Booker T. Washington - Revision history

Mr. Nationalist: Fixed typo.

2021-11-25T05:23:01Z

Fixed typo.

LT: /* See also */

2021-11-21T05:25:30Z

‎See also

LT: /* Life */

2021-10-14T23:44:19Z

‎Life

LT: /* Bibliography */

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‎Bibliography

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2021-10-14T23:43:50Z

‎See also

Mr. Nationalist at 20:06, September 2, 2021

2021-09-02T20:06:21Z

Mr. Nationalist: /* External links */Washington was a Republican.

2021-09-02T20:06:11Z

‎External links: Washington was a Republican.

RobSmith: /* Improving race relations */

2020-09-10T14:55:02Z

‎Improving race relations

DavidB4-bot: /* ''Up from Slavery'', invitation to the White House */HTTP --> HTTPS #3, replaced: http://www.pbs.org → https://www.pbs.org

2019-04-09T05:43:50Z

‎''Up from Slavery'', invitation to the White House: HTTP --> HTTPS #3, replaced: http://www.pbs.org → https://www.pbs.org

Jpatt: add quotes section

2016-07-19T17:49:02Z

add quotes section

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 '''Booker Taliaferro Washington''' (1856-1915) was the most important political and educational leader of the [[African-American]] community 1890-1915.  He was the most important black leader of the [[Progressive Era]], and his dedication to [[Efficiency movement|efficiency]] set the goals for the black community.  He is most famous for his [[autobiography]], ''Up from Slavery,'' his leadership of black [[conservative]] business and religious leaders, his founding of the [[Tuskegee Institute]], and his emphasis on self-help and education as the cure for poverty and the second class status of blacks in America.
-His "[[Atlanta Exposition]]" speech of 1895 appealed to middle class whites across the South, asking them to give blacks a chance to work and develop separately, while implicitly accepting [[Jim Crow]] and promising not to demand the vote. White leaders across the North, from politicians to industrialists, from philanthropists to churchmen, enthusiastically supported Washington, as did most middle class blacks and some white Southernern leaders.  Washington built a personal organization, over which he exerted very tight control, that linked like-minded black leaders throughout the nation and in effect spoke for Black America and worked behind the scenes to lessen the impact of segregation.  His network fell apart after his death. Meanwhile, a more militant northern group, led by [[W.E.B. DuBois]] and the [[NAACP]] rejected Washington's self-help and demanded political activism, referring to the speech dismissively as "The Atlanta Compromise". The critics were marginalized until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, at which point more radical black leaders rejected Washington's philosophy and demanded federal civil rights laws.
+His "[[Atlanta Exposition]]" speech of 1895 appealed to middle class whites across the South, asking them to give blacks a chance to work and develop separately, while implicitly accepting [[Jim Crow]] and promising not to demand the vote. White leaders across the North, from politicians to industrialists, from philanthropists to churchmen, enthusiastically supported Washington, as did most middle class blacks and some white Southern leaders.  Washington built a personal organization, over which he exerted very tight control, that linked like-minded black leaders throughout the nation and in effect spoke for Black America and worked behind the scenes to lessen the impact of segregation.  His network fell apart after his death. Meanwhile, a more militant northern group, led by [[W.E.B. DuBois]] and the [[NAACP]] rejected Washington's self-help and demanded political activism, referring to the speech dismissively as "The Atlanta Compromise". The critics were marginalized until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, at which point more radical black leaders rejected Washington's philosophy and demanded federal civil rights laws.
 Washington is held in high regard by conservatives, both white and black.  As C. Vann Woodward concluded, "The businessman's gospel of [[Free Enterprise|free enterprise]], competition, and [[laissez faire]] never had a  more loyal exponent."<ref>C. Vann Woodward, ''The Origins of the New South, 1877-1913'' (1951) p. 366</ref>

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 *[[Black history]]
 *[[Perry W. Howard, II]], "black and tan" Republican leader from [[Mississippi]]
 *[[Jim Crow]]

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 In the summer of 1865, at the age of nine, Booker moved to Kanawha County, West Virginia with his mother, brother and sister to join his stepfather, whose last name was Washington.<ref>The "T" in his name stood for [[Taliaferro]], his owner's name.</ref>   When he could, young Booker attended school and learned to read and to write.  West Virginia was more prosperous and tolerant.<ref>Harlan (1972)</ref>
-Leaving home at sixteen, Washington enrolled at the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, in Hampton, Virginia.  Tuition was low and school jobs were available so Washington paid his own way. The normal school (teachers college) at Hampton was founded for the purpose of training black teachers and had been largely funded by church groups From 1878 to 1879 he attended [[Wayland Seminary]] in Washington, D.C., and returned to teach at Hampton. Soon, Hampton officials recommended him to become the first principal of a similar school being founded in Alabama.<ref>Harlan (1972)</ref>
+Leaving home at sixteen, Washington enrolled at the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, in Hampton, Virginia.  Tuition was low and school jobs were available so Washington paid his own way. The normal school (teachers college) at Hampton was founded for the purpose of training black teachers and had been largely funded by church groups From 1878 to 1879 he attended Wayland Seminary in Washington, D.C., and returned to teach at Hampton. Soon, Hampton officials recommended him to become the first principal of a similar school being founded in Alabama.<ref>Harlan (1972)</ref>
 ==Atlanta Compromise==

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 * ''[http://docsouth.unc.edu/fpn/washington/menu.html Up from Slavery: An Autobiography]'' (1901).
 * Washington, Booker T. ''The Atlanta Compromise'' (1895).
-* [http://www.historycooperative.org/btw/volumes.html ''The Booker T. Washington Papers''] [[University of Illinois Press]] online version of complete fourteen volume set of all letters to and from Booker T. Washington.
+* [http://www.historycooperative.org/btw/volumes.html ''The Booker T. Washington Papers''] University of Illinois Press online version of complete fourteen volume set of all letters to and from Booker T. Washington.
 ** [http://www.historycooperative.org/btw/Vol.14/html/ Cumulative Index]

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 ==See also==
-* [[Black history]]
+*[[Black history]]
-* [[Jim Crow]]
+*[[Perry W. Howard, II]], "black and tan" Republican leader from [[Mississippi]]
 ==Bibliography==
 ===Primary sources===

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 [[Category:Black History]]
 [[Category:Conservatives]]
-[[Cayegory:Republican Party]]
+[[Category:Republican Party]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:06, September 2, 2021
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	[[Category:Black History]]		[[Category:Black History]]
	[[Category:Conservatives]]		[[Category:Conservatives]]
		+	[[Cayegory:Republican Party]]

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 Washington was a genius at fund raising from rich whites such as [[Standard Oil]] magnate Henry H. Rogers and [[Sears, Roebuck and Company]] president [[Julius Rosenwald]]. To upgrade the southern schools open to blacks Washington solicited millions of dollars, often using matching funds that stimulated local contributions. He established and operated over 5,000 schools and supporting resources throughout the South. This work was a major part of his legacy and was continued (and expanded through the [[Rosenwald Fund]] and others) for many years after Washington's death in 1915.<ref>Anderson (1998)</ref>
 ==Improving race relations==
-Washington was the central figure in improving the overall friendship and working relationship between the races in the United States, and heading off the "herrenvolk" racism of lower class whites expressed through lynching and led by [[Ben Tillman]]. His powerful autobiography, ''[[Up From Slavery]]'' (1901) was widely read among blacks and sympathetic whites. It told the story of his own emancipation, education, and successful career to inspire southern blacks who had been denied opportunity for education and self-improvement. He carried the same theme  forward in ''The Story of the Negro: The Rise of the Race from Slavery'' (1909).  Washington, in contrast to the civil rights activists like DuBois and the NAACP, deemphasized politics in favor of the importance of cultivating middle class habits of skill, industry, thrift and character so that blacks, having prepared themselves educationally and culturally for the responsibility, would be accepted by liberal whites as meriting  civil rights.
+Washington was the central figure in improving the overall friendship and working relationship between the races in the United States, and heading off the "herrenvolk" racism of lower class whites expressed through [[lynching]] and led by [[Ben Tillman]]. His powerful autobiography, ''[[Up From Slavery]]'' (1901) was widely read among blacks and sympathetic whites. It told the story of his own emancipation, education, and successful career to inspire southern blacks who had been denied opportunity for education and self-improvement. He carried the same theme  forward in ''The Story of the Negro: The Rise of the Race from Slavery'' (1909).  Washington, in contrast to the civil rights activists like DuBois and the NAACP, deemphasized politics in favor of the importance of cultivating middle class habits of skill, industry, thrift and character so that blacks, having prepared themselves educationally and culturally for the responsibility, would be accepted by liberal whites as meriting  civil rights.
 ==''Up from Slavery'', invitation to the White House==

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 ==''Up from Slavery'', invitation to the White House==
-In an effort to inspire the "commercial, agricultural, educational, and industrial advancement" of African Americans, Washington founded the National Negro Business League (NNBL) in 1900.<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_org_business.html See]</ref>
+In an effort to inspire the "commercial, agricultural, educational, and industrial advancement" of African Americans, Washington founded the National Negro Business League (NNBL) in 1900.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_org_business.html See]</ref>
 When Washington's autobiography, ''Up From Slavery'', was published in 1901, it became a bestseller and had a major impact on the African American community, and its friends and allies. Washington in 1901 was the first African-American ever invited to the White House as the guest of President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] &ndash; white Southerners complained loudly, although Washington remained as an advisor to Roosevelt.<ref>Larry Schweikart and Michael Allen, "A Patriot's History of the United States" (2007)</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:49, July 19, 2016
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	At his death Tuskegee's endowment exceeded $1.5 million, by far the largest for any black school. He was succeeded as president by Robert Russa Moton. He was memorialized in the names of many segregated public schools for blacks.		At his death Tuskegee's endowment exceeded $1.5 million, by far the largest for any black school. He was succeeded as president by Robert Russa Moton. He was memorialized in the names of many segregated public schools for blacks.
		+
		+	==Quotes==
		+	"There is a class of colored people who make a business of keeping the troubles, the wrongs and the hardships of the negro race before the public. Having learned that they are able to make a living out of their troubles, they have grown into the settled habit of advertising their wrongs – partly because they want sympathy and partly because it pays. Some of these people do not want the negro to lose his grievances, because they do not want to lose their jobs." <ref>[http://politicalpistachio.blogspot.com/2016/07/the-financial-collapse-of-2008-was-no.html THE FINANCIAL COLLAPSE OF 2008 WAS NO ACCIDENT, Political Pistachio, July 18, 2016]</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==