Hinduism - Revision history

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TheAmericanRedoubt at 10:20, January 10, 2015

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@@ Line 54: / Line 54: @@
 Originally, caste was determined by profession, and could be changed by changing career.<ref>[http://western-hindu.org/2008/01/27/the-caste-system/ The Caste System]</ref> With the start of British colonization, caste system established by British and caste became defined by birth.<ref>de Zwart, Frank (July 2000). "The Logic of Affirmative Action: Caste, Class and Quotas in India". Acta Sociologica 43 (3): 235–249.</ref>
-''Shudras'' were the lowest caste and were denied of many rights in past. Apart from these four main castes, there was a new addition in the modern distortion of the caste system, as the lowest caste called the ''Dalit'' ([[Untouchables]]).<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/living/caste.shtml The caste system] ''BBC''</ref> Historically these ''dalits'' are the victims of discrimination by higher castes, to this day.<ref>[http://indianchristians.in/news/content/view/1954/44/ Dalits face discrimination in southern Tamil Nadu] ''All India Christian Council''</ref><ref>[http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2007/02/13/india15303.htm India: ‘Hidden Apartheid’ of Discrimination Against Dalits] ''[[Human Rights Watch]]''</ref> Despite this, there has been large amount appreciation towards the caste system, especially because it differed from the racial system such as ''casta'' of Spain, admirers includes the notable personalities such as Annie Besant, P.D. Ouspensky, Pandurang Shastri Athavale and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. Friedrich Nietzsche is noted to have said "Close the Bible and open the Manu Smriti."<ref>Friedrich Nietzsche, ''The Will to Power,'' vol. 1.</ref>
+''Shudras'' were the lowest caste and were denied of many rights in past. Apart from these four main castes, there was a new addition in the modern distortion of the caste system, as the lowest caste called the ''Dalit'' ([[Untouchables]]).<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/living/caste.shtml The caste system] ''BBC''</ref> Historically these ''dalits'' are the victims of discrimination by higher castes, to this day.<ref>[http://indianchristians.in/news/content/view/1954/44/ Dalits face discrimination in southern Tamil Nadu] ''All India Christian Council''</ref><ref>[https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2007/02/13/india15303.htm India: ‘Hidden Apartheid’ of Discrimination Against Dalits] ''[[Human Rights Watch]]''</ref> Despite this, there has been large amount appreciation towards the caste system, especially because it differed from the racial system such as ''casta'' of Spain, admirers includes the notable personalities such as Annie Besant, P.D. Ouspensky, Pandurang Shastri Athavale and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. Friedrich Nietzsche is noted to have said "Close the Bible and open the Manu Smriti."<ref>Friedrich Nietzsche, ''The Will to Power,'' vol. 1.</ref>
 ==Hinduism and abortion==
@@ Line 66: / Line 66: @@
 ==Further reading==
-* Johnson, W. J. ''A Dictionary of Hinduism'' (2009) [http://www.amazon.com/Dictionary-Hinduism-W-J-Johnson/dp/0198610254/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1238980666&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
+* Johnson, W. J. ''A Dictionary of Hinduism'' (2009) [https://www.amazon.com/Dictionary-Hinduism-W-J-Johnson/dp/0198610254/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1238980666&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
 * Knott, Kim. ''Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction'' (2000) [http://www.questia.com/read/62971675?title=Hinduism%3a%20A%20Very%20Short%20Introduction online edition]
 * Shattuck, Cybelle. ''Hinduism'' (1999) [http://www.questia.com/read/103395975?title=Hinduism  online edition]
 * Sullivan, Bruce M. ''Historical Dictionary of Hinduism'' (1997)
-* Werner, Karel. ''A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism'' (1997) [http://www.amazon.com/Popular-Dictionary-Hinduism-Dictionaries-Religion/dp/0700710493/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1238980666&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search]
+* Werner, Karel. ''A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism'' (1997) [https://www.amazon.com/Popular-Dictionary-Hinduism-Dictionaries-Religion/dp/0700710493/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1238980666&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search]
 * Zaehner, R. C. ''Hinduism'' (1966)  [http://www.questia.com/read/23180604?title=Hinduism  online edition]

@@ Line 54: / Line 54: @@
 Originally, caste was determined by profession, and could be changed by changing career.<ref>[http://western-hindu.org/2008/01/27/the-caste-system/ The Caste System]</ref> With the start of British colonization, caste system established by British and caste became defined by birth.<ref>de Zwart, Frank (July 2000). "The Logic of Affirmative Action: Caste, Class and Quotas in India". Acta Sociologica 43 (3): 235–249.</ref>
-''Shudras'' were the lowest caste and were denied of many rights in past. Apart from these four main castes, there was a new addition in the modern distortion of the caste system, as the lowest caste called the ''Dalit'' ([[Untouchables]]).<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/living/caste.shtml The caste system] ''BBC''</ref> Historically these ''dalits'' are the victims of discrimination by higher castes, to this day.<ref>[http://indianchristians.in/news/content/view/1954/44/ Dalits face discrimination in southern Tamil Nadu] ''All India Christian Council''</ref><ref>[http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2007/02/13/india15303.htm India: ‘Hidden Apartheid’ of Discrimination Against Dalits] ''[[Human Rights Watch]]''</ref> Despite this, there has been large amount appreciation towards the caste system, especially because it differed from the racial system such as ''casta'' of Spain, admirers includes the notable personalities such as Annie Besant, P.D. Ouspensky, Pandurang Shastri Athavale and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. Friedrich Nietzsche is noted to have said "Close the Bible and open the Manu Smriti."<ref>Friedrich Nietzsche, ''The Will to Power,'' vol. 1.</ref>
+''Shudras'' were the lowest caste and were denied of many rights in past. Apart from these four main castes, there was a new addition in the modern distortion of the caste system, as the lowest caste called the ''Dalit'' ([[Untouchables]]).<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/living/caste.shtml The caste system] ''BBC''</ref> Historically these ''dalits'' are the victims of discrimination by higher castes, to this day.<ref>[http://indianchristians.in/news/content/view/1954/44/ Dalits face discrimination in southern Tamil Nadu] ''All India Christian Council''</ref><ref>[http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2007/02/13/india15303.htm India: ‘Hidden Apartheid’ of Discrimination Against Dalits] ''[[Human Rights Watch]]''</ref> Despite this, there has been large amount appreciation towards the caste system, especially because it differed from the racial system such as ''casta'' of Spain, admirers includes the notable personalities such as Annie Besant, P.D. Ouspensky, Pandurang Shastri Athavale and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. Friedrich Nietzsche is noted to have said "Close the Bible and open the Manu Smriti."<ref>Friedrich Nietzsche, ''The Will to Power,'' vol. 1.</ref>
 ==Hinduism and abortion==
-The teachings of Hinduism exact [[non-violence]]. Hinduism is generally opposed to [[abortion]] except if the life of the mother is at risk.<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/hinduethics/abortion_1.shtml</ref>
+The teachings of Hinduism exact [[non-violence]]. Hinduism is generally opposed to [[abortion]] except if the life of the mother is at risk.<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/hinduethics/abortion_1.shtml</ref>
 ==See also==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[Image:Hinduism.jpg|left|Hinduism]]
 '''Hinduism''' is the third largest religion in the world and is the oldest among major religions.<ref>The largest being [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], Secular/Nonreligious/Agnostic/Atheist, and Hinduism, in that order [http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html]</ref>  Historians believe that it originated more than 5000 years ago.<ref>[http://hinduism.about.com/od/hinduism101/a/origin.htm Origin of Hinduism] (About.com)</ref> Hinduism is the first [[Dharmic religion]]. It is often referred to as "the religion of India;" about 800 million of the world's billion Hindus live in [[India]], so about 80 percent of Hindus are Indians.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.net/religiondata/Brief_analysis.pdf Census of India, religion data, brief analysis (PDF)]; "At the national level, of 1028 million population, 828 million (80.5 percent) have returned their religion as Hindus followed by 138 million (13.4 percent) as Muslims and 24 millions (2.3 percent) Christians. 19 million (1.9 percent) persons follow Sikh religion; 8 million (0.8 percent) are Buddhists and 4.2 million (0.4 percent) are Jains as per the 2001 Census. In addition to these, 6.6 million belong to ‘Other Religions and Persuasions’ including tribal religions which are not part of the six main religions stated above. About seven lakh (or 0.7 million) persons have not stated their religion."</ref>
-According to a recent American survey, Hindus are the best educated and among the richest religious groups in the [[United States]].<ref>Hanerjee, Neela, [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/25/us/25cnd-religion.html?ei=5124&en=1f44cce06fd2c02a&ex=1361682000&adxnnl=1&partner=digg&exprod=digg&adxnnlx=1204020358-3HkVoV4zxeYh9vTOw6Tydw Americans Change Faiths at Rising Rate, Report Finds], New York Times, 25th February, 2008.</ref>
+According to a recent American survey, Hindus are the best educated and among the richest religious groups in the [[United States]].<ref>Hanerjee, Neela, [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/25/us/25cnd-religion.html?ei=5124&en=1f44cce06fd2c02a&ex=1361682000&adxnnl=1&partner=digg&exprod=digg&adxnnlx=1204020358-3HkVoV4zxeYh9vTOw6Tydw Americans Change Faiths at Rising Rate, Report Finds], New York Times, 25th February, 2008.</ref>
 [[Image:Hinduism..jpg|240px|right|Shiva the Cosmic Dancer]]
 Hindus believe in [[reincarnation]] and eventual communion with [[Brahman]] (God) as well as respect for all life forms. Their holy writings are known as the [[Vedas]]. Hindus outline the four goals of various humans (purusharthas) as: dharma (righteousness), artha (material success), kama (love/pleasure), and moksha (release from reincarnation/reunification with Brahman); above all four of these, in certain Hindu schools, is the goal of pure Love of God.
@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 . Secular multiplicity and accommodating flexibility in spiritual practices.
-Relations between Hinduism and Christianity have also been shaped by unequal balances of political power and cultural influence. Although communities of Christians have lived in South India since the middle of the 1st millennium, the great expansion of Indian Christianity followed the efforts of missionaries working under the protection of the British colonial government.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-261549/Hinduism Hinduism and Christianity] Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref>
+Relations between Hinduism and Christianity have also been shaped by unequal balances of political power and cultural influence. Although communities of Christians have lived in South India since the middle of the 1st millennium, the great expansion of Indian Christianity followed the efforts of missionaries working under the protection of the British colonial government.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-261549/Hinduism Hinduism and Christianity] Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref>
 Some state governments such as Gujrat, Madhya Pradesh have passed anti-conversion laws, attempting to prevent Hindus from being forced or coerced into converting to other religions such as [[Islam]] and [[Christianity]].<ref>[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2003/24470.htm India: International Religious Freedom Report 2003] (U.S. Department of State)</ref>

@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 . Unlike most other religions, Hinduism is not defined by a specific set of philosophical concepts.
-. Belief in one god. Contrary to popular belief, Hinduism is not a [[polytheism|polytheistic]] religion.  The Vedas, the primary Hindu holy scriptures states that there is only one [[God]] but can manifest in many forms.  This is the reason why there are many deities.  A common example used to explain this is that an individual can be called different names depending on the relationship has with another.  A man can be a son to his parents, a nephew to his uncle, a father to his son, and a husband to his wife all at the same time.  None of these different relationships suggest multiple people but rather different aspects of one person.  The same is applied to God in Hinduism, which has no form and is infinite.  Hindus may call God, Paratman (Supreme Soul), Brahmana (Eternal Spirit), or Ishvara (Supreme Lord).  Deities have various names but represent aspects of God that manifest in the world.  For example [[Agni]] (fire, Divine spark), Vayu (wind, or breath which could mean life force, [[Indra]] (in mythology king of gods but also refers to the senses such as vision, hearing, touch, taste), and [[Lakshmi]] (fortune).
+. Belief in one god. Contrary to popular belief, Hinduism is not a [[polytheism|polytheistic]] religion.  The Vedas, the primary Hindu holy scriptures states that there is only one [[God]] but can manifest in many forms.  This is the reason why there are many deities.  A common example used to explain this is that an individual can be called different names depending on the relationship has with another.  A man can be a son to his parents, a nephew to his uncle, a father to his son, and a husband to his wife all at the same time.  None of these different relationships suggest multiple people but rather different aspects of one person.  The same is applied to God in Hinduism, which has no form and is infinite.  Hindus may call God, Paratman (Supreme Soul), Brahmana (Eternal Spirit), or Ishvara (Supreme Lord).  Deities have various names but represent aspects of God that manifest in the world.  For example, [[Agni]] (fire, Divine spark), Vayu (wind, or breath which could mean life force), [[Indra]] (in mythology king of gods but also refers to the senses such as vision, hearing, touch, taste), and [[Lakshmi]] (fortune).
 . Secular multiplicity and accommodating flexibility in spiritual practices.
@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 ==Believer?==
-In Hinduism, according to one classification, believers are categorized into four distinct categories, acording to their beliefs.
+In Hinduism, according to one classification, believers are categorized into four distinct categories, according to their beliefs.
 * Advaita Astika: Believer of God & Believer of Scripture
 * Advaita Nastika: Believer of God & Non-believer of Scripture
@@ Line 41: / Line 41: @@
 ==Issues==
 ===Sati===
-Sati is an old practice, it's practice is forbidden by the Hindu scriptures in Kali Yuga, the present age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hinduism.iskcon.org/lifestyle/903.htm |title= Heart of Hinduism Other Social Issues |date= |accessdate=2013-09-13}}</ref> In this practice the widow was immolated alive on her husband's funeral pyre, allthough the practice was made as per the agreement of the widow. However during the islamic invasion of Indian subcontinent, this practice revived, as rapes, abduction were normally carried out by Islamic invaders.<ref>"Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh" by S. Shashi, p. 115</ref><ref>"The Danger of Gender: Caste, Class and Gender in Contemporary Indian Women's Writing" by Clara Nubile, p.9</ref> To this day, the practice remains illegal in India.
+Sati is an old practice, it's practice is forbidden by the Hindu scriptures in Kali Yuga, the present age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hinduism.iskcon.org/lifestyle/903.htm |title= Heart of Hinduism Other Social Issues |date= |accessdate=2013-09-13}}</ref> In this practice the widow was immolated alive on her husband's funeral pyre, although the practice was made as per the agreement of the widow. However, during the Islamic invasion of Indian subcontinent, this practice revived, as rapes, abduction were normally carried out by Islamic invaders.<ref>"Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh" by S. Shashi, p. 115</ref><ref>"The Danger of Gender: Caste, Class and Gender in Contemporary Indian Women's Writing" by Clara Nubile, p.9</ref> To this day, the practice remains illegal in India.
 ===Caste system===
@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 ==References==
 <references/>
 ==Further reading==
@@ Line 82: / Line 75: @@
 ==References==
 <references/>
 [[Category:Hinduism| ]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[Image:Hinduism.jpg|left|Hinduism]]
-'''Hinduism''' is the third largest religion in the world and is the oldest among major religions.<ref>The largest being [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], Secular/Nonreligious/Agnostic/Atheist, and Hinduism, in that order[http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html]</ref>  Historians believe that it originated more than 5000 years ago.<ref>[http://hinduism.about.com/od/hinduism101/a/origin.htm Origin of Hinduism] (About.com)</ref> Hinduism is the first [[Dharmic religion]]. It is often referred to as "the religion of India;" about 800 million of the world's billion Hindus live in [[India]], so about 80 percent of Hindus are Indians.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.net/religiondata/Brief_analysis.pdf Census of India, religion data, brief analysis (PDF)]; "At the national level, of 1028 million population, 828 million (80.5 percent) have returned their religion as Hindus followed by 138 million (13.4 percent) as Muslims and 24 millions (2.3 percent) Christians. 19 million (1.9 percent) persons follow Sikh religion; 8 million (0.8 percent) are Buddhists and 4.2 million (0.4 percent) are Jains as per the 2001 Census. In addition to these, 6.6 million belong to ‘Other Religions and Persuasions’ including tribal religions which are not part of the six main religions stated above. About seven lakh (or 0.7 million) persons have not stated their religion."</ref>
+'''Hinduism''' is the third largest religion in the world and is the oldest among major religions.<ref>The largest being [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], Secular/Nonreligious/Agnostic/Atheist, and Hinduism, in that order [http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html]</ref>  Historians believe that it originated more than 5000 years ago.<ref>[http://hinduism.about.com/od/hinduism101/a/origin.htm Origin of Hinduism] (About.com)</ref> Hinduism is the first [[Dharmic religion]]. It is often referred to as "the religion of India;" about 800 million of the world's billion Hindus live in [[India]], so about 80 percent of Hindus are Indians.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.net/religiondata/Brief_analysis.pdf Census of India, religion data, brief analysis (PDF)]; "At the national level, of 1028 million population, 828 million (80.5 percent) have returned their religion as Hindus followed by 138 million (13.4 percent) as Muslims and 24 millions (2.3 percent) Christians. 19 million (1.9 percent) persons follow Sikh religion; 8 million (0.8 percent) are Buddhists and 4.2 million (0.4 percent) are Jains as per the 2001 Census. In addition to these, 6.6 million belong to ‘Other Religions and Persuasions’ including tribal religions which are not part of the six main religions stated above. About seven lakh (or 0.7 million) persons have not stated their religion."</ref>
 According to a recent American survey, Hindus are the best educated and among the richest religious groups in the [[United States]].<ref>Hanerjee, Neela, [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/25/us/25cnd-religion.html?ei=5124&en=1f44cce06fd2c02a&ex=1361682000&adxnnl=1&partner=digg&exprod=digg&adxnnlx=1204020358-3HkVoV4zxeYh9vTOw6Tydw Americans Change Faiths at Rising Rate, Report Finds], New York Times, 25th February, 2008.</ref>
 [[Image:Hinduism..jpg|240px|right|Shiva the Cosmic Dancer]]
@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 . Secular multiplicity and accommodating flexibility in spiritual practices.
-Relations between Hinduism and Christianity have also been shaped by unequal balances of political power and cultural influence. Although communities of Christians have lived in South India since the middle of the 1st millennium, the great expansion of Indian Christianity followed the efforts of missionaries working under the protection of the British colonial government. <ref> [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-261549/Hinduism Hinduism and Christianity] Encyclopædia Britannica. </ref>
+Relations between Hinduism and Christianity have also been shaped by unequal balances of political power and cultural influence. Although communities of Christians have lived in South India since the middle of the 1st millennium, the great expansion of Indian Christianity followed the efforts of missionaries working under the protection of the British colonial government.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-261549/Hinduism Hinduism and Christianity] Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref>
 Some state governments such as Gujrat, Madhya Pradesh have passed anti-conversion laws, attempting to prevent Hindus from being forced or coerced into converting to other religions such as [[Islam]] and [[Christianity]].<ref>[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2003/24470.htm India: International Religious Freedom Report 2003] (U.S. Department of State)</ref>
@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
 The teachings of Hinduism exact [[non-violence]]. Hinduism is generally opposed to [[abortion]] except if the life of the mother is at risk.<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/hinduethics/abortion_1.shtml</ref>
-==See Also==
+==See also==
-{{Template:Indian philosophy topics}}
+{{Indian philosophy topics}}
 ==References==
@@ Line 88: / Line 88: @@
 [[Category:Meditation]]
 [[Category:India]]
-[[category:Indian History]]
+[[Category:Indian History]]

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