https://conservapedia.com/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=RickKnish&feedformat=atomConservapedia - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T13:29:27ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.24.2https://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hedgehog&diff=408766Hedgehog2008-03-19T16:37:38Z<p>RickKnish: </p>
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<div>[[Image:Erinaceus concolor.jpg|thumb|Eastern European hedgehog, ''Erinaceus concolor'']]<br />
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The '''Hedgehog''' (''Erinaceinae'') is a small [[mammal]], covered with protective spines. Various kinds are found throughout [[Europe]], [[Africa]], and parts of [[Asia]]. The hedgehog [[hibernation|hibernates]] in winter. The name "hedgehog" was first used in the fifteenth century, and is drawn from their frequenting hedge rows and having a pig-like snout. They are also commonly referred to as the ''urchin'', ''hedgepig'', ''fadge-snuffler'' and ''furze-pig''<br />
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Hedgehogs are [[omnivore|omnivorous]], but typically subsist by rooting and snuffling for slugs and grubs. Though slow-moving, they are surprisingly agile, capable of climbing trees to raid birds' nests, and also swim well. Tales are told of them using their spines to impale and carry off soft fruit, but any such attachments are probably unintentional. <br />
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The hedgehog relies for defence on its protective spines, rolling itself into a ball in a similar fashion to a [[pangolin]] or [[armadillo]] when threatened. This tactic, while effective against many predators, is of little use against motor vehicles, and many hedgehogs are killed on roads every year. The squashed-hedgehog has become a much more common sight as they increasingly move into urban areas in search of the abundant supply of discarded food, much like seagulls, foxes and rats. [[Badger]]s have been observed to drop them in water to induce them to unroll. Unlike those of the [[porcupine]], hedgehog spines do not detach easily, and rarely used aggressively. The spines are made of [[keratin]] and are not barbed or poisonous. <br />
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Hedgehogs have been eaten by some people, notably the [[Gypsies]], traditionally coated in clay and baked, but the Bible prohibits their consumption and declares them unclean (Leviticus 11:27).<br />
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The African Pygmy Hedgehog is sometimes kept as a pet, but is illegal in certain states.<br />
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[http://hedgehogcentral.com/ Hedgehog Central]<br />
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[[Category:Mammals]]</div>RickKnishhttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hedgehog&diff=408765Hedgehog2008-03-19T16:36:31Z<p>RickKnish: </p>
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<div>[[Image:Erinaceus concolor.jpg|thumb|Eastern European hedgehog, ''Erinaceus concolor'']]<br />
<br />
The '''Hedgehog''' (''Erinaceinae'') is a small [[mammal]], covered with protective spines. Various kinds are found throughout [[Europe]], [[Africa]], and parts of [[Asia]]. The hedgehog [[hibernation|hibernates]] in winter. The name "hedgehog" was first used in the fifteenth century, and is drawn from their frequenting hedge rows and having a pig-like snout. They are also commonly referred to as the ''urchin'', ''hedgepig'', ''fadge-snuffler'' and ''furze-pig''<br />
<br />
Hedgehogs are [[omnivore|omnivorous]], but typically subsist by rooting and snuffling for slugs and grubs. Though slow-moving, they are surprisingly agile, capable of climbing trees to raid birds' nests, and also swim well. Tales are told of them using their spines to impale and carry off soft fruit, but any such attachments are probably unintentional. <br />
<br />
The hedgehog relies for defence on its protective spines, rolling itself into a ball in a similar fashion to a [[pangolin]] or [[armadillo]] when threatened. This tactic, while effective against many predators, is of little use against motor vehicles, and many hedgehogs are killed on roads every year. The squashed-hedgehog has become a much more common site as they increasingly move into urban areas in search of the abundant supply of discarded food, much like seagulls, foxes and rats. [[Badger]]s have been observed to drop them in water to induce them to unroll. Unlike those of the [[porcupine]], hedgehog spines do not detach easily, and rarely used aggressively. The spines are made of [[keratin]] and are not barbed or poisonous. <br />
<br />
Hedgehogs have been eaten by some people, notably the [[Gypsies]], traditionally coated in clay and baked, but the Bible prohibits their consumption and declares them unclean (Leviticus 11:27).<br />
<br />
The African Pygmy Hedgehog is sometimes kept as a pet, but is illegal in certain states.<br />
<br />
[http://hedgehogcentral.com/ Hedgehog Central]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mammals]]</div>RickKnishhttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=John_Wayne_Gacy&diff=408761John Wayne Gacy2008-03-19T16:17:00Z<p>RickKnish: </p>
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<div>{{RefAppeal}}<br />
'''John Wayne Gacy''', (March 17, 1942 – May 10, 1994) was a 1970s [[serial killer]]. He was convicted and later executed for the [[rape]] and [[murder]] of 33 boys and young men, 28 of whom he buried in the crawl space under his house, between 1972 and his arrest in December 1978. He evaded detection for quite a long period of time by successfully presenting the outward appearance of an upstanding citizen, often helping out the neighbors, and volunteering his firm's time for neighbourhood projects. He was also the chaplain of the Jaycees. He became notorious as the "Killer [[Clown]]" because of the many block parties he attended, entertaining children while dressed up as a roly-poly "Pogo the Clown". Many parents who used his services have since expressed concern that they had doubts about what he may have been carrying in his clown's pocket. When confronted by the police, he began to confess immediately. There was no question that Gacy would be found guilty and a jury took barely an hour to come to that decision. He was sentenced to death, under new guidelines that would make sure the penalty was not "cruel and unusual" and therefore within constitutional bounds. <br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Gacy, John Wayne}}<br />
[[Category:Serial killers|Gacy, John Wayne]]</div>RickKnishhttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Pork&diff=408747Pork2008-03-19T15:56:53Z<p>RickKnish: /* Processed pork */</p>
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<div>[[Image:Pork chop.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Uncooked pork chops]]<br />
'''Pork''' is the name given to meat from a [[pig]] and is a commonly eaten [[meat]] throughout the world. It is sometimes known as the ''other white meat'', the main white meat being [[poultry]]. Pork is eaten both as a cooked fresh meat (e.g. pork chops) or as a cured meat. Cured or processed meat products include ham, salami, gammon and bacon. The pig may be used in many different ways for fresh meat cuts, with the popularity of certain cuts depending on local preference. Most of the animal (colloquially "everything but the squeal") can be used to produce fresh meat. In the case of a suckling pig (piglet) the whole body can be spit roasted or oven roasted.<br />
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In [[Judaism]] and [[Islam]], pork is considered an unclean meat and is not eaten. This is also true of some [[Christian]] denominations such as the Seventh-Day Adventists and the Church of God (Seventh Day).<br />
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==Nutritional information==<br />
As part of a healthy diet, pork provides:<br />
*[[Protein]] necessary for growth and an important constituent of a balanced, healthy diet<br />
*[[Minerals]], particularly iron and zinc.<br />
*D and B [[vitamin]]s, including B12 which is not found in foods of plant origin. <br />
*[[Thiamin]] <br />
*Omega 3 fatty acids which are thought to protect against heart disease<br />
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The fat content of pork has decreased by over a third on average in the past 20 years, and fully trimmed pork contains as little as 4% fat, compared to 5% for [[beef]] and 8% for [[lamb]]. Over 40% of this fat is monounsaturated.<br />
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==Pork Cuts==<br />
[[Image:Pork cuts.jpg|right|thumb|275px|American Pork Cuts]]<br />
Terminology for different cuts of pork varies by country. The American naming system is:<br />
:'''Head''' - Boiled to make brawn, stocks and [[soup]]s.<br />
:'''Spare Rib Roast''' - Either boned out and rolled up as a roasting joint, or cured as bacon.<br />
:'''Hand''' - Either cured on the bone to make a ham, or used in [[sausage]]s.<br />
:'''Loin''' - This can be cured to give bacon or divided up into roasting joints and pork chops.<br />
:'''Chump''' - Similar to loin, chump comes in the form of chops and steaks.<br />
:'''Belly''' - Belly pork is used for steaks or diced as a frying meat. Belly pork may be rolled for roasting or cut for streaky bacon.<br />
:'''Shoulder''' - The shoulder joint of pork can be bought as smaller cuts or as a whole roasting joint. It is also used for diced cubes to make [[casserole]]s as well as being minced and made into sausages.<br />
:'''Legs/hams''' - Although any cut of pork can be cured, only the back leg is entitled to be called a ham. Ham is cured to preserve it either by dry curing with [[salt]] or wet-curing using brine (salt solution).<br />
:'''Trotters''' - Both the front and hind trotters can be cooked and eaten or preserved by pickling.<br />
:'''Pork ribs''' - Called spare ribs, these are taken from the pig's ribcage and include the surrounding meat.<br />
:'''Bacon''' refers to those cuts of meat taken from the sides, belly or back which are cured or smoked.<br />
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==Processed pork==<br />
Pork is particularly common as an ingredient in [[sausage]]s. Ham, bacon and gammon are made by curing the meat with salt. Smoking the meat in a slow oven is another method of preservation. Ham and bacon are popular foods in the western world although non-western cultures also use preserved pork products. Salted pork or red roasted pork is used in [[Chinese]] cuisine.<br />
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Additionally, parts of the pig such as the knuckle and feet can be pickled and eaten. The skin and fat is often crisped up in an oven and eaten with a pork roast as "crackling" or as a savoury snack ([[pork scratchings]]). [[Black Pudding]] which is made from the blood, can also be made thus utilizing almost all of the animal. Bacon strips and chopped ham are considered a [[nutrition|nutritious]] yet inexpensive supper in many parts of [[Europe]].<br />
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Despite the name, [[hamburger]]s contain [[beef]], not pork as they are named after the German city of [[Hamburg]].<br />
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The canned meat, Spam, is made of pork.<br />
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==Slang==<br />
In [[politics]], the term "pork" or "[[pork barrel]]" spending is used to refer to often unnecessary spending on a particular politician's pet projects, usually in his home district in order to curry votes. This practice is widely criticized by many people. <br />
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==External links==<br />
*[http://www.cookitsimply.com/category-0020-0i5.html Pork Recipes] at Cook it Simply. <br />
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[[Category:Non-Kosher foods]]<br />
[[Category:Meat]]</div>RickKnishhttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Dog&diff=408743Dog2008-03-19T15:54:21Z<p>RickKnish: /* Scientific details */</p>
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<div>{{Taxonomy|image = akitadog.jpg|kingdom = Animalia|phylum = Chordata|subphylum = Vertebrata|class = Mammalia|order = Carnivora|suborder = Caniformia |family = Canidae|genus = Canis|species = lupus|sub = C. l. familiaris (Domesticated dog)}}<br />
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'''Dogs''' are one of the most well-known domesticated species, with archaeological and historical records showing that they have lived in a mutually beneficial relationship with humans for thousands of years.<br />
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Male dogs are referred to as a ''dog'', while a female is called a ''bitch''. Offspring are called ''pups'' (or ''puppies'') until around a year old. The collective noun for a group of offspring is ''litter''. <br />
<br />
Research has shown that it is probable that the first settlers respectively of the [[America]]s and [[Australia]] brought dogs of some sort with them. <br />
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== Scientific details ==<br />
<br />
Dogs (scientific name ''Canis lupus familiaris'') are a subspecies of [[wolf|wolves]], divided into a multitude of different breeds all in principle capable of interbreeding (though in some cases, physical relations between representatives of two breeds are unlikely or problematic - Chihuahuas and Great Danes, for example).<br />
<br />
Fossils of canine skulls smaller than those of wolves have been found with human artefacts, with dates based on evolutionary assumptions estimated to betwen 130,000 and 190,000 years ago.<ref name="DK">Kingsley, Danny, [http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s513072.htm Humans live a dog's life]</ref> whilst DNA evidence has been used to suggest that dogs diverged from wolves between 100,000 and 135,000 years ago.<ref name="DK" /><br />
<ref>Vila, Carles; Carles Vila, Peter Savolainen, Jesus E. Maldonado, Isabel R. Amorim, John E. Rice, Rodney L. Honeycutt, Keith A. Crandall, Joakim Lundeberg, Wayne, Robert F. (1997-01-30; accepted 1997-04-14). [http://www.mnh.si.edu/GeneticsLab/StaffPage/MaldonadoJ/PublicationsCV/Science_Dog_Paper.pdf Multiple and ancient origins of the domestic dog], ''Science'' 276: 1687-1689. Retrieved on 2006-12-09.</ref><br />
Secular archaeology has placed the earliest known domestication at potentially 12,000 BC-10,000 BC and with certainty at 7,000 BC. <ref>Scott, John Paul (1965), Dog behavior: The genetic basis, University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-74338-1.</ref><br />
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Dogs are also viewed as being the single most genetically diverse species on Earth - largely thanks to human-imposed selective breeding, the vast array of dog breeds surpasses any other creature on the planet. Due to selective breeding by man, however, many breeds of dog have significant [[gene|genetic]] disorders. These include hip dysplasia (common with German Shepherds), and respiratory problems caused by shortening of the face, as seen with Boxer dogs and the Bulldog's lip.<br />
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== Bites ==<br />
[[Image:Dog - Jay Paul - The New York Times.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Dog in a kennel with the animal said to be on hold due to court case]]<br />
Despite being colloquially known as "man's best friend", every 40 seconds, someone in the [[United States of America|United States]] seeks medical help for a dog bite, with approximately 800,000 such bites per year requiring medical attention.<ref>http://www.dogbitelaw.com/PAGES/statistics.html</ref><br />
Due to the high cost of dog bite liability claims, some [[insurance]] companies have blacklisted certain breeds and refuse to provide homeowners insurance to those who own these dog breeds. <ref>http://www.dogbitelegalcenter.com/resources/common-dogs.html</ref><br />
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== Uses ==<br />
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Dogs are used for many purposes:<br />
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*Guarding property and livestock.<br />
*Herding [[sheep]] and [[cow|cattle]].<br />
*Tracking by scent, carrying messages, and mountain rescue.<br />
*Pursuing, flushing and retrieving game, and killing [[vermin]].<br />
*Providing assistance to blind and deaf people.<br />
*Military and police duties including guarding, tracking and attacking. In [[World War II]], the [[Soviet Union]] attempted to train dogs to place explosive charges under German [[tank]]s.<br />
*To detect illegal drugs (German Shepherds are commonly trained to do so by police)<br />
*As a beast of burden, or for drawing sledges and dogcarts.<br />
* As a performing animal. [[Circus]] dogs have been trained to dance, ride bicycles and walk the tightrope. <br />
* For fighting, now illegal in most places, e.g. everywhere in USA.<br />
*As food. Dog is still considered a delicacy in [[China]], [[Korea]] and parts of [[Africa]] today.<br />
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Today most dogs in western countries are kept for [[pet|companionship]] only. Stray and feral dogs cause many problems, spreading diseases such as [[rabies]], and attacking people and [[livestock]].<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* [http://www.mastiffexperts.com Mastiff Experts]<br />
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==References==<br />
<div class="references-small"><div class="references-2column"><references /></div></div><br />
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[[Category:Canines]]<br />
[[Category:Biblical Animals]]</div>RickKnishhttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Junkie&diff=408697Junkie2008-03-19T14:14:01Z<p>RickKnish: Undo revision 408690 by Special:Contributions/DLerner (User talk:DLerner)</p>
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<div>'''Junkie''' is a slang term for an addict. It's most common use if for drug addicts, it has also been used to refer to enthusiasts of various topics, i.e. "news junkie". Junkies, along with [[homosexual]]s, have been "central to the spread of [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] since the pandemic began more than 25 years ago."<ref>[http://www.nida.nih.gov/Infofacts/drugabuse.html Science of drug abuse and addiction]</ref> They are also "major contributors to the U.S. crime problem".<ref>[http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/publications/factsht/crime/index.html Executive office of the President]</ref> <br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
[[Category:Slang terms]]</div>RickKnishhttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Junkie&diff=408693Talk:Junkie2008-03-19T14:11:52Z<p>RickKnish: </p>
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<div>This article is about the meaning of the '''word''' not a discussion about drug addicts. None of what you wrote isn't true, it belongs perhaps on the [[Addict]] page. This article is discussing the '''word''' junkie. While largely used to describe addicts, it also has other meanings (which you removed of course).<br />
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BTW Liberal obfuscation is a made-up term/disorder (not quite sure what Andy thinks of it), even so, I wasn't "excessive words or manipulative phrases in order to distort the truth about controversial issues" I was writing what the '''word''' means. If you would like to add your input to the addict page (ironically enough, another article I wrote most of), feel free. [[User:DLerner|The user formerly known as DLerner]] 10:04, 19 March 2008 (EDT)<br />
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:I don't think I removed anything deliberately. I think it is impotant to say this on this page, as some people may not look up [[Addict]] straight away when looking for information on junkies - plus, like the way that [[homosexual]]s stole the once pleasant word "gay" from us, it is important to call a spade a darn spade and keep "addict" for someone who for example plays too many MMORPGS or has an eating compulsion. Filthy drug users should not be allowed to transfer responsibility for their unclean and antisocial lifestyle by whining that they are somehow psychiatrically ill. As opposed to being feckless scabs and parasites on society. Lets not manipulate phrases to diustort the truth about them! [[User:RickKnish|RickKnish]] 10:11, 19 March 2008 (EDT)</div>RickKnishhttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Junkie&diff=408687Junkie2008-03-19T13:57:34Z<p>RickKnish: Undo revision 408684 by Special:Contributions/DLerner (User talk:DLerner)revert Liberal obfuscation</p>
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<div>'''Junkie''' is a slang term for an addict. It's most common use if for drug addicts, it has also been used to refer to enthusiasts of various topics, i.e. "news junkie". Junkies, along with [[homosexual]]s, have been "central to the spread of [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] since the pandemic began more than 25 years ago."<ref>[http://www.nida.nih.gov/Infofacts/drugabuse.html Science of drug abuse and addiction]</ref> They are also "major contributors to the U.S. crime problem".<ref>[http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/publications/factsht/crime/index.html Executive office of the President]</ref> <br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
[[Category:Slang terms]]</div>RickKnishhttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Brawndo&diff=408683Brawndo2008-03-19T13:49:37Z<p>RickKnish: </p>
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<div>'''Brawndo''' is a beverage manufactured by Redux Beverages. Described as "The thirst mutilator!" it is an energy drink first popularized by a spoof drink of the same name in an [[America]]n comedy film. Voted into the "Top 10 Products We Wish We Had," it was introduced into the market at the [[AWMA Real Deal Expo]] in [[Las Vegas]] in February 2008. It has [[electrolyte]]s. The [[carbon dioxide|carbonated]] sports/energy hybrid delivers 200 milligrams of [[sodium]], 22 mg of [[potassium]] and 25 percent of the recommended daily intake of [[vitamin]]s B6, B12 and C, as well as 200 mg of [[caffeine]] per 16-ounce can. The lemon/lime flavored drink turns your [[tongue]] green.<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*Brawndo launch at Beverage World - [http://www.beverageworld.com/content/view/34282/168/]<br />
*The thirst mutilator! homepage - [http://www.brawndo.com/]<br />
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[[Category:Beverages]]</div>RickKnishhttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=The_thirst_mutilator&diff=408680The thirst mutilator2008-03-19T13:39:41Z<p>RickKnish: Redirecting to Brawndo</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Brawndo]]</div>RickKnishhttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Brawndo&diff=408679Brawndo2008-03-19T13:38:28Z<p>RickKnish: </p>
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<div>'''Brawndo''' is a beverage manufactured by Redux Beverages. Described as "The thirst mutilator!" it is an energy drink first popularized by a spoof drink of the same name in an [[America]]n comedy film. Voted into the "Top 10 Products We Wish We Had," it was introduced into the market at the [[AWMA Real Deal Expo]] in [[Las Vegas]] in February 2008. The carbonated sports/energy hybrid delivers 200 milligrams of [[sodium]], 22 mg of [[potassium]] and 25 percent of the recommended daily intake of [[vitamin]]s B6, B12 and C, as well as 200 mg of [[caffeine]] per 16-ounce can. The lemon/lime flavored drink turns your [[tongue]] green.<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*Brawndo launch at Beverage World - [http://www.beverageworld.com/content/view/34282/168/]<br />
*The thirst mutilator! homepage - [http://www.brawndo.com/]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Beverages]]</div>RickKnishhttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Brawndo&diff=408677Brawndo2008-03-19T13:36:58Z<p>RickKnish: New page: '''Brawndo''' is a beverage manufactured by Redux Beverages. Described as "The thirst mutilator!" it is an energy drink first popularized by a spoof drink of the same name in an [[America...</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Brawndo''' is a beverage manufactured by Redux Beverages. Described as "The thirst mutilator!" it is an energy drink first popularized by a spoof drink of the same name in an [[America]]n comedy film. Voted into the "Top 10 Products We Wish We Had," it was introduced into the market at the [[AWMA Real Deal Expo]] in [[Las Vegas]] in February 2008. The carbonated sports/energy hybrid delivers 200 milligrams of [[sodium]][, 22 mg of [[potassium]] and 25 percent of the recommended daily intake of [[vitamin]]s B6, B12 and C, as well as 200 mg of [[caffeine]] per 16-ounce can. The lemon/lime flavored drink turns your [[tongue]] green.<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*Brawndo launch at Beverage World - [http://www.beverageworld.com/content/view/34282/168/]<br />
*The thirst mutilator! homepage - [http://www.brawndo.com/]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Beverages]]</div>RickKnishhttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Fuddruckers&diff=408673Fuddruckers2008-03-19T13:28:38Z<p>RickKnish: New page: '''Fuddruckers''' is an American fast food restaurant chain specializing in hamburgers. It was founded in 1980 in San Antonio, Texas by Philip J. Romano. Homepage - [http:...</p>
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<div>'''Fuddruckers''' is an [[America]]n fast food restaurant chain specializing in [[hamburger]]s. It was founded in 1980 in San Antonio, [[Texas]] by [[Philip J. Romano]].<br />
<br />
Homepage - [http://www.fuddruckers.com/]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Food]]</div>RickKnishhttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Junkie&diff=408670Junkie2008-03-19T13:22:28Z<p>RickKnish: </p>
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<div>'''Junkie''' is a slang term for an addict. It's most common use if for drug addicts, it has also been used to refer to enthusiasts of various topics, i.e. "news junkie". Junkies, along with [[homosexual]]s, have been "central to the spread of [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] since the pandemic began more than 25 years ago."<ref>[http://www.nida.nih.gov/Infofacts/drugabuse.html Science of drug abuse and addiction]</ref> They are also "major contributors to the U.S. crime problem".<ref>[http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/publications/factsht/crime/index.html Executive office of the President]</ref> <br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
[[Category:Slang terms]]</div>RickKnishhttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Junkie&diff=408668Junkie2008-03-19T13:20:54Z<p>RickKnish: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Junkie''' is a slang term for an addict. It's most common use if for drug addicts, it has also been used to refer to enthusiasts of various topics, i.e. "news junkie". Junkies, along with [[homosexual''s, have been "central to the spread of [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] since the pandemic began more than 25 years ago."<ref>[http://www.nida.nih.gov/Infofacts/drugabuse.html Science of drug abuse and addiction]</ref> They are also "major contributors to the U.S. crime problem".<ref>[http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/publications/factsht/crime/index.html Executive office of the President]</ref> <br />
<br />
==References==<br />
</references><br />
[[Category:Slang terms]]</div>RickKnishhttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Spanish_Inquisition&diff=408665Spanish Inquisition2008-03-19T13:13:34Z<p>RickKnish: remove prev vandalism</p>
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<div>[[Image:Inquisition Scene.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Goya's depiction of an Inquisition tribunal]]<br />
The '''Spanish Inquisition''' was founded by King [[Ferdinand II]] and Queen [[Isabella of Castile|Isabella]] of [[Spain]], and authorized by [[Pope]] [[Sixtus IV]] in 1478 to examine the genuineness of recent converts from [[Judaism]] to [[Christianity]]. The majority of its activities were dedicated to the suppression of the Jews, and it was primarily a political tribunal. <br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
Since the 13th century Spain had been divided into 3 distinct regions:<br />
*the Kingdom of Castile,<br />
*the Kingdom of Aragón, and<br />
*Granada.<br />
<br />
An Inquisition had existed in Aragón since 1232, when Pope [[Gregory IX]] had issued the [[Papal Bull]] ''[[Declinante]]'', although Castile had never had an Inquisition and Granada was an independent [[Islam]]ic stronghold. In 1474 Isabella succeeded to the throne of Castile and her husband Ferdinand to that of Aragón in 1479. They made a political decision to force religious conformity across all three regions, and the enforced conversion of the Jewish and Muslim population were crucial to their aim.<br />
<br />
Spanish Jews had been persecuted since the 7th century, but the persecution reached new heights in the 13th and 14th centuries. In 1235 Jews were forced to wear a yellow circular patch for easier identification. In 1391 massacres of Jewish communities began, in Majorca, Aragón and Seville (where at least 4000 were killed).<ref>'''Kamen, Henry''', ''The Spanish Inquisition'', New York: New American Library (1965).</ref> Tens of thousands of Jews converted to Christianity to escape death, but the sincerity of these ''conversos'' was questioned. Ferdinand and Isabella, along with the rest of the ruling elite believed that the Jews and the ''conversos'' posed a genuine threat to their power and saw a full Inquisition as a means of reasserting the predominance of the aristocracy.<br />
<br />
==Tomás de Torquemada==<br />
Isabella first established the ''Consejo de la Suprema y general Inquisición'' in 1483, designed primarily to operate within the Kingdom of Castile. It was headed by the newly-appointed Inquisitor-General, Fray [[Tomás de Torquemada]]. Torquemada was a [[Dominican]] Friar and [[confessor]] to Isabella. On 17 October 1483 Sixtus IV appointed Torquemada as Papal Inquisitor-General for Aragón, [[Valencia]] and [[Catalonia]], with permanent standing tribunals in [[Saragoza]], [[Barcelona]] and Valencia. This was the first organization in Spanish history that possessed equal powers throughout the entire country.<br />
<br />
==1492==<br />
After 9 years of warfare, Granada finally fell to the Spanish in January 1492. Ferdinand and Isabella set up their royal house in the [[Alhambra]], by joining the palace of Comares (the official throne of the Sultans of Granada) with their own Palace of the Lions. This ended several centuries of Islamic rule in southern and western Spain. Their finances bolstered by the conquest, the King and Queen no longer needed the financial support of the Jewish businesses in Spain, and on 31 March they issued the ''[[Alhambra Decree]]'', ordering the expulsion of all Jews from Spain and its territories and possessions by July 31, 1492, unless they converted to [[Roman Catholicism]]. About 400,000 left before the allotted date, losing their livelihoods and being forced to pay exorbitant taxes as they departed. (This Jewish money helped fund Columbus's voyage to America, which departed on 3 August, 1492.) Around 50,000 Jews chose to convert and remain in Spain.<br />
<br />
==The ''Suprema''==<br />
Ferdinand and Isabella had divided the administration of Spain into 5 Councils:<br />
*the Council of State<br />
*the Council of Finance<br />
*the Council of Castile<br />
*the Council of Aragón<br />
*the Council of the Inquisition - more commonly known as the ''Suprema'' <ref>'''Turberville, A.S'''.,''Medieval Heresy and the Inquisition'', London: Crosby, Lockwood and Son (1920).</ref><br />
<br />
The ''Suprema'' was controlled and organized by the Office of the Inquisitor-General, and Torquemada put great efforts into the role. He created the first set of rules, the ''Instrucciónes Antiguas'', in 1484 on the basis of his own experience, with additions in 1485, 1488 and 1498.<ref>'''Turberville''', ''op cit.''; '''Kamen''', ''op cit''.</ref> New tribunals were established - by 1520 there were 22 temporary tribunals, plus 12 permanent tribunals in Castile and 4 in Aragón. Each had a large staff and 2 Inquisitors. The Inquisitors were required to be "masters of theology" and at least 40 years of age (although later the age limit was dropped to 30.) Additionally, each tribunal also employed:<br />
*an ''alguazil'' (a "constable" responsible for arrests)<br />
*several ''calificadores'' (assessors of evidence)<br />
*a ''fiscal'' (prosecutor)<br />
*gaolers<br />
*chaplains<br />
*clerks<br />
*notaries<br />
*"familiars"<br />
The tribunals were overseen by ''visitadores'' ("travelling inspectors") who reported to the ''Suprema''. The "familiars" were the spies and informers of the Inquisition. These posts could be bought and sold and were often hereditary. Their number was vast - in the 16th century there were 805 in [[Toledo]], 805 in Granada and 1,009 in [[Santiago]].<br />
<br />
==Accusation==<br />
When targeted by the Inquisition, a particular village or locale would receive notice from the familiars of a "period of grace" - heretics were urged to come forward or denounce others known to them. This remained the basic method of locating suspected heretics. Suspects could be denounced for activities as varied as "''smiling at the mention of the Virgin Mary, eating meat on a day of abstinence, or non-heretical offences such as urinating against a church wall or assertions to a man's wife that he did not believe fornication was a sin.''"<ref>'''Kamen''', ''op cit.''</ref> Many people denounced themselves for fear that a friend or neighbour would do so anyway, and such fears, counter-accusations and chain reactions of denounciations within small communities vastly increased the terror of the Inquisition.<br />
<br />
==Arrest and imprisonment==<br />
The ''calificadores'' were required to make an assessment of the evidence before a suspect was arrested, although in practice this was only carried out when there were complex theological matters involved. In straight forward cases of Judaism or relapsed Islamic or Jewish converts, this stage was eliminated. Arrest followed swiftly, at any time of day or night, and the ''alguazil'' was accompanied by a notary who made an exhaustive inventory of the belongings of the suspect should the sentence involve confiscation. The suspect was then taken to one of the permanent Inquisition prisons, or ''casa di penitencia'', which propaganda and legend have made seem much worse than they really were. There are many recorded incidents of prisoners who sought transfer ''to'' an Inquisition prison from the ordinary gaols, even going so far as to denounce themselves as heretics. However, the prisons used for suspects during interrogation, the ''cárceles secretas'', were far worse to assist in the psychological break down of suspects. Amongst its weaponry were such diverse elements as: fear, surprise, ruthless efficiency, and an almost fanatical devotion to the [[Pope]].<br />
<br />
==Trial==<br />
A clear picture of their activities can be seen in this account:<br />
<br />
<div style="width: 70%; margin: 0 15% 1em 15%; text-align: left; background-color: #DEE6ED; padding: 0.5em; border: solid 1px #6699CC;">"The depositions of the witnesses are shown to the defendant, with names of witnesses suppressed. Everything is read distorted and contorted - with so many obscurities and circumlocutions and with the wording so vague, as to seem the language of any creature other than a rational being. In the deposition formulas specially noticeable are the holy wiles: when they say "He heard from a certain person whom he has named," it is to be understood that it is the defendant himself from whom he heard it! When the prisoner has answered as well as he can, his [[advocate]] opportunely appears. In the presence of the Inquisitors he indicates to the prisoner the evidence by which he is hardest pressed, and the one remedy left - a shrewd guess at his assailant, with a view to consideration of possible exceptions against him; he advises him to try, for some days, to recall to memory those with whom he may chance to have had feud - because, if enmity can be established through legitimate investigation, this one exception will repel any man from giving evidence in this tribunal; he warns him that he can deny evidence that is not sufficiently consistent. This is the utmost assistance which a prisoner can expect from his advocate; and thus he is bidden back to his prison. Three or four days later he is called to audience, and is asked if he can remember and explain anything - the advocate inquiring if he has amde any guess at the witnesses. Prisoner brings forward what he can remember - begging them to see whether by chance his delators are among these. If he has not guessed correctly, not only is his reply wasted, but also the three or four days trouble of guessing - and the accusation remains unshaken. But should it chance that he guesses right, the advocate asks him what exceptions he can use against the persons named by him. The exceptions set forth, and the witnesses named by whom defendant will prove them, after prisoner has been allowed to repose for some '''months''' in his prison they summon him again to the contest; and the Inquisitor tells him that the witnesses named by him have been heard - so that he should see whether he has anything to say for himself, or whether he wishes to conclude. Defendant concluding, the Fiscal also concludes; and afterwards the Inquisitors, with the assessors and the consultors, pass sentence - when the theologians, monks and clerks have weighed whatever defendant has said bearing on doctrine and the Faith. The marks of their more than leoine claws are confiscation of property, perpetual or temporary imprisonment, a mud-colored garment commonly called ''sambenito'', perpetual infamy to all posperity."<ref>'''Turberville''', ''op cit.''</ref></div><br />
<br />
The main features of inquisitorial procedure are evident - secrecy of witnesses, the "holy wiles" of the Inquisitors, and the "guessing game" nature of the tribunal's interrogation. The importance of an existing "feud" reinforces the idea advanced by Kieckhefer<ref>'''Kieckhefer, Richard''', ''European Witch Trials: Their Foundation in Popular and Learned Culture, 1300-1500'', London: Routledge and Kegan Paul (1976)</ref> for [[witchcraft]] and Kamen<ref>'''Kamen''', ''op cit.''</ref> for the Spanish Inquisition that spiteful gossip and revenge were the main causes of suffering under the Inquisition. It is evident that anti-Spanish propaganda, both in [[England]] and in [[Rome]] in the late 16th century, gave a much exaggerated picture of the workings of the Spanish inquisition, but although "''in some respects we can modify the picture of a cruel and merciless Inquisition, what cannot be explained away is the atmosphere that prevailed prior to arrest and condemnation.''"<ref>'''Kamen''', ''op cit.''</ref> This atmosphere of secrecy was prolonged throughout the trial and also the process of torture.<br />
<br />
An anonymous English writer of the time backs up the above account and demonstrates further how secrecy was used to instill fear:<br />
<br />
<div style="width: 70%; margin: 0 15% 1em 15%; text-align: left; background-color: #DEE6ED; padding: 0.5em; border: solid 1px #6699CC;">"But if the accused doe not sufficientlie justifie himself, he is condemned to torture. And with his Curate he is constrained to goe, through a place verie hidious, to a room underground, where he findeth the Judges set. There is ye Executioner, covered with a long black linen robe verie straight like a sacke, having his head and face covered with a blacke hoode having but two holes before his eyes - this done to amaze the Patient, as if a devill came to punish his Misdeeds. If he confesse nothing, they sometimes martyre him more than two houres."<ref>''The Manner of the Spanish Inquisition'', Ms Tanner 99, [[Bodleian Library]]</ref></div><br />
<br />
The interrogation in the tribunal chamber might also be cut abruptly short by the ''fiscal'', saying that, in spite of his continued advice to tell the truth he felt that the prisoner was being reticent and that he would therefore ask that the prisoner be "questioned" - that is, tortured. Llorente describes that prisoners spent the entire trial in anxious expectation of the ''fiscal'' making this request. this further underlines the extent to which secrecy and fear were the main weapons of the Spanish Inquisition, perhaps even more than the torture itself.<ref>'''Llorente, D. Jean-Antoine''', ''Histoire Critique de l'Inquisition d'Espagne''. Paris: Treuttel et Wurtz (1818)</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==Torture==<br />
[[Image:Garrucha.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Torture by ''garrucha'']]<br />
The modern concept of the inquisition torture-chamber as a place of deviously refined cruelty is "''an error due to sensationalist writers who have exploited credulity.''"<ref>Henry Charles Lea, quoted in '''Kamen''', ''op cit.''</ref> The historian Henry Charles Lea estimated that between 1575 and 1610 only around 32% of those prisoners whose offences made them liable for torture were actually tortured. <br />
<br />
The Spanish Inquisition's use of torture was subject to strict rules laid down long before by [[Clement V]] - but these were usually bent. For example, a prisoner could only be tortured once, so the Inquisitor would state clearly at the end of session that torture was being "suspended", not ended, so that the records would show the continuation of a single application of torture rather than a second session.<br />
<br />
Torture was applied by a public executioner in the presence of an Inquisitor, a representative of the local bishop, and usually a doctor. Few victims appear to have died under torture, and cases of permanent injury or loss of a limb were, comparatively, rare. The three most common methods were the ''garrucha'', similar to the strappado; the ''toca'', or ordeal of water; and the ''potro'', a form of the rack. The use and number of torture implements was much smaller than is imagined, and usually a free confession in the chamber was sufficient to avoid torture altogether.<br />
<br />
While there are examples of prisoners being mutilated, losing toes and fingers and having limbs broken, it appears that merely the sight of the instruments in the chamber were enough to produce confession. Only the most obstinate prisoners received the full application of torture. Torture was also used fully against witnesses who gave contradicting testimony or retracted accusations they had made earlier.<br />
<br />
==Sentence and Auto de Fe==<br />
[[Image:Auto de Fe.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Engraving of an ''auto de fe'' in Spain (1559)]]<br />
As the arrest took place after assessment of the evidence, the prisoner was effectively found guilty at the instant of his arrest. Interrogation served not to prove guilt or innocence, merely to obtain a confession, after which penance could be assigned. Kept in ignorance of the precise charge and so unable to formulate a plausible defence, the prisoner was advised "''to search his conscience, confess the truth, and trust to the mercy of the tribunal.''"<ref>'''Kamen''', ''op cit.''</ref> Theoretically this could last for months, even years, before finally the prisoner was informed of the charges. There were defence lawyers available, known as ''abogados de los presos'', but as they were themselves full-time officials of the Inquisition, they were particularly ineffective and distrusted by prisoners.<br />
<br />
Eventually, sentence would be pronounced. A jury called the ''consulta de fe'' was convened, consisting of the Inquisitors, a representative of the bishop, and occasionally experts in theology and law. Difficult decisions were made by the ''Suprema'' itself. The condemned heretic would then appear in an ''auto de fe'', to hear sentence. if heard in private, for lighter offences, this was an ''auto particular''; the public form was the ''auto publica''. Punishments included:<br />
*''Sanbenito''<br />
*Confiscation of goods<br />
*Imprisonment<br />
*Exile from the locality<br />
*Scourging<br />
*Galley slavery<br />
*Reprimand<br />
*Acquittal<br />
*Relaxation in person<br />
*Relaxation in effigy<br />
<br />
''Sanbenito'' was to wear a yellow-crossed garment as a sign of infamy. Sentencing to the galleys could be for a period up to 10 years or more. Scourging consisted of a public whipping through the streets, either on foot or on a donkey; the usual number was 100 lashes, up to a maximum of 200. <br />
<br />
The ultimate penalty was "Relaxation" - a misleading term which actually means "burning at the stake". Heretics who had either died in confinement or escaped justice were "relaxed in effigy", while the less fortunate were handed to the secular authorities for execution. This sentence was reserved for unrepentant or relapsed heretics, and the Inquisitors would attempt until the last moment to get a confession, saving the prisoners life. Even a confession as late as at the ''auto de fe'' would earn the benefit of death by strangulation prior to the stake; those who still did not confess were burned alive.<br />
<br />
An eye-witness account of an ''auto de fe'' describes the spectacle:<br />
<br />
<div style="width: 70%; margin: 0 15% 1em 15%; text-align: left; background-color: #DEE6ED; padding: 0.5em; border: solid 1px #6699CC;">"In the great square was raised a high scaffold; and thither, from 7 in the morning until the evening, were brought criminals of both sexes, all the Inquisitions in the kingdom sending their prisoners [here]. Twenty men and women out of these prisoners [in this instance, Protestants], with one renegade [Muslim], were ordered to be burned. Fifty Jews and Jewesses, having never before been imprisoned, were sentenced to a long [imprisonment] and to wear a yellow cap; and ten others, indicted for bigamy, witchcraft and other crimes, were sentenced to be whipped and then sent to the galleys... The grand inquisitor's chair was placed in a sort of tribunal far above that of the king. The nobles here acted the part of the sheriff's officers in England, leading such criminals as were to be burned; the rest were conducted by the familiars of the Inquisition.<br />
<br />
The stakes... are about [12 feet] high, and each have a small board, whereon the prisoner is sat within a foot of the top. The [condemned] go up a ladder betwixt two priests, who attend them the whole day of execution. When they come even with the aforementioned board, they turn about to the people and the priests spend nearly [15 minutes] in exhorting them to be reconciled to the see of Rome. On their refusing the priests come down, and the executioner ascending, turns the [prisoner] off the ladder on to the seat, chains them to the stake, and leaves them. Then the priests go up a second time to renew their exhortations; and if they find them ineffectual, tell them at their parting that "they leave them to the Devil, who is standing at their elbow ready to receive their souls, and carry them with him into the flames of hell-fire, as soon as they are out of their bodies." A general shout is then raised, and when the priests get off the ladder, the universal cry is:"Let the dog's beards be made!" which means, singe their beards. This is performed by means of flaming furzes, thrust against their faces with long poles. This barbarity is repeated till their faces are burnt. Fire is then set to the furzes, and the criminals are consumed.<br />
<br />
The intrepidity of the 21 men and women in suffering the horrid death was truly astonishing; some thrust their hands and feet into the flames with most dauntless fortitude; and all of them yielded to their fate with such resolution that many of the amazed spectators lamented that such heroic souls had not been more enlightened.<ref>The account of William Lithgow, quoted in '''Scott, George Ryley''' ''The History of Torture Throughout the Ages'', London: Torchstream Books (1949)</ref></div><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
[[category:European History]]<br />
[[Category:Catholic Church]]<br />
[[Category:Judaism]]</div>RickKnishhttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Goy&diff=408648Talk:Goy2008-03-19T12:21:08Z<p>RickKnish: </p>
<hr />
<div>Isn't the fact that it's used in [[Tanakh]] (in fact, it's the source of the word), relevant? So, shouldn't it be in the main text of the article? Unless you have a valid reason for it, I think it should be in the main text. [[User:DLerner|DLerner]] 09:10, 12 March 2008 (EDT)<br />
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:<nowiki>{{sofixit}}</nowiki> --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] <sup>[[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]]</sup> 09:20, 12 March 2008 (EDT)<br />
::OK, I was a little apprehensive about that, you being a sysop and all [[User:DLerner|DLerner]] 09:22, 12 March 2008 (EDT)<br />
<br />
While you're imitating the cringing humility of [[Uriah Heap]], I have another assignment for you. ;-)<br />
<br />
Please create a list of in-terms and out-terms for religious groups, something like this:<br />
*[[Jew]]s & [[gentile]]s (goyim)<br />
*[[Christian]]s & [[heathen]]s<br />
*[[Muslim]]s & [[infidel]]s<br />
<br />
We might extend that to other kinds of us-them relationships<br />
*[[Communist]]s & "the [[right wing]]"?<br />
*[[Gay]]s & [[straight]]s<br />
*Educated & illiterate?<br />
<br />
How about it? --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] <sup>[[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]]</sup> 10:16, 12 March 2008 (EDT)<br />
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Well, I could write alot of terms we Jews use on the inside, Shvants, Feigeleh, etc. (I won't write one on Shiksa though, that's our secret, I won't tell you goyim what it means <lol> [[User:DLerner|DLerner]] 10:19, 12 March 2008 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:My mom married a goy, and I married a shiksa. ;-) --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] <sup>[[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]]</sup> 16:22, 12 March 2008 (EDT)<br />
::Are you sure you want to say that? Shiksa means "slut". I wouldn't like everyone to know I married a shiksa. [[User:RickKnish|RickKnish]] 08:21, 19 March 2008 (EDT)</div>RickKnishhttps://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:RickKnish&diff=408469User:RickKnish2008-03-19T01:05:54Z<p>RickKnish: New page: Hi, my name is Rick Knish. I have a fascination with memorizing pi, so all my friends call me Pierick</p>
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<div>Hi, my name is Rick Knish. I have a fascination with memorizing pi, so all my friends call me Pierick</div>RickKnish