Progressive party - Revision history

DavidB4-bot: /* Bibliography */HTTP --> HTTPS #3, replaced: http://www.amazon.com → https://www.amazon.com

2019-04-09T19:43:27Z

‎Bibliography: HTTP --> HTTPS #3, replaced: http://www.amazon.com → https://www.amazon.com

Progressingamerica: The progressives called for single payer in 1912

2019-02-16T23:31:51Z

The progressives called for single payer in 1912

Progressingamerica at 23:27, February 16, 2019

2019-02-16T23:27:34Z

Progressingamerica: /* 1912 Platform */ Living wage and the direct election of senators

2019-02-16T23:25:29Z

‎1912 Platform: Living wage and the direct election of senators

Progressingamerica: /* 1912 Platform */ Bullet points

2019-02-16T23:21:26Z

‎1912 Platform: Bullet points

DavidB4-bot: HTTP --> HTTPS [#1], replaced: http://books.google.com → https://books.google.com (5), http://www.nytimes.com → https://www.nytimes.com, http://www.cnn.com → https://www.cnn.com, http://www.senate.gov → https://www.senate.gov

2018-09-26T19:19:20Z

HTTP --> HTTPS [#1], replaced: http://books.google.com → https://books.google.com (5), http://www.nytimes.com → https://www.nytimes.com, http://www.cnn.com → https://www.cnn.com, http://www.senate.gov → https://www.senate.gov

CoolidgeDawes: TR's Last War: Theodore Roosevelt, the Great War, and a Journey of Triumph and Tragedy

2018-09-20T22:30:03Z

TR's Last War: Theodore Roosevelt, the Great War, and a Journey of Triumph and Tragedy

Progressingamerica: Moved image

2017-02-01T00:08:26Z

Moved image

Progressingamerica: Image

2017-01-04T20:38:49Z

Image

DavidB4-bot: /* Election of 1912 */Spelling/Grammar Check, typos fixed: 1920's → 1920s

2016-08-10T17:17:17Z

‎Election of 1912: Spelling/Grammar Check, typos fixed: 1920's → 1920s

@@ Line 66: / Line 66: @@
 ==Bibliography==
 * Brands, H.W. ''Theodore Roosevelt'' (2001), biography [http://www.questia.com/library/book/t-r-the-last-romantic-by-h-w-brands.jsp online edition]
-* Chace, James. ''1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft and Debs--The Election that Changed the Country'' (2005), popular history. [http://www.amazon.com/1912-Roosevelt-Debs-Election-Changed/dp/0743273559/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196634007&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
+* Chace, James. ''1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft and Debs--The Election that Changed the Country'' (2005), popular history. [https://www.amazon.com/1912-Roosevelt-Debs-Election-Changed/dp/0743273559/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196634007&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
 * Gable, John  A. ''The Bullmoose Years: Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Party'' (1978).
 * Howland, Harold. ''Theodore Roosevelt and His Times, a Chronicle of the Progressive Movement'' (1920) [http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=2724 online at Gutenberg]

@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 * Farm relief
 * Revision of banking to assure an elastic currency
-* Required health insurance in industry
+* The creation of a "single national health service"
 * New high inheritance taxes
 * Higher, new federal income taxes on the rich

@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 The most serious problem faced by the Progressive Party was money. The business interests who usually funded Republican campaigns were either sitting this one out, or supporting Taft.  Newspaper publisher [[Frank Munsey]] provided most of the funds, with large sums also given by [[George W. Perkins]]. Perkins was a divisive factor; a former top official of U.S. Steel, he single-handedly removed the antitrust plank from the Progressive platform.  Radicals such as Pinchot deeply distrusted Perkins and Munsey, though realizing the fledgling party depended on their deep pockets.  A few newspapers endorsed Roosevelt, including the Chicago Tribune, but the great majority stood behind Taft or Wilson. Lacking a strong party press, the Bull Moosers had to spend most of their money on publicity. Finally the new party was funded by publisher [[Frank A. Munsey]] and its executive secretary [[George W. Perkins]], a leading financier.
-[[Image:PamphletFrontPageProgressivePartyPlatform1912.jpg|thumb|left|190px|The Platform of Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive Party]]
+[[Image:PamphletFrontPageProgressivePartyPlatform1912.jpg|thumb|right|190px|The Platform of Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive Party]]
 ===1912 Platform===
 Pacifist [[Jane Addams]], a leading supporter, was stunned to discover she had to endorse a platform that called for the building of two new battleships a year. Perkins, a board member of [[U.S. Steel]] corporation, was blamed for blocking an anti-trust plank, thus shocking reformers like [[Gifford Pinchot]] who saw Roosevelt as a true trust-buster.  Other items included in the platform were:

@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 * New high inheritance taxes
 * Higher, new federal income taxes on the rich
 * Limitation of naval armaments after the U.S. caught up in the naval race
 The result was a deep split in the new party that was never resolved. Roosevelt's philosophy for the Progressive Party was based around [[New Nationalism]], which was the belief in a strong government to regulate industry and protect the middle and working classes. New Nationalism was paternalistic in direct contrast to [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s individualistic philosophy of "New Freedom".

@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 [[Image:PamphletFrontPageProgressivePartyPlatform1912.jpg|thumb|left|190px|The Platform of Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive Party]]
 ===1912 Platform===
-The platform called for [[women's suffrage]], recall of judicial decisions, easier amendment of the U.S. Constitution, social welfare legislation for women and children, workers' compensation (government payments for accidents on the job), limited injunctions against unions during strikes, farm relief, revision of banking to assure an elastic currency, required health insurance in industry, new high inheritance taxes, higher, new  federal income taxes on the rich, and limitation of naval armaments after the U.S. caught up in the naval race.  Pacifist [[Jane Addams]], a leading supporter, was stunned to discover she had to endorse a platform that called for the building of two new battleships a year. Perkins, a board member of [[U.S. Steel]] corporation, was blamed for blocking an anti-trust plank, thus shocking reformers like [[Gifford Pinchot]] who saw Roosevelt as a true trust-buster.  The result was a deep split in the new party that was never resolved. Roosevelt's philosophy for the Progressive Party was based around [[New Nationalism]], which was the belief in a strong government to regulate industry and protect the middle and working classes. New Nationalism was paternalistic in direct contrast to [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s individualistic philosophy of "New Freedom".
+Pacifist [[Jane Addams]], a leading supporter, was stunned to discover she had to endorse a platform that called for the building of two new battleships a year. Perkins, a board member of [[U.S. Steel]] corporation, was blamed for blocking an anti-trust plank, thus shocking reformers like [[Gifford Pinchot]] who saw Roosevelt as a true trust-buster.  Other items included in the platform were:
 <!--[[Image:Chemist.JPG|thumb|300px| Roosevelt concocted a heady brew in 1912 speeches]]-->

@@ Line 42: / Line 42: @@
 ==1948==
-The Progressive Party of 1948 was a creation of the Communist Party,<ref>Barry Loberfeld, "[http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=11398 The Real Meaning of "Progressive" Politics], FrontPageMagazine.com, September 28, 2004</ref> growing out of [[CPUSA]] General Secretary Eugene Dennis' February 12, 1946 order "to establish in time for the 1948 elections a national third party."<ref>Eugene Dennis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=TafcYQEACAAJ What America Faces]'' (New York: New Century Publishers, 1946), pp. 37-38. Cf. Arthur Meier Schlesinger, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=yeoSSLzr-jAC The vital center: the politics of freedom]'' (Transaction Publishers, 1997) ISBN 1560009896, p. 115; Arthur Meier Schlesinger, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=LLyNX6hMDCIC A Life in the Twentieth Century: Innocent Beginnings, 1917-1950]'' (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000) ISBN 0618219250, pp. 455-456; Karl M. Schmidt, ''[http://ia700307.us.archive.org/34/items/henryawallace006268mbp/henryawallace006268mbp.pdf Henry A. Wallace: Quixotic Crusade 1948]'' (Syracuse University Press, 1960), p. 265 (PDF p. 291)</ref> The Progressive Party's candidate for President of the United States in 1948 was [[Henry Wallace]], one of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s former [[Vice president|Vice Presidents]]. Wallace was reportedly "most impressed" with Soviet collective farming,<ref>[http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Henry_Wallace.htm Henry Agard Wallace, 33rd Vice President (1941-1945)], Senate History, United States Senate</ref> and in 1933 had urged FDR to become a "farm dictator."<ref>"[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F4061FF83C5C16738DDDAB0994DB405B838FF1D3 Roosevelt Is Urged to Ask Wide Power as 'Farm Dictator']," ''The New York Times'', March 12, 1933, p. 1</ref> Wallace said if he were to become President, he would appoint as Secretary of State the pro-Soviet [[Laurence Duggan]],<ref>Ethan Bronner, "[http://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/18/weekinreview/witching-hour-rethinking-mccarthyism-if-not-mccarthy.html?pagewanted=all WitchMay 9, 2008ing Hour; Rethinking McCarthyism, if Not McCarthy]," October 18, 1998</ref> now known to have been a Soviet agent.<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1944/18nov_lawrence_duggan.pdf 1613 KGB New York to Moscow, 19 November 1944]</ref> Had [[FDR]] died 82 days earlier, Wallace would indeed have become President.<ref>William C. Martel, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZvWBQAAQBAJ Grand Strategy in Theory and Practice: The Need for an Effective American Foreign Policy]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2015) ISBN 1107082064, p. 472</ref> Wallace finally recanted his support for the [[Soviet Union]]<ref>Linda Rodriguez, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080512163401/http://www.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/wayoflife/05/09/almost.great.men/index.html A celebration of almost-great men], CNN.com, May 9, 2008</ref> in 1952.<ref>Henry Agard Wallace, “Where I Was Wrong.” ''This Week'', September 2, 1952</ref> In 1955, the [[SISS|Jenner subcommittee]] cited the Progressive Party on its list of subversive organizations, identified as a [[Communist front]].<ref>[http://www.joincalifornia.com/party/Independent%20Progressive Independent Progressive], joincalifornia.com</ref>
+The Progressive Party of 1948 was a creation of the Communist Party,<ref>Barry Loberfeld, "[http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=11398 The Real Meaning of "Progressive" Politics], FrontPageMagazine.com, September 28, 2004</ref> growing out of [[CPUSA]] General Secretary Eugene Dennis' February 12, 1946 order "to establish in time for the 1948 elections a national third party."<ref>Eugene Dennis, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=TafcYQEACAAJ What America Faces]'' (New York: New Century Publishers, 1946), pp. 37-38. Cf. Arthur Meier Schlesinger, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=yeoSSLzr-jAC The vital center: the politics of freedom]'' (Transaction Publishers, 1997) ISBN 1560009896, p. 115; Arthur Meier Schlesinger, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LLyNX6hMDCIC A Life in the Twentieth Century: Innocent Beginnings, 1917-1950]'' (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000) ISBN 0618219250, pp. 455-456; Karl M. Schmidt, ''[http://ia700307.us.archive.org/34/items/henryawallace006268mbp/henryawallace006268mbp.pdf Henry A. Wallace: Quixotic Crusade 1948]'' (Syracuse University Press, 1960), p. 265 (PDF p. 291)</ref> The Progressive Party's candidate for President of the United States in 1948 was [[Henry Wallace]], one of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s former [[Vice president|Vice Presidents]]. Wallace was reportedly "most impressed" with Soviet collective farming,<ref>[https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Henry_Wallace.htm Henry Agard Wallace, 33rd Vice President (1941-1945)], Senate History, United States Senate</ref> and in 1933 had urged FDR to become a "farm dictator."<ref>"[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F4061FF83C5C16738DDDAB0994DB405B838FF1D3 Roosevelt Is Urged to Ask Wide Power as 'Farm Dictator']," ''The New York Times'', March 12, 1933, p. 1</ref> Wallace said if he were to become President, he would appoint as Secretary of State the pro-Soviet [[Laurence Duggan]],<ref>Ethan Bronner, "[https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/18/weekinreview/witching-hour-rethinking-mccarthyism-if-not-mccarthy.html?pagewanted=all WitchMay 9, 2008ing Hour; Rethinking McCarthyism, if Not McCarthy]," October 18, 1998</ref> now known to have been a Soviet agent.<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1944/18nov_lawrence_duggan.pdf 1613 KGB New York to Moscow, 19 November 1944]</ref> Had [[FDR]] died 82 days earlier, Wallace would indeed have become President.<ref>William C. Martel, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZvWBQAAQBAJ Grand Strategy in Theory and Practice: The Need for an Effective American Foreign Policy]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2015) ISBN 1107082064, p. 472</ref> Wallace finally recanted his support for the [[Soviet Union]]<ref>Linda Rodriguez, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080512163401/https://www.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/wayoflife/05/09/almost.great.men/index.html A celebration of almost-great men], CNN.com, May 9, 2008</ref> in 1952.<ref>Henry Agard Wallace, “Where I Was Wrong.” ''This Week'', September 2, 1952</ref> In 1955, the [[SISS|Jenner subcommittee]] cited the Progressive Party on its list of subversive organizations, identified as a [[Communist front]].<ref>[http://www.joincalifornia.com/party/Independent%20Progressive Independent Progressive], joincalifornia.com</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
 * Unger, Nancy C. ''Fighting Bob La Follette: The Righteous Reformer'' (2000), full-scale biography.
 ===Primary sources===
-* [[Herbert Croly|Croly, Herbert]]. ''Progressive Democracy'' (1914), theory [http://books.google.com/books?id=7QAAlVuOcOMC&pg=PA358&dq=intitle:progressive+date:1910-1916&num=30&as_brr=1#PPP15,M1 full text online]
+* [[Herbert Croly|Croly, Herbert]]. ''Progressive Democracy'' (1914), theory [https://books.google.com/books?id=7QAAlVuOcOMC&pg=PA358&dq=intitle:progressive+date:1910-1916&num=30&as_brr=1#PPP15,M1 full text online]
-* De Witt, Benjamin P. ''The Progressive Movement'' (1915), a comprehensive contemporary history of the era [http://books.google.com/books?id=HP7FeEz_TBsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:progressive&num=30&as_brr=1 full text online]
+* De Witt, Benjamin P. ''The Progressive Movement'' (1915), a comprehensive contemporary history of the era [https://books.google.com/books?id=HP7FeEz_TBsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:progressive&num=30&as_brr=1 full text online]
 * Pinchot, Amos R. E. and Helene Maxwell Hooker. ''History of the Progressive Party, 1912-1916'' (1918)

@@ Line 48: / Line 48: @@
 ==Bibliography==
-*Brands, H.W. ''Theodore Roosevelt'' (2001), biography [http://www.questia.com/library/book/t-r-the-last-romantic-by-h-w-brands.jsp online edition]
+* Brands, H.W. ''Theodore Roosevelt'' (2001), biography [http://www.questia.com/library/book/t-r-the-last-romantic-by-h-w-brands.jsp online edition]
 * Chace, James. ''1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft and Debs--The Election that Changed the Country'' (2005), popular history. [http://www.amazon.com/1912-Roosevelt-Debs-Election-Changed/dp/0743273559/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196634007&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
 * Gable, John  A. ''The Bullmoose Years: Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Party'' (1978).
@@ Line 54: / Line 54: @@
 * Jensen, Richard. "Democracy, Republicanism and Efficiency:  The Values of American Politics, 1885-1930," in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger, eds, ''Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775-2000'' (U of Kansas Press, 2001) pp 149–180; [http://www.uic.edu/~rjensen/rj0025.htm online version]
 * Mowry, George E. ''Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement'' (1946), the standard history
-*Mowry, George. ''The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America, 1900-1912.'' (1954) general survey of era
+* Mowry, George. ''The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America, 1900-1912.'' (1954) general survey of era
-* Pietrusza, David ''1948: Harry Truman's Improbable Victory and the Year that Changed America'', New York: Union Square Press, 2011.
+* Pietrusza, David. ''1948: Harry Truman's Improbable Victory and the Year that Changed America'', New York: Union Square Press, 2011.
 * Unger, Nancy C. ''Fighting Bob La Follette: The Righteous Reformer'' (2000), full-scale biography.
 ===Primary sources===

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 After walking out on the Republican Convention and forming the new Progressive Party, President Roosevelt, when suggested by reporters that he was no longer fit for the office,  retorted "I'm as fit as a bull moose" (giving the new party its nickname), and he called his own convention and nominated a national ticket with [[California]] Governor [[Hiram Johnson]] as his vice-presidential running mate. State parties also nominated slates in most northern states. The platform echoed Roosevelt's 1907-08 proposals, calling for vigorous government intervention to protect the people from the selfish interests.
 :"To destroy this invisible Government, to dissolve the '''unholy alliance''' between corrupt business and corrupt politics is the first task of the statesmanship of the day." - 1912 Progressive Party Platform<ref>see [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article07791-2,00.html Patricia O'Toole, "The War of 1912," TIME in Partnership with CNN, Jun. 25, 2006.]</ref>
 The great majority of Republican governors, congressmen, editors and state and local leaders refused to join the new party, even if they had supported Roosevelt before. Johnson, the Vice-Presidential nominee, who had been elected Governor in California in 1910, remained a member of the Republican Party because his supporters took control of the GOP in California. However, many independent reformers signed up. Three important activists were [[Gifford Pinchot]] and his brother [[Amos Pinchot]] and feminist [[Jane Addams]].
@@ Line 30: / Line 29: @@
 The central problem faced by Progressive Party was that the Democrats were more united and optimistic than they had been in decades. The Bull Moosers fancied they had a chance to elect Roosevelt by drawing out progressive elements from both the Republican and Democratic parties. That dream evaporated in July, when the Democrats nominated their most articulate and prominent progressive, Woodrow Wilson. As a leading educator and political scientist, he qualified as the ideal "expert" to handle affairs of state. At least half the nation's independent progressives flocked to Wilson's camp, both because of Wilson's policies and the expectation of victory. Roosevelt haters, such as LaFollette, also voted for Wilson instead of wasting their vote on Taft who could never win.  The most serious problem faced by Roosevelt's third party was money. The business interests who usually funded Republican campaigns distrusted Roosevelt and either did not vote or supported Taft. Lacking a strong party press, the Bull Moosers had to spend most of their money on publicity.
+[[Image:1912fight.jpg|thumb|550px|Bull Moose TR under attack; Taft on horseback left lands a blow; Wilson on right will finish him off]]
 Roosevelt succeeded in defeating the conservative Taft with his progressive message that along with Wilson's progressive program totaled 69% of the popular vote. He did win 4.1 million votes (27%), compared to Taft's 3.5 million (23%). However, Wilson's 6.3 million votes (42%) were enough to garner 435 electoral votes. Roosevelt came in second with 88 electoral votes (more than any third party candidate before or since); [[Pennsylvania]] was his only Eastern state; in the Midwest he carried Michigan, Minnesota and South Dakota; in the West, California and Washington; in the South, he did not win any states.

@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 <!--[[Image:1912Big-4.JPG|thumb|400px|left|pro Roosevelt cartoon contrast the Republican Party bosses in back row and Progressive party reformers in front]]-->
 ===Party funding===
 The most serious problem faced by the Progressive Party was money. The business interests who usually funded Republican campaigns were either sitting this one out, or supporting Taft.  Newspaper publisher [[Frank Munsey]] provided most of the funds, with large sums also given by [[George W. Perkins]]. Perkins was a divisive factor; a former top official of U.S. Steel, he single-handedly removed the antitrust plank from the Progressive platform.  Radicals such as Pinchot deeply distrusted Perkins and Munsey, though realizing the fledgling party depended on their deep pockets.  A few newspapers endorsed Roosevelt, including the Chicago Tribune, but the great majority stood behind Taft or Wilson. Lacking a strong party press, the Bull Moosers had to spend most of their money on publicity. Finally the new party was funded by publisher [[Frank A. Munsey]] and its executive secretary [[George W. Perkins]], a leading financier.
 ===1912 Platform===
 The platform called for [[women's suffrage]], recall of judicial decisions, easier amendment of the U.S. Constitution, social welfare legislation for women and children, workers' compensation (government payments for accidents on the job), limited injunctions against unions during strikes, farm relief, revision of banking to assure an elastic currency, required health insurance in industry, new high inheritance taxes, higher, new  federal income taxes on the rich, and limitation of naval armaments after the U.S. caught up in the naval race.  Pacifist [[Jane Addams]], a leading supporter, was stunned to discover she had to endorse a platform that called for the building of two new battleships a year. Perkins, a board member of [[U.S. Steel]] corporation, was blamed for blocking an anti-trust plank, thus shocking reformers like [[Gifford Pinchot]] who saw Roosevelt as a true trust-buster.  The result was a deep split in the new party that was never resolved. Roosevelt's philosophy for the Progressive Party was based around [[New Nationalism]], which was the belief in a strong government to regulate industry and protect the middle and working classes. New Nationalism was paternalistic in direct contrast to [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s individualistic philosophy of "New Freedom".
@@ Line 34: / Line 36: @@
 Roosevelt had scored a second-place finish, but he trailed so far behind Wilson that everyone realized his party would never win the White House. With the poor performance at state and local levels in 1912, the steady defection of top supporters, the failure to attract any new support, and a pathetic showing in 1914, the Bull Moose party disintegrated at the national level, although some state parties remained fairly strong. It did very well in Washington, winning a third of the seats in the state legislature, according to the State Legislature history page. Some leaders, such as [[Harold L. Ickes|Harold Ickes]] of Chicago, supported Wilson in 1916. Many followed Roosevelt back into the Republican Party, which in 1916 nominated [[Charles Evans Hughes]]. The ironies were many: Taft had been Roosevelt's hand-picked successor in 1908 and the split between the two men was ideological. No compromise was possible on issues like the independence of the judiciary. Roosevelt's schism allowed the conservatives to gain control of the Republican party and left Roosevelt and his followers drifting in the wilderness throughout the 1920s before most joined the [[New Deal]] Democratic Party coalition of President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]].
 ==LaFollete creates a third party in 1924==
 In Wisconsin the Republican Party was split into two factions after 1900, the conservatives and the "Progressives" led by [[Robert LaFollette]].  LaFollette broke bitterly with Roosevelt in 1912, but stayed in the Republican party. In 1924 LaFollette ran for President on his own ticket, also named the '''Progressive Party'''.  It carried only the state of Wisconsin, but was strong among labor union members, especially railroad workers. It did not run state or local candidates, and disappeared with LaFollette's death in 1925.