Carthage - Revision history

PhilipN: Cat

2012-01-20T04:22:11Z

Cat

DavidE: /* Founding */ bypass disambig

2011-10-12T21:50:25Z

Founding: bypass disambig

GMilhouse: fixed formatting issue (again!)

2011-07-30T23:11:33Z

fixed formatting issue (again!)

GMilhouse: Fixed formatting issue

2011-07-30T23:11:00Z

Fixed formatting issue

WesleyS: link to de-orphan

2009-02-12T01:12:54Z

link to de-orphan

AlanE at 19:12, October 24, 2008

2008-10-24T19:12:36Z

Learn together: Feel free to change the headings, but let's give it some structure

2008-10-24T16:14:08Z

Feel free to change the headings, but let's give it some structure

AlanE: Rewrite

2008-10-24T02:11:29Z

Rewrite

EternalCritic: Added Cato, clarified Roman Domination. Removed Augustine as unrelated. This information should be unde Donatists or Augustine. Carthage was not a nation long before their inception.

2008-10-23T04:22:57Z

Added Cato, clarified Roman Domination. Removed Augustine as unrelated. This information should be unde Donatists or Augustine. Carthage was not a nation long before their inception.

Devotchka: copyedit

2008-04-07T21:54:26Z

copyedit

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:22, January 20, 2012
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	[[Category:Ancient History]]		[[Category:Ancient History]]
	[[Category:African Cities and Towns]]		[[Category:African Cities and Towns]]
		+	[[Category:World Heritage Sites]]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 ==Founding==
-Carthage was founded by [[Phoenicia]]ns from [[Tyre]] traditionally in 814 B.C. (although archaeological evidence suggests about a century later).<ref>Oxford Companion to Classical Literature</ref> Over the next few centuries it outdid other Phoenician colonies in its area and by the third century B.C. controlled trade in all the islands and much of the coasts of the western [[Mediterranean]]; having displaced the colonial [[Greek]]s (after much bloodshed) and other Phoenician settlements. Its fleets traded as far afield as the [[British Isles]] and down the West African coast. [[Herodotus]] recounts the [[Egypt]]ian king [[Necho II]] commissioning a Carthaginian circumnavigation of Africa in about 600 B.C.
+Carthage was founded by [[Phoenicia]]ns from [[Tyre]] traditionally in 814 B.C. (although archaeological evidence suggests about a century later).<ref>Oxford Companion to Classical Literature</ref> Over the next few centuries it outdid other Phoenician colonies in its area and by the third century B.C. controlled trade in all the islands and much of the coasts of the western [[Mediterranean]]; having displaced the colonial [[Greeks]] (after much bloodshed) and other Phoenician settlements. Its fleets traded as far afield as the [[British Isles]] and down the West African coast. [[Herodotus]] recounts the [[Egypt]]ian king [[Necho II]] commissioning a Carthaginian circumnavigation of Africa in about 600 B.C.
 ==Empire==

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 The area was overrun by the [[Vandals]] in 439 during the waning period of the Western Roman Empire and was retaken for [[Justinian]] by [[Belisarius]] in 533 during the highpoint of the [[Byzantine Empire]] where they were trying to retake the old Roman lands and reignite the Roman Empire. It remained under Constantinople’s control until the Arab Muslim conquests of the late 7th century when it was once more destroyed. The city virtually disappeared over the ensuing centuries. Archaeological work began in the late 19th century and continues today.
-</references>
+<references/>
 [[Category:Ancient History]]
 [[Category:African Cities and Towns]]

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 The area was overrun by the [[Vandals]] in 439 during the waning period of the Western Roman Empire and was retaken for [[Justinian]] by [[Belisarius]] in 533 during the highpoint of the [[Byzantine Empire]] where they were trying to retake the old Roman lands and reignite the Roman Empire. It remained under Constantinople’s control until the Arab Muslim conquests of the late 7th century when it was once more destroyed. The city virtually disappeared over the ensuing centuries. Archaeological work began in the late 19th century and continues today.
 [[Category:Ancient History]]
 [[Category:African Cities and Towns]]

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 ==Empire==
-Carthaginian navies controlled the Mediterranean sea.  During the third century it became inevitable that Carthage would clash with the increasingly powerful [[Roman Republic]] over issues of trade and the control of [[Sicily]].  While the Carthaginian navy was generally superior to their Roman counterpart, they generally lacked Rome's strength on land or manpower reserves.  Between 264 and 146 B.C. the three [[Punic Wars]] were fought resulting in the gradual chipping away of the Carthaginian empire and ultimately the complete annihilation of Carthage itself and a decree banning its rebuilding.
+Carthaginian navies controlled the Mediterranean sea.  During the third century it became inevitable that Carthage would clash with the increasingly powerful [[Roman Republic]] over issues of trade and the control of [[Sicily]].  While the Carthaginian navy was generally superior to their Roman counterpart, they generally lacked Rome's strength on land or manpower reserves.  Between 264 and 146 B.C. the three [[Punic Wars]] were fought resulting in the gradual chipping away of the Carthaginian empire and ultimately the complete [[annihilation]] of Carthage itself and a decree banning its rebuilding.
 ===Characteristics===

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-'''Carthage''' was an ancient city on the coast of North [[Africa]] close to the modern city of [[Tunis]], capital of [[Tunisia]]. It was founded by [[Phoenicia]]ns from [[Tyre]] traditionally in 814 B.C. (although archaeological evidence suggests a century or so later). Over the next few centuries it outdid other Phoenician colonies in its area and by the third century B.C. controlled trade in all the islands and much of the coasts of the western [[Mediterranean]]; having displaced the colonial [[Greek]]s (after much bloodshed) and other Phoenician settlements. Its fleets traded as far afield as the [[British Isles]] and down the West African coast. [[Herodotus]] recounts the [[Egypt]]ian king Necho II commissioning a Carthaginian circumnavigation of Africa in about 600 B.C.
+'''Carthage''' was an ancient city on the coast of [[North Africa]] close to the modern city of [[Tunis]], capital of [[Tunisia]].
-During the third century it became inevitable that Carthage would clash with the increasingly powerful [[Roman Republic]] over issues of trade and the control of [[Sicily]]. Between 264 and 146 B.C. the three [[Punic Wars]] were fought resulting in the complete annihilation of Carthage and a decree banning its rebuilding.
+==Founding==
-(Carthage had been a trading and agricultural society, based in an excellent harbour in a strategic position where the Mediterranean narrows between Africa and Sicily. The surrounding countryside was developed into fine agricultural land worked by the original population of the area who were generally mistreated. The government consisted of two magistrates, elected each 2 years from the ruling elite, and a senate with life membership. Ordinary citizens had little power. Generals were elected and acted with the knowledge that the price of failure was usually death. Religion was harsh and included human sacrifice.)
+==Empire==
-An attempt at resettlement by Rome in 122 B.C. failed, however in 29 B.C. the emperor [[Augustus]] inaugurated a colony in the area and a new Carthage grew, prospering from the cultivation of corn into a large city, a centre of training in law and rhetoric, and the capital of the Roman province of Africa. It became a focus for Christian activity, an area of intense monasticism and a bishopric by end of the 2nd century A.D., St. Cyprian and the scholar, Tertulian, worked there.
+===Characteristics===
-The area was overrun by the [[Vandals]] in 439 and retaken for [[Justinian]] by [[Belisarius]] in 533. It remained under Constantinople’s control until the Arab conquests of the late 7th century when it was once more destroyed. The city virtually disappeared over the ensuing centuries. Archaeological work began in the late 19th century and continues today.
+==Under Roman Rule==
 [[Category:Ancient History]]
 [[Category:African Cities and Towns]]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 ==Roman domination==
-The emerging power of [[Rome]] led to inevitable conflict, and they first clashed in [[Sicily]] in the middle of the 3rd century B.C.  Carthage and Rome went on to fight the three monumental [[Punic Wars]], until Carthage was destroyed, and its lands seized, following the [[Third Punic War]]. During its time as a Roman principality, Carthage developed a thriving Christian community.  [[St. Augustine]] of [[Hippo]] hailed from what was once Carthaginian land, as did the [[Donatist|Donatists]], a Christian sect which Augustine succeeded in branding as heretical.
+The constinuing expansion and military power of [[Rome]] led to inevitable conflict with Carthage, their most potent competitor. They first clashed in [[Sicily]] in the middle of the 3rd century B.C. over land rights. Carthage and Rome went on to fight the three monumental [[Punic Wars]] until Carthage was destroyed and its lands seized following the [[Third Punic War]]. During its time as a Roman principality, Carthage developed a thriving Christian community. At the onset of the third war [[Cato]] the Elder was well known for ending speeches emphatically "''Carthago delendum est'' (it is my opinion that Carthage must be destroyed)
 ==After Rome==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Carthage''' was an ancient city on the coast of northern [[Africa]] near modern day [[Tunis]], in [[Tunisia]]. It began as a colony of the [[Phoenicians]] and eventually became a great naval power that exerted influence across the [[Mediterranean Sea]].
+'''Carthage''' was an ancient city on the northern coast of [[Africa]], near modern day [[Tunis]] in [[Tunisia]]. Originally a [[Phoenicians|Phoenician]] colony, it grew to be a great naval power that exerted influence across the [[Mediterranean Sea]].
-==Roman Domination==
+==Roman domination==
-The emerging power of [[Rome]] brought the two into conflict starting in [[Sicily]] in the middle of the 3rd century B.C.  Carthage was eventually destroyed by Rome after the course of three wars, the [[Punic Wars]] which were monumental for their time period.  Carthage was an independent power, until its lands were taken by Rome following the [[Third Punic War]].  During its time as a Roman principality, it developed a thriving Christian community.  [[St. Augustine]] of [[Hippo]] hailed from what was once Carthaginian land, as did the [[Donatist|Donatists]], a Christian sect which Augustine succeeded in branding as heretical.
+The emerging power of [[Rome]] led to inevitable conflict, and they first clashed in [[Sicily]] in the middle of the 3rd century B.C.  Carthage and Rome went on to fight the three monumental [[Punic Wars]], until Carthage was destroyed, and its lands seized, following the [[Third Punic War]]. During its time as a Roman principality, Carthage developed a thriving Christian community.  [[St. Augustine]] of [[Hippo]] hailed from what was once Carthaginian land, as did the [[Donatist|Donatists]], a Christian sect which Augustine succeeded in branding as heretical.
-==After Rome==
+This tenure proved brief. While Belisarius' armies went on to fight - and eventually win - a [[Pyrrhic victory]] in Italy, the resulting loss of life, decimation of the Italian peninsula, and loss of Byzantine treasury, left the empire an easy target for the [[Islam|Islamic]] armies which would emerge a century later.  After the initial onslaught of Mohammed's armies, Carthaginian lands fell from Roman hands for the rest of history.
-This tenure proved brief indeed.  While Belisarius' armies went on to fight - and eventually win - a [[Pyrrhic victory]] in Italy, the resulting loss of life, decimation of the Italian peninsula, and loss of Byzantine treasury, left the empire an easy target for the [[Islam|Islamic]] armies which would emerge in just 100 years.  After the initial onslaught of Mohammed's armies, Carthaginian lands fell from Roman hands for the rest of history.
+==Notes and references==
 [[Category:Ancient History]]
 [[Category:African Cities and Towns]]