Benjamin Harrison - Revision history

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Progressingamerica: God forbid that the day should ever come when, in the American mind, the thought of man as a "consumer" shall submerge the old American thought of man as a creature of God, endowed with "Unalienable rights".

2018-02-27T04:06:42Z

God forbid that the day should ever come when, in the American mind, the thought of man as a "consumer" shall submerge the old American thought of man as a creature of God, endowed with "Unalienable rights".

King Conservative at 15:05, November 24, 2017

2017-11-24T15:05:06Z

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2016-06-27T05:26:01Z

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Progressingamerica at 21:54, May 7, 2016

2016-05-07T21:54:55Z

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 In 1852 Harrison was graduated from Miami University in Ohio, and a year later he married Caroline Lavinia Scott, by whom he had two children, Russell and Mary. After reading law in Cincinnati, Harrison moved in 1854 to Indianapolis. There, his rise was slow. In 1860 he was elected reporter of the Indiana Supreme Court.
-Church affairs and politics always interested Harrison. He was a devout member of the [[Presbyterian]] Church and for 40 years served as an elder. He belonged to the pietistic wing that gave heavy support to the Republican party, and to prohibition Harrison himself did not support prohibition.
+Church affairs and politics always interested Harrison. He was a devout member of the [[Presbyterian]] Church and for 40 years served as an elder. He belonged to the pietistic wing that gave heavy support to the Republican Party, and to prohibition Harrison himself did not support prohibition.
 ==Civil War==

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 * Muzzey, David Saville. ''James G. Blaine: A Political Idol of Other Days (1934), , by conservative historian
 * Rhodes, James Ford. ''History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the Roosevelt-Taft Administration'' (1920), 8 vol. highly detailed narrative from 1850 to 1909, , by conservative historian
-* Sievers, Harry J. [http://www.amazon.com/Benjamin-Harrison-Hoosier-Warrior-Signature/dp/0945707169/ref=pd_bbs_5/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194364183&sr=8-5 ''Benjamin Harrison: Hoosier Warrior (1833-1865),''], [http://www.amazon.com/Benjamin-Harrison-Hoosier-Statesman-Signature/dp/0945707177/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194364183&sr=8-2 ''Benjamin Harrison: Hoosier Statesman (1865-1888)''],  and [http://www.amazon.com/Benjamin-Harrison-President-1889-1901-Signature/dp/0945707185/ref=pd_bbs_sr_3/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194364183&sr=8-3 ''Benjamin Harrison: Hoosier  President: The White House and After''] (1952-1968), the standard scholarly biography
+* Sievers, Harry J. [https://www.amazon.com/Benjamin-Harrison-Hoosier-Warrior-Signature/dp/0945707169/ref=pd_bbs_5/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194364183&sr=8-5 ''Benjamin Harrison: Hoosier Warrior (1833-1865),''], [https://www.amazon.com/Benjamin-Harrison-Hoosier-Statesman-Signature/dp/0945707177/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194364183&sr=8-2 ''Benjamin Harrison: Hoosier Statesman (1865-1888)''],  and [https://www.amazon.com/Benjamin-Harrison-President-1889-1901-Signature/dp/0945707185/ref=pd_bbs_sr_3/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194364183&sr=8-3 ''Benjamin Harrison: Hoosier  President: The White House and After''] (1952-1968), the standard scholarly biography
-* Socolofsky, Homer E., and Allan B. Spetter. ''The Presidency of Benjamin Harrison'' (1987), the leading interpretive study of  the Harrison presidency. [http://www.amazon.com/Presidency-Benjamin-Harrison-American/dp/0700603204/ref=pd_bbs_4/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194364183&sr=8-4 excerpt and text search]
+* Socolofsky, Homer E., and Allan B. Spetter. ''The Presidency of Benjamin Harrison'' (1987), the leading interpretive study of  the Harrison presidency. [https://www.amazon.com/Presidency-Benjamin-Harrison-American/dp/0700603204/ref=pd_bbs_4/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194364183&sr=8-4 excerpt and text search]
 * Tyler, Alice Felt. ''Foreign Policy of James G. Blaine'' (1927)
 * White, Leonard D. ''The Republican Era, 1869-1901'' (1958), analyzes each cabinet as well as civil service reform

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 |battles=[[American Civil War]]
 }}
 * See [[Benjamin Harrison V|Benjamin Harrison]], the signer of the Declaration of Independence.
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 In 1852 Harrison was graduated from Miami University in Ohio, and a year later he married Caroline Lavinia Scott, by whom he had two children, Russell and Mary. After reading law in Cincinnati, Harrison moved in 1854 to Indianapolis. There, his rise was slow. In 1860 he was elected reporter of the Indiana Supreme Court.
-Church affairs and politics always interested Harrison. He was a devout member of the [[Presbyterian]] Church and for 40 years served as an elder. He belonged to the pietistic wing that gave heavy support to the Republican party, and to prohibition Harrison himself did not support prohibitiom.
+Church affairs and politics always interested Harrison. He was a devout member of the [[Presbyterian]] Church and for 40 years served as an elder. He belonged to the pietistic wing that gave heavy support to the Republican party, and to prohibition Harrison himself did not support prohibition.
 ==Civil War==
 In 1854, when the struggle over slavery was at white heat, he joined the newly organized Republican Party. For the next 40 years he loyally supported his party in every campaign and became one of its best speakers.   Early in the Civil War Harrison helped to raise the 70th Indiana Infantry Regiment and became its colonel. After two years of prosaic guard duty in Kentucky and Tennessee, his regiment was attached to General [[William T. Sherman]]'s army and participated in the Atlanta campaign in 1864. During much of the time Harrison was in command of his brigade and at the close of the war was brevetted a brigadier general and cited for gallantry. Thereafter he was known as General Harrison. In 1865 Harrison returned to the practice of law and was immediately recognized as one of the leading lawyers in Indiana. In 1881 he was admitted to practice before the United States Supreme Court. His income enabled him to build a spacious home in Indianapolis.
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 [[Image:TINMAN1890.jpg|thumb|300px|1890 ''Puck'' cartoon ridicules President Harrison (who called for a tariff on tin), as a little Tin Man, while Secretary of State Blaine is a larger figure clad in steel armor.]]
 ===Strong foreign policy===
 Harrison appreciated the new forces which were inevitably sweeping the United States onward into playing a more important part in world affairs. He took great pride in the new navy and the increase of the merchant marine, and watched for opportunities to acquire naval bases. American claims in Samoa were pushed with vigor; annexation of Hawaii was attempted but postponed by Democratic opposition; the purchase of the Danish West Indies was quietly considered, as was the acquisition of the Môle St. Nicolas in Haiti. In the bitter controversy with Chile, during which war was narrowly averted, Harrison insisted on respect for the uniform of the United States. The increasing importance of the United States in world affairs was reflected in the act of Congress in 1893 which raised the rank of the most important diplomatic representatives abroad from minister plenipotentiary to ambassador.
 ===Domestic policy===
 During his administration the [[McKinley Tariff Act]] with its important reciprocity section, the [[Sherman Silver Purchase Act]], the [[Antitrust|Sherman Antitrust Act]], and the Dependent Pension Act for Civil War veterans were passed. Idaho and Wyoming were admitted as states and the Oklahoma Territory was opened to settlement.  The civil rights bill (attacked as a "Force Bill" by Democrats) failed when Republicans from western silverstates traded their votes to get the Sherman Silver Purchase Act.
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 The election of 1890 was a landslide for the Democrats, who campaigned against the high-spending "billion dollar Congress," the high McKinley tariff, and the Republican attacks on foreign language schools in Wisconsin and Illinois.  Despite Harrison's icy personality, he won renomination in 1892 by packing the GOP convention with office holders.  He was defeated by a landslide by Cleveland in a rematch in 1892.
-<blockquote>
+<blockquote>In 1890, an act of Congress creates [[Yosemite National Park]], home of such natural wonders as Half Dome and the giant sequoia trees. Environmental trailblazer John Muir (1838-1914) and his colleagues campaigned for the congressional action, which was signed into law by President Harrison and paved the way for generations of hikers, campers and nature lovers, along with countless "Don't Feed the Bears" signs. [http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history]</blockquote>
-</blockquote>
+==Retirement==
 ==Bibliography==
 * Calhoun, Charles W. ''Benjamin Harrison'' (2005), short biography by leading scholar

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:05, November 24, 2017
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 * Volwiler, Albert T., ed. ''The Correspondence between Benjamin Harrison and James G. Blaine, 1882—1893.'' American Philosophical Society, 1940. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99596344 online edition]
-====notes====
+==References==
 <references/>
 {{USPresidents}}

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 ==Early career==
-Harrison was born in North Bend, Ohio, on , and grew up on a 600-acre (243-hectare) farm nearby. His father, John Scott Harrison, was a congressman; his grandfather, [[William Henry Harrison]], was ninth president of the United States, but served only 309 days; and his great-grandfather, Benjamin Harrison, signed the Declaration of Independence.
+Harrison was born in North Bend, Ohio, on, and grew up on a 600-acre (243-hectare) farm nearby. His father, John Scott Harrison, was a congressman; his grandfather, [[William Henry Harrison]], was ninth president of the United States, but served only 309 days; and his great-grandfather, Benjamin Harrison, signed the Declaration of Independence.
 In 1852 Harrison was graduated from Miami University in Ohio, and a year later he married Caroline Lavinia Scott, by whom he had two children, Russell and Mary. After reading law in Cincinnati, Harrison moved in 1854 to Indianapolis. There, his rise was slow. In 1860 he was elected reporter of the Indiana Supreme Court.
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 * Gibbons, H. A. ''John Wanamaker,'' 2 vols. (1926), covers the 1888 campaign.
 * Jensen, Richard. "Democracy, Republicanism and Efficiency:  The Values of American Politics, 1885-1930," in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger, eds, ''Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775-2000'' (U of Kansas Press, 2001) pp 149–180; [http://www.uic.edu/~rjensen/rj0025.htm online version] , by conservative historian
-* Jensen, Richard. ''The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896'' (1971), voting behavior , by conservative historian
+* Jensen, Richard. ''The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896'' (1971), voting behavior, by conservative historian
 * Josephson, Matthew.  ''The Politicos: 1865-1896'' (1938). entertaining left-wing narrative of national politics
 * Kleppner; Paul. ''The Third Electoral System 1853-1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures'' (1979), the most important and detailed analysis of voting behavior in 1888-1892 [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-third-electoral-system-1853-1892-parties-voters-and-political-cultures-by-paul-kleppner.jsp online edition]

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 }}
-* See [[Benjamin Harrison V| Benjamin Harrison]], the signer of the Declaration of Independence.
+* See [[Benjamin Harrison V|Benjamin Harrison]], the signer of the Declaration of Independence.
 '''Benjamin Harrison''' was the 23rd President of the United States, serving from 1889-1893 and known as a conservative Republican. He was born August 20, 1833 in North Bend, Ohio.  He was the grandson of President [[William Harrison]].  He defeated Democrat [[Grover Cleveland]] in a close election in 1888. Harrison's term was characterized by being full of federal spending and legislation including tariffs and other taxes.  He was defeated for reelection in 1892 by Cleveland.  He died on March 31, 1901.  He was a representative politician of the [[Gilded Age]].
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 Harrison preferred to be a United States senator and was easily elected by the state legislature in 1881. As chairman of the committee on territories he sponsored an act granting Alaska civil government and, against Democratic opposition, vainly sought the admission of Washington, Montana, Wyoming, Idaho, North Dakota, and South Dakota as states. He championed the Mississippi River Commission, naval expansion, and the regulation of railroads.  s a senator, Harrison supported [[civil service reform]] to supplant the traditional spoils system, high protective tariffs to foster industrial development, a strong navy, and regulation of the railroads. He persistently attacked President [[Grover Cleveland]]'s vetoes of  veterans' pension bills. Harrison's popularity with veterans was to be a major factor in winning the presidential nomination in 1888.
-Although defeated by two votes in the legislature for reelection to the Senate, Harrison loomed as the strongest Republican candidate for president in 1888 and was nominated on the 8th ballot after the New York delegation swung to him. An intensely fought campaign followed, with the [[tariff]] as the main issue.<ref> Richard Jensen, ''The Winning of the Midwest'' (1971), ch. 1</ref> Harrison set a precedent by conducting an effective "front porch" campaign, making a large number of short speeches to visiting delegations. His masterful campaign chairman was Philadelphia dry goods merchant John Wanamaker, who perfected the "army style" of [[American election campaigns, 19th century|19th century campaigns]].  Harrison defeated incumbent Grover Cleveland by a vote of 233 to 168 in the electoral college, although Cleveland received 5,537,857 popular votes to Harrison's 5,447,129.
+Although defeated by two votes in the legislature for reelection to the Senate, Harrison loomed as the strongest Republican candidate for president in 1888 and was nominated on the 8th ballot after the New York delegation swung to him. An intensely fought campaign followed, with the [[tariff]] as the main issue.<ref>Richard Jensen, ''The Winning of the Midwest'' (1971), ch. 1</ref> Harrison set a precedent by conducting an effective "front porch" campaign, making a large number of short speeches to visiting delegations. His masterful campaign chairman was Philadelphia dry goods merchant John Wanamaker, who perfected the "army style" of [[American election campaigns, 19th century|19th century campaigns]].  Harrison defeated incumbent Grover Cleveland by a vote of 233 to 168 in the electoral college, although Cleveland received 5,537,857 popular votes to Harrison's 5,447,129.
 ==Presidency==
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 ==Cabinet==
-Among Harrison's excellent cabinet appointments was Benjamin F. Tracy, secretary of the Navy. Armor-clad ships of the most modern design--fateful for Spain in 1898--were rapidly built and navy yard employees were placed under civil service. John Wanamaker, as postmaster general, inspired his department with a vision of greater service. He advocated the establishment of postal savings banks and the parcel post--ideas that were to be realized two decades later. The appointment of [[James G. Blaine]] (the Republican presidential candidate defeated by Cleveland in the 1884 election) as secretary of state was viewed critically by some. Harrison kept in close touch with each department's major programs. He brought two future presidents to Washington: [[Theodore Roosevelt]] as civil service commissioner and [[William Howard Taft]] as solicitor general. In [[civil service reform]] good progress was made, but it was not revolutionary enough to satisfy its proponents.
+Among Harrison's excellent cabinet appointments was Benjamin F. Tracy, secretary of the Navy. Armor-clad ships of the most modern design—fateful for Spain in 1898—were rapidly built and navy yard employees were placed under civil service. John Wanamaker, as postmaster general, inspired his department with a vision of greater service. He advocated the establishment of postal savings banks and the parcel post—ideas that were to be realized two decades later. The appointment of [[James G. Blaine]] (the Republican presidential candidate defeated by Cleveland in the 1884 election) as secretary of state was viewed critically by some. Harrison kept in close touch with each department's major programs. He brought two future presidents to Washington: [[Theodore Roosevelt]] as civil service commissioner and [[William Howard Taft]] as solicitor general. In [[civil service reform]] good progress was made, but it was not revolutionary enough to satisfy its proponents.
 [[Image:TINMAN1890.jpg|thumb|300px|1890 ''Puck'' cartoon ridicules President Harrison (who called for a tariff on tin), as a little Tin Man, while Secretary of State Blaine is a larger figure clad in steel armor.]]
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 * Dearing,   Mary R. ''Veterans in Politics'' (1952), covers the issue of veterans' pensions
 * De Santis,  Vincent P. ''Republicans Face the Southern Question'' (1959), explains the defeat of the ciivl rights program
-* De Santis,  Vincent P. "The Republican Party and the Southern Negro, 1877-1897." ''The Journal of Negro History'', Vol. 45, No. 2, (1960) pp 71-87 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-2992(196004)45%3A2%3C71%3ATRPATS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N in JSTOR]
+* De Santis,  Vincent P. "The Republican Party and the Southern Negro, 1877-1897." ''The Journal of Negro History'', Vol. 45, No. 2, (1960) pp 71–87 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-2992(196004)45%3A2%3C71%3ATRPATS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N in JSTOR]
-* De Santis, Vincent P. "The Political Life of the Gilded Age: A Review of the Recent Literature" ''The History Teacher,'' Vol. 9, No. 1 (Nov., 1975), pp. 73-106 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0018-2745(197511)9%3A1%3C73%3ATPLOTG%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W in JSTOR]
+* De Santis, Vincent P. "The Political Life of the Gilded Age: A Review of the Recent Literature" ''The History Teacher,'' Vol. 9, No. 1 (Nov., 1975), pp.&nbsp;73–106 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0018-2745(197511)9%3A1%3C73%3ATPLOTG%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W in JSTOR]
 * Dozer,  D. M. "Benjamin Harrison and the Presidential Campaign of 1892," in ''American Historical Review'' 54, no. 1 (1948) [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8762(194810)54%3A1%3C49%3ABHATPC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-L in JSTOR]
 * Faulkner, Harold U.; ''Politics, Reform, and Expansion, 1890-1900'' (1959), scholarly survey, strong on economic and political history  [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=8541336 online edition]
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 * Garraty, John A. ''The New Commonwealth, 1877-1890,'' (1968)scholarly survey, strong on economic and political history
 * Gibbons, H. A. ''John Wanamaker,'' 2 vols. (1926), covers the 1888 campaign.
-* Jensen, Richard. "Democracy, Republicanism and Efficiency:  The Values of American Politics, 1885-1930," in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger, eds, ''Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775-2000'' (U of Kansas Press, 2001) pp 149-180; [http://www.uic.edu/~rjensen/rj0025.htm online version] , by conservative historian
+* Jensen, Richard. "Democracy, Republicanism and Efficiency:  The Values of American Politics, 1885-1930," in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger, eds, ''Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775-2000'' (U of Kansas Press, 2001) pp 149–180; [http://www.uic.edu/~rjensen/rj0025.htm online version] , by conservative historian
 * Jensen, Richard. ''The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896'' (1971), voting behavior , by conservative historian
 * Josephson, Matthew.  ''The Politicos: 1865-1896'' (1938). entertaining left-wing narrative of national politics
-* Kleppner; Paul. ''The Third Electoral System 1853-1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures'' (1979), the most important and detailed analysis of voting behavior in 1888-1892[http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-third-electoral-system-1853-1892-parties-voters-and-political-cultures-by-paul-kleppner.jsp online edition]
+* Kleppner; Paul. ''The Third Electoral System 1853-1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures'' (1979), the most important and detailed analysis of voting behavior in 1888-1892 [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-third-electoral-system-1853-1892-parties-voters-and-political-cultures-by-paul-kleppner.jsp online edition]
 * McMurry, Donald L. "The Bureau of Pensions During the Administration of President Harrison," ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review'' 13, no. 3 (1926) [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0161-391X(192612)13%3A3%3C343%3ATBOPDT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R in JSTOR]
 * Morgan, H. Wayne.  ''From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877-1896'' (1969) [http://www.questia.com/read/94446383 online edition]
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 {{USPresidents}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT: Harrison, Benjamin}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Harrison, Benjamin}}
 [[Category:Republicans]]

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-{{President
+{{Officeholder
 |image=Benjamin Harrison by Johnson.jpg
-|seq=23
+|party=[[Republican]]<br/>[[Whig Party]]
-|term_start=March 4, 1889
+|spouse=Caroline Scott Harrison<br/>Mary Scott Lord Dimmick
 |religion=[[Presbyterian]]
 }}