Menstruation - Revision history

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2019-04-09T17:26:31Z

HTTP --> HTTPS #3, replaced: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov → https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (3)

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2018-09-26T18:27:41Z

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Pinely: Fixed page link.

2018-08-07T21:54:57Z

Fixed page link.

DavidB4-bot: /* Differing Views on the Purpose of Menstruation Through History */clean up

2016-06-23T12:50:44Z

Differing Views on the Purpose of Menstruation Through History: clean up

DavidE: /* Menstruation and the Bible */ another benefit, only very recently scientifically confirmed, of following God's Law on this matter

2012-06-15T22:02:09Z

Menstruation and the Bible: another benefit, only very recently scientifically confirmed, of following God's Law on this matter

DavidE: /* Menstruation and the Bible */ Even the naysayers have conceded that the Bible says what it says, so why not include it?

2009-04-29T17:48:26Z

Menstruation and the Bible: Even the naysayers have conceded that the Bible says what it says, so why not include it?

DavidE: /* Menstruation and the Bible */ internal link

2009-03-06T13:04:37Z

Menstruation and the Bible: internal link

JonathanG at 04:31, November 8, 2008

2008-11-08T04:31:22Z

Ungtss at 03:50, October 9, 2008

2008-10-09T03:50:45Z

DinsdaleP: Renamed section - as an encyclopedia we should also separate outdated historical views from the currently-accepted medical one

2008-10-08T23:10:56Z

Renamed section - as an encyclopedia we should also separate outdated historical views from the currently-accepted medical one

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 A number of hypotheses have been put forth regarding the purpose or benefit of menstruation:
 * The ancient physician [[Hippocrates]] held that menstruation was the body's means of purging itself of bad [[humor]]s, based on his belief that an excess of blood in the body led to health problems;
-* Margie Profet argues that menstruation was the body's means of purging the uterus and reproductive system of bacterial infection, based on the fact that menstrual blood contains an unusually large amount of macrophages, or immune cells;<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8210311</ref>
+* Margie Profet argues that menstruation was the body's means of purging the uterus and reproductive system of bacterial infection, based on the fact that menstrual blood contains an unusually large amount of macrophages, or immune cells;<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8210311</ref>
 * Beverly Strassmann argued that the purpose of menstruation is energy conservation—that the endometrium is very energy-intensive, so it is more efficient to maintain it for only part of the time.  "Endometrial economy," she argued, preserves the metabolic equivalent of six days worth of food for women.<ref>Strassmann, Beverly I. (1996) "The Evolution of Endometrial Cycles and Menstruation", Quarterly Review of Biology 71, 2(June): 181-221.</ref>
 * Elsimar M. Coutinho argues that menstruation acted as a sign that a woman had failed to conceive in the past, and as such is now "obsolete" and should be "cured" by modern medicine.<ref>Elsimar M. Coutinho, ''Is Menstruation Obsolete?''</ref>
 == Overt and covert menstruation ==
-Both overt menstruation and covert menstruation, the majority of the endometrium is reabsorbed.  This leaves us with the question: why do humans and great apes experience overt menstruation?  Some speculate that the sophistication and size of the endometrium required to support a human and great ape fetus.  It may simply be too large to be reabsorbed, and the excess material is expelled via overt menstruation.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8693059</ref>
+Both overt menstruation and covert menstruation, the majority of the endometrium is reabsorbed.  This leaves us with the question: why do humans and great apes experience overt menstruation?  Some speculate that the sophistication and size of the endometrium required to support a human and great ape fetus.  It may simply be too large to be reabsorbed, and the excess material is expelled via overt menstruation.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8693059</ref>
 ==Menstruation and the Bible==
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 An abstract for the L.L. Ben-Noun 2003 article in the ''European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology'' entitled "What is the biblical attitude towards personal hygiene during vaginal bleeding?" states the following:
-{{cquote|To analyze biblical passages associated with personal hygiene during vaginal bleeding. According to the Bible, a woman who is menstruating or who has pathological vaginal bleeding is unclean. Anybody who touches such a woman's bed or her personal things is also regarded as unclean and should therefore, wash carefully. Sexual relations are forbidden within 7 days from the beginning of menstruation and during pathological vaginal bleeding. Seven days after the cessation of vaginal bleeding, a woman is considered as clean, and therefore, sexual contacts are permitted. From a modern perspective sexual contacts during menses are associated with the development of chlamydial and gonococcal diseases, the risk of transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus infection, endometriosis and subsequent infertility.This report indicates that the roots of contemporary obstetric preventive medicine can be traced to Biblical times.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12475597?dopt=Abstract</ref>}}
+{{cquote|To analyze biblical passages associated with personal hygiene during vaginal bleeding. According to the Bible, a woman who is menstruating or who has pathological vaginal bleeding is unclean. Anybody who touches such a woman's bed or her personal things is also regarded as unclean and should therefore, wash carefully. Sexual relations are forbidden within 7 days from the beginning of menstruation and during pathological vaginal bleeding. Seven days after the cessation of vaginal bleeding, a woman is considered as clean, and therefore, sexual contacts are permitted. From a modern perspective sexual contacts during menses are associated with the development of chlamydial and gonococcal diseases, the risk of transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus infection, endometriosis and subsequent infertility.This report indicates that the roots of contemporary obstetric preventive medicine can be traced to Biblical times.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12475597?dopt=Abstract</ref>}}
 Also, modern science has only very recently discovered that following such rules dramatically reduces the rate of [[illegitimacy]].<ref>[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/06/120604182027.htm How Religion Promotes Confidence About Paternity]</ref>  [[CreationWiki]] sees the biblical injunction about a man not sleeping with a woman who is menstruating as one of the many examples of [[Bible scientific foreknowledge]].<ref>http://creationwiki.org/Bible_scientific_foreknowledge</ref>

@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 {{cquote|To analyze biblical passages associated with personal hygiene during vaginal bleeding. According to the Bible, a woman who is menstruating or who has pathological vaginal bleeding is unclean. Anybody who touches such a woman's bed or her personal things is also regarded as unclean and should therefore, wash carefully. Sexual relations are forbidden within 7 days from the beginning of menstruation and during pathological vaginal bleeding. Seven days after the cessation of vaginal bleeding, a woman is considered as clean, and therefore, sexual contacts are permitted. From a modern perspective sexual contacts during menses are associated with the development of chlamydial and gonococcal diseases, the risk of transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus infection, endometriosis and subsequent infertility.This report indicates that the roots of contemporary obstetric preventive medicine can be traced to Biblical times.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12475597?dopt=Abstract</ref>}}
-Also, modern science has only very recently discovered that following such rules dramatically reduces the rate of [[illegitimacy]].<ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/06/120604182027.htm How Religion Promotes Confidence About Paternity]</ref>  [[CreationWiki]] sees the biblical injunction about a man not sleeping with a woman who is menstruating as one of the many examples of [[Bible scientific foreknowledge]].<ref>http://creationwiki.org/Bible_scientific_foreknowledge</ref>
+Also, modern science has only very recently discovered that following such rules dramatically reduces the rate of [[illegitimacy]].<ref>[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/06/120604182027.htm How Religion Promotes Confidence About Paternity]</ref>  [[CreationWiki]] sees the biblical injunction about a man not sleeping with a woman who is menstruating as one of the many examples of [[Bible scientific foreknowledge]].<ref>http://creationwiki.org/Bible_scientific_foreknowledge</ref>
 ==References==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 '''Menstruation''' or '''menses''' occurs at the end of a [[placenta]]l [[mammal]]'s menstrual cycle. There are two types of menstruation:
-* Overt menstruation, occurring in [[human]]s and [[great apes]], in which some of the lining of the [[uterus]] is shed and expelled from the body;
+* Overt menstruation, occurring in [[human]]s and [[Hominidae|great apes]], in which some of the lining of the [[uterus]] is shed and expelled from the body;
 * Covert menstruation, occurring in all other placental mammals, in which the [[endometrium]] is reabsorbed without being expelled.

@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 A number of hypotheses have been put forth regarding the purpose or benefit of menstruation:
 * The ancient physician [[Hippocrates]] held that menstruation was the body's means of purging itself of bad [[humor]]s, based on his belief that an excess of blood in the body led to health problems;
-* Margie Profet argues that menstruation was the body's means of purging the uterus and reproductive system of bacterial infection, based on the fact that menstrual blood contains an unusually large amount of macrophages, or immune cells <ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8210311</ref>;
+* Margie Profet argues that menstruation was the body's means of purging the uterus and reproductive system of bacterial infection, based on the fact that menstrual blood contains an unusually large amount of macrophages, or immune cells;<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8210311</ref>
-* Beverly Strassmann argued that the purpose of menstruation is energy conservation -- that the endometrium is very energy-intensive, so it is more efficient to maintain it for only part of the time.  "Endometrial economy," she argued, preserves the metabolic equivalent of six days worth of food for women.<ref>Strassmann, Beverly I. (1996) "The Evolution of Endometrial Cycles and Menstruation", Quarterly Review of Biology 71, 2(June): 181-221. </ref>
+* Beverly Strassmann argued that the purpose of menstruation is energy conservation—that the endometrium is very energy-intensive, so it is more efficient to maintain it for only part of the time.  "Endometrial economy," she argued, preserves the metabolic equivalent of six days worth of food for women.<ref>Strassmann, Beverly I. (1996) "The Evolution of Endometrial Cycles and Menstruation", Quarterly Review of Biology 71, 2(June): 181-221.</ref>
-* Elsimar M. Coutinho argues that menstruation acted as a sign that a woman had failed to conceive in the past, and as such is now "obsolete" and should be "cured" by modern medicine.  <ref>Elsimar M. Coutinho, ''Is Menstruation Obsolete?''</ref>
+* Elsimar M. Coutinho argues that menstruation acted as a sign that a woman had failed to conceive in the past, and as such is now "obsolete" and should be "cured" by modern medicine.<ref>Elsimar M. Coutinho, ''Is Menstruation Obsolete?''</ref>
 == Overt and covert menstruation ==

@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 {{cquote|To analyze biblical passages associated with personal hygiene during vaginal bleeding. According to the Bible, a woman who is menstruating or who has pathological vaginal bleeding is unclean. Anybody who touches such a woman's bed or her personal things is also regarded as unclean and should therefore, wash carefully. Sexual relations are forbidden within 7 days from the beginning of menstruation and during pathological vaginal bleeding. Seven days after the cessation of vaginal bleeding, a woman is considered as clean, and therefore, sexual contacts are permitted. From a modern perspective sexual contacts during menses are associated with the development of chlamydial and gonococcal diseases, the risk of transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus infection, endometriosis and subsequent infertility.This report indicates that the roots of contemporary obstetric preventive medicine can be traced to Biblical times.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12475597?dopt=Abstract</ref>}}
-[[CreationWiki]] sees the biblical injunction about a man not sleeping with a woman who is menstruating as one of the many examples of [[Bible scientific foreknowledge]].<ref>http://creationwiki.org/Bible_scientific_foreknowledge</ref>
+Also, modern science has only very recently discovered that following such rules dramatically reduces the rate of [[illegitimacy]].<ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/06/120604182027.htm How Religion Promotes Confidence About Paternity]</ref>  [[CreationWiki]] sees the biblical injunction about a man not sleeping with a woman who is menstruating as one of the many examples of [[Bible scientific foreknowledge]].<ref>http://creationwiki.org/Bible_scientific_foreknowledge</ref>
 ==References==

@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 ==Menstruation and the Bible==
-Under [[Old Testament]] [[Mosaic Law|law]], a woman was to be put apart during menstruation:
+Under the [[Mosaic Law]], a woman was to be put apart during menstruation:
 {{Bible quote|And if a woman have an issue, [and] her issue in her flesh be blood, she shall be put apart seven days: and whosoever toucheth her shall be unclean until the even. And every thing that she lieth upon in her separation shall be unclean: every thing also that she sitteth upon shall be unclean. And whosoever toucheth her bed shall wash his clothes, and bathe [himself] in water, and be unclean until the even. And whosoever toucheth any thing that she sat upon shall wash his clothes, and bathe [himself] in water, and be unclean until the even. And if it [be] on [her] bed, or on any thing whereon she sitteth, when he toucheth it, he shall be unclean until the even. And if any man lie with her at all, and her flowers be upon him, he shall be unclean seven days; and all the bed whereon he lieth shall be unclean.
 |book=Leviticus|chap=15|verses=19-24|version=KJV}}
 Max Neuberger, writing in his "History of Medicine" states:

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 '''Menstruation''' or '''menses''' occurs at the end of a [[placenta]]l [[mammal]]'s menstrual cycle. There are two types of menstruation:
-* Overt menstruation, occuring in [[human]]s and [[great apes]], in which the lining of the [[uterus]] is shed and expelled from the body;
+* Overt menstruation, occuring in [[human]]s and [[great apes]], in which some of the lining of the [[uterus]] is shed and expelled from the body;
-* Covert menstruation, occuring in all other placental mammals, in which the [[endometrium]] is reabsorbed.
+* Covert menstruation, occuring in all other placental mammals, in which the [[endometrium]] is reabsorbed without being expelled.
 Over the course of the menstrual cycle, the lining of the uterus builds up in preparation for implantation of a fertilized [[ovum]].  If no conception occurs, the thickened lining is sloughed off and flows out though the cervix and vaginal canal.  The process of thickening then starts again for the next menstrual cycle.<ref>[http://www.4woman.gov/faq/menstru.htm#4 Menstruation and the Menstrual Cycle, from the US Dept. of Health and Human Services]</ref> If conception occurs, hormonal changes occur in the body that prevent menstruation from occurring.
@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 * Beverly Strassmann argued that the purpose of menstruation is energy conservation -- that the endometrium is very energy-intensive, so it is more efficient to maintain it for only part of the time.  "Endometrial economy," she argued, preserves the metabolic equivalent of six days worth of food for women.<ref>Strassmann, Beverly I. (1996) "The Evolution of Endometrial Cycles and Menstruation", Quarterly Review of Biology 71, 2(June): 181-221. </ref>
 * Elsimar M. Coutinho argues that menstruation acted as a sign that a woman had failed to conceive in the past, and as such is now "obsolete" and should be "cured" by modern medicine.  <ref>Elsimar M. Coutinho, ''Is Menstruation Obsolete?''</ref>
 ==Menstruation and the Bible==

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 Menarche is the onset of menstruation in an adolescent.  This average age of menarche is twelve, but there is much variation.  Amenorrhea is an unusual absence of menstruation and should be cause for medical consultation.
-==Purpose of Menstruation==
+==Differing Views on the Purpose of Menstruation Through History==
 A number of hypotheses have been put forth regarding the purpose or benefit of menstruation:
 * The ancient physician [[Hippocrates]] held that menstruation was the body's means of purging itself of bad [[humor]]s, based on his belief that an excess of blood in the body led to health problems;