Archaeology - Revision history

RobSmith: /* External links */

2024-07-16T20:50:53Z

‎External links

Progressingamerica at 23:30, February 20, 2022

2022-02-20T23:30:29Z

Karajou at 15:48, February 9, 2020

2020-02-09T15:48:11Z

Karajou at 15:47, February 9, 2020

2020-02-09T15:47:50Z

Karajou: restart

2020-02-09T15:35:29Z

restart

DavidB4-bot: /* top */Spelling, grammar, and general cleanup, typos fixed: ’s → 's

2019-12-09T21:51:21Z

‎top: Spelling, grammar, and general cleanup, typos fixed: ’s → 's

Karajou at 17:52, November 11, 2019

2019-11-11T17:52:37Z

Snoopy2: ed.

2019-11-09T19:29:53Z

ed.

Snoopy2: archaeological discoveries

2019-11-03T22:16:42Z

archaeological discoveries

Snoopy2: archaeological discoveries

2019-11-03T21:53:17Z

archaeological discoveries

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:50, July 16, 2024
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	[[Category:Anthropology]]		[[Category:Anthropology]]
−	[[Category:~~History~~]]	+	[[Category:Archaeology]]

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 *[[Dendrochronology]] (for wood)
 *[[Potassium-argon]] method (for rock)
 == References ==

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 Archaeology (Greek: ''ἀρχα ος'', "ancient"; and ''λόγος'', "study") is the science that studies human cultures and civilizations of the past and their relations with the surrounding environment, via the collection, documentation, and analysis of the material they have left behind, such as architecture, artifacts, biological and human remains.  Within the various universities of United States of America archaeology, along with [[ethnology]], [[linguistics]] and [[physical anthropology]], is considered a sub-field of [[anthropology]], the scientific study of human life and cultures from earliest times to the present day.
-Archaeology is traditionally divided into disciplines according to the period or culture being studied (i.e. [[classical archaeology]], [[Egyptology]], [[industrial archaeology]], etc.); particular investigative techniques ([[underwater archeology]], [[experimental archaeology]], etc.); specific problems ([[urban archeology]], [[theoretical archaeology]], etc.); or based on the type of material examined ([[numismatics]], [[epigraphy]]). The notion of archaeological discovery has evolved as research methods progressed, with discoveries becoming less and less dependent on chance or intuition.
+Archaeology is traditionally divided into disciplines according to the period or culture being studied (i.e. [[classical archaeology]], [[Egyptology]], [[industrial archaeology]], etc.); particular investigative techniques ([[underwater archaeology]], [[experimental archaeology]], etc.); specific problems ([[urban archeology]], [[theoretical archaeology]], etc.); or based on the type of material examined ([[numismatics]], [[epigraphy]]). The notion of archaeological discovery has evolved as research methods progressed, with discoveries becoming less and less dependent on chance or intuition.
 ==Research methods==

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 Archaeology (Greek: ''ἀρχα ος'', "ancient"; and ''λόγος'', "study") is the science that studies human cultures and civilizations of the past and their relations with the surrounding environment, via the collection, documentation, and analysis of the material they have left behind, such as architecture, artifacts, biological and human remains.  Within the various universities of United States of America archaeology, along with [[ethnology]], [[linguistics]] and [[physical anthropology]], is considered a sub-field of [[anthropology]], the scientific study of human life and cultures from earliest times to the present day.
-Archaeology is traditionally divided into disciplines according to the period or culture being studied (i.e. [[classical archeology]], [[Egyptology]], [[industrial archeology]], etc.); particular investigative techniques ([[underwater archeology]], [[experimental archeology]], etc.); specific problems ([[urban archeology]], [[theoretical archeology]], etc.); or based on the type of material examined ([[numismatics]], [[epigraphy]]). The notion of archaeological discovery has evolved as research methods progressed, with discoveries becoming less and less dependent on chance or intuition.
+Archaeology is traditionally divided into disciplines according to the period or culture being studied (i.e. [[classical archaeology]], [[Egyptology]], [[industrial archaeology]], etc.); particular investigative techniques ([[underwater archeology]], [[experimental archaeology]], etc.); specific problems ([[urban archeology]], [[theoretical archaeology]], etc.); or based on the type of material examined ([[numismatics]], [[epigraphy]]). The notion of archaeological discovery has evolved as research methods progressed, with discoveries becoming less and less dependent on chance or intuition.
 ==Research methods==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[File:Mycenae dig.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Archaeological excavation at the site of Mycenae, Greece, 2006.]]
-'''Archaeology''' (or '''archeology''') is the study of past [[human]] life as revealed by preserved relics.<ref>Exploring Creation with General Science, by Dr. Jay L. Wile</ref>
+Archaeology (Greek: ''ἀρχα ος'', "ancient"; and ''λόγος'', "study") is the science that studies human cultures and civilizations of the past and their relations with the surrounding environment, via the collection, documentation, and analysis of the material they have left behind, such as architecture, artifacts, biological and human remains.  Within the various universities of United States of America archaeology, along with [[ethnology]], [[linguistics]] and [[physical anthropology]], is considered a sub-field of [[anthropology]], the scientific study of human life and cultures from earliest times to the present day.
-In the US, archeology is the branch of American [[Anthropology]] that reconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and [[cultural]] patterns through material remains such as [[artifact]]s, ecofacts, and lithics.<ref>Kottak, Conrad. 2005. ''Window on humanity: A Concise Introduction to Anthropology'' New York: McGraw-Hill</ref>  In most [[European]] universities, archaeology is typically a part of the [[history]] department.
+Archaeology is traditionally divided into disciplines according to the period or culture being studied (i.e. [[classical archeology]], [[Egyptology]], [[industrial archeology]], etc.); particular investigative techniques ([[underwater archeology]], [[experimental archeology]], etc.); specific problems ([[urban archeology]], [[theoretical archeology]], etc.); or based on the type of material examined ([[numismatics]], [[epigraphy]]). The notion of archaeological discovery has evolved as research methods progressed, with discoveries becoming less and less dependent on chance or intuition.
-Archaeology generally is divided by specialty. Historic archaeologists concentrate on sites and cultures associated with modern times.  Classical archaeologists are interested in ancient [[Egypt]], [[Greece]], [[Rome]], and other similar societies.  [[Prehistoric]] archaeologists tend to concentrate on societies not possessing a written language.  There is also the field of Cultural Resource Management, or Applied Archaeology, which is entailed with screening for, and then preserving archaeological sites.  There is also a number of [[Biblical]] archaeologists interested in excavating sites related to Biblical stories or timeframes.
+==Research methods==
-Archaeologists rely on the careful excavation interpretation of artifacts in order to explore the past.  The quintessential experience of all archaeologists is the "dig", or field excavation.  In actuality, an excavation is nothing more than very precise, very scientific hole digging.  Archaeologists must measure and record the exact position in three dimensions of an artifact, and also note differences in soil composition, stratification, color, and consistency.  When an arcaheological dig is complete, the researchers must be able to reconstruct the exact locations of all the artifacts and ecofacts that were removed from the site.  Failure to do this results in a loss of context, and ultimately data that are unusable.
+====Survey====
-Watch WGN's Mark Suppelsa interview Purdue University Associate Professor Larry Mykytiuk on more than 50 people named in the Hebrew Bible being confirmed archeologically.<ref>JULY 2017 WGN-TV. "Purdue professor’s quest brings names from the Bible to life"[http://wgntv.com/2017/07/10/purdue-professors-quest-brings-names-from-the-bible-to-life/]</ref> Read the book.<ref>Larry Mykytiuk. Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200-539 B.C.E. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2004.[https://books.google.com/books?id=CS9DKZgzfDIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Identifying+Biblical+Persons+in+Northwest+Semitic+Inscriptions&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjX_IOXiKPXAhWCy4MKHTHcBIEQ6AEIFDAA#v=onepage&q=Identifying%20Biblical%20Persons%20in%20Northwest%20Semitic%20Inscriptions&f=false]</ref>
+The second step in the survey is a preliminary excavation in which a small area of the potential site is disturbed.  This excavation uses search trenches, magnetic sounding, soil resistance measurement, phosphate testing and other methods of soil research.  This excavation and further related research serves to form a picture of the potential excavation site in order to better plan the actual excavation.
-Join co-host Scott Lanser as he interviews special guest Pastor Bryan Windle, as shares the top 10 archaeological discoveries of 2018 related to the Bible.<ref>Digging for Truth-Episode 15: Top Ten Archaeological Discoveries of 2018 [https://biblearchaeology.org/mediainfo/digging-for-truth/digging-for-truth-episodes/4567-digging-for-truth-episode-54-top-ten-discoveries-of-2018-in-biblical-archaeology]</ref>
+====Excavation====
-Join co-host Scott Lanser as he interviews special guest Pastor Bryan Windle, as shares the top 10 archaeological discoveries of 2017 related to the Bible.<ref>Digging for Truth-Episode 15: Top Ten Archaeological Discoveries of 2017 [https://biblearchaeology.org/mediainfo/digging-for-truth/digging-for-truth-episodes/4308-digging-for-truth-episode-15-top-ten-archaeological-discoveries-of-2017]</ref>
+===Evaluation===
-==See also==
+====Typology====
-*[[Essay: The earliest Christian Church, a prison in Armageddon]]
+Typology is the classification of objects according to criteria of form and material. It is fundamental for the classification of artifacts, since it allows comparisons with artifacts found at other sites and becomes the basis of combination analyses (for the relatively chronological dating as well as the socioeconomic classification) and distribution analyses.
-*[[Gates of Hell]] (Tel Dan)
-* [[Israel Tourism]] for biblical archaeological and other sites of Israel
+====Material provisions====
-* [[Church#Possibly the first Church Structure|Possibly the first Church Structure]]
+As with the survey and age determination, modern scientific techniques are also used for material determinations (such as [[Archaeometry]]).  For the identification and detailed investigation of artifacts a number of tools are used, such as microscopy, infrared and ultrasound imaging, X-ray, chemical and spectral analysis and laser scanning.
-* [[Göbekli Tepe]], the most ancient discovered temple built in the 10th millennium BC, ca 11,500 years ago.
-* [[Pseudoarchaeology]]
+====Determination of age====
-* [[Archaeological stratigraphy]]
+A focus of archaeological analysis is the dating of the site (such as a grave) on the basis of the artifacts found (i.e. grave goods).  The dating of the site distinguishes between absolute chronology and relative chronology.
 == References ==
-<References/>
+<small><References/></small>
 ==External links==
-* [http://www.biblearchaeology.org Associates for Biblical Research]
+*[https://aiar.org/ W.F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research]
-* [https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/magazine Biblical Archaeology Review Magazine]
+*[https://www.royalarchinst.org/ Royal Archaeological Institute]
-[[Category:Archaeology]]
+[[Category:Anthropology]]
 [[Category:History]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:52, November 11, 2019
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		+	[[File:Mycenae dig.jpg\|right\|250px\|thumb\|Archaeological excavation at the site of Mycenae, Greece, 2006.]]
	'''Archaeology''' (or '''archeology''') is the study of past [[human]] life as revealed by preserved relics.<ref>Exploring Creation with General Science, by Dr. Jay L. Wile</ref>		'''Archaeology''' (or '''archeology''') is the study of past [[human]] life as revealed by preserved relics.<ref>Exploring Creation with General Science, by Dr. Jay L. Wile</ref>

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 Archaeologists rely on the careful excavation interpretation of artifacts in order to explore the past.  The quintessential experience of all archaeologists is the "dig", or field excavation.  In actuality, an excavation is nothing more than very precise, very scientific hole digging.  Archaeologists must measure and record the exact position in three dimensions of an artifact, and also note differences in soil composition, stratification, color, and consistency.  When an arcaheological dig is complete, the researchers must be able to reconstruct the exact locations of all the artifacts and ecofacts that were removed from the site.  Failure to do this results in a loss of context, and ultimately data that are unusable.
-Watch WGN’s Mark Suppelsa interview Purdue University Associate Professor Larry Mykytiuk on more than 50 people named in the Hebrew Bible being confirmed archeologically.<ref>JULY 2017 WGN-TV. "Purdue professor’s quest brings names from the Bible to life"[http://wgntv.com/2017/07/10/purdue-professors-quest-brings-names-from-the-bible-to-life/]</ref>[http://wgntv.com/2017/07/10/purdue-professors-quest-brings-names-from-the-bible-to-life/] Read the book.<ref>Larry Mykytiuk. Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200-539 B.C.E. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2004.[https://books.google.com/books?id=CS9DKZgzfDIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Identifying+Biblical+Persons+in+Northwest+Semitic+Inscriptions&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjX_IOXiKPXAhWCy4MKHTHcBIEQ6AEIFDAA#v=onepage&q=Identifying%20Biblical%20Persons%20in%20Northwest%20Semitic%20Inscriptions&f=false]</ref>
+Watch WGN’s Mark Suppelsa interview Purdue University Associate Professor Larry Mykytiuk on more than 50 people named in the Hebrew Bible being confirmed archeologically.<ref>JULY 2017 WGN-TV. "Purdue professor’s quest brings names from the Bible to life"[http://wgntv.com/2017/07/10/purdue-professors-quest-brings-names-from-the-bible-to-life/]</ref> Read the book.<ref>Larry Mykytiuk. Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200-539 B.C.E. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2004.[https://books.google.com/books?id=CS9DKZgzfDIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Identifying+Biblical+Persons+in+Northwest+Semitic+Inscriptions&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjX_IOXiKPXAhWCy4MKHTHcBIEQ6AEIFDAA#v=onepage&q=Identifying%20Biblical%20Persons%20in%20Northwest%20Semitic%20Inscriptions&f=false]</ref>
 Join co-host Scott Lanser as he interviews special guest Pastor Bryan Windle, as shares the top 10 archaeological discoveries of 2018 related to the Bible.<ref>Digging for Truth-Episode 15: Top Ten Archaeological Discoveries of 2018[https://biblearchaeology.org/mediainfo/digging-for-truth/digging-for-truth-episodes/4567-digging-for-truth-episode-54-top-ten-discoveries-of-2018-in-biblical-archaeology]</ref>

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 Watch WGN’s Mark Suppelsa interview Purdue University Associate Professor Larry Mykytiuk on more than 50 people named in the Hebrew Bible being confirmed archeologically.<ref>JULY 2017 WGN-TV. "Purdue professor’s quest brings names from the Bible to life"[http://wgntv.com/2017/07/10/purdue-professors-quest-brings-names-from-the-bible-to-life/]</ref>[http://wgntv.com/2017/07/10/purdue-professors-quest-brings-names-from-the-bible-to-life/] Read the book.<ref>Larry Mykytiuk. Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200-539 B.C.E. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2004.[https://books.google.com/books?id=CS9DKZgzfDIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Identifying+Biblical+Persons+in+Northwest+Semitic+Inscriptions&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjX_IOXiKPXAhWCy4MKHTHcBIEQ6AEIFDAA#v=onepage&q=Identifying%20Biblical%20Persons%20in%20Northwest%20Semitic%20Inscriptions&f=false]</ref>
-Join co-host Scott Lanser as he interviews special guest Pastor Bryan Windle, as shares the top 10 archaeological discoveries of 2018 related to the Bible.<ref>[https://biblearchaeology.org/mediainfo/digging-for-truth/digging-for-truth-episodes/4567-digging-for-truth-episode-54-top-ten-discoveries-of-2018-in-biblical-archaeology]</ref>
+Join co-host Scott Lanser as he interviews special guest Pastor Bryan Windle, as shares the top 10 archaeological discoveries of 2018 related to the Bible.<ref>Digging for Truth-Episode 15: Top Ten Archaeological Discoveries of 2018[https://biblearchaeology.org/mediainfo/digging-for-truth/digging-for-truth-episodes/4567-digging-for-truth-episode-54-top-ten-discoveries-of-2018-in-biblical-archaeology]</ref>
-Join co-host Scott Lanser as he interviews special guest Pastor Bryan Windle, as shares the top 10 archaeological discoveries of 2017 related to the Bible.<ref>[https://biblearchaeology.org/mediainfo/digging-for-truth/digging-for-truth-episodes/4308-digging-for-truth-episode-15-top-ten-archaeological-discoveries-of-2017]</ref>
+Join co-host Scott Lanser as he interviews special guest Pastor Bryan Windle, as shares the top 10 archaeological discoveries of 2017 related to the Bible.<ref>Digging for Truth-Episode 15: Top Ten Archaeological Discoveries of 2017[https://biblearchaeology.org/mediainfo/digging-for-truth/digging-for-truth-episodes/4308-digging-for-truth-episode-15-top-ten-archaeological-discoveries-of-2017]</ref>
 ==See also==

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:53, November 3, 2019
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	Join co-host Scott Lanser as he interviews special guest Pastor Bryan Windle, as shares the top 10 archaeological discoveries of 2018 related to the Bible.<ref>[https://biblearchaeology.org/mediainfo/digging-for-truth/digging-for-truth-episodes/4567-digging-for-truth-episode-54-top-ten-discoveries-of-2018-in-biblical-archaeology]</ref>		Join co-host Scott Lanser as he interviews special guest Pastor Bryan Windle, as shares the top 10 archaeological discoveries of 2018 related to the Bible.<ref>[https://biblearchaeology.org/mediainfo/digging-for-truth/digging-for-truth-episodes/4567-digging-for-truth-episode-54-top-ten-discoveries-of-2018-in-biblical-archaeology]</ref>
		+
	Join co-host Scott Lanser as he interviews special guest Pastor Bryan Windle, as shares the top 10 archaeological discoveries of 2017 related to the Bible.<ref>[https://biblearchaeology.org/mediainfo/digging-for-truth/digging-for-truth-episodes/4308-digging-for-truth-episode-15-top-ten-archaeological-discoveries-of-2017]</ref>		Join co-host Scott Lanser as he interviews special guest Pastor Bryan Windle, as shares the top 10 archaeological discoveries of 2017 related to the Bible.<ref>[https://biblearchaeology.org/mediainfo/digging-for-truth/digging-for-truth-episodes/4308-digging-for-truth-episode-15-top-ten-archaeological-discoveries-of-2017]</ref>