Styles Bridges - Revision history

LT: /* Political career */

2021-08-24T01:25:20Z

Political career

LT: /* Political career */

2021-08-24T01:21:24Z

Political career

LT at 01:20, August 24, 2021

2021-08-24T01:20:43Z

LT: /* Political career */

2021-08-24T01:20:26Z

Political career

LT: /* Background */

2021-08-24T01:20:00Z

Background

LT: /* Civil rights, McCarthyism */

2021-08-24T01:19:08Z

Civil rights, McCarthyism

LT: /* Efforts to bar racist demagogue Bilbo from re-entering Senate */

2021-08-24T01:18:05Z

Efforts to bar racist demagogue Bilbo from re-entering Senate

LT: /* Efforts to bar racist demagogue Bilbo from re-entering Senate */

2021-08-24T01:17:08Z

Efforts to bar racist demagogue Bilbo from re-entering Senate

LT: /* Efforts to bar racist demagogue Bilbo from re-entering Senate */

2021-08-24T01:16:03Z

Efforts to bar racist demagogue Bilbo from re-entering Senate

LT: /* U.S. Senate */

2021-08-24T01:07:59Z

U.S. Senate

@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 ==Political career==
-In 1934, Bridges was elected as the nation's youngest governor at that time and served a single two-year term prior to entering the U.S. Senate.<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=263001 NH Governor]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved April 18, 2021.</ref> In 1937, he retired from the [[United States Army]] Reserve Corps, in which he had served as a [[Lieutenant]] since 1925. In 1940, he attempted to win the Republican presidential nomination, which instead went on the sixth ballot by [[Moderate Republican]] [[Wendell Willkie]]. After losing the presidential nod, he obtained two delegates for the Republican vice-presidential nomination, which eventually went to another Moderate Republican, [[Charles McNary]] of [[Oregon]], who ran opposite to then-senator [[Harry Truman]].
+In 1934, Bridges was elected as the nation's youngest governor at that time and served a single two-year term prior to entering the U.S. Senate.<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=263001 NH Governor]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved April 18, 2021.</ref> During his tenure, he enacted relief measures to aid economically disadvantaged mothers and needy children and promoted a fair unemployment insurance bill.<ref>[https://www.nga.org/governor/henry-styles-bridges/ Gov. Henry Styles Bridges]. ''National Governors Association''. Retrieved August 23, 2021.</ref> Bridges also appointed the first woman to the state's judicial branch.
 ===U.S. Senate===

@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 ==Political career==
-In 1934, Bridges was elected as the nation's youngest governor at that time and served a single two-year term prior to entering the U.S. Senate.<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=263001 NH Governor]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved April 18, 2021.</ref> In 1937, he retired from the [[United States Army]] Reserve Corps, in which he had served as a [[Lieutenant]] since 1925. In 1940, he attempted to win the Republican presidential nomination, which instead went on the sixth ballot by [[Moderate Republican]] [[Wendell Willkie]]. After losing the presidential nod, he obtained two delegates for the Republican vice-presidential nomination, which eventually went to another Moderate Republican, [[Charles McNary]] of [[Oregon]], who ran opposite Senator [[Harry Truman]].
+In 1934, Bridges was elected as the nation's youngest governor at that time and served a single two-year term prior to entering the U.S. Senate.<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=263001 NH Governor]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved April 18, 2021.</ref> In 1937, he retired from the [[United States Army]] Reserve Corps, in which he had served as a [[Lieutenant]] since 1925. In 1940, he attempted to win the Republican presidential nomination, which instead went on the sixth ballot by [[Moderate Republican]] [[Wendell Willkie]]. After losing the presidential nod, he obtained two delegates for the Republican vice-presidential nomination, which eventually went to another Moderate Republican, [[Charles McNary]] of [[Oregon]], who ran opposite to then-senator [[Harry Truman]].
 ===U.S. Senate===

@@ Line 117: / Line 117: @@
 [[Category:Conservatives]]
 [[Category:Anti-Communism]]
 [[Category:United States Political Scandals]]
 [[Category:Civil Rights]]
 [[Category:United States Army]]
 [[Category:United States Veterans]]

@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 ==Political career==
-In 1934, Bridges was elected as the nation's youngest governor at that time and served a single two-year term prior to entering the U.S. Senate.<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=263001 NH Governor]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved April 18, 2021.</ref> In 1937, he retired from the [[United States Army]] Reserve Corps, in which he had served as a [[lieutenant]] since 1925. In 1940, he attempted to win the Republican presidential nomination, which instead went on the sixth ballot by [[Moderate Republican]] [[Wendell Willkie]]. After losing the presidential nod, he obtained two delegates for the Republican vice-presidential nomination, which eventually went to another Moderate Republican, [[Charles McNary]] of [[Oregon]], who ran opposite Senator [[Harry Truman]].
+In 1934, Bridges was elected as the nation's youngest governor at that time and served a single two-year term prior to entering the U.S. Senate.<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=263001 NH Governor]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved April 18, 2021.</ref> In 1937, he retired from the [[United States Army]] Reserve Corps, in which he had served as a [[Lieutenant]] since 1925. In 1940, he attempted to win the Republican presidential nomination, which instead went on the sixth ballot by [[Moderate Republican]] [[Wendell Willkie]]. After losing the presidential nod, he obtained two delegates for the Republican vice-presidential nomination, which eventually went to another Moderate Republican, [[Charles McNary]] of [[Oregon]], who ran opposite Senator [[Harry Truman]].
 ===U.S. Senate===

@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
 ==Background==
-Bridges was born in West Pembroke in Washington County in southeastern [[Maine]], the son of the former Alina Roxanna Fisher and Earle Leopold Bridges. He attended public schools in Maine and attended until 1918 the University of Maine at Orono. Afterwards, he held a variety of jobs, including teaching, [[newspaper]] editing, business, and government. For a year, he was an instructor at Sanderson Academy in Ashfield, [[Massachusetts]]. He was a member of the extension staff of the [[University of New Hampshire]] at Durham from 1921 until 1922. He was the secretary of the New Hampshire [[Farm Bureau]] Federation from 1922 until 1923, and he edited the ''Granite Monthly'' [[magazine]] from 1924 until 1926. Meanwhile, he worked in the financial services industry from 1924 until 1929 and served on the New Hampshire Public Service Commission from 1930 until 1934.<ref name=findagrave>{{cite web|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/7146308/henry-styles-bridges|title=Henry Styles Bridges|publisher=findagrave.com|accessdate=March 3, 2021}}</ref>
+Bridges was born in West Pembroke in Washington County in southeastern [[Maine]], the son of the former Alina Roxanna Fisher and Earle Leopold Bridges. He attended public schools in Maine and attended until 1918 the University of Maine at Orono. Afterwards, he held a variety of jobs, including teaching, [[newspaper]] editing, business, and government. For a year, he was an instructor at Sanderson Academy in Ashfield, [[Massachusetts]].
 ==Political career==

@@ Line 84: / Line 84: @@
 *[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/83-1954/s271 S. RES. 301. PASSAGE.]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved April 25, 2021.</ref>
-During the same year McCarthy was censured, Bridges, the Wisconsin senator, and [[Herman Welker]] of [[Idaho]], were implicated in the [[blackmail]] of Democratic colleague [[Lester C. Hunt]] of [[Wyoming]], who like Bridges was a former governor of his state. Bridges threatened to expose Hunt's son as a [[homosexual]] who was found guilty of having solicited an undercover police officer. Following the threats of Bridges and Welker, Hunt resigned from the Senate but subsequently committed suicide in his Capitol office on June 19, 1954. Bridges' involvement in the blackmail much later caused ''The Boston Globe'' to reconsider the honors afforded to Bridges, including Interstate 93 from Concord to the [[Vermont]]  is named in his honor. Along that highway was the "Old Man of the Mountain," which many in the Granite State equated to Bridges.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/editorial/2012/12/29/new-hampshire-should-reassess-legacy-senator-styles-bridges/VM5ILWFhTDqsW80owDszPP/story.html|title=N.H. should reassess legacy of Senator Styles Bridges|publisher=''The Boston Globe''|date=December 29, 2012|accessdate=March 3, 2021}}</ref>
+During the same year McCarthy was censured, Bridges, the Wisconsin senator, and [[Herman Welker]] of [[Idaho]], were implicated in the [[blackmail]] of [[Wyoming]] Democrat colleague [[Lester C. Hunt]], who like Bridges was a former governor of his state. Bridges threatened to expose Hunt's son as a [[homosexual]] who was found guilty of having solicited an undercover police officer. Following the threats of Bridges and Welker, Hunt resigned from the Senate but subsequently committed suicide in his Capitol office on June 19, 1954. Bridges' involvement in the blackmail much later caused ''The Boston Globe'' to reconsider the honors afforded to Bridges, including Interstate 93 from Concord to the [[Vermont]]  is named in his honor. Along that highway was the "Old Man of the Mountain," which many in the Granite State equated to Bridges.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/editorial/2012/12/29/new-hampshire-should-reassess-legacy-senator-styles-bridges/VM5ILWFhTDqsW80owDszPP/story.html|title=N.H. should reassess legacy of Senator Styles Bridges|publisher=''The Boston Globe''|date=December 29, 2012|accessdate=March 3, 2021}}</ref>
 Bridges is interred along with his wives at Pine Grove Cemetery in East Concord, New Hampshire.<ref name=findagrave/>

@@ Line 75: / Line 75: @@
 ====Efforts to bar racist demagogue Bilbo from re-entering Senate====
-Along with [[Bourke Hickenlooper]] of [[Iowa]], Bridges sought to bar Democrat [[segregation]]ist demagogue [[Theodore Bilbo]] from taking office in the wake of racist [[voter suppression]] during the 1946 Senate election in Mississippi;<ref>[https://www.senate.gov/about/origins-foundations/electing-appointing-senators/contested-senate-elections/126Theodore_Bilbo.htm The Election Case of Theodore G. Bilbo of Mississippi (1947)]. ''United States Senate''. Retrieved March 3, 2021.</ref> the two Republicans provided the "nays" in a 3–2 party line vote in a committee which, chaired by Louisiana segregationist [[Allen J. Ellender]], cleared the Mississippi racist.<ref>Fleegler, Robert L. [http://www.mississippihistory.org/sites/default/files/bilbo.pdf Theodore G. Bilbo and the Decline of Public Racism,  1938-1947]. ''Mississippi Historical Society''. Retrieved August 23, 2021.</ref> Bilbo, running for a third Senate term, openly threatened blacks in the [[Deep South]] state during the campaign and faced calls to be blocked from taking office. Ensuing gridlock was soon broken by [[Minority Leader]] [[Alben Barkley]], who announced that Bilbo would return to Mississippi to be treated for surgery. The virulent racist never returned, dying in August 1947.
+Along with [[Bourke Hickenlooper]] of [[Iowa]], Bridges sought to bar Democrat [[segregation]]ist demagogue [[Theodore Bilbo]] from taking office in the wake of racist [[voter suppression]] during the 1946 Senate election in Mississippi;<ref>[https://www.senate.gov/about/origins-foundations/electing-appointing-senators/contested-senate-elections/126Theodore_Bilbo.htm The Election Case of Theodore G. Bilbo of Mississippi (1947)]. ''United States Senate''. Retrieved March 3, 2021.</ref> the two Republicans voted "nay" in a 3–2 party-line decision in a committee which, chaired by Louisiana segregationist [[Allen J. Ellender]], cleared the Mississippi racist.<ref>Fleegler, Robert L. [http://www.mississippihistory.org/sites/default/files/bilbo.pdf Theodore G. Bilbo and the Decline of Public Racism,  1938-1947]. ''Mississippi Historical Society''. Retrieved August 23, 2021.</ref> Bilbo, running for a third Senate term, openly threatened blacks in the [[Deep South]] state during the campaign and faced calls to be blocked from taking office. Ensuing gridlock was soon broken by [[Minority Leader]] [[Alben Barkley]], who announced that Bilbo would return to Mississippi to be treated for surgery. The virulent racist never returned, dying in August 1947.
 ====Civil rights, McCarthyism====

@@ Line 65: / Line 65: @@
 ===U.S. Senate===
-[[File:Henry Style Bridges 1939.png|thumb|left|230px|Bridges in 1939.]]
+[[File:Henry Style Bridges 1939.png|thumb|left|210px|Bridges in 1939.]]
-Bridges was elected in 1946 to the United States Senate<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=124750 NH US Senate]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved April 25, 2021.</ref> and reelected in 1942,<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=124749 NH US Senate]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved April 18, 2021.</ref> 1948,<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=124748 NH US Senate]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved April 18, 2021.</ref> 1954,<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=91486 NH US Senate]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved April 18, 2021.</ref> and 1960,<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=60053 NH US Senate]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved April 18, 2021.</ref> but he served less than a year of his final term because of his death from a heart attack.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1961/11/27/archives/styles-bridges-is-dead-at-63-republicans-senior-senator.html Styles Bridges Is Dead at 63; Republicans' Senior Senator; Conservative Headed G.O.P. Policy Unit -- Governor of New Hampshire, '34-'36 Styles.Bridges Is Dead at 63; Senwr Repubhcan in Senate]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved April 25, 2021.</ref> He became the highest-ranking Republican senator, serving as chairman of the Joint Committee on Foreign Economic Cooperation when the Republicans had control of the upper chamber. For a year, he was the [[Senate Minority Leader]]. In 1954, he was one of twenty-two mostly [[conservative]] senators, all Republicans, who voted against the [[censure]] of Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] of [[Wisconsin]], who exposed [[communist]] infiltration of the U.S. government.<ref>Two references:
+Bridges was elected in 1946 to the United States Senate<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=124750 NH US Senate]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved April 25, 2021.</ref> and reelected in 1942,<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=124749 NH US Senate]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved April 18, 2021.</ref> 1948,<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=124748 NH US Senate]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved April 18, 2021.</ref> 1954,<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=91486 NH US Senate]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved April 18, 2021.</ref> and 1960,<ref>[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=60053 NH US Senate]. ''Our Campaigns''. Retrieved April 18, 2021.</ref> but he served less than a year of his final term because of his death from a heart attack.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1961/11/27/archives/styles-bridges-is-dead-at-63-republicans-senior-senator.html Styles Bridges Is Dead at 63; Republicans' Senior Senator; Conservative Headed G.O.P. Policy Unit -- Governor of New Hampshire, '34-'36 Styles.Bridges Is Dead at 63; Senwr Repubhcan in Senate]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved April 25, 2021.</ref> He became the highest-ranking Republican senator, serving as chairman of the Joint Committee on Foreign Economic Cooperation when the Republicans had control of the upper chamber. For a year, he was the [[Senate Minority Leader]].
 In 1937, Bridges was one of only sixteen senators to vote against the confirmation of [[Klansman]] [[Hugo Black]] to the [[United States Supreme Court]].<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/75-1/s71 TO CONFIRM THE NOMINATION OF HUGO BLACK TO BE ASSOCIATE JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT.]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved August 3, 2021.</ref>
@@ Line 82: / Line 80: @@
 He voted present on the [[Civil Rights Act of 1957]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/85-1957/s75|title=HR. 6127: The Civil Rights Act of 1957|publisher=govtrack|date=August 7, 1957|accessdate=March 3, 2021}}</ref> though supported the 1960 version of the bill.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/86-1960/s284|title=HR 8601: Passage of amended bill|date=April 8, 1960 |publisher=govtrack|accessdate=March 3, 2021}}</ref> Both measures, despite being gutted of their strong provisions in the U.S. Senate by Southern Democrats, were signed into law by [[President Dwight Eisenhower]].
-In 1954, Bridges and his allies, [[Joseph McCarthy]] and [[Herman Welker]] of [[Idaho]], were implicated in the [[blackmail]] of Democratic colleague [[Lester C. Hunt]] of [[Wyoming]], who like Bridges was a former governor of his state. Bridges threatened to expose Hunt's son as a [[homosexual]] who was found guilty of having solicited an undercover police officer. Following the threats of Bridges and Welker, Hunt resigned from the Senate but subsequently committed suicide in his Capitol office on June 19, 1954. Bridges' involvement in the blackmail much later caused ''The Boston Globe'' to reconsider the honors afforded to Bridges, including Interstate 93 from Concord to the [[Vermont]]  is named in his honor. Along that highway was the "Old Man of the Mountain," which many in the Granite State equated to Bridges.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/editorial/2012/12/29/new-hampshire-should-reassess-legacy-senator-styles-bridges/VM5ILWFhTDqsW80owDszPP/story.html|title=N.H. should reassess legacy of Senator Styles Bridges|publisher=''The Boston Globe''|date=December 29, 2012|accessdate=March 3, 2021}}</ref>
+In 1954, he was one of twenty-two mostly [[conservative]] senators, all Republicans, who voted against the [[censure]] of Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] of [[Wisconsin]], who exposed [[communist]] infiltration of the U.S. government.<ref>Two references:
 Bridges is interred along with his wives at Pine Grove Cemetery in East Concord, New Hampshire.<ref name=findagrave/>