Science - Revision history

John conservative: edited "men (and in recent times, women)" to "people" to ensure the article is accurate and more inclusive using gender-neutral language

2026-10-20T22:28:25Z

edited "men (and in recent times, women)" to "people" to ensure the article is accurate and more inclusive using gender-neutral language

Conservative: Reverted edits by RobSmith (talk) to last revision by Conservative

2026-05-14T19:26:05Z

Reverted edits by RobSmith (talk) to last revision by Conservative

RobSmith: Reverted edits by Conservative (talk) to last revision by Jackin the box

2026-05-14T19:21:13Z

Reverted edits by Conservative (talk) to last revision by Jackin the box

Conservative: /* Principles of science */

2026-03-03T15:59:12Z

Principles of science

Conservative: /* Principles of science */

2026-03-03T15:58:49Z

Principles of science

Conservative: /* Principles of science */

2026-03-03T15:57:39Z

Principles of science

Conservative at 15:57, March 3, 2026

2026-03-03T15:57:12Z

Conservative: /* See also */

2025-02-06T18:28:00Z

Conservative at 10:05, July 8, 2024

2024-07-08T10:05:38Z

Conservative at 09:10, July 8, 2024

2024-07-08T09:10:09Z

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[File:ScientificMethodflowchart.jpg|450px|right|thumb|Flow chart illustrating the steps to the [[scientific method]].]]
-'''Science''' consists of three aspects: first, it provides systematic descriptions of everything in the world and all of human experience, generally considered as scientific [[knowledge]]. Second, there are the men (and in more recent times, women) of science who have amassed these descriptions and communicate them to everyone else. Third, there are the methods by which they carry out this work (see [[scientific method]]).
+'''Science''' consists of three aspects: first, it provides systematic descriptions of everything in the world and all of human experience, generally considered as scientific [[knowledge]]. Second, there are the people of science who have amassed these descriptions and communicate them to everyone else. Third, there are the methods by which they carry out this work (see [[scientific method]]).
 Science can be divided into two areas: [[natural science]], dealing with the [[physical]], natural world,<ref>Soanes and Stevenson called science "the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment."Soanes,C. and Stevenson, A. (eds.) (2005) 'The Oxford Dictionary of English (revised edition)' Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.</ref> and [[social science]], dealing with society and human nature.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[File:ScientificMethodflowchart.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Flow chart illustrating the steps to the [[scientific method]].]]
+[[File:ScientificMethodflowchart.jpg|450px|right|thumb|Flow chart illustrating the steps to the [[scientific method]].]]
 '''Science''' consists of three aspects: first, it provides systematic descriptions of everything in the world and all of human experience, generally considered as scientific [[knowledge]]. Second, there are the men (and in more recent times, women) of science who have amassed these descriptions and communicate them to everyone else. Third, there are the methods by which they carry out this work (see [[scientific method]]).
-Science can be divided into two areas: [[natural science]], dealing with the [[physical]], [[natural]] world,<ref>Soanes and Stevenson called science "the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment."Soanes,C. and Stevenson, A. (eds.) (2005) 'The Oxford Dictionary of English (revised edition)' Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.</ref> and [[social science]], dealing with society and human nature.
+Science can be divided into two areas: [[natural science]], dealing with the [[physical]], natural world,<ref>Soanes and Stevenson called science "the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment."Soanes,C. and Stevenson, A. (eds.) (2005) 'The Oxford Dictionary of English (revised edition)' Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.</ref> and [[social science]], dealing with society and human nature.
 People who study science are called [[scientist]]s. Most of the early scientists who started many of the scientific fields, and some of history's greatest thinkers, such as [[Galileo Galilei]] and [[Isaac Newton]], believed in [[God]], or some other higher power, and many were [[creationists]], although the ideas of [[evolutionism]] or [[Darwinism]] were not yet popular.
@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 == Principles of science ==
-The basis of modern science is observation and hypothesis.  It involves constructing the best theory to explain an occurrence based on the evidence at the time.
+The basis of modern science is [[Observation skills|observation]] and [[hypothesis]].  It involves constructing the best [[theory]] to explain an occurrence based on the evidence at the time.
 Economist [[Milton Friedman]] said, "In all of science, progress comes through people proposing hypotheses which are subject to test and rejected and replaced by better hypotheses." [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/int_miltonfriedman.html#10]
@@ Line 62: / Line 62: @@
 [[University of California at Berkeley]]-educated historian [[Ronald L. Numbers]] has stated that this thesis "received a boost" from mathematician and philosopher[[Alfred North Whitehead]]'s ''[[Science and the Modern World]]'' (1925). Numbers has also claimed "Despite the manifest shortcomings of the claim that Christianity gave birth to science&mdash;most glaringly, it ignores or minimizes the contributions of ancient Greeks and medieval Muslims&mdash;it too, refuses to succumb to the death it deserves. The sociologist [[Rodney Stark]] at [[Baylor University]], a [[Southern Baptist]] institution, is only the latest in a long line of Christian apologists to insist that 'Christian theology was essential for the rise of science.'"<ref>''Science and Christianity in pulpit and pew'', [[Oxford University Press]], 2007, [[Ronald L. Numbers]], p. 4, and p.138 n. 3 where Numbers specifically raises his concerns with regards to the works of [[Michael B. Foster]], [[Reijer Hooykaas]], [[Eugene M. Klaaren]], and [[Stanley L. Jaki]]</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 81: / Line 87: @@
 * [[Scientific virtues]]
 * [[Scientific uncertainty]]
 ==Further reading==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[File:ScientificMethodflowchart.jpg|450px|right|thumb|Flow chart illustrating the steps to the [[scientific method]].]]
+[[File:ScientificMethodflowchart.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Flow chart illustrating the steps to the [[scientific method]].]]
 '''Science''' consists of three aspects: first, it provides systematic descriptions of everything in the world and all of human experience, generally considered as scientific [[knowledge]]. Second, there are the men (and in more recent times, women) of science who have amassed these descriptions and communicate them to everyone else. Third, there are the methods by which they carry out this work (see [[scientific method]]).
-Science can be divided into two areas: [[natural science]], dealing with the [[physical]], natural world,<ref>Soanes and Stevenson called science "the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment."Soanes,C. and Stevenson, A. (eds.) (2005) 'The Oxford Dictionary of English (revised edition)' Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.</ref> and [[social science]], dealing with society and human nature.
+Science can be divided into two areas: [[natural science]], dealing with the [[physical]], [[natural]] world,<ref>Soanes and Stevenson called science "the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment."Soanes,C. and Stevenson, A. (eds.) (2005) 'The Oxford Dictionary of English (revised edition)' Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.</ref> and [[social science]], dealing with society and human nature.
 People who study science are called [[scientist]]s. Most of the early scientists who started many of the scientific fields, and some of history's greatest thinkers, such as [[Galileo Galilei]] and [[Isaac Newton]], believed in [[God]], or some other higher power, and many were [[creationists]], although the ideas of [[evolutionism]] or [[Darwinism]] were not yet popular.
@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 == Principles of science ==
-The basis of modern science is [[Observation skills|observation]] and [[hypothesis]].  It involves constructing the best [[theory]] to explain an occurrence based on the evidence at the time.
+The basis of modern science is observation and hypothesis.  It involves constructing the best theory to explain an occurrence based on the evidence at the time.
 Economist [[Milton Friedman]] said, "In all of science, progress comes through people proposing hypotheses which are subject to test and rejected and replaced by better hypotheses." [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/int_miltonfriedman.html#10]
@@ Line 62: / Line 62: @@
 [[University of California at Berkeley]]-educated historian [[Ronald L. Numbers]] has stated that this thesis "received a boost" from mathematician and philosopher[[Alfred North Whitehead]]'s ''[[Science and the Modern World]]'' (1925). Numbers has also claimed "Despite the manifest shortcomings of the claim that Christianity gave birth to science&mdash;most glaringly, it ignores or minimizes the contributions of ancient Greeks and medieval Muslims&mdash;it too, refuses to succumb to the death it deserves. The sociologist [[Rodney Stark]] at [[Baylor University]], a [[Southern Baptist]] institution, is only the latest in a long line of Christian apologists to insist that 'Christian theology was essential for the rise of science.'"<ref>''Science and Christianity in pulpit and pew'', [[Oxford University Press]], 2007, [[Ronald L. Numbers]], p. 4, and p.138 n. 3 where Numbers specifically raises his concerns with regards to the works of [[Michael B. Foster]], [[Reijer Hooykaas]], [[Eugene M. Klaaren]], and [[Stanley L. Jaki]]</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 87: / Line 81: @@
 * [[Scientific virtues]]
 * [[Scientific uncertainty]]
 ==Further reading==

@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 == Principles of science ==
-The basis of modern science is [[Observation skills|observation]] and [[hypothesis]].  It involves constructing the best theory to explain an occurrence based on the evidence at the time.
+The basis of modern science is [[Observation skills|observation]] and [[hypothesis]].  It involves constructing the best [[theory]] to explain an occurrence based on the evidence at the time.
 Economist [[Milton Friedman]] said, "In all of science, progress comes through people proposing hypotheses which are subject to test and rejected and replaced by better hypotheses." [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/int_miltonfriedman.html#10]

@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 == Principles of science ==
-The basis of modern science is [[Observation skills|observation]] and hypothesis.  It involves constructing the best theory to explain an occurrence based on the evidence at the time.
+The basis of modern science is [[Observation skills|observation]] and [[hypothesis]].  It involves constructing the best theory to explain an occurrence based on the evidence at the time.
 Economist [[Milton Friedman]] said, "In all of science, progress comes through people proposing hypotheses which are subject to test and rejected and replaced by better hypotheses." [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/int_miltonfriedman.html#10]