyterianism Kirk was assured.<ref>http://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/organisation/orghistory.htm#national</ref><br />
<br />
==Church organization==<br />
Rejecting a distinction between bishops and the clergy, and, indeed, downplaying the distinction between clergy and laity, each Church of Scotland congregation is governed by a Kirk Session consisting of body of elected [[elder|elders]], the [[minister]] considered to be but a special case of elder. The church as a whole takes decisions at the annual General Assembly, at which both elders and ministers are represented.<ref>http://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/organisation/orgstructure.htm</ref><br />
<br />
==Role in education==<br />
As a result of the zeal of early reformers to spread the [[Word of God]], Scotland became the first country in the world to pass a law requiring a school to be established in every parish, in [[1616]]. By the end of the [[seventeenth century]], this goal was achieved, and Scotland is generally held to have been the first modern country to have instituted a system of universal [[public education]]., a source of great pride among Scots and their descendants to this day.<br />
<br />
==Liberal position on women==<br />
There has been full equality between men and women in the Church of Scotland since 1968.<ref>http://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/organisation/orgwomen.htm</ref><br />
<br />
==Homosexuality==<br />
The Church of Scotland is generally tolerant of [[homosexuality]]. A recent report concluded that: ''Many people are both gay and Christian; having a homosexual orientation is not a matter for censure; having a homosexual orientation does not preclude service to Christ in the church and the world. A homosexual orientation should not be a barrier to any role in church and state, and the Church should oppose all forms of discrimination on these grounds, both in environments where the Church carries authority and in society at large. ''<ref>http://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/generalassembly/downloads/gareports07manddchallengetounity.rtf</ref><br />
<br />
(For more see [[Homosexuality and Scotland]])<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Scotland, Church of}}<br />
[[Category:Christian Denominations]]<br />
[[Category:Scottish Culture]]</div>Adihttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Reformed_Churches&diff=483297Reformed Churches2008-06-28T14:17:26Z<p>Adi: /* Summary of Reformed Churches Worldwide */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Geneva_Bible.jpg|right|280px|Geneva Bible]]<br />
The '''Reformed Churches''' are a group of [[Protestant]] Churches, that originated during the 16th century [[Reformation]], led by [[Huldrych Zwingli]] and [[John Calvin]]. Reformed Churches are [[Calvinist]] in doctrine.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
The Reformer, John Calvin was of French descent, however he wrote and preached mostly in Switzerland. Here he published his "Institutes of the Christian Religion". From here, Calvinism spread throughout Europe, but especially the [[Netherlands]] and [[Scotland]]. Various Confessions were drawn up to distinguish the Reformed faith. English [[Puritans]] and Scottish [[Presbyterian]]s brought the Reformed faith to the United States and Australasia after the Reformation. So did the Reformed [[Dutch]] and [[Germans]] and the [[French]] [[Huguenots]] bring their faith to South Africa.<br />
<br />
== Doctrine ==<br />
<br />
For a summary of the Reformed beliefs, see [[Calvinism]].<br />
<br />
The Reformed Doctrine is expressed in various confessions, which they believe to be explanations of the doctrine of the [[Bible]]:<br />
<br />
*Dutch: [[The Belgic Confession]], [[The Heidelberg Cathegism]] and the [[Canons of Dordt]].<br />
*Scottish: [[The Westminster Confession]], [[The Westminster Larger Cathegism]] and [[The Westminster Shorter Cathegism]], as well as the [[Scots Confession]].<br />
*Swiss: [[The Second Helvetic Confession]].<br />
<br />
In Reformed Churches, the Bible is, however, the sole and supreme authority in all matters of faith.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Form of Governance ==<br />
<br />
Reformed Churches use the [[Presbyterian polity]] for their church government. This emphisizes the autonomy of the local church, which is governed by [[elders]].<br />
<br />
== Different Traditions ==<br />
<br />
Scottish Presbyterian, Dutch and Swiss Reformed churches are merely distinguished by different confessions, and hold to the same set of beliefs. <br />
Two other traditions have developed, however: "Reformed Baptist" and "Reformed Episcopal" denominations. They share the same Calvinist beliefs as the general Reformed Churches, but Reformed Baptists baptize adults and not infants as other Reformed Churches do. They have the [[London Baptist Confession]]. Reformed Episcopals hold to an [[Episcopal polity|Episcopal]] form of Church government (by bishops) and holds steadfastly to the [[Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion]].<br />
<br />
== Summary of Reformed Churches Worldwide ==<br />
<br />
Here is a brief summary of the Reformed Churches in the Western world. Liberal denominations are distiguished from the more Conservative ones. "Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox" denominations include a wide spectrum, however, and may range from moderately conservative to very Orthodox.<br />
<br />
=== United States and Canada ===<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Liberal, Non-Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church (USA)]] - around 3,600,000 members<br />
<br />
[[United Church of Canada]] - around 2,800,000 members - Presbyterian & Congregational & Methodist<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Presbyterian Church]] - around 68,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Korean Presbyterian Church in America]] - around 29,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church in Canada]] - around 225,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in America]] - around 300,000 members<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox'''<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church in America]] - around 350,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church]] - around 40,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Korean American Presbyterian Church]] - around 33,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Orthodox Presbyterian Church]] - around 30,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Confederation of Reformed Evangelical Churches]] - around 15,000 members, Reformed and Reformed Baptist<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America]] - around 7,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Covenant Reformed Presbyterian Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Free Presbyterian Church]] - Reformed Baptist<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbyterian Church - Hanover Presbytery]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbyterian Church General Assembly]]<br />
<br />
[[Upper Cumberland Presbyterian Church]] - less than 1000 members - Four-Point Calvinist<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Episcopal Church]] - around 13,000 members - Episcopal<br />
<br />
[[Traditional Protestant Episcopal Church]] - Episcopal<br />
<br />
[[Christian Reformed Church]] - around 270,000 members<br />
<br />
[[United Reformed Churches in North America]] - around 20,700 members<br />
<br />
[[Canadian and American Reformed Churches]] - around 16,000 members<br />
<br />
[Confederation of Reformed Evangelical Churches]] - around 15,000 members - Reformed Baptist<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in the United States]]<br />
<br />
[[Orthodox Christian Reformed Church]] - around 1,500 members<br />
<br />
[[Bible Presbyterian Church]] - around 3,500 members<br />
<br />
[[American Presbyterian Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Christian Presbyterian Church]] - Korean<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Reformed Presbyterian Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbytery in North America]]<br />
<br />
[[Westminster Presbyterian Church in the United States]]<br />
<br />
[[Netherlands Reformed Congregations]] - around 9,500 members - Dutch<br />
<br />
[[Free Reformed Churches in North America]] - around 4,500 members<br />
<br />
[[Heritage Reformed Congregations]] - around 2,000 members<br />
<br />
'''Hyper Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[Protestant Reformed Churches in America]] - around 7,000 members<br />
<br />
=== The Netherlands ===<br />
<br />
'''Liberal, non-Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[Protestant Church in the Netherlands]] - 2 million members<br />
<br />
[[Continued Reformed Churches in the Netherlands]] - 5,000 members<br />
<br />
'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox'''<br />
<br />
[[Christian Reformed Churches of the Netherlands]] - 75,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Congregrations in the Netherlands]] - 31,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Netherlands Reformed Churches]] - 19,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Restored Reformed Church]] - 70,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Old-Reformed Church in the Netherlands]]<br />
<br />
[[Netherlands Reformed Congregations]] - 105,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Churches of the Netherlands (Liberated)]] - 130,000 members<br />
<br />
[[New Liberated Reformed Church]] - 3,000 members<br />
<br />
=== Germany ===<br />
<br />
'''Liberal, non Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Church in Germany]]<br />
<br />
'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Othodox'''<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Oldreformed Churches]]<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Reformed Churches of Middle Germany]]<br />
<br />
[[Free Reformed Church]] - Episcopal<br />
<br />
=== The UK and Ireland ===<br />
<br />
'''Liberal, non-Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[United Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church in Ireland]]<br />
<br />
[[Church of Scotland]]<br />
<br />
'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox'''<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Engand and Wales]]<br />
<br />
[[Free Presbyterian Church]] - Reformed Baptist<br />
<br />
[[Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbyterian Church of Ireland]]<br />
<br />
[[Free Church of Scotland]]<br />
<br />
[[Free Church of Scotland (Continuing)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Rest of Europe ===<br />
<br />
'''Liberal, non Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[United Protestant Church in Belgium]]<br />
<br />
[[Swiss Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Polish Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Hungarian Reformed Church]] (Episcopal)<br />
<br />
[[French Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church of Elsance-Lorraine]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in Croatia]]<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Church of the Czech Brethren]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Synod of Denmark]]<br />
<br />
[[Synod of the Evangelical Reformed Church in Luthuania]]<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Portugal]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in Portugal]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in Romania]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in Romania - Transylvanian district]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Christian Church in Serbia and Montenegro]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Christian Church in Slovakia]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in Slovenia]]<br />
<br />
[[Spanish Evangelical Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in Transcarpathia]] - Ukraine<br />
<br />
'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Othodox'''<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Churches of the Westminster Confession]] (Austria and Switzerland)<br />
<br />
[[National Union of Independent Reformed Evangelical Churches of France]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbyterian Church of Central and Eastern Europe]] (Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine)<br />
<br />
[[Belarussian Evangelical Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Brethren Church]] - Czech Republic and Slovakia<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Congregation in Fredericia]] - Denmark<br />
<br />
[[German Reformed Church of Copenhagen]] - Denmark<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Church in Latvia]]<br />
<br />
[[Christian Presbyterian Church of Portugal]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Fundamental Church]] - Russia<br />
<br />
[[Union of Evangelical Reformed Churches of Russia]]<br />
<br />
[[Ukrainian Evangelical Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
=== Australia and New Zealand ===<br />
<br />
'''Liberal, non-Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[Australian Free Church]] <br />
<br />
[[Christian Reformed Churches of Australia]] <br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church of Australia]]<br />
<br />
[[Uniting Church in Australia]] <br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand]]<br />
<br />
'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox'''<br />
<br />
[[Free Presbyterian Church]] - Reformed Baptist<br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Presbyterian Church]] <br />
<br />
[[Evangelical Reformed Church]]<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Reformed Church (Australia)]]<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Presbyterian Church of Australia]] <br />
<br />
[[Westminster Presbyterian Church of Australia]] <br />
<br />
[[Grace Presbyterian Church of New Zealand]] <br />
<br />
[[Free Reformed Churches of Australia]]<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia]]<br />
<br />
[[Southern Presbyterian Church]] <br />
<br />
[[Reformed Churches of New Zealand]]<br />
<br />
=== South Africa ===<br />
<br />
'''Liberal, non-Calvinist'''<br />
<br />
[[Dutch Reformed Church (NG Kerk)]] - about 1 million members<br />
<br />
[[Dutch Reformed (Hervormde) Church]] (NH Kerk) - 100,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Presbyterian Church of Southern Africa]]<br />
<br />
[[Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa]] - 80,000 members<br />
<br />
'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox'''<br />
<br />
[[Afrikaans Reformation Church]] - just over 100 members<br />
<br />
[[Afrikaans Protestant Church]] - 46,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Free Reformed Churches in South Africa]] - less than 1,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Reformed Churches in South Africa]] - 90,000 members<br />
<br />
[[Church of England in South Africa]] - Episcopal<br />
<br />
[[category:churches]]<br />
[[category:protestantism]]<br />
[[category:Christian Denominations]]</div>Adi