Jupiter - Revision history

DavidB4-bot: /* Magnetosphere */HTTP --> HTTPS #3, replaced: http://www.icr.org → https://www.icr.org

2019-04-09T16:09:26Z

‎Magnetosphere: HTTP --> HTTPS #3, replaced: http://www.icr.org → https://www.icr.org

DavidB4-bot: /* Rotational characteristics */HTTP --> HTTPS [#1], replaced: http://www.nasa.gov → https://www.nasa.gov

2018-09-26T17:56:10Z

‎Rotational characteristics: HTTP --> HTTPS [#1], replaced: http://www.nasa.gov → https://www.nasa.gov

FredericBernard: Tidy up and wikify, also update exploration section with Juno

2018-04-06T13:12:59Z

Tidy up and wikify, also update exploration section with Juno

JDano: /* Magnetosphere */ wikify

2016-09-01T15:38:38Z

‎Magnetosphere: wikify

DavidB4-bot: Spelling/Grammar Check, typos fixed: laster → later, Therefore → Therefore, (2)

2016-07-22T17:00:25Z

Spelling/Grammar Check, typos fixed: laster → later, Therefore → Therefore, (2)

DavidB4-bot: clean up & uniformity

2016-07-13T14:56:11Z

clean up & uniformity

VargasMilan: Undo revision 1135705 by ScKinney (talk) cite source if you disagree with Terry H.

2015-01-28T01:40:22Z

Undo revision 1135705 by ScKinney (talk) cite source if you disagree with Terry H.

ScKinney: /* Problems for uniformitarian theories */

2015-01-28T00:18:55Z

‎Problems for uniformitarian theories

Darwon: /* Exploration */ moons "inside" Io

2014-12-15T23:03:54Z

‎Exploration: moons "inside" Io

Jpatt: update

2012-03-10T15:35:39Z

update

@@ Line 67: / Line 67: @@
 This field tends to shield Jupiter from the [[solar wind]]. However, the field has also trapped large numbers of [[radioactivity|radioactive]] [[subatomic particle|particles]] in a [[Van Allen radiation belt|Van-Allen-like radiation belt]]<ref name=nasa3/> that actually encompasses the orbits of the seven innermost moons. The magnetic field extends beyond the far side of Jupiter for at least 700 million kilometers.<ref name=nasa3/>
-The very strong magnetic field of Jupiter is extraordinary by any standard. The Humphreys model has passed two key tests of its predictive value, one at [[Uranus]] and the other at [[Neptune]].<ref name=Humphreys2>Humphreys, D. R. "[http://www.icr.org/index.php?module=articles&action=view&page=329 Beyond Neptune: Voyager II Supports Creation]." [[Institute for Creation Research]]. Accessed April 30, 2008</ref> That model normally assumes that God formed any given celestial body initially out of water, with its molecules partially aligned for maximum cumulative effect, and then transmuted the molecules after the magnetic field was established. For most celestial bodies thus far observed, an alignment fraction of 25% suffices to establish a magnetic dipole moment at creation. But Jupiter's magnetic dipole moment is far too high to have resulted from an initial alignment of 25%. An alignment of 100% seems to be required, the highest fraction allowable and the highest fraction of all celestial bodies observed to date. This implies that God made Jupiter to be a beacon in the night sky, in more ways than merely by making it large.
+The very strong magnetic field of Jupiter is extraordinary by any standard. The Humphreys model has passed two key tests of its predictive value, one at [[Uranus]] and the other at [[Neptune]].<ref name=Humphreys2>Humphreys, D. R. "[https://www.icr.org/index.php?module=articles&action=view&page=329 Beyond Neptune: Voyager II Supports Creation]." [[Institute for Creation Research]]. Accessed April 30, 2008</ref> That model normally assumes that God formed any given celestial body initially out of water, with its molecules partially aligned for maximum cumulative effect, and then transmuted the molecules after the magnetic field was established. For most celestial bodies thus far observed, an alignment fraction of 25% suffices to establish a magnetic dipole moment at creation. But Jupiter's magnetic dipole moment is far too high to have resulted from an initial alignment of 25%. An alignment of 100% seems to be required, the highest fraction allowable and the highest fraction of all celestial bodies observed to date. This implies that God made Jupiter to be a beacon in the night sky, in more ways than merely by making it large.
 Jupiter's orbit is inclined 1.305 degrees to the [[ecliptic]], so Jupiter appears, in turn, in each constellation of the Zodiac. In fact, its 399-day synodic year places it in a different constellation of the [[Zodiac]] at the same point in each succeeding year. Pratt<ref name=Pratt>Pratt, John C. "[http://www.johnpratt.com/items/docs/lds/meridian/2005/zodiac.html The Constellations Tell of Christ]." ''Meridian'', June 15, 2005. Accessed May 12, 2008.</ref> shows that the members of the Zodiac, and a number of closely associated constellations, presage the life and ministry of [[Jesus Christ]]. If Jupiter is indeed a beacon, then it could not have been better placed.

@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 == Rotational characteristics ==
-Jupiter has a very short sidereal day of about 9.92 hours. However, its latitudinal cloud bands rotate at different speeds, and some of these appear to rotate retrograde. Astronomers once calculated the Jovian day from observations of the equatorial cloud band, but today they rely on the periodicity of Jupiter's [[magnetic field]].<ref name=nasa3>Gierasch, Peter J., and Philip D. Nicholson. "Jupiter." World Book Online Reference Center. 2004. World Book, Inc. <http://www.worldbookonline.com/wb/Article?id=ar293080.> Hosted as "[http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/jupiter_worldbook.html Entry for Jupiter]," World Book at NASA. Accessed March 3, 2008.</ref>
+Jupiter has a very short sidereal day of about 9.92 hours. However, its latitudinal cloud bands rotate at different speeds, and some of these appear to rotate retrograde. Astronomers once calculated the Jovian day from observations of the equatorial cloud band, but today they rely on the periodicity of Jupiter's [[magnetic field]].<ref name=nasa3>Gierasch, Peter J., and Philip D. Nicholson. "Jupiter." World Book Online Reference Center. 2004. World Book, Inc. <http://www.worldbookonline.com/wb/Article?id=ar293080.> Hosted as "[https://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/jupiter_worldbook.html Entry for Jupiter]," World Book at NASA. Accessed March 3, 2008.</ref>
 == Physical characteristics ==

@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 |solarday=9.9259 h<ref name=nasa2/>
 |axialtilt=3.13°<ref name=nasa1/>
-|mass=1.8986 * 10<sup>27</sup> kg (317.705 * earth)<ref name=nasa1/>
+|mass=1.8986 × 10<sup>27</sup> kg (317.705 × earth)<ref name=nasa1/>
 |density=1,326 kg/m³<ref name=nasa1/>
 |surfacegrav=22.88 m/s² (2.333 ''g'')<ref name=nasa1/>
 |escapespeed=59.56 km/s<ref name=nasa1/>
 |equatorradius =71,492 km<ref name=nasa1/>
-|surfacearea=61,400,000,000 km² (120.375 * earth)<ref name=nasa1/>
+|surfacearea=61,400,000,000 km² (120.375 × earth)<ref name=nasa1/>
 |meantemp=152 K<ref name=nasa1/>
 |moons=66
@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 |albedo=0.52<ref name=ssdphys>"[http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?planet_phys_par Planet Physical Characteristics]." Solar System Dynamics, [[JPL]], [[NASA]]. Accessed March 3, 2008.</ref>
 |mfd=4.28 G <ref name=jupiterfact>"[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/jupiterfact.html Jupiter Fact Sheet]," [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration|NASA]], November 2, 2007. Accessed May 12, 2008.</ref>
-|pmdm=1.55 * 10<sup>27</sup> N-m/T<ref name=Humphreys>Humphreys, D. R. "[http://www.creationresearch.org/crsq/articles/21/21_3/21_3.html The Creation of Planetary Magnetic Fields]." ''[[Creation Research Society Quarterly]]'' 21(3), December 1984. Accessed April 29, 2008.</ref>
+|pmdm=1.55 × 10<sup>27</sup> N-m/T<ref name=Humphreys>Humphreys, D. R. "[http://www.creationresearch.org/crsq/articles/21/21_3/21_3.html The Creation of Planetary Magnetic Fields]." ''[[Creation Research Society Quarterly]]'' 21(3), December 1984. Accessed April 29, 2008.</ref>
-|cmdm=1.79 * 10<sup>27</sup> N-m/T<ref name=Humphreys/>
+|cmdm=1.79 × 10<sup>27</sup> N-m/T<ref name=Humphreys/>
 |mdt=45,469 a<ref name=calc/>
 |mhl=31,516 a<ref name=calc/>
@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 == Rotational characteristics ==
-Jupiter has a very short sidereal day of about 9.92 hours. However, its latitudinal cloud bands rotate at different speeds, and some of these appear to rotate retrograde. Astronomers once calculated the Jovian day from observations of the equatorial cloud band, but today they rely on the periodicity of Jupiter's magnetic field.<ref name=nasa3>Gierasch, Peter J., and Philip D. Nicholson. "Jupiter." World Book Online Reference Center. 2004. World Book, Inc. <http://www.worldbookonline.com/wb/Article?id=ar293080.> Hosted as "[http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/jupiter_worldbook.html Entry for Jupiter]," World Book at NASA. Accessed March 3, 2008.</ref>
+Jupiter has a very short sidereal day of about 9.92 hours. However, its latitudinal cloud bands rotate at different speeds, and some of these appear to rotate retrograde. Astronomers once calculated the Jovian day from observations of the equatorial cloud band, but today they rely on the periodicity of Jupiter's [[magnetic field]].<ref name=nasa3>Gierasch, Peter J., and Philip D. Nicholson. "Jupiter." World Book Online Reference Center. 2004. World Book, Inc. <http://www.worldbookonline.com/wb/Article?id=ar293080.> Hosted as "[http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/jupiter_worldbook.html Entry for Jupiter]," World Book at NASA. Accessed March 3, 2008.</ref>
 == Physical characteristics ==
@@ Line 63: / Line 63: @@
 == Magnetosphere ==
-Jupiter has a magnetic field about 14 times as strong as that of Earth. Specifically, its [[magnetic dipole moment]] amounts to 1.55 * 10<sup>27</sup> N-m/T, higher than that of any object except the Sun. It is so high, in fact, that by [[Russell Humphreys]]' model for planetary magnetic fields, Jupiter's field must have formed with ''all'' of its mass aligned for the maximum cumulative magnetic dipole moment, instead of the usual 25%. By this assumption, the magnetic dipole moment of Jupiter at creation must have been 1.79 * 10<sup>27</sup> N-m/T. The half-life of this field is longer than 31,500 Julian years.
+Jupiter has a [[magnetic field]] about 14 times as strong as that of Earth. Specifically, its [[magnetic dipole moment]] amounts to 1.55 × 10<sup>27</sup> N-m/T, higher than that of any object except the Sun. It is so high, in fact, that by [[Russell Humphreys]]' model for planetary magnetic fields, Jupiter's field must have formed with ''all'' of its mass aligned for the maximum cumulative magnetic dipole moment, instead of the usual 25%. By this assumption, the magnetic dipole moment of Jupiter at creation must have been 1.79 × 10<sup>27</sup> N-m/T. The half-life of this field is longer than 31,500 Julian years.
-This field tends to shield Jupiter from the [[solar wind]]. However, the field has also trapped large numbers of radioactive particles in a [[Van Allen radiation belt|Van-Allen-like radiation belt]]<ref name=nasa3/> that actually encompasses the orbits of the seven innermost moons. The magnetic field extends beyond the far side of Jupiter for at least 700 million kilometers.<ref name=nasa3/>
+This field tends to shield Jupiter from the [[solar wind]]. However, the field has also trapped large numbers of [[radioactivity|radioactive]] [[subatomic particle|particles]] in a [[Van Allen radiation belt|Van-Allen-like radiation belt]]<ref name=nasa3/> that actually encompasses the orbits of the seven innermost moons. The magnetic field extends beyond the far side of Jupiter for at least 700 million kilometers.<ref name=nasa3/>
 The very strong magnetic field of Jupiter is extraordinary by any standard. The Humphreys model has passed two key tests of its predictive value, one at [[Uranus]] and the other at [[Neptune]].<ref name=Humphreys2>Humphreys, D. R. "[http://www.icr.org/index.php?module=articles&action=view&page=329 Beyond Neptune: Voyager II Supports Creation]." [[Institute for Creation Research]]. Accessed April 30, 2008</ref> That model normally assumes that God formed any given celestial body initially out of water, with its molecules partially aligned for maximum cumulative effect, and then transmuted the molecules after the magnetic field was established. For most celestial bodies thus far observed, an alignment fraction of 25% suffices to establish a magnetic dipole moment at creation. But Jupiter's magnetic dipole moment is far too high to have resulted from an initial alignment of 25%. An alignment of 100% seems to be required, the highest fraction allowable and the highest fraction of all celestial bodies observed to date. This implies that God made Jupiter to be a beacon in the night sky, in more ways than merely by making it large.
-Jupiter's orbit is inclined 1.305 degrees to the ecliptic, so Jupiter appears, in turn, in each constellation of the Zodiac. In fact, its 399-day synodic year places it in a different constellation of the Zodiac at the same point in each succeeding year. Pratt<ref name=Pratt>Pratt, John C. "[http://www.johnpratt.com/items/docs/lds/meridian/2005/zodiac.html The Constellations Tell of Christ]." ''Meridian'', June 15, 2005. Accessed May 12, 2008.</ref> shows that the members of the Zodiac, and a number of closely associated constellations, presage the life and ministry of [[Jesus Christ]]. If Jupiter is indeed a beacon, then it could not have been better placed.
+Jupiter's orbit is inclined 1.305 degrees to the [[ecliptic]], so Jupiter appears, in turn, in each constellation of the Zodiac. In fact, its 399-day synodic year places it in a different constellation of the [[Zodiac]] at the same point in each succeeding year. Pratt<ref name=Pratt>Pratt, John C. "[http://www.johnpratt.com/items/docs/lds/meridian/2005/zodiac.html The Constellations Tell of Christ]." ''Meridian'', June 15, 2005. Accessed May 12, 2008.</ref> shows that the members of the Zodiac, and a number of closely associated constellations, presage the life and ministry of [[Jesus Christ]]. If Jupiter is indeed a beacon, then it could not have been better placed.
 == Ring system ==
@@ Line 91: / Line 91: @@
 [[Galileo Galilei]] studied Jupiter extensively  and in the process discovered its four largest moons--[[Io]], [[Europa (moon)|Europa]], [[Ganymede]], and [[Callisto]], also known as the [[Galilean moons]]. Many other astronomers studied Jupiter from Earth-bound telescopes for hundreds of years. In the process they discovered twelve of Jupiter's moons and the Great Red Spot, but did not discover Jupiter's ring system.
-Seven spacecraft, all from the [[United States]], have visited Jupiter thus far. First to do so was [[Pioneer 10]] (December 3, 1973), which suffered tremendously from the radiation belt but still provided the evidence for Jupiter's [[magnetosphere]]. [[Pioneer 11]] was next (December, 1974) and took far better images of Jupiter and its Great Red Spot.
+Eight spacecraft, all from the [[United States]], have visited Jupiter thus far. First to do so was [[Pioneer 10]] (December 3, 1973), which suffered tremendously from the radiation belt but still provided the evidence for Jupiter's [[magnetosphere]]. [[Pioneer 11]] was next (December, 1974) and took far better images of Jupiter and its Great Red Spot.
 [[Voyager 1]] (March, 1979) and [[Voyager 2]] (July, 1979) gave the first comprehensive views of Jupiter and the Jovian system, including the discovery of its rings, the discovery of four moons inside [[Io]]'s orbit, and the first extensive studies of the Galilean moons.
@@ Line 99: / Line 99: @@
 [[Galileo Project|Galileo]] reached Jupiter in 1995. It released a probe to dive into Jupiter's atmosphere; that probe transmitted for nearly an hour before the tremendous pressures crushed it. Galileo's orbiter remained in the system for nearly eight years, through two extensions of its mission, and conducted the most extensive surveys of the Galilean moons to day. Eventually, with the craft low on fuel, mission planners dived it into Jupiter to prevent its possibly crashing into [[Europa]], rupturing Europa's ice sheet, and contaminating the liquid ocean that astronomers now suspect lies a mere 10&nbsp;km deep to the ice and could yet harbor [[extraterrestrial life]].<ref name=nasa3/>
-[[Cassini-Huygens Mission|Cassini]] flew by Jupiter briefly in 2000 on its way to [[Saturn]]. While in the Jovian system, it took the image shown at the top of this article.
+[[Cassini-Huygens Mission|Cassini]] flew by Jupiter briefly in 2000 on its way to [[Saturn]]. While in the Jovian system, it took the image shown at the top of this article. Similarly the [[New Horizons mission]] included a Jupiter flyby in its journey to the [[Pluto]] system, passing Jupiter on February 28, 2007.<ref>[https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/news/nh_jupiter_oct09.html Pluto-Bound New Horizons Sees Changes in Jupiter System] from nasa.gov</ref>
-The [[New Horizons mission]] will include a Jupiter flyby in its journey to the [[Pluto]] system.
+The latest probe to visit Jupiter is [[NASA]]'s [[Juno (probe)|Juno mission]].<ref>[https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html Juno mission page]from nasa.gov</ref> It reached Jupiter in July 2016 and has returned highly detailed images of the planet. It aims to investigate Jupiter's magnetosphere further, as well as measuring its [[magnetic field|magnetic]] and [[gravitational]] fields to determine its internal structure.
-== References==
+==References==
 {{reflist|2}}
 {{Solarsystem}}

@@ Line 65: / Line 65: @@
 Jupiter has a magnetic field about 14 times as strong as that of Earth. Specifically, its [[magnetic dipole moment]] amounts to 1.55 * 10<sup>27</sup> N-m/T, higher than that of any object except the Sun. It is so high, in fact, that by [[Russell Humphreys]]' model for planetary magnetic fields, Jupiter's field must have formed with ''all'' of its mass aligned for the maximum cumulative magnetic dipole moment, instead of the usual 25%. By this assumption, the magnetic dipole moment of Jupiter at creation must have been 1.79 * 10<sup>27</sup> N-m/T. The half-life of this field is longer than 31,500 Julian years.
-This field tends to shield Jupiter from the [[solar wind]]. However, the field has also trapped large numbers of radioactive particles in a Van-Allen-like radiation belt<ref name=nasa3/> that actually encompasses the orbits of the seven innermost moons. The magnetic field extends beyond the far side of Jupiter for at least 700 million kilometers.<ref name=nasa3/>
+This field tends to shield Jupiter from the [[solar wind]]. However, the field has also trapped large numbers of radioactive particles in a [[Van Allen radiation belt|Van-Allen-like radiation belt]]<ref name=nasa3/> that actually encompasses the orbits of the seven innermost moons. The magnetic field extends beyond the far side of Jupiter for at least 700 million kilometers.<ref name=nasa3/>
 The very strong magnetic field of Jupiter is extraordinary by any standard. The Humphreys model has passed two key tests of its predictive value, one at [[Uranus]] and the other at [[Neptune]].<ref name=Humphreys2>Humphreys, D. R. "[http://www.icr.org/index.php?module=articles&action=view&page=329 Beyond Neptune: Voyager II Supports Creation]." [[Institute for Creation Research]]. Accessed April 30, 2008</ref> That model normally assumes that God formed any given celestial body initially out of water, with its molecules partially aligned for maximum cumulative effect, and then transmuted the molecules after the magnetic field was established. For most celestial bodies thus far observed, an alignment fraction of 25% suffices to establish a magnetic dipole moment at creation. But Jupiter's magnetic dipole moment is far too high to have resulted from an initial alignment of 25%. An alignment of 100% seems to be required, the highest fraction allowable and the highest fraction of all celestial bodies observed to date. This implies that God made Jupiter to be a beacon in the night sky, in more ways than merely by making it large.

@@ Line 43: / Line 43: @@
 Named after the ruler of the Roman gods, Jupiter is large and bright enough to be seen by the naked eye. In fact it is the fourth-brightest object in the night sky, after the [[Sun]], the [[Moon]], and the planet [[Venus]].<ref name=arnett>Arnett, Bill. "[http://www.nineplanets.org/jupiter.html Entry for Jupiter]." ''The <s>Nine</s> 8 Planets'', April 10, 2005. Accessed March 3, 2008.</ref> Jupiter is conspicuous and easy to recognize. An observer carrying 7-power field glasses (of a type used for birding or hunting) will see a round disk that shines steadily. An observer with a small telescope should also be able to resolve the [[Galilean moons]], as [[Galileo Galilei]] himself did. They will appear, as they did to Galileo, as "stars" traveling in "formation" with Jupiter and changing their positions relative to Jupiter in a single night of observation.
-The [[Babylonia]]ns believed that their god [[Marduk]] set Jupiter in the sky to guide the stars.<ref name=nelson>Nelson, Clark. "[http://www.timeemits.com/HoH_Articles/399-Day_Mean_Synodic_Period_of_Jupiter.htm 399-day Mean Synodic Period of Jupiter]."  <http://www.timeemits.com/>, 2006. Accessed March 3, 2008.</ref> Jupiter might have had an influence in the invention of several ancient calendars, including the Mayan calendar, the Egyptian calendar, the ancient (pre-Hillel II) Hebrew calendar, and possibly the calendar in use (at least by the [[Seth]]ite generations of [[Adam]]) before the [[Great flood|Great Flood]]).<ref name=nelson/>
+The [[Babylonia]]ns believed that their god [[Marduk]] set Jupiter in the sky to guide the stars.<ref name=nelson>Nelson, Clark. "[http://www.timeemits.com/HoH_Articles/399-Day_Mean_Synodic_Period_of_Jupiter.htm 399-day Mean Synodic Period of Jupiter]."  <http://www.timeemits.com/>, 2006. Accessed March 3, 2008.</ref> Jupiter might have had an influence in the invention of several ancient calendars, including the Mayan calendar, the Egyptian calendar, the ancient (pre-Hillel II) Hebrew calendar, and possibly the calendar in use (at least by the [[Seth]]ite generations of [[Adam]] before the [[Great flood|Great Flood]]).<ref name=nelson/>
 The name of the Roman god derives from the Latin "dyeu-pater" and "ius-pater."<ref>http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Jupiter</ref>
@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 == Rotational characteristics ==
-Jupiter has a very short sidereal day of about 9.92 hours. However, its latitudinal cloud bands rotate at different speeds, and some of these appear to rotate retrograde. Astronomers once calculated the Jovian day from observations of the equatorial cloud band, but today they rely on the periodicity of Jupiter's magnetic field.<ref name=nasa3>Gierasch, Peter J., and Philip D. Nicholson. "Jupiter." World Book Online Reference Center. 2004. World Book, Inc. <http://www.worldbookonline.com/wb/Article?id=ar293080.> Hosted as "[http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/jupiter_worldbook.html Entry for Jupiter]," World Book at [[NASA]]. Accessed March 3, 2008.</ref>
+Jupiter has a very short sidereal day of about 9.92 hours. However, its latitudinal cloud bands rotate at different speeds, and some of these appear to rotate retrograde. Astronomers once calculated the Jovian day from observations of the equatorial cloud band, but today they rely on the periodicity of Jupiter's magnetic field.<ref name=nasa3>Gierasch, Peter J., and Philip D. Nicholson. "Jupiter." World Book Online Reference Center. 2004. World Book, Inc. <http://www.worldbookonline.com/wb/Article?id=ar293080.> Hosted as "[http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/jupiter_worldbook.html Entry for Jupiter]," World Book at NASA. Accessed March 3, 2008.</ref>
 == Physical characteristics ==
@@ Line 63: / Line 63: @@
 == Magnetosphere ==
-Jupiter has a magnetic field about 14 times as strong as that of Earth. Specifically, its [[magnetic dipole moment]] amounts to 1.55 * 10<sup>27</sup> N-m/T, higher than that of any object except the [[Sun]]. It is so high, in fact, that by [[Russell Humphreys]]' model for planetary magnetic fields, Jupiter's field must have formed with ''all'' of its mass aligned for the maximum cumulative magnetic dipole moment, instead of the usual 25%. By this assumption, the magnetic dipole moment of Jupiter at creation must have been 1.79 * 10<sup>27</sup> N-m/T. The half-life of this field is longer than 31,500 Julian years.
+Jupiter has a magnetic field about 14 times as strong as that of Earth. Specifically, its [[magnetic dipole moment]] amounts to 1.55 * 10<sup>27</sup> N-m/T, higher than that of any object except the Sun. It is so high, in fact, that by [[Russell Humphreys]]' model for planetary magnetic fields, Jupiter's field must have formed with ''all'' of its mass aligned for the maximum cumulative magnetic dipole moment, instead of the usual 25%. By this assumption, the magnetic dipole moment of Jupiter at creation must have been 1.79 * 10<sup>27</sup> N-m/T. The half-life of this field is longer than 31,500 Julian years.
 This field tends to shield Jupiter from the [[solar wind]]. However, the field has also trapped large numbers of radioactive particles in a Van-Allen-like radiation belt<ref name=nasa3/> that actually encompasses the orbits of the seven innermost moons. The magnetic field extends beyond the far side of Jupiter for at least 700 million kilometers.<ref name=nasa3/>
@@ Line 72: / Line 72: @@
 == Ring system ==
-Jupiter does have a ring, consisting of three components, called the halo, the main ring, and the gossamer ring. This ring lies entirely within the region occupied by the four innermost moons, and probably derives its substance from escaping dust from the two innermost moons, [[Metis]] and [[Adrastea]]. The average size of the ring particles is 10 microns, comparable in size to the particles in [[tobacco]] smoke.<ref name=nasa4>Harvey, Samantha. "[http://solarsystem.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Jupiter&Display=Rings Jupiter:Rings]." ''Solar System Exploration'', [[NASA]], February 7, 2008. Accessed March 3, 2008.</ref>
+Jupiter does have a ring, consisting of three components, called the halo, the main ring, and the gossamer ring. This ring lies entirely within the region occupied by the four innermost moons, and probably derives its substance from escaping dust from the two innermost moons, [[Metis]] and [[Adrastea]]. The average size of the ring particles is 10 microns, comparable in size to the particles in [[tobacco]] smoke.<ref name=nasa4>Harvey, Samantha. "[http://solarsystem.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Jupiter&Display=Rings Jupiter:Rings]." ''Solar System Exploration'', NASA, February 7, 2008. Accessed March 3, 2008.</ref>
 ==Shoemaker-Levy==
-In 1994, scientists were able to witness fragments of the comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 collide with Jupiter. These collisions laster for 6 days, starting on July 16 of that year, and was the first cosmic collision to be observed. During the impacts, at least 21 separate fragments with a size of up to 2 kilometers hit Jupiter, leaving scars in its atmosphere larger than several Earths.
+In 1994, scientists were able to witness fragments of the comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 collide with Jupiter. These collisions lasted for 6 days, starting on July 16 of that year, and was the first cosmic collision to be observed. During the impacts, at least 21 separate fragments with a size of up to 2 kilometers hit Jupiter, leaving scars in its atmosphere larger than several Earths.
 == Problems for uniformitarian theories ==
@@ Line 84: / Line 84: @@
 # Jupiter never ignited, though its magnetic field is four times as strong as its mass would normally predict.
-# None of Jupiter's 63 moons is gaseous. Therefore a key event in the nebular sequence did not take place.
+# None of Jupiter's 63 moons is gaseous. Therefore, a key event in the nebular sequence did not take place.
 # The four dwarf-planet-sized [[Galilean moons]] have vastly differing apparent geological "ages" coming from times estimated to be as disparate as ten million years to as recent as thirteen hundred (although the times cannot be fixed with any reliability).<ref>Fulbright, Jeannie. ''Exploring Creation with Astronomy.'' Apologia Educational Ministries, 2004.</ref>
 # Many of Jupiter's outer moons move retrograde to Jupiter's own day.
@@ Line 93: / Line 93: @@
 Seven spacecraft, all from the [[United States]], have visited Jupiter thus far. First to do so was [[Pioneer 10]] (December 3, 1973), which suffered tremendously from the radiation belt but still provided the evidence for Jupiter's [[magnetosphere]]. [[Pioneer 11]] was next (December, 1974) and took far better images of Jupiter and its Great Red Spot.
-[[Voyager 1]] (March, 1979) and [[Voyager 2]] (July, 1979) gave the first comprehensive views of Jupiter and the Jovian system, including the discovery of its rings, the discovery of four moons inside [[Io]]'s orbit, and the first extensive studies of the [[Galilean moons]].
+[[Voyager 1]] (March, 1979) and [[Voyager 2]] (July, 1979) gave the first comprehensive views of Jupiter and the Jovian system, including the discovery of its rings, the discovery of four moons inside [[Io]]'s orbit, and the first extensive studies of the Galilean moons.
-[[Ulysses]] (February 1992) made a brief flyby of Jupiter in order to place itself in polar orbit around the Sun. Nevertheless [[European Space Agency]] scientists used this opportunity to make further measurements of Jupiter's magnetosphere and the effect upon it by the solar wind.
+[[Ulysses]] (February 1992) made a brief flyby of Jupiter in order to place itself in polar orbit around the Sun. Nevertheless, [[European Space Agency]] scientists used this opportunity to make further measurements of Jupiter's magnetosphere and the effect upon it by the solar wind.
 [[Galileo Project|Galileo]] reached Jupiter in 1995. It released a probe to dive into Jupiter's atmosphere; that probe transmitted for nearly an hour before the tremendous pressures crushed it. Galileo's orbiter remained in the system for nearly eight years, through two extensions of its mission, and conducted the most extensive surveys of the Galilean moons to day. Eventually, with the craft low on fuel, mission planners dived it into Jupiter to prevent its possibly crashing into [[Europa]], rupturing Europa's ice sheet, and contaminating the liquid ocean that astronomers now suspect lies a mere 10&nbsp;km deep to the ice and could yet harbor [[extraterrestrial life]].<ref name=nasa3/>

@@ Line 48: / Line 48: @@
 == Orbital characteristics ==
-Jupiter completes one slightly eccentric orbit around the [[Sun]] in 11.86 years, and returns to the same position in [[Earth]]'s night sky in roughly 399 years.<ref name=nasa2/><ref name=nelson/> Its mean distance from the Sun is about 5.2 AU--almost exactly the distance predicted by the [[Titius-Bode law]] of planetary distances. Though Jupiter is the fifth ''planet'' from the Sun, it is actually the ''sixth'' object of a size requiring the assumption of a spheroidal shape. Hence ''n=6'' is the proper number to use in the Bode's Law formula.
+Jupiter completes one slightly eccentric orbit around the [[Sun]] in 11.86 years, and returns to the same position in [[Earth]]'s night sky in roughly 399 years.<ref name=nasa2/><ref name=nelson/> Its mean distance from the Sun is about 5.2 AU—almost exactly the distance predicted by the [[Titius-Bode law]] of planetary distances. Though Jupiter is the fifth ''planet'' from the Sun, it is actually the ''sixth'' object of a size requiring the assumption of a spheroidal shape. Hence ''n=6'' is the proper number to use in the Bode's Law formula.
 == Rotational characteristics ==
@@ Line 54: / Line 54: @@
 == Physical characteristics ==
-Jupiter is about 318 times as massive as Earth, and has a radius of 71,492 km (44,423 miles). Its atmosphere is composed primarily of 86% [[hydrogen]], 14% [[helium]], and traces of [[methane]], [[ammonia]], [[phosphine]], [[water]], [[acetylene]], [[ethane]], [[germanium]], and [[carbon monoxide]].<ref name=nasa3/> It is so thick that no record exists of the surface, if Jupiter has one in the traditional sense--though Jupiter might have a heavy-metal core having a composition similar to that of [[Earth]] but 20 to 30 times as massive.<ref name=nasa3/>
+Jupiter is about 318 times as massive as Earth, and has a radius of 71,492&nbsp;km (44,423 miles). Its atmosphere is composed primarily of 86% [[hydrogen]], 14% [[helium]], and traces of [[methane]], [[ammonia]], [[phosphine]], [[water]], [[acetylene]], [[ethane]], [[germanium]], and [[carbon monoxide]].<ref name=nasa3/> It is so thick that no record exists of the surface, if Jupiter has one in the traditional sense—though Jupiter might have a heavy-metal core having a composition similar to that of [[Earth]] but 20 to 30 times as massive.<ref name=nasa3/>
 === The Great Red Spot and other storms ===
-The planet endures continual storms. The most famous of these is the Great Red Spot, which has raged for at least three hundred years. The most precise estimate of its duration is 342 years,<ref name=Than>Than, Ker. "[http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060731_red_spots.html Differences Spotted in Jupiter's Big Red Storms]." <http://www.space.com/>, July 31, 2006. Accessed March 3, 2008.</ref> but this might refer merely to the first time that someone observed it with a telescope capable of resolving it. It is large enough to encompass the entirety of the [[Earth]] and rotates anticlockwise along Jupiter's equator. Winds at its edge circulate at 360 km/h<ref name=nasa3/>, far faster than those of the most powerful [[hurricane]] ever recorded on Earth.
+The planet endures continual storms. The most famous of these is the Great Red Spot, which has raged for at least three hundred years. The most precise estimate of its duration is 342 years,<ref name=Than>Than, Ker. "[http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060731_red_spots.html Differences Spotted in Jupiter's Big Red Storms]." <http://www.space.com/>, July 31, 2006. Accessed March 3, 2008.</ref> but this might refer merely to the first time that someone observed it with a telescope capable of resolving it. It is large enough to encompass the entirety of the [[Earth]] and rotates anticlockwise along Jupiter's equator. Winds at its edge circulate at 360&nbsp;km/h,<ref name=nasa3/> far faster than those of the most powerful [[hurricane]] ever recorded on Earth.
 === Radiation of heat ===
@@ Line 75: / Line 75: @@
 ==Shoemaker-Levy==
-In 1994, scientists were able to witness fragments of the comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 collide with Jupiter. These collisions laster for 6 days, starting on July 16th of that year, and was the first cosmic collision to be observed. During the impacts, at least 21 separate fragments with a size of up to 2 kilometers hit Jupiter, leaving scars in its atmosphere larger than several Earths.
+In 1994, scientists were able to witness fragments of the comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 collide with Jupiter. These collisions laster for 6 days, starting on July 16 of that year, and was the first cosmic collision to be observed. During the impacts, at least 21 separate fragments with a size of up to 2 kilometers hit Jupiter, leaving scars in its atmosphere larger than several Earths.
 == Problems for uniformitarian theories ==
@@ Line 97: / Line 97: @@
 [[Ulysses]] (February 1992) made a brief flyby of Jupiter in order to place itself in polar orbit around the Sun. Nevertheless [[European Space Agency]] scientists used this opportunity to make further measurements of Jupiter's magnetosphere and the effect upon it by the solar wind.
-[[Galileo Project|Galileo]] reached Jupiter in 1995. It released a probe to dive into Jupiter's atmosphere; that probe transmitted for nearly an hour before the tremendous pressures crushed it. Galileo's orbiter remained in the system for nearly eight years, through two extensions of its mission, and conducted the most extensive surveys of the Galilean moons to day. Eventually, with the craft low on fuel, mission planners dived it into Jupiter to prevent its possibly crashing into [[Europa]], rupturing Europa's ice sheet, and contaminating the liquid ocean that astronomers now suspect lies a mere 10 km deep to the ice and could yet harbor [[extraterrestrial life]].<ref name=nasa3/>
+[[Galileo Project|Galileo]] reached Jupiter in 1995. It released a probe to dive into Jupiter's atmosphere; that probe transmitted for nearly an hour before the tremendous pressures crushed it. Galileo's orbiter remained in the system for nearly eight years, through two extensions of its mission, and conducted the most extensive surveys of the Galilean moons to day. Eventually, with the craft low on fuel, mission planners dived it into Jupiter to prevent its possibly crashing into [[Europa]], rupturing Europa's ice sheet, and contaminating the liquid ocean that astronomers now suspect lies a mere 10&nbsp;km deep to the ice and could yet harbor [[extraterrestrial life]].<ref name=nasa3/>
 [[Cassini-Huygens Mission|Cassini]] flew by Jupiter briefly in 2000 on its way to [[Saturn]]. While in the Jovian system, it took the image shown at the top of this article.

@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 |surfacearea=61,400,000,000 km² (120.375 * earth)<ref name=nasa1/>
 |meantemp=152 K<ref name=nasa1/>
-|moons=28
+|moons=66
 |composition=90% hydrogen and 10% helium<ref name=nasa1/>
 |color=Colored latitudinal bands