Patterns of biological evolution - Revision history

DavidB4-bot: HTTP --> HTTPS #3, replaced: http://www.pbs.org → https://www.pbs.org, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov → https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (3)

2019-04-09T19:00:23Z

HTTP --> HTTPS #3, replaced: http://www.pbs.org → https://www.pbs.org, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov → https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (3)

DavidB4-bot: /* Parallel Evolution */HTTP --> HTTPS [#1], replaced: http://www.britannica.com → https://www.britannica.com (2)

2018-09-26T19:03:43Z

Parallel Evolution: HTTP --> HTTPS [#1], replaced: http://www.britannica.com → https://www.britannica.com (2)

DavidB4-bot: clean up & uniformity

2016-07-13T17:18:18Z

clean up & uniformity

CSGuy at 02:24, September 2, 2008

2008-09-02T02:24:36Z

Ed Poor: Types of evolution moved to Patterns of biological evolution: to make room for Types of evolution

2008-05-29T14:42:37Z

Types of evolution moved to Patterns of biological evolution: to make room for Types of evolution

Philip J. Rayment: /* Convergent Evolution */ Refer to later discussion; no need to have the reference twice.

2008-05-02T12:31:39Z

Convergent Evolution: Refer to later discussion; no need to have the reference twice.

NathanG: accent

2008-02-22T19:44:23Z

accent

CSGuy at 21:32, December 16, 2007

2007-12-16T21:32:55Z

Philip J. Rayment: Creationist explanation

2007-11-03T13:14:11Z

Creationist explanation

Philip J. Rayment: /* Parallel Evolution */ Difficult to distinguish from convergent evolution.

2007-11-03T12:58:42Z

Parallel Evolution: Difficult to distinguish from convergent evolution.

@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 ==Divergent Evolution ==
-When people hear the word "evolution," they most commonly think of divergent evolution,<ref>http://bioweb.cs.earlham.edu/9-12/evolution/HTML/converge.html</ref> the evolutionary pattern in which two species gradually become increasingly different. Divergent evolution refers to a group from a specific population developing into a new species. In order to adapt to various environmental conditions, the two groups are said to develop into distinct species due to differences in the demands driven by the environmental circumstances. On a large scale, divergent evolution is said to be responsible for the creation of the current diversity of life on earth from the first living cells. On a smaller scale, it is claimed to be responsible for the evolution of humans and apes from a common primate ancestor. On a molecular scale, it is what would describe the appearance of new catalytic functions of enzymes and membrane protein topology.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=11395407&dopt=Abstract</ref><ref>http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=17552</ref>
+When people hear the word "evolution," they most commonly think of divergent evolution,<ref>http://bioweb.cs.earlham.edu/9-12/evolution/HTML/converge.html</ref> the evolutionary pattern in which two species gradually become increasingly different. Divergent evolution refers to a group from a specific population developing into a new species. In order to adapt to various environmental conditions, the two groups are said to develop into distinct species due to differences in the demands driven by the environmental circumstances. On a large scale, divergent evolution is said to be responsible for the creation of the current diversity of life on earth from the first living cells. On a smaller scale, it is claimed to be responsible for the evolution of humans and apes from a common primate ancestor. On a molecular scale, it is what would describe the appearance of new catalytic functions of enzymes and membrane protein topology.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=11395407&dopt=Abstract</ref><ref>http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=17552</ref>
 To the extent that divergence only involves a "sorting out" of existing genes, and not the generation of new genetic [[information]], [[creationism|creationists]] agree that divergence occurs.
@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 ===Examples of Divergence===
-There are many examples<ref>http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/290/5491/516</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11308083&dopt=Abstract</ref> of divergence in nature. If a freely-interbreeding population on an island is separated by a barrier, such as the presence of a new river, then over time, the organisms may start to diverge. If the opposite ends of the island have different pressures acting upon it, this may result in divergence. Or, if a certain group of birds in a population of other bird of the same species varies from their migratory track due to abnormal wind fluctuations, they may end up in a new environment. If the food source is such that only birds of the population with a variant beak are able to feed, then this trait will become more common by virtue of its selective survival advantage. The same species in the original geographical location and having the original food source do not require this beak trait and will, therefore, not change in the same way.
+There are many examples<ref>http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/290/5491/516</ref><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11308083&dopt=Abstract</ref> of divergence in nature. If a freely-interbreeding population on an island is separated by a barrier, such as the presence of a new river, then over time, the organisms may start to diverge. If the opposite ends of the island have different pressures acting upon it, this may result in divergence. Or, if a certain group of birds in a population of other bird of the same species varies from their migratory track due to abnormal wind fluctuations, they may end up in a new environment. If the food source is such that only birds of the population with a variant beak are able to feed, then this trait will become more common by virtue of its selective survival advantage. The same species in the original geographical location and having the original food source do not require this beak trait and will, therefore, not change in the same way.
 Divergence appears to have also occurred in the red fox and the kit fox. While the kit fox lives in the desert where its coat helps disguise it from its predators, the red fox lives in forests, where the red coat blends into its surroundings. In the desert, the heat makes it difficult for animals to eliminate body heat. The ears of the kit fox have a greater surface area so that it can more efficiently remove excess body heat. Their different adaptations are determined primarily by the different environmental conditions and adaptation requirements, not on genetic differences.<!-- I don't understand this.--> If they were in the same environment, it is likely that they would evolve similarly. Divergence is supported by DNA analysis where the species that diverged can be shown to be genetically similar.
@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 ==Convergent Evolution==
-Convergent evolution<ref>http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/4/l_014_01.html</ref> is where creatures are believed to have independently evolved similar features.  Convergence causes difficulties in fields of study such as comparative anatomy. Convergent evolution takes place when species of different ancestry begin to share analogous traits because of a shared environment or other selection pressure. Environmental circumstances that require similar developmental or structural alterations for the purposes of adaptation are thought to lead to convergent evolution even though the species differ in descent. These adaptation similarities that arise as a result of the same selective pressures can be misleading to scientists studying the natural evolution of a species.   Convergent evolution also creates problems for paleontologists using evolutionary patterns in taxonomy, or the categorization and classification of various organisms based on relatedness. It often leads to incorrect relationships and false evolutionary predictions.
+Convergent evolution<ref>https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/4/l_014_01.html</ref> is where creatures are believed to have independently evolved similar features.  Convergence causes difficulties in fields of study such as comparative anatomy. Convergent evolution takes place when species of different ancestry begin to share analogous traits because of a shared environment or other selection pressure. Environmental circumstances that require similar developmental or structural alterations for the purposes of adaptation are thought to lead to convergent evolution even though the species differ in descent. These adaptation similarities that arise as a result of the same selective pressures can be misleading to scientists studying the natural evolution of a species.   Convergent evolution also creates problems for paleontologists using evolutionary patterns in taxonomy, or the categorization and classification of various organisms based on relatedness. It often leads to incorrect relationships and false evolutionary predictions.
 As explained further below, creationists claim that convergence is merely a rationalization for evidence that contradicts divergence.
@@ Line 53: / Line 53: @@
 One example is the complex plumage patterns that seem to have evolved independently among many very different bird species.<ref>http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/303/5665/1779</ref>
-A molecular example of Parallel Evolution is the ligand specificity of repressors and periplasmic sugar-binding proteins.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12598694</ref>
+A molecular example of Parallel Evolution is the ligand specificity of repressors and periplasmic sugar-binding proteins.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12598694</ref>
 Parallel evolution is exemplified in the case of the tympanal and atympanal mouthears in hawkmoths, or Sphingidae species. These insects have developed a tympanum, or eardrum, similar to humans as a means to communicate through sound. Sounds induce vibrations of a membrane that covers the tympanum, known as the tympanic membrane. These vibrations are detected by small proteins at the surface of the tympanic membrane called auditory receptors. Within the Sphingidae species, two differing subgroups acquired hearing capability by developing alterations in their mouthparts by a distinctly independent evolutionary pathway.

@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 ==Parallel Evolution ==
-Parallel evolution<ref>http://www.britannica.com/search?miid=1215119&query=parallel+evolution</ref> occurs when unrelated organisms develop the same characteristics or adaptive mechanisms due to the nature of their environmental conditions. Or stated differently, parallel evolution occurs when similar environments produce similar adaptations. The morphologies (or structural form) of two or more lineages evolve together in a similar manner in parallel evolution, rather than diverging or converging at a particular point in time.  Parallel evolution can be difficult to distinguish from convergent evolution.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-49899/evolution Convergent and parallel evolution], Encyclopedia Britannica</ref>
+Parallel evolution<ref>https://www.britannica.com/search?miid=1215119&query=parallel+evolution</ref> occurs when unrelated organisms develop the same characteristics or adaptive mechanisms due to the nature of their environmental conditions. Or stated differently, parallel evolution occurs when similar environments produce similar adaptations. The morphologies (or structural form) of two or more lineages evolve together in a similar manner in parallel evolution, rather than diverging or converging at a particular point in time.  Parallel evolution can be difficult to distinguish from convergent evolution.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-49899/evolution Convergent and parallel evolution], Encyclopedia Britannica</ref>
 ===Examples of Parallel Evolution===

@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 ==Divergent Evolution ==
-When people hear the word "evolution," they most commonly think of divergent evolution<ref> http://bioweb.cs.earlham.edu/9-12/evolution/HTML/converge.html</ref>, the evolutionary pattern in which two species gradually become increasingly different. Divergent evolution refers to a group from a specific population developing into a new species. In order to adapt to various environmental conditions, the two groups are said to develop into distinct species due to differences in the demands driven by the environmental circumstances. On a large scale, divergent evolution is said to be responsible for the creation of the current diversity of life on earth from the first living cells. On a smaller scale, it is claimed to be responsible for the evolution of humans and apes from a common primate ancestor. On a molecular scale, it is what would describe the appearance of new catalytic functions of enzymes and membrane protein topology. <ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=11395407&dopt=Abstract</ref> <ref> http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=17552</ref>
+When people hear the word "evolution," they most commonly think of divergent evolution,<ref>http://bioweb.cs.earlham.edu/9-12/evolution/HTML/converge.html</ref> the evolutionary pattern in which two species gradually become increasingly different. Divergent evolution refers to a group from a specific population developing into a new species. In order to adapt to various environmental conditions, the two groups are said to develop into distinct species due to differences in the demands driven by the environmental circumstances. On a large scale, divergent evolution is said to be responsible for the creation of the current diversity of life on earth from the first living cells. On a smaller scale, it is claimed to be responsible for the evolution of humans and apes from a common primate ancestor. On a molecular scale, it is what would describe the appearance of new catalytic functions of enzymes and membrane protein topology.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=11395407&dopt=Abstract</ref><ref>http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=17552</ref>
 To the extent that divergence only involves a "sorting out" of existing genes, and not the generation of new genetic [[information]], [[creationism|creationists]] agree that divergence occurs.
@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 ===Examples of Divergence===
-There are many examples<ref>http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/290/5491/516</ref> <ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11308083&dopt=Abstract</ref> of divergence in nature. If a freely-interbreeding population on an island is separated by a barrier, such as the presence of a new river, then over time, the organisms may start to diverge. If the opposite ends of the island have different pressures acting upon it, this may result in divergence. Or, if a certain group of birds in a population of other bird of the same species varies from their migratory track due to abnormal wind fluctuations, they may end up in a new environment. If the food source is such that only birds of the population with a variant beak are able to feed, then this trait will become more common by virtue of its selective survival advantage. The same species in the original geographical location and having the original food source do not require this beak trait and will, therefore, not change in the same way.
+There are many examples<ref>http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/290/5491/516</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11308083&dopt=Abstract</ref> of divergence in nature. If a freely-interbreeding population on an island is separated by a barrier, such as the presence of a new river, then over time, the organisms may start to diverge. If the opposite ends of the island have different pressures acting upon it, this may result in divergence. Or, if a certain group of birds in a population of other bird of the same species varies from their migratory track due to abnormal wind fluctuations, they may end up in a new environment. If the food source is such that only birds of the population with a variant beak are able to feed, then this trait will become more common by virtue of its selective survival advantage. The same species in the original geographical location and having the original food source do not require this beak trait and will, therefore, not change in the same way.
 Divergence appears to have also occurred in the red fox and the kit fox. While the kit fox lives in the desert where its coat helps disguise it from its predators, the red fox lives in forests, where the red coat blends into its surroundings. In the desert, the heat makes it difficult for animals to eliminate body heat. The ears of the kit fox have a greater surface area so that it can more efficiently remove excess body heat. Their different adaptations are determined primarily by the different environmental conditions and adaptation requirements, not on genetic differences.<!-- I don't understand this.--> If they were in the same environment, it is likely that they would evolve similarly. Divergence is supported by DNA analysis where the species that diverged can be shown to be genetically similar.
@@ Line 29: / Line 29: @@
 Creationists respond that although environmental pressures can cause creatures to adapt, they can only do so within their genetic limits.
 ==Convergent Evolution==
 Convergent evolution<ref>http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/4/l_014_01.html</ref> is where creatures are believed to have independently evolved similar features.  Convergence causes difficulties in fields of study such as comparative anatomy. Convergent evolution takes place when species of different ancestry begin to share analogous traits because of a shared environment or other selection pressure. Environmental circumstances that require similar developmental or structural alterations for the purposes of adaptation are thought to lead to convergent evolution even though the species differ in descent. These adaptation similarities that arise as a result of the same selective pressures can be misleading to scientists studying the natural evolution of a species.   Convergent evolution also creates problems for paleontologists using evolutionary patterns in taxonomy, or the categorization and classification of various organisms based on relatedness. It often leads to incorrect relationships and false evolutionary predictions.
@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 ===Examples of Parallel Evolution===
-One example is the complex plumage patterns that seem to have evolved independently among many very different bird species.<ref> http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/303/5665/1779</ref>
+One example is the complex plumage patterns that seem to have evolved independently among many very different bird species.<ref>http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/303/5665/1779</ref>
-A molecular example of Parallel Evolution is the ligand specificity of repressors and periplasmic sugar-binding proteins.<ref> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12598694</ref>
+A molecular example of Parallel Evolution is the ligand specificity of repressors and periplasmic sugar-binding proteins.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12598694</ref>
 Parallel evolution is exemplified in the case of the tympanal and atympanal mouthears in hawkmoths, or Sphingidae species. These insects have developed a tympanum, or eardrum, similar to humans as a means to communicate through sound. Sounds induce vibrations of a membrane that covers the tympanum, known as the tympanic membrane. These vibrations are detected by small proteins at the surface of the tympanic membrane called auditory receptors. Within the Sphingidae species, two differing subgroups acquired hearing capability by developing alterations in their mouthparts by a distinctly independent evolutionary pathway.
@@ Line 69: / Line 69: @@
 {{QuoteBox|As Walter ReMine points out so clearly, the evolutionist has a seemingly endless smörgåsbord of stories which can be used ''post-facto''. If organisms not related by a phylogenic evolutionary tree show dramatically similar features one reads this is due to ‘evolutionary convergence’. However, if organisms in very similar environments fail to display apparent similarities, convergence had not occurred. Such rationalizations are free of substance and an inadequate substitute for hard evidence.<ref>Truman, Royal, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/1824 Dare to question the materialist high priests], ''Journal of Creation'' 15(1):34–38, April 2001.</ref>}}
-==See Also==
+==See also==
 * [[Theory of Evolution]]
@@ Line 75: / Line 75: @@
 * [[Microevolution]]
 == Bibliography ==
 Books
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 <references />
-[[category:evolution]]
+[[Category:Evolution]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 Biological evolution is said to follow several different patterns over time. Factors such as environment and predation pressures are said to have different effects on the ways in which species exposed to them evolve.  Evolutionary biologists have labeled these differing patterns as '''Divergent''', '''Convergent''' and '''Parallel''' Evolution.
-Creationists point out that the evolutionary progressions has not been observed, and that these different developmental pathways are merely post-hoc explanations intended to accommodate observations to the [[theory of evolution]].
+Creationists claim that the evolutionary progressions have not been observed, and that these different developmental pathways are merely post-hoc explanations intended to accommodate observations to the [[theory of evolution]].
 __TOC__
 [[image:Evolutionary trends.jpg]]

@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 Convergent evolution<ref>http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/4/l_014_01.html</ref> is where creatures are believed to have independently evolved similar features.  Convergence causes difficulties in fields of study such as comparative anatomy. Convergent evolution takes place when species of different ancestry begin to share analogous traits because of a shared environment or other selection pressure. Environmental circumstances that require similar developmental or structural alterations for the purposes of adaptation are thought to lead to convergent evolution even though the species differ in descent. These adaptation similarities that arise as a result of the same selective pressures can be misleading to scientists studying the natural evolution of a species.   Convergent evolution also creates problems for paleontologists using evolutionary patterns in taxonomy, or the categorization and classification of various organisms based on relatedness. It often leads to incorrect relationships and false evolutionary predictions.
-Creationists claim that convergence is merely a rationalization for evidence that contradicts divergence.<ref>Truman, Royal, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/1824 Dare to question the materialist high priests] ''Journal of Creation'' 15(1):34–38, April 2001.</ref>
+As explained further below, creationists claim that convergence is merely a rationalization for evidence that contradicts divergence.
 ===Examples of Convergent Evolution===

← Older revision	Revision as of 14:42, May 29, 2008
(No difference)

@@ Line 67: / Line 67: @@
 Furthermore, they argue that convergent and parallel evolution are nothing more than attempts to explain evidence that doesn't fit the standard evolutionary story of a diverging "family tree" of living things.
-{{QuoteBox|As Walter ReMine points out so clearly, the evolutionist has a seemingly endless smorgasbord of stories which can be used ''post-facto''. If organisms not related by a phylogenic evolutionary tree show dramatically similar features one reads this is due to ‘evolutionary convergence’. However, if organisms in very similar environments fail to display apparent similarities, convergence had not occurred. Such rationalizations are free of substance and an inadequate substitute for hard evidence.<ref>Truman, Royal, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/1824 Dare to question the materialist high priests], ''Journal of Creation'' 15(1):34–38, April 2001.</ref>}}
+{{QuoteBox|As Walter ReMine points out so clearly, the evolutionist has a seemingly endless smörgåsbord of stories which can be used ''post-facto''. If organisms not related by a phylogenic evolutionary tree show dramatically similar features one reads this is due to ‘evolutionary convergence’. However, if organisms in very similar environments fail to display apparent similarities, convergence had not occurred. Such rationalizations are free of substance and an inadequate substitute for hard evidence.<ref>Truman, Royal, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/1824 Dare to question the materialist high priests], ''Journal of Creation'' 15(1):34–38, April 2001.</ref>}}
 ==See Also==

@@ Line 57: / Line 57: @@
 Parallel evolution is exemplified in the case of the tympanal and atympanal mouthears in hawkmoths, or Sphingidae species. These insects have developed a tympanum, or eardrum, similar to humans as a means to communicate through sound. Sounds induce vibrations of a membrane that covers the tympanum, known as the tympanic membrane. These vibrations are detected by small proteins at the surface of the tympanic membrane called auditory receptors. Within the Sphingidae species, two differing subgroups acquired hearing capability by developing alterations in their mouthparts by a distinctly independent evolutionary pathway.
-Investigating the biomechanics of the auditory system reveals that only one of these subgroups has a tympanum. The other subgroup has developed a different mouthear structure that does not have a typanum, but has a mouthear with functional characteristics essentially the same as the subgroup with the tympanum. The evolutionary significance of how hearing capabilities developed in parallel in two different subgroups of a species reveals that distinct mechanisms can exist leading to similar functional capabilities with differing means for acquiring the same functional attribute. For both subgroups, hearing must have been an important characteristic for the species to survive given the environmental conditions.
+Investigating the biomechanics of the auditory system reveals that only one of these subgroups has a tympanum. The other subgroup has developed a different mouthear structure that does not have a tympanum, but has a mouthear with functional characteristics essentially the same as the subgroup with the tympanum. The evolutionary significance of how hearing capabilities developed in parallel in two different subgroups of a species reveals that distinct mechanisms can exist leading to similar functional capabilities with differing means for acquiring the same functional attribute. For both subgroups, hearing must have been an important characteristic for the species to survive given the environmental conditions.
 ===Parallel Evolution and Speciation===

@@ Line 62: / Line 62: @@
 Parallel speciation is a type of parallel evolution in which reproductive incompatibility in closely related populations is determined by traits that independently evolve due to adaptation to differing environments. These distinct populations are reproductively incompatible and only populations that live in similar environmental conditions are less likely to become reproductively isolated. In this way, parallel speciation suggests that there is good evidence for natural selective pressures leading to speciation, especially since reproductive incompatibility between to related populations is correlated with differing environmental conditions rather than geographical or genetic distances.
 ==See Also==
-:[[Theory of Evolution]]
+* [[Theory of Evolution]]
-:[[Macroevolution]]
+* [[Macroevolution]]
-:[[Microevolution]]
+* [[Microevolution]]
 == Bibliography ==