States' Rights Democratic Party - Revision history

LT: /* Party members/supporters */

2023-05-30T20:33:45Z

‎Party members/supporters

LT: /* Party members/supporters */

2023-05-30T18:48:58Z

‎Party members/supporters

LT: /* Remaining fragments—Democrat or Republican? */

2023-05-16T17:46:56Z

‎Remaining fragments—Democrat or Republican?

LT: /* Remaining fragments—Democrat or Republican? */

2023-05-16T17:46:43Z

‎Remaining fragments—Democrat or Republican?

LT: /* Remaining fragments—Democrat or Republican? */

2023-05-16T17:44:17Z

‎Remaining fragments—Democrat or Republican?

LT: /* Remaining fragments—Democrat or Republican? */

2023-05-16T17:42:39Z

‎Remaining fragments—Democrat or Republican?

LT: /* Remaining fragments—Democrat or Republican? */

2023-05-16T17:41:46Z

‎Remaining fragments—Democrat or Republican?

LT: /* Remaining fragments—Democrat or Republican? */

2023-05-16T17:31:20Z

‎Remaining fragments—Democrat or Republican?

LT: /* New Deal and World War II impact: shift in left–right ideology and civil rights */

2023-05-16T17:28:45Z

‎New Deal and World War II impact: shift in left–right ideology and civil rights

LT: /* Background */

2023-05-16T17:28:25Z

‎Background

@@ Line 86: / Line 86: @@
 * [[John Bell Williams]], U.S. representative from Mississippi and future governor of the state<ref name=msencyclopediagb/>
 * [[Leander Perez]], [[pro-Long]], hardline segregationist machine boss of southeastern Plaquemines and St. Bernard parishes<ref>Jeansonne, Glen (1977). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Leander_Perez/A2ZXz67oSdAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=thurmond Leander Perez: Boss of the Delta], p. 178. ''Google Books''. Retrieved May 15, 2023.</ref><ref>Kurtz, Michael L.; Peoples, Morgan D. (1990). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Earl_K_Long/Nn72O7GtghoC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=leander+perez+dixiecrat&pg=PT207&printsec=frontcover Earl K. Long: The Saga of Uncle Earl and Louisiana Politics]. ''Google Books''. Retrieved May 15, 2023.</ref>
-* [[F. Edward Hébert]], anti-Long U.S. representative from Louisiana's 1st congressional district<ref name=trumananddemparty/><ref name=historyofuspolitics/><ref>King, Larry L. (February 21, 1971). [https://www.nytimes.com/1971/02/21/archives/creed-of-a-congressman-f-edward-hebert-of-louisiana-edited-and.html Creed of a Congressman]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved May 15, 2023.</ref>
+* [[F. Edward Hébert]], [[anti-Long]] U.S. representative from Louisiana's 1st congressional district<ref name=trumananddemparty/><ref name=historyofuspolitics/><ref>King, Larry L. (February 21, 1971). [https://www.nytimes.com/1971/02/21/archives/creed-of-a-congressman-f-edward-hebert-of-louisiana-edited-and.html Creed of a Congressman]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved May 15, 2023.</ref>
 * [[Burnet R. Maybank]], U.S. senator from South Carolina (arguably nominal<ref name=pathsoutofdixie>Mickey, Robert (2015). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Paths_Out_of_Dixie/yqDwG2MBoNwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=mendel+rivers+dixiecrat&pg=PA150&printsec=frontcover Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Authoritarian Enclaves in America's Deep South, 1944-1972], p. 150. ''Google Books''. Retrieved May 15, 2023.</ref>)
 * L. Mendel Rivers, U.S. representative from South Carolina's 1st congressional district<ref name=pathsoutofdixie/>

@@ Line 85: / Line 85: @@
 * [[John E. Rankin]], U.S. representative from Mississippi's 1st congressional district<ref>Zwiers, Maarten (July 11, 2017). [https://mississippiencyclopedia.org/entries/john-elliott-rankin/ John Elliott Rankin]. ''Mississippi Encyclopedia''. Retrieved May 15, 2023.</ref><ref name=trumananddemparty>Savage, Sean J. (1997). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Truman_and_the_Democratic_Party/teMzEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=john+rankin+dixiecrat&pg=PT158&printsec=frontcover Truman and the Democratic Party]. ''Google Books''. Retrieved May 15, 2023.</ref><ref name=historyofuspolitics>Harris, Richard A.; Tichenor, Daniel J. (2009). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_U_S_Political_System_Id/1q0hcy1F2dMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=john+rankin+dixiecrat&pg=RA1-PA354&printsec=frontcover A History of the U.S. Political System: Ideas, Interests, and Institutions], p. 354. ''Google Books''. Retrieved May 15, 2023.</ref>
 * [[John Bell Williams]], U.S. representative from Mississippi and future governor of the state<ref name=msencyclopediagb/>
-* [[Leander Perez]], pro-[[Huey Long|Long]], hardline segregationist machine boss of southeastern Plaquemines and St. Bernard parishes<ref>Jeansonne, Glen (1977). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Leander_Perez/A2ZXz67oSdAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=thurmond Leander Perez: Boss of the Delta], p. 178. ''Google Books''. Retrieved May 15, 2023.</ref><ref>Kurtz, Michael L.; Peoples, Morgan D. (1990). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Earl_K_Long/Nn72O7GtghoC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=leander+perez+dixiecrat&pg=PT207&printsec=frontcover Earl K. Long: The Saga of Uncle Earl and Louisiana Politics]. ''Google Books''. Retrieved May 15, 2023.</ref>
+* [[Leander Perez]], [[pro-Long]], hardline segregationist machine boss of southeastern Plaquemines and St. Bernard parishes<ref>Jeansonne, Glen (1977). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Leander_Perez/A2ZXz67oSdAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=thurmond Leander Perez: Boss of the Delta], p. 178. ''Google Books''. Retrieved May 15, 2023.</ref><ref>Kurtz, Michael L.; Peoples, Morgan D. (1990). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Earl_K_Long/Nn72O7GtghoC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=leander+perez+dixiecrat&pg=PT207&printsec=frontcover Earl K. Long: The Saga of Uncle Earl and Louisiana Politics]. ''Google Books''. Retrieved May 15, 2023.</ref>
 * [[F. Edward Hébert]], anti-Long U.S. representative from Louisiana's 1st congressional district<ref name=trumananddemparty/><ref name=historyofuspolitics/><ref>King, Larry L. (February 21, 1971). [https://www.nytimes.com/1971/02/21/archives/creed-of-a-congressman-f-edward-hebert-of-louisiana-edited-and.html Creed of a Congressman]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved May 15, 2023.</ref>
 * [[Burnet R. Maybank]], U.S. senator from South Carolina (arguably nominal<ref name=pathsoutofdixie>Mickey, Robert (2015). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Paths_Out_of_Dixie/yqDwG2MBoNwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=mendel+rivers+dixiecrat&pg=PA150&printsec=frontcover Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Authoritarian Enclaves in America's Deep South, 1944-1972], p. 150. ''Google Books''. Retrieved May 15, 2023.</ref>)

@@ Line 68: / Line 68: @@
 However, this did not hold true for all states—Alabama, for instance, saw a correlation between the Dixiecrats in 1948 and the national Democrats in 1952. In addition, an analysis by Byron E. Shafer and Richard Johnston in "The End of Southern Exceptionalism," far more reliable than the narratives of standard academics, concludes that '''25 out of 29 Southern congressional districts which supported the Thurmond/Wright Dixiecrat ticket would subsequently back Adlai Stevenson rather than Eisenhower in 1952.'''<ref name=endofse,p.167>Shafer, Byron E.; Johnston, Richard (2006). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_End_of_Southern_Exceptionalism/tiNYRu5rvVgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=dixiecrats+adlai+stevenson+end+of+southern+republicanism&pg=PA167&printsec=frontcover The End of Southern Exceptionalism: Class, Race, and Partisan Change in the Postwar South], p. 167. ''Google Books''. Retrieved May 15, 2023.</ref> Despite a faction of Dixiecrat leaders throwing support to Eisenhower, the constituencies mostly aligned with the national Democrats at the presidential level in 1952 and to a remaining significant extent in 1956.
-[[File:End of Southern Exceptionalism Figure 5.13.png|thumb|600px|center|According to Figure 5.13 in "The End of Southern Exceptionalism," crossover Democratic support for Eisenhower in the South by congressional district came primarily from 1948 Truman voters, while Dixiecrat voters favored Stevenson.<ref name=endofse,p.167/> "O" represents the Dixiecrats.]]
+[[File:End of Southern Exceptionalism Figure 5.13.png|thumb|600px|center|According to Figure 5.13 in "The End of Southern Exceptionalism," crossover Democratic support for Eisenhower in the South by congressional district came primarily from 1948 Truman voters, while Dixiecrat voters favored Stevenson.<ref name=endofse,p.167/> "O"/"Others" represents the Dixiecrats.]]
 ==Party members/supporters==

@@ Line 68: / Line 68: @@
 However, this did not hold true for all states—Alabama, for instance, saw a correlation between the Dixiecrats in 1948 and the national Democrats in 1952. In addition, an analysis by Byron E. Shafer and Richard Johnston in "The End of Southern Exceptionalism," far more reliable than the narratives of standard academics, concludes that '''25 out of 29 Southern congressional districts which supported the Thurmond/Wright Dixiecrat ticket would subsequently back Adlai Stevenson rather than Eisenhower in 1952.'''<ref name=endofse,p.167>Shafer, Byron E.; Johnston, Richard (2006). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_End_of_Southern_Exceptionalism/tiNYRu5rvVgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=dixiecrats+adlai+stevenson+end+of+southern+republicanism&pg=PA167&printsec=frontcover The End of Southern Exceptionalism: Class, Race, and Partisan Change in the Postwar South], p. 167. ''Google Books''. Retrieved May 15, 2023.</ref> Despite a faction of Dixiecrat leaders throwing support to Eisenhower, the constituencies mostly aligned with the national Democrats at the presidential level in 1952 and to a remaining significant extent in 1956.
-[[File:End of Southern Exceptionalism Figure 5.13.png|thumb|700px|center|According to Figure 5.13 in "The End of Southern Exceptionalism," crossover Democratic support for Eisenhower in the South by congressional district came primarily from the 1948 Truman voters, while Dixiecrats tended to favor Stevenson.<ref name=endofse,p.167/><br><br>"O"/"Others" represents the Dixiecrats.]]
+[[File:End of Southern Exceptionalism Figure 5.13.png|thumb|600px|center|According to Figure 5.13 in "The End of Southern Exceptionalism," crossover Democratic support for Eisenhower in the South by congressional district came primarily from 1948 Truman voters, while Dixiecrat voters favored Stevenson.<ref name=endofse,p.167/> "O" represents the Dixiecrats.]]
 ==Party members/supporters==

@@ Line 68: / Line 68: @@
 However, this did not hold true for all states—Alabama, for instance, saw a correlation between the Dixiecrats in 1948 and the national Democrats in 1952. In addition, an analysis by Byron E. Shafer and Richard Johnston in "The End of Southern Exceptionalism," far more reliable than the narratives of standard academics, concludes that '''25 out of 29 Southern congressional districts which supported the Thurmond/Wright Dixiecrat ticket would subsequently back Adlai Stevenson rather than Eisenhower in 1952.'''<ref name=endofse,p.167>Shafer, Byron E.; Johnston, Richard (2006). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_End_of_Southern_Exceptionalism/tiNYRu5rvVgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=dixiecrats+adlai+stevenson+end+of+southern+republicanism&pg=PA167&printsec=frontcover The End of Southern Exceptionalism: Class, Race, and Partisan Change in the Postwar South], p. 167. ''Google Books''. Retrieved May 15, 2023.</ref> Despite a faction of Dixiecrat leaders throwing support to Eisenhower, the constituencies mostly aligned with the national Democrats at the presidential level in 1952 and to a remaining significant extent in 1956.
-[[File:End of Southern Exceptionalism Figure 5.13.png|thumb|700px|center|According to Figure 5.13 in "The End of Southern Exceptionalism," crossover Democratic support for Eisenhower in the South by congressional district came primarily from the 1948 Truman voters, while Dixiecrats tended to favor Stevenson.<ref name=endofse,p.167/>]]
+[[File:End of Southern Exceptionalism Figure 5.13.png|thumb|700px|center|According to Figure 5.13 in "The End of Southern Exceptionalism," crossover Democratic support for Eisenhower in the South by congressional district came primarily from the 1948 Truman voters, while Dixiecrats tended to favor Stevenson.<ref name=endofse,p.167/><br><br>"O"/"Others" represents the Dixiecrats.]]
 ==Party members/supporters==

@@ Line 66: / Line 66: @@
 In "Myth America," popular left-wing revisionist historian and Twitter personality Kevin M. Kruse,<ref group=note>Kruse, an icon for leftists who antagonize conservatives as racist, notably fails to distinguish who is and isn't a Dixiecrat despite being an exalted Princeton professor with a Ph.D. from Cornell University. For instance, he claims in "Myth America" that [[James F. Byrnes]] was a Dixiecrat ([https://www.google.com/books/edition/Myth_America/bqZdEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=dixiecrats+republicans+kevin+kruse&pg=PT336&printsec=frontcover see result 3/10 here]) [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Newspaper_Wars/p50wDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=james+f.+byrnes+dixiecrat&pg=PT114&printsec=frontcover despite Byrnes expediently refusing to support neither Truman nor Thurmond in 1948.] In addition, Kruse [https://twitter.com/KevinMKruse/status/1013981446615322624 incorrectly labeled numerous individuals as Dixiecrats in a Twitter debate with Dinesh D'Souza.]</ref> along with Julian E. Zelizer, quotes author Kari Frederickson, who stated, "there was a strong correlation between counties that supported the Dixiecrats and those that endorsed Eisenhower."<ref>Kruse, Kevin M.; Zelizer, Julian E. (January 3, 2023). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Myth_America/bqZdEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=dixiecrats+republicans+kevin+kruse&pg=PT336&printsec=frontcover Myth America: Historians Take On the Biggest Legends and Lies About Our Past]. ''Google Books''. Retrieved May 15, 2023.</ref> Kruse cites several Dixiecrat leaders who went on to endorse Eisenhower, such as [[Leander Perez]] of Louisiana, several South Carolina Democrats, and several others as alleged proof of a Dixiecrat–Republican correlation.
-However, this did not hold true for all states—Alabama, for instance, saw a correlation between the Dixiecrats in 1948 and the national Democrats in 1952. In addition, an analysis by Byron E. Shafer and Richard Johnston in "The End of Southern Exceptionalism," far more reliable than the narratives of standard academics, concludes that '''25 out of 29 Southern congressional districts which supported the Thurmond/Wright Dixiecrat ticket would subsequently back Adlai Stevenson rather than Eisenhower in 1952.'''<ref>Shafer, Byron E.; Johnston, Richard (2006). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_End_of_Southern_Exceptionalism/tiNYRu5rvVgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=dixiecrats+adlai+stevenson+end+of+southern+republicanism&pg=PA167&printsec=frontcover The End of Southern Exceptionalism: Class, Race, and Partisan Change in the Postwar South], p. 167. ''Google Books''. Retrieved May 15, 2023.</ref> Despite a faction of Dixiecrat leaders throwing support to Eisenhower, the constituencies mostly aligned with the national Democrats at the presidential level in 1952 and to a remaining significant extent in 1956.
+However, this did not hold true for all states—Alabama, for instance, saw a correlation between the Dixiecrats in 1948 and the national Democrats in 1952. In addition, an analysis by Byron E. Shafer and Richard Johnston in "The End of Southern Exceptionalism," far more reliable than the narratives of standard academics, concludes that '''25 out of 29 Southern congressional districts which supported the Thurmond/Wright Dixiecrat ticket would subsequently back Adlai Stevenson rather than Eisenhower in 1952.'''<ref name=endofse,p.167>Shafer, Byron E.; Johnston, Richard (2006). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_End_of_Southern_Exceptionalism/tiNYRu5rvVgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=dixiecrats+adlai+stevenson+end+of+southern+republicanism&pg=PA167&printsec=frontcover The End of Southern Exceptionalism: Class, Race, and Partisan Change in the Postwar South], p. 167. ''Google Books''. Retrieved May 15, 2023.</ref> Despite a faction of Dixiecrat leaders throwing support to Eisenhower, the constituencies mostly aligned with the national Democrats at the presidential level in 1952 and to a remaining significant extent in 1956.
-[[File:End of Southern Exceptionalism Figure 5.13.png|thumb|700px|center|According to Figure 5.13 in p. 167 of "The End of Southern Exceptionalism," crossover Democratic support for Eisenhower in the South by congressional district came primarily from the 1948 Truman voters, while Dixiecrats tended to favor Stevenson.]]
+[[File:End of Southern Exceptionalism Figure 5.13.png|thumb|700px|center|According to Figure 5.13 in "The End of Southern Exceptionalism," crossover Democratic support for Eisenhower in the South by congressional district came primarily from the 1948 Truman voters, while Dixiecrats tended to favor Stevenson.<ref name=endofse,p.167/>]]
 ==Party members/supporters==

@@ Line 63: / Line 63: @@
 ==Remaining fragments—Democrat or Republican?==
-[[File:000adlaistevenson.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Liberal Democrat [[Adlai Stevenson]] garnered most of the Dixiecrat vote in 1952.]]
+[[File:000adlaistevenson.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Liberal Democrat [[Adlai Stevenson]] won most of the Dixiecrat vote in 1952.]]
 In "Myth America," popular left-wing revisionist historian and Twitter personality Kevin M. Kruse,<ref group=note>Kruse, an icon for leftists who antagonize conservatives as racist, notably fails to distinguish who is and isn't a Dixiecrat despite being an exalted Princeton professor with a Ph.D. from Cornell University. For instance, he claims in "Myth America" that [[James F. Byrnes]] was a Dixiecrat ([https://www.google.com/books/edition/Myth_America/bqZdEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=dixiecrats+republicans+kevin+kruse&pg=PT336&printsec=frontcover see result 3/10 here]) [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Newspaper_Wars/p50wDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=james+f.+byrnes+dixiecrat&pg=PT114&printsec=frontcover despite Byrnes expediently refusing to support neither Truman nor Thurmond in 1948.] In addition, Kruse [https://twitter.com/KevinMKruse/status/1013981446615322624 incorrectly labeled numerous individuals as Dixiecrats in a Twitter debate with Dinesh D'Souza.]</ref> along with Julian E. Zelizer, quotes author Kari Frederickson, who stated, "there was a strong correlation between counties that supported the Dixiecrats and those that endorsed Eisenhower."<ref>Kruse, Kevin M.; Zelizer, Julian E. (January 3, 2023). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Myth_America/bqZdEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=dixiecrats+republicans+kevin+kruse&pg=PT336&printsec=frontcover Myth America: Historians Take On the Biggest Legends and Lies About Our Past]. ''Google Books''. Retrieved May 15, 2023.</ref> Kruse cites several Dixiecrat leaders who went on to endorse Eisenhower, such as [[Leander Perez]] of Louisiana, several South Carolina Democrats, and several others as alleged proof of a Dixiecrat–Republican correlation.
 However, this did not hold true for all states—Alabama, for instance, saw a correlation between the Dixiecrats in 1948 and the national Democrats in 1952. In addition, an analysis by Byron E. Shafer and Richard Johnston in "The End of Southern Exceptionalism," far more reliable than the narratives of standard academics, concludes that '''25 out of 29 Southern congressional districts which supported the Thurmond/Wright Dixiecrat ticket would subsequently back Adlai Stevenson rather than Eisenhower in 1952.'''<ref>Shafer, Byron E.; Johnston, Richard (2006). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_End_of_Southern_Exceptionalism/tiNYRu5rvVgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=dixiecrats+adlai+stevenson+end+of+southern+republicanism&pg=PA167&printsec=frontcover The End of Southern Exceptionalism: Class, Race, and Partisan Change in the Postwar South], p. 167. ''Google Books''. Retrieved May 15, 2023.</ref> Despite a faction of Dixiecrat leaders throwing support to Eisenhower, the constituencies mostly aligned with the national Democrats at the presidential level in 1952 and to a remaining significant extent in 1956.
 ==Party members/supporters==

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:31, May 16, 2023
Line 63:		Line 63:

	==Remaining fragments—Democrat or Republican?==		==Remaining fragments—Democrat or Republican?==
		+	[[File:000adlaistevenson.jpg\|thumb\|right\|180px\|Liberal Democrat [[Adlai Stevenson]] garnered most of the Dixiecrat vote in 1952.]]
	In "Myth America," popular left-wing revisionist historian and Twitter personality Kevin M. Kruse,<ref group=note>Kruse, an icon for leftists who antagonize conservatives as racist, notably fails to distinguish who is and isn't a Dixiecrat despite being an exalted Princeton professor with a Ph.D. from Cornell University. For instance, he claims in "Myth America" that [[James F. Byrnes]] was a Dixiecrat ([https://www.google.com/books/edition/Myth_America/bqZdEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=dixiecrats+republicans+kevin+kruse&pg=PT336&printsec=frontcover see result 3/10 here]) [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Newspaper_Wars/p50wDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=james+f.+byrnes+dixiecrat&pg=PT114&printsec=frontcover despite Byrnes expediently refusing to support neither Truman nor Thurmond in 1948.] In addition, Kruse [https://twitter.com/KevinMKruse/status/1013981446615322624 incorrectly labeled numerous individuals as Dixiecrats in a Twitter debate with Dinesh D'Souza.]</ref> along with Julian E. Zelizer, quotes author Kari Frederickson, who stated, "there was a strong correlation between counties that supported the Dixiecrats and those that endorsed Eisenhower."<ref>Kruse, Kevin M.; Zelizer, Julian E. (January 3, 2023). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Myth_America/bqZdEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=dixiecrats+republicans+kevin+kruse&pg=PT336&printsec=frontcover Myth America: Historians Take On the Biggest Legends and Lies About Our Past]. ''Google Books''. Retrieved May 15, 2023.</ref> Kruse cites several Dixiecrat leaders who went on to endorse Eisenhower, such as [[Leander Perez]] of Louisiana, several South Carolina Democrats, and several others as alleged proof of a Dixiecrat–Republican correlation.		In "Myth America," popular left-wing revisionist historian and Twitter personality Kevin M. Kruse,<ref group=note>Kruse, an icon for leftists who antagonize conservatives as racist, notably fails to distinguish who is and isn't a Dixiecrat despite being an exalted Princeton professor with a Ph.D. from Cornell University. For instance, he claims in "Myth America" that [[James F. Byrnes]] was a Dixiecrat ([https://www.google.com/books/edition/Myth_America/bqZdEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=dixiecrats+republicans+kevin+kruse&pg=PT336&printsec=frontcover see result 3/10 here]) [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Newspaper_Wars/p50wDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=james+f.+byrnes+dixiecrat&pg=PT114&printsec=frontcover despite Byrnes expediently refusing to support neither Truman nor Thurmond in 1948.] In addition, Kruse [https://twitter.com/KevinMKruse/status/1013981446615322624 incorrectly labeled numerous individuals as Dixiecrats in a Twitter debate with Dinesh D'Souza.]</ref> along with Julian E. Zelizer, quotes author Kari Frederickson, who stated, "there was a strong correlation between counties that supported the Dixiecrats and those that endorsed Eisenhower."<ref>Kruse, Kevin M.; Zelizer, Julian E. (January 3, 2023). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Myth_America/bqZdEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=dixiecrats+republicans+kevin+kruse&pg=PT336&printsec=frontcover Myth America: Historians Take On the Biggest Legends and Lies About Our Past]. ''Google Books''. Retrieved May 15, 2023.</ref> Kruse cites several Dixiecrat leaders who went on to endorse Eisenhower, such as [[Leander Perez]] of Louisiana, several South Carolina Democrats, and several others as alleged proof of a Dixiecrat–Republican correlation.

@@ Line 29: / Line 29: @@
 However, Southern Democrats increasingly broke with FDR and the New Deal for both economic and civil rights–related reasons. Author Glenn Feldman notes that "many prominent Southern New Dealers" including Leander Perez, Theodore Bilbo, and Horace Wilkinson, who "can hardly be called racially enlightened," eventually opposed the mainstream economic progressivism of the New Deal when it began to align with civil rights—the old Southern progressives, although economically left-wing in nature, prioritized white supremacy and abandoned modern liberalism ''only when it interfered with their racial order''.<ref>Feldman, Glenn (August 31, 2015). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Great_Melding/0ZUkCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=bull+connor+new+deal&pg=PA256&printsec=frontcover The Great Melding: War, the Dixiecrat Rebellion, and the Southern Model for America's New Conservatism], p. 287. ''Google Books''. Retrieved May 16, 2023.</ref>
-[[File:JohnERankin.jpg|thumb|right|220px|John E. Rankin, a Democratic representative, progressive, and lifelong white supremacist who broke from the New Deal by the early 1940s and joined the Dixiecrats in '48.]]
+[[File:JohnERankin.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[John E. Rankin]], a Democratic representative, progressive, and lifelong white supremacist who broke from the New Deal by the early 1940s and joined the Dixiecrats in '48.]]
 Although mainstream encyclopedia articles, books, and other various sources portray the Dixiecrat movement and typical Southern racial demagoguery in the 1930s (and onwards) as stemming from anti–New Deal sentiment, Feldman writes that in Alabama, for example, the most virulent racists "could be found on both sides of the New Deal."<ref>Feldman, Glenn (May 31, 2013). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Irony_of_the_Solid_South/lo7-k6uzUDcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=bull+connor+new+deal&printsec=frontcover The Irony of the Solid South: Democrats, Republicans, and Race, 1865–1944], p. 94. ''Google Books''. Retrieved May 16, 2023.</ref> [[Bull Connor]], later an SRP member and known as the Birmingham police commissioner who perpetrated violent police attacks against civil rights activists including children, was among the staunch supporters of FDR and the New Deal, regarding him as a "fine President."<ref>"The Irony of the Solid South," pp. 192–93.</ref>

@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 <center>{{cquote|[[C. Vann Woodward]] has called Progressivism in the South, "progressivism for white men only'. The activities of [[Woodrow Wilson]] and his [[Secretary of War]], Josephus Daniels, both native southerners, support this view. Daniels could defend the "color lines while attacking political corruption and the activities of the trusts. Wilson while calling for progressive banking and [[anti-trust]] legislation was endorsing [[D.W. Griffith]]'s, 'Birth of a Nations film and allowing segregation in the United States armed forces. [[Theodore Roosevelt]] while inviting [[Booker T. Washington]] to the [[White House]] and noting upon his political suggestions, never called for [[Anti-lynching law|antilynohing]] or antidisfranohisement laws.|||"Voices of Protest: W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington," p. 6<ref>Barnes, Harry W. (August 8, 1969). [https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED044344.pdf Voices of Protest: W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington.] ''Institute of Education Sciences''. Retrieved May 15, 2023.</ref>}}</center>
-[[File:FDRoosevelt by Perskie.png|thumb|left|230px|Many, if not most Dixiecrats were New Deal–aligned supporters of FDR in the 1930s.]]
+[[File:FDRoosevelt by Perskie.png|thumb|left|230px|Many Dixiecrats were New Deal–aligned supporters of FDR in the 1930s.]]
 ===New Deal and World War II impact: shift in left–right ideology and civil rights===
 During the First and Second New Deal, the majority of Southern Democrats lined up behind President Roosevelt, supporting left-wing economic relief measures at the expense of traditional free-market principles. The New Deal enforced institutional white supremacy to appease the Democrats of the "Solid South" who ardently opposed any federal legislation which would interfere with the region's Jim Crow laws; the [[Federal Housing Administration]] not only enforced segregation, but even refused to insure houses for black families.<ref>Little, Becky (June 1, 2021). [https://www.history.com/news/housing-segregation-new-deal-program How a New Deal Housing Program Enforced Segregation]. ''History Channel''. Retrieved May 15, 2023.</ref>
@@ Line 29: / Line 29: @@
 However, Southern Democrats increasingly broke with FDR and the New Deal for both economic and civil rights–related reasons. Author Glenn Feldman notes that "many prominent Southern New Dealers" including Leander Perez, Theodore Bilbo, and Horace Wilkinson, who "can hardly be called racially enlightened," eventually opposed the mainstream economic progressivism of the New Deal when it began to align with civil rights—the old Southern progressives, although economically left-wing in nature, prioritized white supremacy and abandoned modern liberalism ''only when it interfered with their racial order''.<ref>Feldman, Glenn (August 31, 2015). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Great_Melding/0ZUkCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=bull+connor+new+deal&pg=PA256&printsec=frontcover The Great Melding: War, the Dixiecrat Rebellion, and the Southern Model for America's New Conservatism], p. 287. ''Google Books''. Retrieved May 16, 2023.</ref>
-[[File:JohnERankin.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Portrait of John E. Rankin, a Democratic representative, progressive, and lifelong white supremacist who broke from the New Deal by the early 1940s and joined the Dixiecrats in '48.]]
+[[File:JohnERankin.jpg|thumb|right|220px|John E. Rankin, a Democratic representative, progressive, and lifelong white supremacist who broke from the New Deal by the early 1940s and joined the Dixiecrats in '48.]]
 Although mainstream encyclopedia articles, books, and other various sources portray the Dixiecrat movement and typical Southern racial demagoguery in the 1930s (and onwards) as stemming from anti–New Deal sentiment, Feldman writes that in Alabama, for example, the most virulent racists "could be found on both sides of the New Deal."<ref>Feldman, Glenn (May 31, 2013). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Irony_of_the_Solid_South/lo7-k6uzUDcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=bull+connor+new+deal&printsec=frontcover The Irony of the Solid South: Democrats, Republicans, and Race, 1865–1944], p. 94. ''Google Books''. Retrieved May 16, 2023.</ref> [[Bull Connor]], later an SRP member and known as the Birmingham police commissioner who perpetrated violent police attacks against civil rights activists including children, was among the staunch supporters of FDR and the New Deal, regarding him as a "fine President."<ref>"The Irony of the Solid South," pp. 192–93.</ref>