Gene - Revision history

DavidB4-bot: /* History */HTTP --> HTTPS #3, replaced: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov → https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

2019-04-09T14:12:10Z

History: HTTP --> HTTPS #3, replaced: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov → https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

JoeyJ: /* History */

2017-04-01T19:46:38Z

History

JoeyJ at 17:32, February 11, 2017

2017-02-11T17:32:30Z

DavidB4-bot: /* top */clean up & uniformity

2016-07-13T13:19:34Z

top: clean up & uniformity

JoeyJ: /* Mutation */

2014-08-06T08:31:51Z

Mutation

Aschlafly: Reverted edits by ConserveTheWorld (talk) to last revision by DavidE

2014-03-05T18:24:18Z

Reverted edits by ConserveTheWorld (talk) to last revision by DavidE

ConserveTheWorld at 18:01, March 5, 2014

2014-03-05T18:01:23Z

DavidE: corrected obviously wrong information added by troll who has since been blocked

2011-10-17T22:18:17Z

corrected obviously wrong information added by troll who has since been blocked

Jcw: /* History */ tidying

2011-06-10T16:26:21Z

History: tidying

DMorris: removing fact tag

2011-06-05T00:03:37Z

removing fact tag

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 Our bodies are made up of about 100 trillion cells, each of which is responsible for a specific function. The thousands of different proteins in the cells work together like a machine to make the [[cell]] function as it should. If the genes are normal, the body part will function well. If a change (mutation) has happened in a gene, the protein may be faulty, as for example in sickle cell anemia where the instructions for making [[blood]] cells are abnormal.
-In 2005 it was shown that genes were not the only way that genetic information could be inherited. Scientists working at Purdue University discovered that Arabidopsis plants could remember what genes they had in the past, and correct mistakes in their current genes. This non-mendelian inheritance probably involves a RNA cache of past messenger RNA transcripts.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15785770?ordinalpos=15&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum 2005 study]</ref>
+In 2005 it was shown that genes were not the only way that genetic information could be inherited. Scientists working at Purdue University discovered that Arabidopsis plants could remember what genes they had in the past, and correct mistakes in their current genes. This non-mendelian inheritance probably involves a RNA cache of past messenger RNA transcripts.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15785770?ordinalpos=15&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum 2005 study]</ref>
 ==Mutation==

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 ==History==
-By 1900 scientists knew that cells were the building blocks of life, and that all living things start as a single fertilized cell which keeps dividing. Scientists identified tiny threads in the nucleus  of the cells which were called [[chromosome]]s because they could be stained with colored dyes for microscopic study - from the [[Greek]] words for colored bodies. They could see that chromosomes came in pairs, and that human cells all contained 23 matching pairs. American biologist [[Walter Sutton]] knew [[Mendel's principles of genetics|Mendel's]] work on peas, and suggested that chromosomes held the secret of inheritance.
+By 1900 scientists knew that cells were the building blocks of life, and that all living things start as a single fertilized cell which keeps dividing. Scientists identified tiny threads in the nucleus  of the cells which were called [[chromosome]]s because they could be stained with colored dyes for microscopic study - from the [[Greek]] words for colored bodies. They could see that chromosomes came in pairs, and that human cells all contained 23 matching pairs. American biologist [[Walter Sutton]] knew [[Gregor Mendel|Mendel's]] work on peas, and suggested that chromosomes held the secret of inheritance.
 Another American biologist, [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]], developed the idea that chromosomes were made up of linked groups of factors called genes. He experimented with red-eyed [[fruit fly|fruit flies]] and found that sometimes a white-eyed fly appeared. When he mated them, he found that as he expected there were three red-eyed flies to every white-eyed fly, but that all the white-eyed flies were male. He concluded that the gene for white eyes must be on a chromosome that was related to being male. Later workers found that this is why some hereditary diseases such as [[hemophilia]] and [[muscular dystrophy]] only show in males, though women can carry the gene for the disease without showing it.

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 A section of [[DNA]] that codes for the production of an [[RNA]] molecule.  In most cases that RNA molecule codes for the production of a [[protein]], but in some cases (most notably the transfer RNA ([[tRNA]]) and ribosomal RNA ([[rRNA]]) genes) the RNA molecule is the end product.
-Gene expression refers to all the processes involved in converting genetic information from a [[DNA]] sequence, or [[protein]].  In [[prokaryote]]s, there are just two processes required: [[transcription]] and [[translation]].  In [[eukaryote]]s, there is an additional step [[RNA]] processing (splicing), which intervenes.
+Gene expression refers to all the processes involved in converting genetic information from a [[DNA]] sequence, or [[protein]].  In [[prokaryote]]s, there are just two processes required: [[transcription]] and [[Translation (biology)|translation]].  In [[eukaryote]]s, there is an additional step [[RNA]] processing (splicing), which intervenes.
 The synthesis of a single-stranded RNA molecule using DNA as a template is referred to as transcription.  The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is known as RNA polymerase.  Although the subunit structure and details of the process differ significantly in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the chemical reaction is identical.

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 A section of [[DNA]] that codes for the production of an [[RNA]] molecule.  In most cases that RNA molecule codes for the production of a [[protein]], but in some cases (most notably the transfer RNA ([[tRNA]]) and ribosomal RNA ([[rRNA]]) genes) the RNA molecule is the end product.
-Gene expression refers to all the processes involved in converting [[gene]]tic information from a [[DNA]] sequence, or [[protein]].  In [[prokaryote]]s, there are just two processes required: [[transcription]] and [[translation]].  In [[eukaryote]]s, there is an additional step [[RNA]] processing (splicing), which intervenes.
+Gene expression refers to all the processes involved in converting genetic information from a [[DNA]] sequence, or [[protein]].  In [[prokaryote]]s, there are just two processes required: [[transcription]] and [[translation]].  In [[eukaryote]]s, there is an additional step [[RNA]] processing (splicing), which intervenes.
 The synthesis of a single-stranded RNA molecule using DNA as a template is referred to as transcription.  The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is known as RNA polymerase.  Although the subunit structure and details of the process differ significantly in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the chemical reaction is identical.

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:31, August 6, 2014
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	Changes of a species from its normal state are called [[mutation]]s. Sometimes they happen on their own, but they can also happen when a parent is exposed to something that will affect the way they reproduce. High doses of [[X-rays]] can produce mutations, and so can some chemicals. According to the [[theory of natural selection]], most mutations are neutral, some are deleterious (harmful), and a very small proportion are beneficial such that they improve the individual's chance of survival and reproduction, thus passing on to the next generation. Some mutations can be both helpful and harmful. For example, people from some [[Africa]]n countries carry a gene for an illness called [[sickle-cell anemia]]. This illness causes health problems, but people who have the gene for sickle-cell anemia are also less likely to catch [[malaria]], a serious illness common in Africa.		Changes of a species from its normal state are called [[mutation]]s. Sometimes they happen on their own, but they can also happen when a parent is exposed to something that will affect the way they reproduce. High doses of [[X-rays]] can produce mutations, and so can some chemicals. According to the [[theory of natural selection]], most mutations are neutral, some are deleterious (harmful), and a very small proportion are beneficial such that they improve the individual's chance of survival and reproduction, thus passing on to the next generation. Some mutations can be both helpful and harmful. For example, people from some [[Africa]]n countries carry a gene for an illness called [[sickle-cell anemia]]. This illness causes health problems, but people who have the gene for sickle-cell anemia are also less likely to catch [[malaria]], a serious illness common in Africa.
		+
		+	==See also==
		+	*[[Allogeneic]]

	==References==		==References==

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 ==Mutation==
-Changes of a species from its normal state are called [[mutation]]s. Sometimes they happen on their own, but they can also happen when a parent is exposed to something that will affect the way they reproduce. High doses of [[X-rays]] can produce mutations, and so can some chemicals. It has also been proven that exposition to heretic materials, such as pornographic movies, can induce the production of the ''Gay gene''. According to the [[theory of natural selection]], most mutations are neutral, some are deleterious (harmful), and a very small proportion are beneficial such that they improve the individual's chance of survival and reproduction, thus passing on to the next generation. Some mutations can be both helpful and harmful. For example, people from some [[Africa]]n countries carry a gene for an illness called [[sickle-cell anemia]]. This illness causes health problems, but people who have the gene for sickle-cell anemia are also less likely to catch [[malaria]], a serious illness common in Africa.
+Changes of a species from its normal state are called [[mutation]]s. Sometimes they happen on their own, but they can also happen when a parent is exposed to something that will affect the way they reproduce. High doses of [[X-rays]] can produce mutations, and so can some chemicals. According to the [[theory of natural selection]], most mutations are neutral, some are deleterious (harmful), and a very small proportion are beneficial such that they improve the individual's chance of survival and reproduction, thus passing on to the next generation. Some mutations can be both helpful and harmful. For example, people from some [[Africa]]n countries carry a gene for an illness called [[sickle-cell anemia]]. This illness causes health problems, but people who have the gene for sickle-cell anemia are also less likely to catch [[malaria]], a serious illness common in Africa.
 ==References==

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:18, October 17, 2011
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−	The '''gene''' is the fundamental unit of [[heredity]]. The word comes from the Greek ~~παντσ~~ or "genea" meaning "to generate".	+	The '''gene''' is the fundamental unit of [[heredity]]. The word comes from the Greek γενεά or "genea" meaning "to generate".

	A section of [[DNA]] that codes for the production of an [[RNA]] molecule. In most cases that RNA molecule codes for the production of a [[protein]], but in some cases (most notably the transfer RNA ([[tRNA]]) and ribosomal RNA ([[rRNA]]) genes) the RNA molecule is the end product.		A section of [[DNA]] that codes for the production of an [[RNA]] molecule. In most cases that RNA molecule codes for the production of a [[protein]], but in some cases (most notably the transfer RNA ([[tRNA]]) and ribosomal RNA ([[rRNA]]) genes) the RNA molecule is the end product.

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 Once Crick and Watson had unraveled the structure of [[DNA]], the function of genes became clearer.
-One strand of [[DNA]] contains many genes. DNA is made of four [[nucleotide]]s, [[guanine]], [[adenine]], [[thymine]] and [[cytosine]]. G always pairs with C, and A with T. Different combinations of GC and AT join together in different orders along the strands of DNA coiled up along our [[chromosome]]s to give our cells instructions for making the different kind of protein of which our bodies are made.{{fact}} These groups of instructions are called genes.
+One strand of [[DNA]] contains many genes. DNA is made of four [[nucleotide]]s, [[guanine]], [[adenine]], [[thymine]] and [[cytosine]]. G always pairs with C, and A with T. Different combinations of GC and AT join together in different orders along the strands of DNA coiled up along our [[chromosome]]s to give our cells instructions for making the different kind of protein of which our bodies are made. These groups of instructions are called genes.
 Our bodies are made up of about 100 trillion cells, each of which is responsible for a specific function. The thousands of different proteins in the cells work together like a machine to make the [[cell]] function as it should. If the genes are normal, the body part will function well. If a change (mutation) has happened in a gene, the protein may be faulty, as for example in sickle cell anemia where the instructions for making [[blood]] cells are abnormal.