Encryption - Revision history

DavidB4-bot: Spelling, grammar, and general cleanup, typos fixed: a algorithm → an algorithm

2019-12-04T07:12:30Z

Spelling, grammar, and general cleanup, typos fixed: a algorithm → an algorithm

DavidB4: Common algorithms

2019-11-04T05:34:36Z

Common algorithms

DavidB4: There's a difference. Information has meaning. Encrypted information is data, which may not have any obvious meaning

2019-11-04T02:50:19Z

There's a difference. Information has meaning. Encrypted information is data, which may not have any obvious meaning

DavidB4: Expanding and updating

2019-11-04T02:44:58Z

Expanding and updating

Aschlafly: The Enigma cipher was first cracked by three Polish mathematicians: Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Rozycki, and Henryk Zygalski.

2019-11-03T16:32:35Z

The Enigma cipher was first cracked by three Polish mathematicians: Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Rozycki, and Henryk Zygalski.

Aschlafly: punctuation, dewikify

2018-03-12T19:44:49Z

punctuation, dewikify

JDano: /* See Also */ remove red link

2016-04-22T19:32:42Z

JDano: clean up

2016-04-22T19:31:53Z

clean up

DavidB4: a little category cleaning

2016-04-11T23:37:08Z

a little category cleaning

TheAmericanRedoubt at 10:24, December 26, 2014

2014-12-26T10:24:08Z

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-'''Encryption''' is the process of changing information into a secret [[code]] using a algorithm (cipher).<ref>http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/encryption.html</ref> It is usually carried out today by [[computer]]s, although in the past it was traditionally carried out by analog machines or by specialists known as [[cryptographer]]s.
+'''Encryption''' is the process of changing information into a secret [[code]] using an algorithm (cipher).<ref>http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/encryption.html</ref> It is usually carried out today by [[computer]]s, although in the past it was traditionally carried out by analog machines or by specialists known as [[cryptographer]]s.
 ==History==
@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 ===RSA===
-RSA was developed by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman in the 1970s. Named after its creators, RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman) is a [[public-key encryption]] (also known as asymmetric encryption) algorithm which is used today for many applications. SSH authentication, SSL encryption, and many other systems use this algorithm. RSA uses a key length of 1024-bits or 2048-bits. 1024-bits is considered insufficient by some, especially with the advancements in [[quantum computing]]. The industry and US government recommend using more than 1024-bit keys.<ref name="cleverism.com">https://www.cleverism.com/5-common-encryption-algorithms-and-the-unbreakables-of-the-future/</ref><ref name="storagecraft.com">https://blog.storagecraft.com/5-common-encryption-algorithms/</ref>
+RSA was developed by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman in the 1970s. Named after its creators, RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman) is a [[public-key encryption]] (also known as asymmetric encryption) algorithm which is used today for many applications. SSH authentication, SSL encryption, and many other systems use this algorithm. RSA uses a key length of 1024-bits or 2048-bits. 1024-bits is considered insufficient by some, especially with the advancements in [[quantum computing]]. The industry and US government recommend using more than 1024-bit keys.<ref name="cleverism.com"/><ref name="storagecraft.com"/>
 ===Blowfish===
-Created in 1993 by Bruce Schneier as a replacement for DES, Blowfish is a general-purpose block-cipher symmetric encryption algorithm. This system uses 64-bit blocks of data, with keys ranging from 32-bits to 448-bits. It is a very durable and flexible algorithm, which is used in many ways, from commerce software to drive-level encryption systems.<ref name="cleverism.com">https://www.cleverism.com/5-common-encryption-algorithms-and-the-unbreakables-of-the-future/</ref><ref name="storagecraft.com">https://blog.storagecraft.com/5-common-encryption-algorithms/</ref><ref>https://www.schneier.com/academic/blowfish/</ref><ref>https://www.commonlounge.com/discussion/d95616beecc148daaa23f35178691c35</ref>
+Created in 1993 by Bruce Schneier as a replacement for DES, Blowfish is a general-purpose block-cipher symmetric encryption algorithm. This system uses 64-bit blocks of data, with keys ranging from 32-bits to 448-bits. It is a very durable and flexible algorithm, which is used in many ways, from commerce software to drive-level encryption systems.<ref name="cleverism.com"/><ref name="storagecraft.com"/><ref>https://www.schneier.com/academic/blowfish/</ref><ref>https://www.commonlounge.com/discussion/d95616beecc148daaa23f35178691c35</ref>
 ===Twofish===
-Also created by Bruce Schneier, Twofish is another block-cipher symmetric encryption algorithm. It uses 128-bit blocks, and keys up to 256-bits. Each block is encrypted based on the output of the previous block, which adds to the difficulty of brute-forcing data which has been encrypted using this algorithm.<ref name="cleverism.com">https://www.cleverism.com/5-common-encryption-algorithms-and-the-unbreakables-of-the-future/</ref><ref name="storagecraft.com">https://blog.storagecraft.com/5-common-encryption-algorithms/</ref>
+Also created by Bruce Schneier, Twofish is another block-cipher symmetric encryption algorithm. It uses 128-bit blocks, and keys up to 256-bits. Each block is encrypted based on the output of the previous block, which adds to the difficulty of brute-forcing data which has been encrypted using this algorithm.<ref name="cleverism.com"/><ref name="storagecraft.com"/>
 ===AES===
-The "[[Advanced Encryption Standard]]," originally named "Rijndael," was released in 1998 by Vincent Rijmen and Joan Daemen. It became the new U.S. encryption standard in 2002. AES is a symmetric key cryptography algorithm which encrypts 128-bit blocks of data using 128-bit, 192-bit, or 256-bit keys. This algorithm is relatively fast and easy to use, and relatively durrible.  However, it can be broken, especially when short keys are used. In order to make brute-forcing this encryption more difficult, it will typically run at least ten rounds of encryption on each block.<ref>https://aesencryption.net/</ref><ref name="cleverism.com">https://www.cleverism.com/5-common-encryption-algorithms-and-the-unbreakables-of-the-future/</ref><ref name="storagecraft.com">https://blog.storagecraft.com/5-common-encryption-algorithms/</ref><ref>https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cryptography/advanced_encryption_standard.htm</ref>
+The "[[Advanced Encryption Standard]]," originally named "Rijndael," was released in 1998 by Vincent Rijmen and Joan Daemen. It became the new U.S. encryption standard in 2002. AES is a symmetric key cryptography algorithm which encrypts 128-bit blocks of data using 128-bit, 192-bit, or 256-bit keys. This algorithm is relatively fast and easy to use, and relatively durrible.  However, it can be broken, especially when short keys are used. In order to make brute-forcing this encryption more difficult, it will typically run at least ten rounds of encryption on each block.<ref name="cleverism.com"/><ref name="storagecraft.com"/><ref>https://aesencryption.net/</ref><ref>https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cryptography/advanced_encryption_standard.htm</ref>
 ===IDEA===
-The International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) is another symmetric encryption algorithm, which was released by Xuejia Lai and James Massey in 1991. This system uses 64-bit blocks and 128-bit keys. Unlike its predecessors, this algorithm encrypts the data multiple times, but it uses "half-rounds" to accomplish this.  The key is broken up into 16-bit sub-keys, and these are used for each pass rather than the full key.<ref name="cleverism.com">https://www.cleverism.com/5-common-encryption-algorithms-and-the-unbreakables-of-the-future/</ref><ref name="storagecraft.com">https://blog.storagecraft.com/5-common-encryption-algorithms/</ref>
+The International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) is another symmetric encryption algorithm, which was released by Xuejia Lai and James Massey in 1991. This system uses 64-bit blocks and 128-bit keys. Unlike its predecessors, this algorithm encrypts the data multiple times, but it uses "half-rounds" to accomplish this.  The key is broken up into 16-bit sub-keys, and these are used for each pass rather than the full key.<ref name="cleverism.com"/><ref name="storagecraft.com"/>
 ==See also==

@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 ===Harmful uses===
-Like any tool, encryption can be used for good or evil. Encryption is sometimes used by [[hacker]]s and other anti-government types to conceal their activities from the federal government. For example, the leftist [[GNU]] organization provides a program called "[[Pretty Good Privacy]]" (PGP) for encrypting [[e-mail]]; this can have legitimate uses, but is also  sometimes used for concealing underhanded communication.
+Like any tool, encryption can be used for good or evil. Encryption is sometimes used by [[hacker]]s and other anti-government types to conceal their activities from the federal government. For example, the leftist [[GNU]] organization provides a program called "[[Pretty Good Privacy]]" (PGP) for encrypting [[e-mail]]; this can have legitimate uses, but is also sometimes used for concealing underhanded communication.
 Encryption is also used by some [[malware]], to conceal the malicious payload and avoid security scanners. [[Ransomware]] takes a different approach, by encrypting personal or corporate files on infected computers, then demanding a ransom payment before (possibly) disclosing the decryption key.
 ==See also==

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:50, November 4, 2019
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−	'''Encryption''' is the process of changing ~~[[data]]~~ into a secret [[code]] using a algorithm (cipher).<ref>http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/encryption.html</ref> It is usually carried out today by [[computer]]s, although in the past it was traditionally carried out by analog machines or by specialists known as [[cryptographer]]s.	+	'''Encryption''' is the process of changing information into a secret [[code]] using a algorithm (cipher).<ref>http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/encryption.html</ref> It is usually carried out today by [[computer]]s, although in the past it was traditionally carried out by analog machines or by specialists known as [[cryptographer]]s.

	==History==		==History==

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-'''Encryption''' is the process of changing [[data]] into a secret [[code]].<ref>http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/encryption.html</ref> It is usually carried out today by [[computer]]s, although in the past it was traditionally carried out by analog machines or by specialists known as [[cryptographer]]s.
+'''Encryption''' is the process of changing [[data]] into a secret [[code]] using a algorithm (cipher).<ref>http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/encryption.html</ref> It is usually carried out today by [[computer]]s, although in the past it was traditionally carried out by analog machines or by specialists known as [[cryptographer]]s.
 The earliest known form of encryption is that known as "ROT-13," or the "[[Caesar]] cipher", because its invention was once reportedly attributed to [[Julius Caesar]].<ref>Far more likely, however, is that the Caesar cipher was invented by a [[mathematician]] in Caesar's employ, and Caesar merely took the credit, much as [[Henry VIII]] took credit for the melody of "[[Greensleeves]]", or President [[James Garfield]] claimed to have discovered a novel proof of the [[Pythagorean Theorem]].</ref> In the Caesar cipher, each letter of the message (or "plaintext") is shifted forward in the alphabet by 13 places; for example, "CIPHER" becomes "PVCURE".<ref>The lack of the letters "J", "Q", "U", and "W" in the [[Latin]] alphabet posed an impediment to the Caesar shift's widespread adoption, since the encoded ciphertext would actually have read "PVCVRE" and thus had four different possible decodings.</ref> The Caesar cipher is what is called a ''[[symmetry|symmetric]] cipher'', meaning that the method of encryption is the same as the method of decryption (rotate by 13 characters), and therefore it is just as easy to decode any message as it was to encode it. For this reason, modern cryptanalysts tend to view most symmetric encryption methods as flawed.<ref>http://www.centurionsoft.com/centurionmail/wpencryption.html</ref>
@@ Line 10: / Line 11: @@
 The deciphering of the Enigma was the beginning of modern cryptography as a science, although few advancements were made from the end of WWII until the rise of the [[Internet]] in the 1980s.
-Today, encryption is used by [[hacker]]s and other anti-government types to conceal their activities from the federal government. For example, the leftist [[GNU]] organization provides a program called "[[Pretty Good Privacy]]" (PGP) for encrypting [[e-mail]]. Several forms of "strong" encryption are considered munitions under federal law, and may not be exported to belligerent countries such as [[Iran]].<ref>[http://www.stanford.edu/dept/DoR/exp_controls/encryption1.html "Encryption Export Controls"] at ''stanford.edu''</ref>
+==Modern usage==
 ==See also==

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 Another popular historical encryption method was the "enigma machine" developed by [[Nazi Germany]] during [[World War II]]. The enigma machine (or ''ENIGMA'' for short) worked on the plugboard principle. It had the ability to generate many different ciphertexts for the same plaintext using different "keys", which meant that Allied cryptographers could no longer rely on being able to match encoded texts with plaintexts. Prior to World War II, cryptographers had gotten used to being able to collate messages with their ciphertexts to create large "dictionaries" (for example, matching the ciphertext "PVCURE" with its plaintext "CIPHER" in the above example). These code dictionaries could then be used to launch dictionary attacks against messages whose decodings were not yet known. ''ENIGMA'' rendered this tactic hopeless. For example, while "PVCURE" might mean "CIPHER" using Monday's key, it might mean "ATTACK" using Tuesday's key. However, a letter cannot be encrypted as itself, so no key can decrypt "PVCURE" as "POISON".
-The Enigma cipher was eventually cracked by homosexual<ref>http://thomasj1776.multiply.com/journal/item/69?&item_id=69</ref> British mathematician [[Alan Turing]], with the aid of an early computer. This was the beginning of modern cryptography as a science, although few advancements were made from the end of WWII until the rise of the [[Internet]] in the 1980s.
+The Enigma cipher was first cracked by three [[Poland|Polish]] mathematicians:
 Today, encryption is used by [[hacker]]s and other anti-government types to conceal their activities from the federal government. For example, the leftist [[GNU]] organization provides a program called "[[Pretty Good Privacy]]" (PGP) for encrypting [[e-mail]]. Several forms of "strong" encryption are considered munitions under federal law, and may not be exported to belligerent countries such as [[Iran]].<ref>[http://www.stanford.edu/dept/DoR/exp_controls/encryption1.html "Encryption Export Controls"] at ''stanford.edu''</ref>

@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 *[[Public-key encryption]]
 *[[Steganography]]
 ==References==

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 Today, encryption is used by [[hacker]]s and other anti-government types to conceal their activities from the federal government. For example, the leftist [[GNU]] organization provides a program called "[[Pretty Good Privacy]]" (PGP) for encrypting [[e-mail]]. Several forms of "strong" encryption are considered [[munitions]] under federal law, and may not be exported to belligerent countries such as [[Iran]].<ref>[http://www.stanford.edu/dept/DoR/exp_controls/encryption1.html "Encryption Export Controls"] at ''stanford.edu''</ref>
+==See also==
-== See Also ==
+*[[Public-key encryption]]
-* [[List of military strategies and concepts]]
+*[[Steganography]]
-* [[War on Drugs]] and the [[Police state]]
+*[[State secret]]
 ==References==
-{{reflist|2}}
+<references/>
 [[Category:Cryptography]]
 [[Category:Computer Security]]

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 [[Category:First Amendment]]
 [[Category:Fourth Amendment]]
 [[Category:Cryptography]]
 [[Category:First Amendment]]
 [[Category:Fourth Amendment]]
 [[Category:Fifth Amendment]]
 [[Category:Computer Security]]
 [[Category:Survivalism]]
 [[Category:Military Strategies and Concepts]]