Essay:Demystified gravitation - Revision history

DavidB4-bot: /* References */Default Sort

2017-03-27T17:05:41Z

‎References: Default Sort

DavidB4: Category:Essays

2017-03-22T20:52:07Z

DavidB4-bot: Spelling/Grammar Check & Cleanup, typos fixed: explaning → explaining, realativity → relativity (2), runing → running, sugests → suggests, symetric → symmetric, Therefore → Therefore, (3), acheived → achieved, arangement → arrangement

2016-09-16T03:29:16Z

Spelling/Grammar Check & Cleanup, typos fixed: explaning → explaining, realativity → relativity (2), runing → running, sugests → suggests, symetric → symmetric, Therefore → Therefore, (3), acheived → achieved, arangement → arrangement

DavidB4-bot: clean up & uniformity

2016-07-13T12:08:12Z

clean up & uniformity

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JimJast: /* Step by step derivation of cosmological redshift */ adding the paper with derivation of Hubble redshift

2011-10-01T20:57:40Z

‎Step by step derivation of cosmological redshift: adding the paper with derivation of Hubble redshift

JimJast: /* Metric of Einsteinian universe */

2011-10-01T19:22:45Z

‎Metric of Einsteinian universe

JimJast: /* Hubble tensor */ Noether's Theorem

2011-10-01T19:07:14Z

‎Hubble tensor: Noether's Theorem

JimJast: fixing EU as EUT + some corrections

2011-10-01T19:04:33Z

fixing EU as EUT + some corrections

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JimJast: /* Introduction to Einsteinian universe */ style and typos

2011-09-30T23:33:39Z

‎Introduction to Einsteinian universe: style and typos

JimJast: shortening

2011-09-30T23:03:40Z

shortening

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 The Einsteinian universe theory (EUT), is a theory of universe from which the "expansion of univrese" was eliminated through the calculation of [[intrinsic redshift]], that showed that the alleged expansion is a relativistic illusion due to the curvature of space.
-The EUT is almost the same as Einstein's stationary model universe of 1917 that was Einstein's guess, very close to the present EUT model of universe. It has common with the present EUT model the proved only in 1985, and therefore unknown to Einstein, the lack of expansion, that in original Einstein's model has been acheived via introduction of [[cosmological constant]], and therefore with purely mathematical means.<ref>
+The EUT is almost the same as Einstein's stationary model universe of 1917 that was Einstein's guess, very close to the present EUT model of universe. It has common with the present EUT model the proved only in 1985, and therefore unknown to Einstein, the lack of expansion, that in original Einstein's model has been achieved via introduction of [[cosmological constant]], and therefore with purely mathematical means.<ref>
 And one has to remember that math is not [[science]].
@@ Line 122: / Line 122: @@
 To keep Einstein's field equation of this stationary model stable, and not knowing yet about the ''"[[Hubble time dilation]]"'', discovered by Edwin Hubble over a decade later, and suggesting to some astronomers that the universe might be expanding, Einstein added his ''"cosmological constant"'' to his field equation that stopped the alleged expansion. Later he called this cosmological constant ''"the biggest blunder of his life"''.
-When the ''"cosmological constant"'' turned out to be unnecessary, in 1985, since it turned out that the Hubble redshift is not caused by expansion of the universe but by the time runing slower at the deep space galaxies in curved space, which in EUT simulates accelerating expansion of space with acceleration
+When the ''"cosmological constant"'' turned out to be unnecessary, in 1985, since it turned out that the Hubble redshift is not caused by expansion of the universe but by the time running slower at the deep space galaxies in curved space, which in EUT simulates accelerating expansion of space with acceleration
 :<math>dH/dt=-H_o^2/2</math>
@@ Line 143: / Line 143: @@
 The establishment scientific journals still resist the publication of the truth about the universe (that it operates according to Einstein's plan and that the Einsteinian gravitation, does not allow the expansion of universe, does not allow the [[Big Bang]] as a way of creation of the universe).
-EUT sugests that the universe is stationary with Newtonian arguments based on relativity of time, which any intelligent high school student should easily comprehend and repeat the Newtonian physics contained in the following sections.
+EUT suggests that the universe is stationary with Newtonian arguments based on relativity of time, which any intelligent high school student should easily comprehend and repeat the Newtonian physics contained in the following sections.
 First easy to notice feature of EUT is that the universe has been always approximately the same. It has been never changing, beyond trivial movements of celestial bodies. The EUT is therefore described by the [[Perfect cosmological principle]].
@@ Line 158: / Line 158: @@
 </ref>
-The EUT is explaning how the relativity of time and space (notions of non existence of absolute time and absolute space) are working in stationary, neither expanding nor contracting, eternal universe that has neither the beginning nor the end.
+The EUT is explaining how the relativity of time and space (notions of non existence of absolute time and absolute space) are working in stationary, neither expanding nor contracting, eternal universe that has neither the beginning nor the end.
 The EUT which except explaining the mechanism of gravitational force as ''inertial force'' pushing masses towards their most probable positions of minimum energy in which it reveals its quantum nature, explains also why due to relativity of time in curved space the universe ''looks as if it were expanding'', and expansion were accelerating with acceleration confirmed to one standard deviation by Supernova cosmology Project.
@@ Line 176: / Line 176: @@
 ''"[[Einstein's radius of universe]]"'' <math>R_E</math> in the above equation equals roughly 13 billion light years is implied by the above value of [[Hubble constant|Hubble "constant"]] and why it should be consistent with minimum of angular diameters of galaxies between redshifts Z=1 and Z=2 which is additional test of EUT.
-Therefore the EUT explains most of numerical results that the [[Big Bang]] cosmology is unable to explain. the EUT is in fact an extension of Einstein's general realativity but it may not be called by this name because the [[relativists]] highjacked this name for their pseudo scientific hypothesis of the [[Big Bang]] which, when used, might have caused a confusion.
+Therefore, the EUT explains most of numerical results that the [[Big Bang]] cosmology is unable to explain. the EUT is in fact an extension of Einstein's general relativity but it may not be called by this name because the [[relativists]] highjacked this name for their pseudo scientific hypothesis of the [[Big Bang]] which, when used, might have caused a confusion.
 ===Step by step derivation of cosmological redshift===
@@ Line 348: / Line 348: @@
 I wanted to find out what is the real rate of expansion of space after subtracting the result of my calculations <math>\Delta H_o</math> from the [[Hubble constant]] <math>H_o</math> that, as I thought then, contained the total redshift: coming from the expansion of space and from [[dynamical friction]].
-I thought that I can adjust the [[Hubble constant]] <math>H_o</math> by subtracting from it <math>\Delta H_o</math> to get the real rate of expansion of space. I thought that the rate of expansion was too high since nobody bothered with making those calculations of [[dynamical friction]]. When I asked astrophysicists they all kept saying that the dynamical friction must be  "negligible" for photons since if it were not then someone would have calculated it already, and no one heard that it was ever done. Consequently no one knew how "negligible" it is.
+I thought that I can adjust the [[Hubble constant]] <math>H_o</math> by subtracting from it <math>\Delta H_o</math> to get the real rate of expansion of space. I thought that the rate of expansion was too high since nobody bothered with making those calculations of [[dynamical friction]]. When I asked astrophysicists they all kept saying that the dynamical friction must be  "negligible" for photons since if it were not then someone would have calculated it already, and no one heard that it was ever done. Consequently, no one knew how "negligible" it is.
 ===Surprise! Surprise! No expansion?!===
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 The question was followed by long silence during which our teach was thinking intesively. After the silence became too long, he said ''"I teach this course for four years already and nobody ever asked me such a question so I need more time to think about it, just come to me tomorrow before the lecture so I have more time to think. I'm not really a [[relativists|relativist]] but a particle physicists, I just teach this course"''.
-The question wasn't answered neither next day (''"no time"'') nor ever. I just learned that general realtivity is not a simple subject known to any physicist. So I started learning it and think about it on my own.
+The question wasn't answered neither next day (''"no time"'') nor ever. I just learned that general relativity is not a simple subject known to any physicist. So I started learning it and think about it on my own.
 ====Getting rid of cosmological constant====
-First idea that came to my mind was that if the Einstein's value of [[cosmological constant]] stabilizes the universe then one should come up with such a constant that changes together with <math>R</math> (contraction of Ricci tensor) in such way that their sum vanishes. I called this hypothetical constant "contraction of ''[[Hubble tensor]]''" in honor of discoverer of [[Hubble redshift]]. To have a contraction one needs also a tensor itself so I needed a ''[[Hubble tensor]]'' as well. It would be a tensor having such properties that its contraction multiplied by half of metric would be equal exactly <math>\Lambda_E</math> (Einstein's value of [[cosmological constant]]). I just learned lately from a mathematician in my school, that such arangement is possible if the metric is non symmetric. Which it is, since it was metric required by Einstein for the spacetime.<ref>Einstein, A., ''"On the Generalized Theory of Gravitation"'', April 1950 issue of ''"Scientific American"''. Einstein's paper has been dropped from the bibliography of Einstein's papers in 1973 ''"Gravitation"'' by Misner, Thorne, and Wheeler.</ref>
+First idea that came to my mind was that if the Einstein's value of [[cosmological constant]] stabilizes the universe then one should come up with such a constant that changes together with <math>R</math> (contraction of Ricci tensor) in such way that their sum vanishes. I called this hypothetical constant "contraction of ''[[Hubble tensor]]''" in honor of discoverer of [[Hubble redshift]]. To have a contraction one needs also a tensor itself so I needed a ''[[Hubble tensor]]'' as well. It would be a tensor having such properties that its contraction multiplied by half of metric would be equal exactly <math>\Lambda_E</math> (Einstein's value of [[cosmological constant]]). I just learned lately from a mathematician in my school, that such arrangement is possible if the metric is non symmetric. Which it is, since it was metric required by Einstein for the spacetime.<ref>Einstein, A., ''"On the Generalized Theory of Gravitation"'', April 1950 issue of ''"Scientific American"''. Einstein's paper has been dropped from the bibliography of Einstein's papers in 1973 ''"Gravitation"'' by Misner, Thorne, and Wheeler.</ref>
 ====Hubble tensor====
-Furthermore to make the spacetime flat to comply with the principle of conservation of energy and momentum (that followed from [[Noether's Theorem]]) I needed the missing antisymmetric part of Ricci tensor that would represent the "curvature of time" (the term coined by [[Richard Feynman]]) that would compensate the [[curvature of space]] represented by Ricci tensor to make the spacetime flat ([[Minkowski]]). [[Hubble tensor]] seemed an ideal candidate to fill up this place.
+Furthermore, to make the spacetime flat to comply with the principle of conservation of energy and momentum (that followed from [[Noether's Theorem]]) I needed the missing antisymmetric part of Ricci tensor that would represent the "curvature of time" (the term coined by [[Richard Feynman]]) that would compensate the [[curvature of space]] represented by Ricci tensor to make the spacetime flat ([[Minkowski]]). [[Hubble tensor]] seemed an ideal candidate to fill up this place.
-The metric that I assumed for Einsteinian universe is non symetric and degenerate (with vanishing determinant) and yet is approximates to very neet flat [[Minkowski]] metric
+The metric that I assumed for Einsteinian universe is non symmetric and degenerate (with vanishing determinant) and yet is approximates to very neet flat [[Minkowski]] metric
 :<math>d\tau^2=dt^2-dr^2/c^2</math>.

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:57, October 1, 2011
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	===Step by step derivation of cosmological redshift===		===Step by step derivation of cosmological redshift===
		+
		+	To see the whole one page paper describing the derivation for physicists and/or astronomers look at [[Essay:Hubble redshift in Einstein's universe]].
		+	To see step-by-step derivation for high school students look at following steps:

	====Step 1. Assumptions ====		====Step 1. Assumptions ====

@@ Line 304: / Line 304: @@
 :<math>d\tau^2=dt^2-dr^2/c^2</math> for <math>r</math><<<math>R_E</math>.
-The Einstein's universe metric seems to be the simplest metric with required by Einstein's property of non symmetry of metric <ref>Einstein's 1950 paper ''"On the Generalized Theory of Gravitation"'', published in April 1950 issue of ''"Scientific American"''. This paper was not placed for some reason in detailed bibliography of Einstein's papers of 1973 ''"Gravitation"'', by Misner, Thorne, and Wheeler. The reason might be that this book assumes at the onset the symmetric metric of spacetime while Einstein excluded such possibility possibly for it potential of creation of energy from nothing utilized indeed later in ''"Gravitation"'' in the form of Big Bang hypothesis. For this reason ''"Gravitation"'' might be considered advocating a creationist cosmology, as contrasted by stationary cosmology of '''Einsteinian gravitation'''.</ref>.
+The EUT metric seems to be the simplest metric with required by Einsteinian property of non symmetry of metric <ref>
 ===Critique of the Big Bang hypothesis (BBH)===

@@ Line 128: / Line 128: @@
 Publishing of such a news would destroy the credibility of estblishment cosmologists and their openly false hypothesis of creation and evolution of universe called the [[Big Bang]] hypothesis.
-Around 1929 Edwin Hubble discovered cosmological redshift that [[relativists]] started to consider a sign that the universe is expanding. Then Einstein gave up working on his stationary universe, and left his cosmological constant as it was. He also told his secretary not to let in anyone who wants to talk to him about the universe.
+Around 1929 Edwin Hubble discovered cosmological redshift that [[relativists]] started to consider a sign that the universe is expanding. Then Einstein gave up working on his stationary universe, and left his [[cosmological constant]] as it was. He also told his secretary not to let in anyone who wants to talk to him about the universe.
 <ref>
@@ Line 135: / Line 135: @@
 </ref>
-The [[relativists]] were not able to remove cosmological constant since it might have ruined their [[Big Bang]] hypothesis and named it "[[dark energy]]" creating this way new mystery for themselves to solve (at the taxpayers expense) and so the "[[dark energy]]" remains a mystery ever since.
+The [[relativists]] were not able to remove cosmological constant since it might have ruined their [[Big Bang]] hypothesis and named it "[[dark energy]]" creating this way new mystery for themselves to solve (at the taxpayers expense) and so the "[[dark energy]]" remains a mystery for them ever since.
 The establishment scientific journals still resist the publication of the truth about the universe (that it operates according to Einstein's plan and that the Einsteinian gravitation, does not allow the expansion of universe, does not allow the [[Big Bang]] as a way of creation of the universe).
@@ Line 143: / Line 143: @@
 First easy to notice feature of EU is that the universe has been always approximately the same. It has been never changing, beyond trivial movements of celestial bodies. The EU is therefore described by the [[Perfect cosmological principle]].
-The theory is called ''"Einsteinian"'' since it's Einsteinian type theory, except a bit deeper since it includes elements that Einstein didn't know about or didn't care. For this reason there are also a few flaws which had to be dealt with and removed (as e.g. the mantioned [[cosmological constant]]). The new elements and recognition of flaws showed up after 1985 when it turned out that the universe is not expanding since its [[intrinsic redshift]] turned to be represented by [[Hubble constant]] equal
+The theory is called ''"Einsteinian"'' since it's Einsteinian type theory, except a bit deeper since it includes elements that Einstein didn't know about or didn't care. For this reason there are also a few flaws which had to be dealt with and removed (as e.g. the mentioned [[cosmological constant]]). The new elements and recognition of flaws showed up after 1985 when it turned out that the universe is not expanding since its [[intrinsic redshift]] turned to be represented by [[Hubble constant]] equal
 :<math>H_o=c/R_E</math>,

@@ Line 112: / Line 112: @@
 ===Introduction to Einsteinian universe===
-The Einsteinian universe (EU), is a theory of universe from which the "expansion of univrese" got eliminated through the calculation of [[intrinsic redshift]], that showed that the alleged expansion is a relativistic illusion due to the curvature of space.
+The Einsteinian universe (EU), is a theory of universe from which the "expansion of univrese" was eliminated through the calculation of [[intrinsic redshift]], that showed that the alleged expansion is a relativistic illusion due to the curvature of space.
-Basics of its gravitation have been explained in part 1 of this essay. Now, knowing how the ''apparent gravitational force'' has been generated let's look at the whole universe controlled by this apparent force.
+The EU is almost the same as Einstein's stationary model universe of 1917 that was Einstein's guess, very close to the present EU model of universe. It has common with the present model the proved only in 1985, and therefore unknown to Einstein, the lack of expansion, that in original Einstein's model has been acheived via [[cosmological constant]].
-First easy to notice feature is that in EU the universe has been always approximately the same. It has been never changing, beyond trivial movements of celestial bodies. The EU is described by the [[Perfect cosmological principle]].
+To keep Einstein's field equation of this stationary model stable, and not knowing yet about the ''"[[Hubble time dilation]]"'', discovered by Edwin Hubble over a decade later, and suggesting to some astronomers that the universe might be expanding, Einstein added his ''"cosmological constant"'' to his field equation that stopped the alleged expansion. Later he called this cosmological constant ''"the biggest blunder of his life"''.
-The theory is called ''"Einsteinian"'' since it's Einsteinian type theory, except a bit deeper since it includes elements that Einstein didn't know about or didn't care. For this reason there are also a few flaws which had to be dealt with and removed (as e.g. [[cosmological constant]]). The new elements and recognition of flaws showed up after 1985 when it turned out that the universe is not expanding (as it was obviosly neither expanding when Newton tried to describe it Without yet knowing though about the [[curvature of space]]. Yet almost purely Newtonian solution, with accuracy to
+When the ''"cosmological constant"'' turned out to be unnecessary, since it turned out that the Hubble redshift is not caused by expansion of the universe but by the time runing slower at the deep space galaxies in curved space, which in EU simulates accelerating expansion of space with acceleration
-:<math>E=mc^2</math>,
+:<math>dH/dt=-H_o^2/2</math>
-where <math>E</math> is energy contained in any mass <math>m</math> and <math>c</math> is speed of light in vacuum, comes out with [[Einstein's radius of universe]]!
+Publishing of such a news would destroy the credibility of estblishment cosmologists and their openly false hypothesis of creation and evolution of universe called the [[Big Bang]] hypothesis.
-Which means that Einstein must have been doing something right assuming the [[perfect cosmological principle]] already in 1917. And so the EU may be also "right" as far as we know
+Around 1929 Edwin Hubble discovered cosmological redshift that [[relativists]] started to consider a sign that the universe is expanding. Then Einstein gave up working on his stationary universe, and left his cosmological constant as it was. He also told his secretary not to let in anyone who wants to talk to him about the universe.
 <ref>
@@ Line 133: / Line 158: @@
 The EU is explaning how the relativity of time and space (notions of non existence of absolute time and absolute space) are working in stationary, neither expanding nor contracting, eternal universe that has neither the beginning nor the end.
-The EU which except explaining the mechanism of gravitational force as ''inertial force'' pushing masses towards their most probable positions of minimum energy in which it reveals its quantum nature, explains also why due to relativity of time in curved space the universe ''looks as if it were expanding'', and expansion were accelerating with
+The EU which except explaining the mechanism of gravitational force as ''inertial force'' pushing masses towards their most probable positions of minimum energy in which it reveals its quantum nature, explains also why due to relativity of time in curved space the universe ''looks as if it were expanding'', and expansion were accelerating with acceleration confirmed to one standard deviation by Supernova cosmology Project.
-−
-:<math>dH/dt=-H_o^2/2</math>,
-−
-where <math>dH/dt</math> is a change of [[Hubble constant]] with distance from observer <math>r</math> converted to time <math>t</math> through <math>r=ct</math>, <math>H_o</math> is [[Hubble constant|Hubble "constant"]] near the Earth (at <math>t=0</math>).
 The EU explains why the value of [[Hubble constant|Hubble "constant"]] <math>H(t)</math>, which in reality is an exponential function, since the redshift is in reality an exponential function of distance (or time, since <math>r=ct</math>, distance <math>r</math> is the same as time <math>t</math> multiplied by speed of light), so the redshift
@@ Line 158: / Line 179: @@
 Therefore the EU explains most of numerical results that the [[Big Bang]] cosmology is unable to explain. EU is in fact an extension of Einstein's general realativity but it may not be used by this name because the [[relativists]] highjacked this name for their pseudo scientific hypothesis of the [[Big Bang]] which, when used, might have caused a confusion.
 ===Step by step derivation of cosmological redshift===
@@ Line 300: / Line 296: @@
 :So the "accelerating expansion of our universe" blamed on mysterious "dark energy" for which cosmologists look since 1998 is just the Taylor term of expansion series of Hubble constant which is no constant but exponential function as shown in steps 6 or 7 (first as Newtonian result and  second as Einsteinian interpretation of this Newtonian result). Cosmologists also call it "cosmological constant" (the ''"biggest blunder of Einstein's life"'') which can be shown not to exist at all. It might be eliminated from Einstein's field equation in rather straight forward manner.
-===Metric of Einstein's universe===
+===Metric of universe===
-Here is the metric of Einstein's universe with radial coordinate only (angular coordinates dropped for isotropy of the model):
+Here is the metric of universe with radial coordinate only (angular coordinates dropped for isotropy of the model):
 :<math>d\tau^2=exp(-2r/R_E)dt^2+2sinh(2r/R_E)dtdr/c-exp(2r/R_E)dr^2/c^2</math>,