Mac OS - Revision history

DavidMiller: reference

2020-12-05T20:09:23Z

reference

DavidMiller at 20:08, December 5, 2020

2020-12-05T20:08:21Z

DavidB4: reword, category cleanup

2017-07-23T19:12:21Z

reword, category cleanup

JDano: remove red links

2016-04-22T14:13:36Z

remove red links

JDano: clean up

2016-04-22T14:12:07Z

clean up

DavidB4: category tweak (manual of style)

2016-03-31T13:24:56Z

category tweak (manual of style)

DavidB4: /* See Also */ Removed some irrelevant links--more could (and perhaps should) be removed

2016-01-27T19:39:09Z

See Also: Removed some irrelevant links--more could (and perhaps should) be removed

DavidB4: fixed category to Operating Systems

2015-12-29T18:47:11Z

fixed category to Operating Systems

TheAmericanRedoubt at 21:16, December 8, 2014

2014-12-08T21:16:25Z

TheAmericanRedoubt: Created rough draft of new article

2014-12-08T21:15:57Z

Created rough draft of new article

New page

'''Mac OS''' or '''MacOS''' is the [[operating system]] developed by [[Apple Computer]] that runs on the [[Apple Macintosh]] [[computer]] and is based on [[Linux]].

==Prescient Quotes on MacOS-iOS-iPhone-iPad-iPod Mobile Device Surveillance==
* "The progress of [[science]] in furnishing the [[big government|government]] with means of [[espionage]] is not likely to stop with [[wiretap]]ping. Ways may some day be developed by which the [[Police state|government]], without removing papers from [[hard disk|secret drawers]], can reproduce them in [[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court|court]], and by which it will be enabled to expose to a [[jury]] the most intimate occurrences of the home. Advances in the [[computer science|psychic and related sciences]] may bring means of exploring unexpressed beliefs, thoughts and emotions. 'That places the [[liberty]] of every [[citizen|man]] in the hands of every [[tyrant|petty officer]]' was said by James Otis of much lesser [[tyranny|intrusions]] than these. 1 To Lord Camden a far slighter intrusion seemed '[[subversive]] of all the comforts of society.' Can it be that the [[Constitution]] affords no [[Right to Privacy|protection]] against such invasions of [[Fourth Amendment|individual security]]?"
** [[Louis Brandeis]]''' (1856-1941), [[United States Supreme Court]] [[Associate Justice]] Dissenting, ''[[Olmstead v. United States]]'', 277 U.S. 438 (1928).

==See Also==
* [[Apple Macintosh]]
* [[Mobile device]]s: [[Smartphones]] and [[tablet computer|tablets]]
* [[Apple Computer|Apple]] [[iOS]] for [[iPhone]]-[[iPod]]-[[iPad]]
* [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
* [[BlackBerry OS|Blackberry]]
* [[Microsoft]] [[Windows Phone]] with [[Windows 8]]
----
* '''[[Censorship]]:''' [[Tools of censorship]], [[Censorability]], [[Fairness Doctrine]], [[Liberal censorship]], [[Media censorship]]
----
* '''[[Perpetual war|The Perpetual War]]:''' [[War on Drugs]], [[War on Terror]] and the [[Police state]]
* '''Domestic [[Mass surveillance|Mass Surveillance]] of Law-Abiding [[Citizen]]s:''' via [[Utah Data Center]], [[PRISM]], [[NSA]]-[[DHS]]-[[BATF]]-[[FBI]]-[[CIA]] and other [[Intelligence agency|Intelligence agencies]]' [[Computer surveillance]], [[Eavesdropping]], [[Data mining]], [[Spyware]], [[Wiretap]] - [[Roving wiretap]], [[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act]] of the [[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court]], [[NSA warrantless surveillance controversy]], [[National security letter]], [[Patriot Act]], [[NDAA]], [[Executive Order]]s, [[United States Census]], [[Common Core]], "[[Stasi]]"-like [[secret police]] "[[If You See Something, Say Something]]" [[informant]]s, and other exponential expansion of the [[Police State]]
* '''[[Asset forfeiture|Asset Forfeiture]]:''' [[Confiscation]] for [[Police]] [[budget deficit]] via [[RICO]]
* '''[[Mililtarization of police|Mililtarization of Police]]:''' [[SWAT]] and [[Pre-dawn raid|Pre-dawn]] [[No-knock raid]]s, [[Sneak and peek warrant]]
* '''[[War on Drugs]]:''' [[Addiction]] and [[Drug trafficking]] of the [[Drug cartel]]s, [[Mafia]], [[Gangs]], [[Drug dealer]]s, [[Hollywood values]] - [[Fashion industry values]] - [[Public school values]] - [[Professor values]]
* '''[[Computer crime|Computer Crime]] and [[Cyberwarfare]]:'''
** '''[[Hackers]]:''' [[China]], [[Russia]] and others
** [[Bradley Manning]] - [[Homosexual]] [[Hacker]] [[Traitor]] of [[State secret]]s
** [[Wikileaks]] and [[Julian Assange]] - [[Australia]]n [[leftist]] [[hacker]]
* '''Dangers of [[Social media|Social Media]]:''' Facebook, Twitter, [[Google|Google Plus]], [[YouTube]], [[Yahoo]]
* '''[[Big government|Big Government]]''': [[ObamaCare]]-[[Common Core]]-[[Social Security]] [[Welfare state]] leads to [[Nanny state]], leads to '''[[Police state]]''': [[Globalist]]-[[Statist]]-[[Socialist]]-[[National Socialist]]-[[Communist]]
* '''[[Liberal totalitarianism|Liberal Totalitarianism]]'''

'''Contrast with:'''

* '''[[Security]] [[Software]] and [[Security-focused operating systems|Security-Focused Operating Systems]]''' to protect [[unalienable rights|unalienable]] [[Fifth Amendment]] - [[Fourth Amendment]] [[Right to Privacy]] ([[Internet privacy]], [[Information privacy]], [[Expectation of privacy]]) and [[Second Amendment]] - [[First Amendment]] ([[Freedom of information]] and [[Political freedom]]) rights against [[unconstitutional]] [[Gun control]] - [[Internet censorship]] [[Big government]] [[Police state]], [[hackers]], and "[[5 U.S.C. § 3331|all enemies, foreign and domestic]]" of [[American values|American]] [[liberty]].
** '''[[Anonymity]] with [[Tails (operating system)|Tails Operating System]]''': [[Linux]]-based with [[Tor (anonymity network)]], [[Firefox]] [[Iceweasel]] [[browser]], [[HTTPS Everywhere]] [[encryption]]
** '''[[Prism-break.org|Prism-Break.org]]''': Opt out of global data [[surveillance]] programs like [[PRISM]], [[ECHELON]], [[XKeyscore]] and [[Tempora]].<ref>"Help make [[mass surveillance]] of entire populations uneconomical! We all have an [[unalienable right]] to [[privacy]], which you can exercise today by [[encrypting]] your communications and ending your reliance on proprietary products and services."</ref>
** '''[[Open source|Open Source]] [[Free software]]''' not over-priced tracking by [[Microsoft]]-[[Apple]]-[[Google]]-[[Android]]
* '''[[Privacy search engines|Privacy Search Engines]]: [[Duck Duck Go]]''' and [[Ixquick]]: [[Privacy]]-oriented [[Search engine]]s instead of tracking by [[Google]], [[Yahoo]] and [[Bing]]
* '''[[Internet anonymity|Internet Anonymity]] - [[Right to be forgotten]] [[Pseudonymity]]''' ([[Pseudonym]]) using [[Anonymous web browsing]] with [[Tails]] and [[VPN]] ([[Virtual Private Network]]), [[HMA]], [[OpenVPN]] and [[IPsec]] , [[Proxy server]]s, [[Anonymizer]] ([[Anonymous proxies]])
** '''[[Mozilla Firefox]]''' with [[Browser extension]]s instead of [[Microsoft]] [[Internet Explorer]], [[Google Chrome]], [[Safari (web browser)]] and [[Opera (web browser)]]
** '''[[Browser security|Browser Security]]''' via [[HTTPS Everywhere]] ([[HTTPS]] ([[HTTP Secure]]) instead of [[Plaintext]] ([[Cleartext]]) [[HTTP]]; and [[NoScript]] to stop [[JavaScript]]
** '''[[Ad filtering|Ad Filtering]]''' ([[Privacy mode]] and [[Adblock Plus]] or [[Ghostery]]) to stop [[Ad tracking]] - [[Website visitor tracking]] via [[Geolocation]], [[Geotargeting]], [[Personally identifiable information]] and [[Device fingerprint]]s
* '''[[Internet safety|Internet Safety]], [[Computer security|Computer Security]] via [[Password strength]] and [[Password manager]]s''' via [[KeePass]] or [[LastPass]] and [[Antivirus]]-[[Firewall]]
* '''[[Secure communication|Secure Communication]]:'''
** '''[[E-mail privacy|E-mail Privacy]] and [[Email encryption|Email Encryption]]:''' [[Claws Mail]] or [[Enigmail]] or [[Kontact]] using [[Hushmail]] or [[MyKolab]], [[Anonymous remailer]], instead of tracking by [[Microsoft Outlook]], [[Mozilla Thunderbird]] using [[Yahoo! Mail]], [[Gmail]] [[iCloud]]
** '''[[Secure messaging|Secure Messaging]] and [[Off-the-Record Messaging]] via [[I2P]]''' [[Instant messaging]], [[Cryptocat]], [[Bitmessage]] instead of [[Skype]], [[Yahoo! Messenger]], [[Internet Relay Chat]], [[Google Plus]], Facebook
** '''[[Silent Phone]] with [[Silent Circle]]''' instead of [[Android]] or [[iPhone]] [[Smartphone]]
** '''[[OPSEC]]:''' "[[Loose lips sink ships]]"
* '''[[Encryption]]:''' [[Encryption software]], [[Disk encryption software]], [[LUKS]] or [[TrueCrypt]] instead of [[Microsoft]] [[BitLocker]], [[PGP]] and [[GNU Privacy Guard]], [[Data encryption]], [[Public-key encryption]], [[Cryptography]]-[[Cryptanalysis]]-[[Cryptology]]-[[Steganography]]
* '''[[Peer-to-peer|Peer-to-Peer]]:''' [[Sneakernet]], [[Friend-to-friend]], [[Darknet (file sharing)]], [[Anonymous P2P]] instead of [[BitTorrent]]
* '''[[Deep Web]] - [[Dark Internet]]:''' [[Tor]], [[AmRD]], [[Tor2web]], [[The Hidden Wiki]], [[Anonymous blog]]
* '''[[Cryptocurrency]]-[[Digital currency|Digital Currency]]-[[Alternative currency|Alternative Currency]]-[[Virtual currency|Virtual Currency]]: [[Bitcoin]]''' and [[Hard money]]-[[Precious metals]]-[[Tangibles]] versus [[PayPal]], [[Credit cards]] and [[inflation]]-prone [[Dollar (U.S.)|U.S. Dolars]]: [[Federal Reserve System]]'s [[Keynesian economics]] [[Ponzi scheme]] of [[Quantitative easing]]-[[Debt monetization]] [[devaluation]] of [[Fiat currency]] through [[Money supply]]-[[Treasury bill]]s bought mostly by [[China]] and [[Japan]]
----
* '''[[Privacy resources|Privacy Resources]]:'''
** ''[[Hologram of Liberty]]'' - The Constitution's Shocking Alliance With Big Government by [[Boston T. Party]] - [[Kenneth W. Royce]]
** ''[[One Nation, Under Surveillance]] - Privacy From the Watchful Eye'' by [[Boston T. Party]]
** ''[[How to Be Invisible]] - Protect Your Home, Your Children, Your Assets, and Your Life'', by [[J. J. Luna]]
** '''[[Electronic Frontier Foundation]]''' and [[Electronic Privacy Information Center]], [[Oath Keepers]], [[Judicial Watch]]
** '''[[Freedom of Information Act]]''', [[Electronic Communications Privacy Act]] of 1986 and [[Privacy Act of 1974]]
** '''[[Edward J. Snowden]] Revelations''' of [[unconstitutional]] domestic spying on law-abiding [[American]] [[citizen]]s; [[GlobaLeaks]]
----
* '''[[Crypto-libertarianism]] [[Limited government]]''' implies:
* [[Conservative values]], [[American values]] - [[Small town values]], [[American Patriots]] and [[Bill of Rights]] [[liberty]]
** [[Capitalism]] and [[Free enterprise]]
** [[Family values]] and [[Parental rights]]: [[Sanctity of life]], [[Family]]-[[Marriage]], [[Homeschooling]] teaching [[Virtue]], [[Patriotism]], [[Duty]], and [[Self-reliance]]

==External Links==
*[http://www.apple.com/macos/ Official website]
* https://charlescarrollsociety.com/2013/06/10/prism-yes-they-can
* https://charlescarrollsociety.com/2013/05/06/memo-to-the-police-state-progressives-please-let-his-people-go
* https://charlescarrollsociety.com/2012/09/15/no-knock-raid-a-great-video
* https://charlescarrollsociety.com/2014/02/12/amrd-t-a-i-l-s-plastic-gloves-for-your-computer-american-redoubt - [[Tails operating system]]
* https://charlescarrollsociety.com/2014/01/29/amrd-introducing-the-tor-browser-bundle/ - [[Tor browser]]
* https://prism-break.org/en - "Opt out of global data surveillance programs like [[PRISM]], [[XKeyscore]] and [[Tempora]]."<ref>"Help make [[mass surveillance]] of entire populations uneconomical. We all have a [[right to privacy]], which you can exercise today by [[encrypt]]ing your communications and ending your reliance on proprietary services."</ref>
* https://www.eff.org - "Leading the fight against the [[NSA]]'s illegal [[mass surveillance]] program"<ref>"Organization formed in 1990 to maintain and enhance intellectual freedom, privacy, and other values of civil liberties and democracy in networked communications. Publishes newsletters, Internet Guidebooks and other documents, provides mailing lists and other online forums, and hosts a large electronic document archive. Contact: info@eff.org. 454 Shotwell Street, San Francisco, CA 94110-1914. Tel: (415) 436-9333. Fax: (415) 436-9993. Executive Director: Sheryl Steele."</ref>
* https://www.eff.org/secure-messaging-scorecard
* http://justdelete.me
* http://lifehacker.com/just-delete-me-is-a-massive-list-of-links-to-close-all-1245040101
* [http://epic.org/privacy/privacy_resources_faq.html Online Guide to Privacy Resources]<ref>"EPIC was established in 1994 to focus public attention on emerging privacy issues relating to the National Information Infrastructure, such as the Clipper Chip, the Digital Telephony proposal, medical records privacy and the sale of consumer data. EPIC conducts litigation, sponsors conferences, produces reports, publishes the EPIC Alert and leads campaigns on privacy issues. For more information email: epic-info@epic.org, or contact EPIC, 1718 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20009. Tel: (202) 483-1140. Executive Director: Marc Rotenberg."</ref>
* http://www.nocards.org - [[Coalition Against Unsolicited Commercial Email]]<ref>"CAUCE is an all volunteer, entirely web-based organization, created by Netizens to advocate for a legislative solution to the problem of UCE (spam). CAUCE began as a discussion group called SPAM-LAW, formed of members who felt that legislation was necessary to stop spam from choking the life out of the Internet. In 1997 CAUCE proposed an amendment to the Federal statute which outlaws junk "faxes" (47 USC 227) to also prohibit junk e-mail, and since then has remained a pre-eminent voice in the anti-spam community. Email: comments@cauce.org. President: Edward Cherlin."</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Apple Inc.]]
[[Category:Operating System]]
[[Category:Apps]]
[[Category:First Amendment]]
[[Category:Fourth Amendment]]
[[Category:Police State]]
[[Category:Espionage]]
[[Category:Cryptography]]
[[Category:Technology]]
[[Category:Internet]]
[[Category:Information technology]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 '''Mac OS''' or '''MacOS''' is the [[operating system]] developed by [[Apple Inc.]] which in included with all [[Macintosh]] [[computer]]s.  Versions 1 through 9 of MacOS were built from the ground up by Apple.  However, version X of MacOS is based on a UNIX kernel and will accept UNIX commands.
-The latest version is version 11 "Big Sur".
+The latest version is version 11 "Big Sur". <ref>https://techcrunch.com/2020/06/22/apple-unveils-macos-10-16-big-sur/</ref>
 ==External links==

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:08, December 5, 2020
Line 1:		Line 1:
	'''Mac OS''' or '''MacOS''' is the [[operating system]] developed by [[Apple Inc.]] which in included with all [[Macintosh]] [[computer]]s. Versions 1 through 9 of MacOS were built from the ground up by Apple. However, version X of MacOS is based on a UNIX kernel and will accept UNIX commands.		'''Mac OS''' or '''MacOS''' is the [[operating system]] developed by [[Apple Inc.]] which in included with all [[Macintosh]] [[computer]]s. Versions 1 through 9 of MacOS were built from the ground up by Apple. However, version X of MacOS is based on a UNIX kernel and will accept UNIX commands.
		+
		+	The latest version is version 11 "Big Sur".

	==External links==		==External links==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Mac OS''' or '''MacOS''' is the [[operating system]] developed by [[Apple Computer]] that runs on the Apple [[Macintosh]] [[computer]].  Versions 1 through 9 of MacOS were built from the ground up by Apple.  However, version X of MacOS is based on a UNIX kernel and will accept UNIX commands.
+'''Mac OS''' or '''MacOS''' is the [[operating system]] developed by [[Apple Inc.]] which in included with all [[Macintosh]] [[computer]]s.  Versions 1 through 9 of MacOS were built from the ground up by Apple.  However, version X of MacOS is based on a UNIX kernel and will accept UNIX commands.
 ==External links==
 *[http://www.apple.com/macos/ Official website]
 [[Category:Apple Inc.]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 '''Mac OS''' or '''MacOS''' is the [[operating system]] developed by [[Apple Computer]] that runs on the Apple [[Macintosh]] [[computer]].  Versions 1 through 9 of MacOS were built from the ground up by Apple.  However, version X of MacOS is based on a UNIX kernel and will accept UNIX commands.
@@ Line 8: / Line 6: @@
 *[http://www.apple.com/macos/ Official website]
 [[Category:Apple Inc.]]
-[[Category:Operating Systems]]]
+[[Category:Operating Systems]]
 [[Category:Technology]]
 [[Category:Internet]]
 [[Category:Information Technology]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Mac OS''' or '''MacOS''' is the [[operating system]] developed by [[Apple Computer]] that runs on the Apple [[Macintosh]] [[computer]] and is based on [[Linux]].
+'''Mac OS''' or '''MacOS''' is the [[operating system]] developed by [[Apple Computer]] that runs on the Apple [[Macintosh]] [[computer]].  Versions 1 through 9 of MacOS were built from the ground up by Apple.  However, version X of MacOS is based on a UNIX kernel and will accept UNIX commands.
-==Prescient Quotes on MacOS-iOS-iPhone-iPad-iPod Mobile Device Surveillance==
+==See also==
 * [[Apple Macintosh]]
-'''Contrast with:'''
+==External links==
+*[http://www.apple.com/macos/ Official website]
 ==References==
@@ Line 57: / Line 13: @@
 [[Category:Apple Inc.]]
-[[Category:Operating Systems]]
+[[Category:Operating Systems]]]
 [[Category:Technology]]
 [[Category:Internet]]
 [[Category:Information Technology]]

@@ Line 61: / Line 61: @@
 [[Category:First Amendment]]
 [[Category:Fourth Amendment]]
 [[Category:Cryptography]]
 [[Category:Technology]]
 [[Category:Internet]]
-[[Category:Information technology]]
+[[Category:Information Technology]]

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 * [[Microsoft]] [[Windows Phone]] with [[Windows 8]]
 ----
 * '''Domestic [[Mass surveillance|Mass Surveillance]] of Law-Abiding [[Citizen]]s:'''  via [[Utah Data Center]], [[PRISM]], [[NSA]]-[[DHS]]-[[BATF]]-[[FBI]]-[[CIA]] and other [[Intelligence agency|Intelligence agencies]]' [[Computer surveillance]], [[Eavesdropping]], [[Data mining]], [[Spyware]], [[Wiretap]] - [[Roving wiretap]], [[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act]] of the [[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court]], [[NSA warrantless surveillance controversy]], [[National security letter]], [[Patriot Act]], [[NDAA]], [[Executive Order]]s, [[United States Census]], [[Common Core]], "[[Stasi]]"-like [[secret police]] "[[If You See Something, Say Something]]" [[informant]]s, and other exponential expansion of the [[Police State]]
@@ Line 35: / Line 22: @@
 ** '''[[Prism-break.org|Prism-Break.org]]''': Opt out of global data [[surveillance]] programs like [[PRISM]], [[ECHELON]], [[XKeyscore]] and [[Tempora]].<ref>"Help make [[mass surveillance]] of entire populations uneconomical! We all have an [[unalienable right]] to [[privacy]], which you can exercise today by [[encrypting]] your communications and ending your reliance on proprietary products and services."</ref>
 ** '''[[Open source|Open Source]] [[Free software]]''' not over-priced tracking by [[Microsoft]]-[[Apple]]-[[Google]]-[[Android]]
 ** '''[[Mozilla Firefox]]''' with [[Browser extension]]s instead of [[Microsoft]] [[Internet Explorer]], [[Google Chrome]], [[Safari (web browser)]] and [[Opera (web browser)]]
 ** '''[[Browser security|Browser Security]]''' via [[HTTPS Everywhere]] ([[HTTPS]] ([[HTTP Secure]]) instead of [[Plaintext]] ([[Cleartext]]) [[HTTP]]; and [[NoScript]] to stop [[JavaScript]]
 * '''[[Internet safety|Internet Safety]], [[Computer security|Computer Security]] via [[Password strength]] and [[Password manager]]s''' via [[KeePass]] or [[LastPass]] and [[Antivirus]]-[[Firewall]]
 * '''[[Secure communication|Secure Communication]]:'''
@@ Line 45: / Line 29: @@
 ** '''[[Secure messaging|Secure Messaging]] and [[Off-the-Record Messaging]] via [[I2P]]''' [[Instant messaging]], [[Cryptocat]], [[Bitmessage]] instead of [[Skype]], [[Yahoo! Messenger]], [[Internet Relay Chat]], [[Google Plus]], Facebook
 ** '''[[Silent Phone]] with [[Silent Circle]]''' instead of [[Android]] or [[iPhone]] [[Smartphone]]
 * '''[[Encryption]]:''' [[Encryption software]], [[Disk encryption software]], [[LUKS]] or [[TrueCrypt]] instead of [[Microsoft]] [[BitLocker]],  [[PGP]] and [[GNU Privacy Guard]], [[Data encryption]], [[Public-key encryption]], [[Cryptography]]-[[Cryptanalysis]]-[[Cryptology]]-[[Steganography]]
 ----
 * '''[[Privacy resources|Privacy Resources]]:'''
 ** ''[[Hologram of Liberty]]'' - The Constitution's Shocking Alliance With Big Government by [[Boston T. Party]] - [[Kenneth W. Royce]]
 ** ''[[One Nation, Under Surveillance]] - Privacy From the Watchful Eye'' by [[Boston T. Party]]
 ** '''[[Electronic Frontier Foundation]]''' and [[Electronic Privacy Information Center]], [[Oath Keepers]], [[Judicial Watch]]
 ** '''[[Freedom of Information Act]]''', [[Electronic Communications Privacy Act]] of 1986 and [[Privacy Act of 1974]]
 ** '''[[Edward J. Snowden]] Revelations''' of [[unconstitutional]] domestic spying on law-abiding [[American]] [[citizen]]s; [[GlobaLeaks]]
 ==External Links==

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:16, December 8, 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	'''Mac OS''' or '''MacOS''' is the [[operating system]] developed by [[Apple Computer]] that runs on the [[~~Apple~~ Macintosh]] [[computer]] and is based on [[Linux]].	+	'''Mac OS''' or '''MacOS''' is the [[operating system]] developed by [[Apple Computer]] that runs on the Apple [[Macintosh]] [[computer]] and is based on [[Linux]].

	==Prescient Quotes on MacOS-iOS-iPhone-iPad-iPod Mobile Device Surveillance==		==Prescient Quotes on MacOS-iOS-iPhone-iPad-iPod Mobile Device Surveillance==