Philip II of Spain - Revision history

Alex Kosh: /* References */

2025-01-21T02:16:06Z

References

DavidB4-bot: clean up

2016-09-05T21:52:00Z

clean up

DavidB4-bot: clean up

2016-06-26T00:31:50Z

clean up

AlanE: Links mainly

2014-07-31T02:16:47Z

Links mainly

AndrewLe: correct category

2014-07-31T00:52:33Z

correct category

Joaquín Martínez: /* King of Spain */

2010-02-20T02:10:01Z

King of Spain

RJJensen: expand

2009-04-08T22:11:34Z

expand

RJJensen at 21:30, April 8, 2009

2009-04-08T21:30:03Z

EdBot: Category:Heads of State

2008-04-06T22:04:47Z

Category:Heads of State

Blinkadyblink at 03:52, April 1, 2008

2008-04-01T03:52:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:16, January 21, 2025
Line 28:		Line 28:
	[[Category:Dutch History]]		[[Category:Dutch History]]
	[[Category:English History]]		[[Category:English History]]
		+	[[Category:Spanish Monarchs]]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 ==Life==
-Philip was the great-grandson of [[Ferdinand and Isabella]]. Before he became king, he had visited his future possessions in [[Italy]] (1548), The Netherlands]] (1549), and [[Germany]] (1550). In 1554 he married [[Mary I|Mary Tudor]], Queen of England, his second wife, but left England the following year. In all his travels Philip proved to be as unattractive to foreigners as foreign ideas and customs were unattractive to him.
+Philip was the great-grandson of [[Ferdinand and Isabella]]. Before he became king, he had visited his future possessions in [[Italy]] (1548), The [[Netherlands]] (1549), and [[Germany]] (1550). In 1554 he married [[Mary I|Mary Tudor]], Queen of England, his second wife, but left England the following year. In all his travels Philip proved to be as unattractive to foreigners as foreign ideas and customs were unattractive to him.
 ==King of Spain==
 [[File:El Escorial.jpg|thumb|El Escorial.]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Philip II''' (1527-1598), King of [[Spain]] and (as Philip I) of [[Portugal]] (1580-1598), only son of [[Charles V of Spain|Emperor Charles V]] and Isabel of Portugal.  He was head of the [[Hapsburg]] family.  As the most powerful king in [[Europe]] he tried to make all Spanish territories strictly [[Catholic]]--including [[The Netherlands]].  He viewed [[Elizabeth I]] of [[England]] as his main rival, and his mighty [[Spanish Armada|armada]] was defeated by Elizabeth's fleet.
+'''Philip II''' (1527-1598), King of [[Spain]] and (as Philip I) of [[Portugal]] (1580-1598), only son of [[Charles V of Spain|Emperor Charles V]] and Isabel of Portugal.  He was head of the [[Hapsburg]] family.  As the most powerful king in [[Europe]] he tried to make all Spanish territories strictly [[Catholic]]—including [[The Netherlands]].  He viewed [[Elizabeth I]] of [[England]] as his main rival, and his mighty [[Spanish Armada|armada]] was defeated by Elizabeth's fleet.
 ==Life==
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 ==King of Portugal==
-In 1581, Philip claimed the vacant throne of Portugal, leading to almost sixty years of Hapsburg family rule in Portugal until the revolution of 1640. For most of the period of Hapsburg control, kings followed a policy of fiscal conservatism made possible by the growth of the Atlantic economy - sugar plantations manned by African slaves in [[Brazil]] - which expanded the economic base. The growth in revenues from Brazil helped to ease the constant drain on Portuguese resources for Spain's many military involvements, including the Armada. Portugal also required money to build its coastal defenses, to meet threats in the Indian Ocean, and to compensate for the loss of the near monopoly of the pepper trade. However, over time, expenditures generally continued to outpace revenues. By 1630 the king had begun to tax the previously privileged classes of the nobility and clergy.<ref> Peter Thomas Rooney, "Habsburg Fiscal Policies in Portugal 1580-1640". ''Journal of European Economic History'' 1994 23(3): 545-562. </ref>
+In 1581, Philip claimed the vacant throne of Portugal, leading to almost sixty years of Hapsburg family rule in Portugal until the revolution of 1640. For most of the period of Hapsburg control, kings followed a policy of fiscal conservatism made possible by the growth of the Atlantic economy - sugar plantations manned by African slaves in [[Brazil]] - which expanded the economic base. The growth in revenues from Brazil helped to ease the constant drain on Portuguese resources for Spain's many military involvements, including the Armada. Portugal also required money to build its coastal defenses, to meet threats in the Indian Ocean, and to compensate for the loss of the near monopoly of the pepper trade. However, over time, expenditures generally continued to outpace revenues. By 1630 the king had begun to tax the previously privileged classes of the nobility and clergy.<ref>Peter Thomas Rooney, "Habsburg Fiscal Policies in Portugal 1580-1640". ''Journal of European Economic History'' 1994 23(3): 545-562.</ref>
 ==Personality==
 Philip supported the activities of the [[Spanish Inquisition]] in his efforts to extend the Catholic faith. His self-discipline was remarkably displayed in the stern treatment which led to the death of his unbalanced older son, Don Carlos, and in his calm endurance of the cancer which caused his death. He died in the Escorial, the palace he had built near Madrid, Sept. 13, 1598, and was succeeded by Philip III of Spain (Philip II of Portugal), his son by his fourth wife, Anna.
@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 * Wilkinson-Zerner, Catherine. ''Juan de Herrera: Architect to Philip II of Spain.'' (1993). 216 pp.
 * Wright, A. D. ''Catholicism and Spanish Society under the Reign of Philip II, 1555-1598, and Philip III, 1598-1621.'' (1991). 276 pp.
-====references====
+====References====
 <references/>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Philip II''' (1527-1598), King of Spain and (as Philip I) of Portugal (1580-1598), only son of Emperor Charles V and Isabel of Portugal.  He was head of the [[Hapsburg]] family.  As the most powerful king in Europe he tried to make all Spanish territories strictly [[Catholic]]--including the [[History if the Netherlands|Calvinist Netherlands]].  He viewed [[Elizabeth I]] of [[England]] as his main rival, and his mighty [[Spanish Armada|armada]] was defeated by Elizabeth's fleet.
+'''Philip II''' (1527-1598), King of [[Spain]] and (as Philip I) of [[Portugal]] (1580-1598), only son of [[Charles V of Spain|Emperor Charles V]] and Isabel of Portugal.  He was head of the [[Hapsburg]] family.  As the most powerful king in [[Europe]] he tried to make all Spanish territories strictly [[Catholic]]--including [[The Netherlands]].  He viewed [[Elizabeth I]] of [[England]] as his main rival, and his mighty [[Spanish Armada|armada]] was defeated by Elizabeth's fleet.
 ==Life==
-Philip was the great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand. Before he became king, he had visited his future possessions in Italy (1548), the Netherlands (1549), and Germany (1550). In 1554 he married Mary Tudor, Queen of England, his second wife, but left England the following year. In all his travels Philip proved to be as unattractive to foreigners as foreign ideas and customs were unattractive to him.
+Philip was the great-grandson of [[Ferdinand and Isabella]]. Before he became king, he had visited his future possessions in [[Italy]] (1548), The Netherlands]] (1549), and [[Germany]] (1550). In 1554 he married [[Mary I|Mary Tudor]], Queen of England, his second wife, but left England the following year. In all his travels Philip proved to be as unattractive to foreigners as foreign ideas and customs were unattractive to him.
 ==King of Spain==
 [[File:El Escorial.jpg|thumb|El Escorial.]]
-On the abdication of [[Charles V]] in 1556, Philip became king of Spain. He was reluctant to delegate authority, and preferred written reports to personal conferences. He developed an administrative system so intricate that it could not function efficiently. Both domestic and foreign policies were controlled by one ideal, the supremacy of the Catholic faith. This led to his intervention in the religious wars in France, to his approval of the persecution of his Protestant subjects in the Netherlands by the Duke of Alva, and to the [[Spanish Armada]] of 1588. The Armada, which he sent to punish Queen Elizabeth for the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots and to make England a Catholic appendage of Spain, was a major disaster.
+On the abdication of Charles V in 1556, Philip became king of Spain. He was reluctant to delegate authority, and preferred written reports to personal conferences. He developed an administrative system so intricate that it could not function efficiently. Both domestic and foreign policies were controlled by one ideal, the supremacy of the Catholic faith. This led to his intervention in the religious wars in [[France]], to his approval of the persecution of his [[Protestant]] subjects in the Netherlands by the Duke of Alva, and to the [[Spanish Armada]] of 1588. The Armada, which he sent to punish Queen Elizabeth for the execution of [[Mary Queen of Scots]] and to make England a Catholic appendage of Spain, was a major disaster.
-Philip's Catholicism did not make him subservient to the papacy. He defeated a papal army, his representatives largely determined the decisions of the Council of Trent, and he himself sought constantly to place his nominee on the papal throne. Although the French, English, and Dutch Protestants escaped him, his campaigns against the Turks in Malta (1565), the Moriscos in Granada (1569-1571), the Turks at tthe [[Battle of Lepanto]] (1571), and the Portuguese (1580-1581) were successful.
+Philip's Catholicism did not make him subservient to the [[papacy]]. He defeated a papal army, his representatives largely determined the decisions of the [[Council of Trent]], and he himself sought constantly to place his nominee on the papal throne. Although the French, English, and Dutch Protestants escaped him, his campaigns against the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]]in Malta (1565), the Moriscos ([[Moors]]) in [[Granada]] (1569-1571), the Turks at the [[Battle of Lepanto]] (1571), and the Portuguese (1580-1581) were successful.
-==King of Portungal==
+==King of Portugal==
-In 1581, Philip claimed the vacant throne of Portugal, leading to almost sixty years of Habsburg family rule in Portugal until the revolution of 1640. For most of the period of Habsburg control, kings followed a policy of fiscal conservatism made possible by the growth of the Atlantic economy - sugar plantations manned by African slaves in Brazil - which expanded the economic base. The growth in revenues from Brazil helped to ease the constant drain on Portuguese resources for Spain's many military involvements, including the Armada. Portugal also required money to build its coastal defenses, to meet threats in the Indian Ocean, and to compensate for the loss of the near monopoly of the pepper trade. However, over time, expenditures generally continued to outpace revenues. By 1630 the king had begun to tax the previously privileged classes of the nobility and clergy.<ref> Peter Thomas Rooney, "Habsburg Fiscal Policies in Portugal 1580-1640". ''Journal of European Economic History'' 1994 23(3): 545-562. </ref>
+In 1581, Philip claimed the vacant throne of Portugal, leading to almost sixty years of Hapsburg family rule in Portugal until the revolution of 1640. For most of the period of Hapsburg control, kings followed a policy of fiscal conservatism made possible by the growth of the Atlantic economy - sugar plantations manned by African slaves in [[Brazil]] - which expanded the economic base. The growth in revenues from Brazil helped to ease the constant drain on Portuguese resources for Spain's many military involvements, including the Armada. Portugal also required money to build its coastal defenses, to meet threats in the Indian Ocean, and to compensate for the loss of the near monopoly of the pepper trade. However, over time, expenditures generally continued to outpace revenues. By 1630 the king had begun to tax the previously privileged classes of the nobility and clergy.<ref> Peter Thomas Rooney, "Habsburg Fiscal Policies in Portugal 1580-1640". ''Journal of European Economic History'' 1994 23(3): 545-562. </ref>
 ==Personality==
 Philip supported the activities of the [[Spanish Inquisition]] in his efforts to extend the Catholic faith. His self-discipline was remarkably displayed in the stern treatment which led to the death of his unbalanced older son, Don Carlos, and in his calm endurance of the cancer which caused his death. He died in the Escorial, the palace he had built near Madrid, Sept. 13, 1598, and was succeeded by Philip III of Spain (Philip II of Portugal), his son by his fourth wife, Anna.
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 [[Category:Reformation]]
 [[Category:Dutch History]]

@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 <references/>
-[[Category:Heads of State]]
+[[Category:Monarchs]]
 [[Category:Spanish History]]
 [[Category:Reformation]]
 [[Category:Dutch History]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:11, April 8, 2009
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	'''Philip II''' ~~lived from~~ 1527 to 1598, and was ~~King~~ of [[~~Spain~~]]. ~~He was~~ the ~~great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand and~~ tried to make all Spanish territories strictly [[Catholic]]. He viewed [[Elizabeth I]] of [[England]] as his main rival, and his mighty [[Spanish Armada\|armada]] was defeated by Elizabeth's fleet.	+	'''Philip II''' (1527-1598), King of Spain and (as Philip I) of Portugal (1580-1598), only son of Emperor Charles V and Isabel of Portugal. He was head of the [[Hapsburg]] family. As the most powerful king in Europe he tried to make all Spanish territories strictly [[Catholic]]--including the [[History if the Netherlands\|Calvinist Netherlands]]. He viewed [[Elizabeth I]] of [[England]] as his main rival, and his mighty [[Spanish Armada\|armada]] was defeated by Elizabeth's fleet.
		+
		+	==Life==
		+	Philip was the great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand. Before he became king, he had visited his future possessions in Italy (1548), the Netherlands (1549), and Germany (1550). In 1554 he married Mary Tudor, Queen of England, his second wife, but left England the following year. In all his travels Philip proved to be as unattractive to foreigners as foreign ideas and customs were unattractive to him.
		+	==King of Spain==
		+	On the abdication of [[Charles V]] in 1556, Philip became king of Spain. He was reluctant to delegate authority, and preferred written reports to personal conferences. He developed an administrative system so intricate that it could not function efficiently. Both domestic and foreign policies were controlled by one ideal, the supremacy of the Catholic faith. This led to his intervention in the religious wars in France, to his approval of the persecution of his Protestant subjects in the Netherlands by the Duke of Alva, and to the [[Spanish Armada]] of 1588. The Armada, which he sent to punish Queen Elizabeth for the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots and to make England a Catholic appendage of Spain, was a major disaster.
		+
		+	Philip's Catholicism did not make him subservient to the papacy. He defeated a papal army, his representatives largely determined the decisions of the Council of Trent, and he himself sought constantly to place his nominee on the papal throne. Although the French, English, and Dutch Protestants escaped him, his campaigns against the Turks in Malta (1565), the Moriscos in Granada (1569-1571), the Turks at tthe [[Battle of Lepanto]] (1571), and the Portuguese (1580-1581) were successful.
		+	==King of Portungal==
		+	In 1581, Philip claimed the vacant throne of Portugal, leading to almost sixty years of Habsburg family rule in Portugal until the revolution of 1640. For most of the period of Habsburg control, kings followed a policy of fiscal conservatism made possible by the growth of the Atlantic economy - sugar plantations manned by African slaves in Brazil - which expanded the economic base. The growth in revenues from Brazil helped to ease the constant drain on Portuguese resources for Spain's many military involvements, including the Armada. Portugal also required money to build its coastal defenses, to meet threats in the Indian Ocean, and to compensate for the loss of the near monopoly of the pepper trade. However, over time, expenditures generally continued to outpace revenues. By 1630 the king had begun to tax the previously privileged classes of the nobility and clergy.<ref> Peter Thomas Rooney, "Habsburg Fiscal Policies in Portugal 1580-1640". ''Journal of European Economic History'' 1994 23(3): 545-562. </ref>
		+	==Personality==
		+	Philip supported the activities of the [[Spanish Inquisition]] in his efforts to extend the Catholic faith. His self-discipline was remarkably displayed in the stern treatment which led to the death of his unbalanced older son, Don Carlos, and in his calm endurance of the cancer which caused his death. He died in the Escorial, the palace he had built near Madrid, Sept. 13, 1598, and was succeeded by Philip III of Spain (Philip II of Portugal), his son by his fourth wife, Anna.
		+
		+	==Further reading==
		+	* Boyden, James M. ''The Courtier and the King: Ruy Gómez de Silva, Philip II, and the Court of Spain.'' (1995). 239 pp.
		+	* Kamen, Henry. ''Philip of Spain.'' (1997). 448 pp., the standard biography
		+	* Rodriguez-Salgado, Mia. ''The Changing Face of Empire: Charles V, Philip II, and Habsburg Authority, 1551-1559.'' (1988). 375 pp.
		+	* Wilkinson-Zerner, Catherine. ''Juan de Herrera: Architect to Philip II of Spain.'' (1993). 216 pp.
		+	* Wright, A. D. ''Catholicism and Spanish Society under the Reign of Philip II, 1555-1598, and Philip III, 1598-1621.'' (1991). 276 pp.
		+	====references====
		+	<references/>

	[[Category:Heads of State]]		[[Category:Heads of State]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:30, April 8, 2009
Line 2:		Line 2:

	[[Category:Heads of State]]		[[Category:Heads of State]]
		+	[[Category:Spanish History]]
		+	[[Category:Reformation]]
		+	[[Category:Dutch History]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:04, April 6, 2008
Line 1:		Line 1:
	'''Philip II''' lived from 1527 to 1598, and was King of [[Spain]]. He was the great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand and tried to make all Spanish territories strictly [[Catholic]]. He viewed [[Elizabeth I]] of [[England]] as his main rival, and his mighty [[Spanish Armada\|armada]] was defeated by Elizabeth's fleet.		'''Philip II''' lived from 1527 to 1598, and was King of [[Spain]]. He was the great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand and tried to make all Spanish territories strictly [[Catholic]]. He viewed [[Elizabeth I]] of [[England]] as his main rival, and his mighty [[Spanish Armada\|armada]] was defeated by Elizabeth's fleet.

−	[[Category:Heads of ~~state~~]]	+	[[Category:Heads of State]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:52, April 1, 2008
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	'''Philip II''' lived from 1527 to 1598, and was King of [[Spain]]. He was the great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand and tried to make all Spanish territories strictly Catholic. He viewed [[Elizabeth I]] of [[England]] as his main rival, ~~but~~ his mighty [[Spanish Armada\|armada]] was defeated by Elizabeth's fleet.	+	'''Philip II''' lived from 1527 to 1598, and was King of [[Spain]]. He was the great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand and tried to make all Spanish territories strictly [[Catholic]]. He viewed [[Elizabeth I]] of [[England]] as his main rival, and his mighty [[Spanish Armada\|armada]] was defeated by Elizabeth's fleet.

	[[Category:Heads of state]]		[[Category:Heads of state]]