Edward I - Revision history

Yeschayi at 18:03, September 20, 2021

2021-09-20T18:03:45Z

Yeschayi at 19:05, April 28, 2021

2021-04-28T19:05:04Z

DavidB4-bot: /* History */Spelling, grammar, and general cleanup, typos fixed: ’s → 's (5)

2019-12-04T04:52:55Z

History: Spelling, grammar, and general cleanup, typos fixed: ’s → 's (5)

AlanE: Some reverting -some keeping. See talk page

2017-01-25T06:13:05Z

Some reverting -some keeping. See talk page

Pinely at 04:57, January 25, 2017

2017-01-25T04:57:04Z

DavidB4-bot: /* top */clean up

2016-06-26T00:35:05Z

top: clean up

AlanE: Standardise spelling

2013-06-10T19:45:46Z

Standardise spelling

DWiggins at 17:35, November 17, 2009

2009-11-17T17:35:49Z

RJJensen at 06:52, April 11, 2009

2009-04-11T06:52:52Z

WillD at 02:01, March 7, 2009

2009-03-07T02:01:16Z

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 |name=Edward I
 |image=
-|birth_date=June 17/18, 1239
+|birth_date=June 1239
 |birth_place=Palace of Westminster, England
 |death_date=July 7, 1307

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:05, April 28, 2021
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		+	{{Infobox officeholder
		+	\|name=Edward I
		+	\|image=
		+	\|birth_date=June 17/18, 1239
		+	\|birth_place=Palace of Westminster, England
		+	\|death_date=July 7, 1307
		+	\|death_place=Burgh by Sands, England
		+	\|religion=
		+	\|spouse=
		+	\|children=
		+	\|alma_mater=
		+	\|party=
		+	\|office=King of England
		+	\|term_start=November 20, 1272
		+	\|term_end=July 7, 1307
		+	\|preceded=[[Henry III]]
		+	\|succeeded=[[Edward II]]
		+	}}
		+
	'''Edward I''' (1239-1307), [[king]] of [[England]] (1272-1307) was the embodiment of many of the perceptions and ideals of the [[medieval]] king. He was very tall (nicknamed “Longshanks”), [[intelligence\|intelligent]], articulate and at his succession, already an experienced battle commander, having been the architect of the victory over [[Simon de Montfort]] at [[Evesham]] in 1265 and distinguishing himself in action during the truncated [[Eighth Crusade]] (1270).		'''Edward I''' (1239-1307), [[king]] of [[England]] (1272-1307) was the embodiment of many of the perceptions and ideals of the [[medieval]] king. He was very tall (nicknamed “Longshanks”), [[intelligence\|intelligent]], articulate and at his succession, already an experienced battle commander, having been the architect of the victory over [[Simon de Montfort]] at [[Evesham]] in 1265 and distinguishing himself in action during the truncated [[Eighth Crusade]] (1270).

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 In 1276 Edward perceived that Llewellyn had breached the Treaty of Montgomery. In what must be one of the greatest examples of overkill in medieval European history he mobilised the total forces of his realm, augmented by foreign troops and a large fleet, and in 1277 invaded Wales. The subsequent Peace of Aberconwy  was breached by Welsh forces hostile to Llewellyn and in 1282 Edward pounced again. Llewellyn was killed in a skirmish, and his brother Dafydd was hunted down and hideously executed. A string of great concentric castles was built, and English law and customs began their march into the Welsh interior. The investiture of his son, Edward as [[Prince of Wales]] (which legend tells us was at Caernarvon Castle in 1284, but was in reality at Lincoln 17 years later) retained the perception of the State as a principality, but it was the principality belonging to the heir to the English throne.
-The matter of Scotland had different causes and a much different outcome. In 1290, as self-appointed arbiter on who should be appointed to the Scottish throne left vacant by the death of the heirless “[[Maid of Norway]]”. The man Edward chose, [[John Baliol]], was   unpopular. He was also placed in the invidious position of being forced to pay homage to Edward and to supply Scottish forces for forthcoming hostilities in France. He made a treaty with France. When Edward’s forces attacked France, the Scots attacked England. So Edward invaded Scotland. He was immediately successful, but holding on to the prize was difficult. First [[William Wallace]] (until captured and killed in 1305), then [[Robert the Bruce]], led rebellions against the invaders. Edward did not live to see the result of Bruce’s uprising. In 1307 he died.
+The matter of Scotland had different causes and a much different outcome. In 1290, as self-appointed arbiter on who should be appointed to the Scottish throne left vacant by the death of the heirless “[[Maid of Norway]]”. The man Edward chose, [[John Baliol]], was   unpopular. He was also placed in the invidious position of being forced to pay homage to Edward and to supply Scottish forces for forthcoming hostilities in France. He made a treaty with France. When Edward's forces attacked France, the Scots attacked England. So Edward invaded Scotland. He was immediately successful, but holding on to the prize was difficult. First [[William Wallace]] (until captured and killed in 1305), then [[Robert the Bruce]], led rebellions against the invaders. Edward did not live to see the result of Bruce's uprising. In 1307 he died.
-Edward’s legacy is complicated. He left a country bankrupted by the almost constant warfare of the previous twenty years. He had secured his country’s western borders, but committed to the upkeep of massive castles and a holding army in Wales. His treatment of the Scots still causes rancour in Anglo-Scottish relations today. This may or may not  be balanced by the progress made in England’s standards of governance, and the greater reliance on parliament.
+Edward's legacy is complicated. He left a country bankrupted by the almost constant warfare of the previous twenty years. He had secured his country's western borders, but committed to the upkeep of massive castles and a holding army in Wales. His treatment of the Scots still causes rancour in Anglo-Scottish relations today. This may or may not  be balanced by the progress made in England's standards of governance, and the greater reliance on parliament.
 ==Further reading==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Edward I''' (1239-1307), also known as '''Longshanks'''), was the [[king]] of [[England]] and the embodiment of many of the perceptions and [[ideal]]s of the [[medieval]] king. He was very tall (nicknamed “Longshanks”), [[intelligence|intelligent]], articulate, and at his succession, already an experienced battle commander. He had been the architect of the victory over [[Simon de Montfort]] at Evesham in 1265 and distinguishing himself in action during the truncated [[Eighth Crusade]] (1270).
+'''Edward I''' (1239-1307), [[king]] of [[England]] (1272-1307) was the embodiment of many of the perceptions and ideals of the [[medieval]] king. He was very tall (nicknamed “Longshanks”), [[intelligence|intelligent]], articulate and at his succession, already an experienced  battle commander, having  been the architect of the victory over [[Simon de Montfort]] at [[Evesham]] in 1265  and distinguishing himself in action during the truncated [[Eighth Crusade]] (1270).
-He was very aware of his rights and privileges as the monarch of a major [[European]] [[feudal]] realm; but unlike his father, [[Henry III]] – indeed any king since [[Henry II]] a hundred years before – he also recognized the rights of his subjects and was a passionate believer in good and fair (for the period) governance. And he kept his word - as a young prince, when asked to break the oath he and his father, Henry III had made unwillingly at [[Oxford]] in 1258, he refused, although the barons had broken theirs. In his private life his love of his wife, [[Eleanor of Castile]], and his very public and prolonged mourning after her death in 1290 are well recorded. Some of the 12 “Eleanor Crosses” he had erected in memoriam at the resting places for her funeral cortege on its way from [[Lincoln]] to [[Westminster]] still stand.
+He was very aware of his rights and privileges as the monarch of a major [[European]] [[feudal]] realm; but unlike his father, [[Henry III]] – indeed any king since [[Henry II]] a hundred years before – he also recognised the rights of his subjects and was a passionate believer in good and fair (for the period) governance. And he kept his word - as a young prince, when asked to break the oath he and his father, Henry III had made unwillingly at [[Oxford]] in 1258, he refused, although the [[barons]] had broken theirs. In his private life his love of his wife, [[Eleanor of Castile]], and his very public and prolonged mourning after her death in 1290 are well recorded. Some of the 12 “Eleanor Crosses” he had erected in memoriam at the resting places for her funeral cortege on its way from [[Lincoln]] to [[Westminster]] still stand.
 He was, however, ruthless and could be extremely cruel. He had the [[Plantagenet]] temper and was quick to take offence.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''EDWARD I''' (1239-1307), [[King]] of [[England]] (1272-1307) was the embodiment of many of the perceptions and ideals of the medieval king. He was very tall (nicknamed “Longshanks”), intelligent, articulate and at his succession, already an experienced  battle commander, having  been the architect of the victory over [[Simon de Montfort]] at Evesham in 1265 and distinguishing himself in action during the truncated [[Eighth Crusade]] (1270).
+'''Edward I''' (1239-1307), also known as '''Longshanks'''), was the [[king]] of [[England]] and the embodiment of many of the perceptions and [[ideal]]s of the [[medieval]] king. He was very tall (nicknamed “Longshanks”), [[intelligence|intelligent]], articulate, and at his succession, already an experienced battle commander. He had been the architect of the victory over [[Simon de Montfort]] at Evesham in 1265 and distinguishing himself in action during the truncated [[Eighth Crusade]] (1270).
-He was very aware of his rights and privileges as the monarch of a major [[European]] [[feudal]] realm; but unlike his father, [[Henry III]] – indeed any king since [[Henry II]] a hundred years before – he also recognised the rights of his subjects and was a passionate believer in good and fair (for the period) governance. And he kept his word - as a young prince, when asked to break the oath he and his father, [[Henry III]] had made unwillingly at [[Oxford]] in 1258, he refused, although the barons had broken theirs. In his private life his love of his wife, [[Eleanor of Castile]], and his very public and prolonged mourning after her death in 1290 are well recorded. Some of the 12 “Eleanor Crosses” he had erected in memoriam at the resting places for her funeral cortege on its way from [[Lincoln]] to [[Westminster]] still stand.
+He was very aware of his rights and privileges as the monarch of a major [[European]] [[feudal]] realm; but unlike his father, [[Henry III]] – indeed any king since [[Henry II]] a hundred years before – he also recognized the rights of his subjects and was a passionate believer in good and fair (for the period) governance. And he kept his word - as a young prince, when asked to break the oath he and his father, Henry III had made unwillingly at [[Oxford]] in 1258, he refused, although the barons had broken theirs. In his private life his love of his wife, [[Eleanor of Castile]], and his very public and prolonged mourning after her death in 1290 are well recorded. Some of the 12 “Eleanor Crosses” he had erected in memoriam at the resting places for her funeral cortege on its way from [[Lincoln]] to [[Westminster]] still stand.
 He was, however, ruthless and could be extremely cruel. He had the [[Plantagenet]] temper and was quick to take offence.
 In the early years of his reign, free from the interminable struggles against [[France]], hardly any aspect of the government of the realm, the relationship between Crown and Church, or the issue of law and order, was left untouched in Statutes approved at a series of [[Parliament]]s. He even re-confirmed the [[Magna Carta]].
@@ Line 17: / Line 18: @@
 Edward’s legacy is complicated. He left a country bankrupted by the almost constant warfare of the previous twenty years. He had secured his country’s western borders, but committed to the upkeep of massive castles and a holding army in Wales. His treatment of the Scots still causes rancour in Anglo-Scottish relations today. This may or may not  be balanced by the progress made in England’s standards of governance, and the greater reliance on parliament.
-References:
+==Further reading==
-•	Arthur Bryant: “Makers of the Realm”
+*Arthur Bryant: “Makers of the Realm”
-•	Norman Davies: “The Isles”
+*Norman Davies: “The Isles”
-•	“The Oxford Companion to British History”
+*“The Oxford Companion to British History”
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Edward 1}}

@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 •	“The Oxford Companion to British History”
-{{DEFAULTSORT: Edward 1}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Edward 1}}
 {{Nb english monarchs}}
 [[Category:English History]]
 [[Category:Medieval History]]

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 He is best remembered for his conquest of [[Wales]], and for the series of campaigns in [[Scotland]], for which he became known as the 'Hammer of the Scots'.
-The Welsh and England had had a restive relationship for centuries, paralleled by  frequent periods of unrest within Wales as local rulers fought for supremacy. By 1250 the Welsh prince, [[Llewellyn II ap Gruffydd]] had been reduced to the rank of an English baron, owing fealty to the Crown of England. During the next couple of decades Llewellyn extended his control until, in 1267,  the Treaty of Montgomery recognised him as “Prince of Wales”, and although still a vassal of the King of England, he ruled a land recognised as purely Welsh.
+The Welsh and England had had a restive relationship for centuries, paralleled by  frequent periods of unrest within Wales as local rulers fought for supremacy. By 1250 the Welsh prince, [[Llewellyn ap Gruffydd]] had been reduced to the rank of an English baron, owing fealty to the Crown of England. During the next couple of decades Llewellyn extended his control until, in 1267,  the Treaty of Montgomery recognised him as “Prince of Wales”, and although still a vassal of the King of England, he ruled a land recognised as purely Welsh.
-In 1276 Edward perceived that Llewellyn had breached the Treaty of Montgomery. In what must be one of the greatest examples of overkill in medieval European history he mobilised the total forces of his realm, augmented by foreign troops and a large fleet, and in 1277 invaded Wales. The subsequent Peace of Aberconway  was breached by Welsh forces hostile to Llewellyn and in 1282 Edward pounced again. Llewellan was killed in a skirmish, and his brother Dafydd was hunted down and hideously executed. A string of great concentric castles was built, and English law and customs began their march into the Welsh interior. The investiture of his son, Edward as [[Prince of Wales]] (which legend tells us was at Caernarvon Castle in 1284, but was in reality at Lincoln 17 years later) retained the perception of the State as a principality, but it was the principality belonging to the heir to the English throne.
+In 1276 Edward perceived that Llewellyn had breached the Treaty of Montgomery. In what must be one of the greatest examples of overkill in medieval European history he mobilised the total forces of his realm, augmented by foreign troops and a large fleet, and in 1277 invaded Wales. The subsequent Peace of Aberconwy  was breached by Welsh forces hostile to Llewellyn and in 1282 Edward pounced again. Llewellyn was killed in a skirmish, and his brother Dafydd was hunted down and hideously executed. A string of great concentric castles was built, and English law and customs began their march into the Welsh interior. The investiture of his son, Edward as [[Prince of Wales]] (which legend tells us was at Caernarvon Castle in 1284, but was in reality at Lincoln 17 years later) retained the perception of the State as a principality, but it was the principality belonging to the heir to the English throne.
 The matter of Scotland had different causes and a much different outcome. In 1290, as self-appointed arbiter on who should be appointed to the Scottish throne left vacant by the death of the heirless “[[Maid of Norway]]”. The man Edward chose, [[John Baliol]], was   unpopular. He was also placed in the invidious position of being forced to pay homage to Edward and to supply Scottish forces for forthcoming hostilities in France. He made a treaty with France. When Edward’s forces attacked France, the Scots attacked England. So Edward invaded Scotland. He was immediately successful, but holding on to the prize was difficult. First [[William Wallace]] (until captured and killed in 1305), then [[Robert the Bruce]], led rebellions against the invaders. Edward did not live to see the result of Bruce’s uprising. In 1307 he died.

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:52, April 11, 2009
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	{{DEFAULTSORT: Edward 1}}		{{DEFAULTSORT: Edward 1}}
	{{Nb english monarchs}}		{{Nb english monarchs}}
		+
		+	[[Category:English History]]
		+	[[Category:Medieval History]]