World History Study Guide from 1648 - Revision history

Aschlafly: the -> its per suggestion

2019-04-11T17:15:11Z

the -> its per suggestion

Aschlafly: Protected "World History Study Guide from 1648": comments and suggestions on talk page ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite)) [cascading]

2014-05-26T13:11:19Z

Protected "World History Study Guide from 1648": comments and suggestions on talk page ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite)) [cascading]

Aschlafly: /* Honors terms */

2014-05-26T00:34:19Z

Honors terms

Aschlafly: /* Honors terms */ improved

2014-05-26T00:33:33Z

Honors terms: improved

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2014-05-26T00:30:17Z

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2014-05-25T04:34:20Z

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2014-05-25T04:02:23Z

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@@ Line 494: / Line 494: @@
 |-
 |Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
-|(1923) created the modern state of Turkey, with a combination of military rule and an elected Parliament; also converted the Arabic language to a modern, Latin-style alphabet
+|(1923) created the modern state of Turkey, with a combination of military rule and an elected Parliament; also converted its Arabic language to a modern, Latin-style alphabet
 |-
 |Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

@@ Line 769: / Line 769: @@
 |-
 |[[Standing army]]
-|an Army in peacetime, showing a nation's military strength
+|an Army in peacetime, and a sign of a nation's military strength
 |-
 |[[Battle of the Somme]]

@@ Line 769: / Line 769: @@
 |-
 |[[Standing army]]
-|Army in peacetime, to which American colonist objected when England stationed troops in the colonies in the 1760s and early 1770s.  Among nationalistic countries in Europe, standing armies became large in the 1900s.
+|an Army in peacetime, showing a nation's military strength
 |-
 |[[Battle of the Somme]]

@@ Line 269: / Line 269: @@
 |-
 |James Clerk Maxwell
-|(1831-1879) the greatest physicist of the 1800s, Maxwell was a devout British Christian who developed a single consistent electromagnetic theory and the "maxwell", a unit of magnetic flux, was named in his honor
+|(1831-1879) the greatest physicist of the 1800s, Maxwell was a devout Christian from Scotland who developed the modern unified electromagnetic theory.  The "maxwell", a unit of magnetic flux, was named in his honor.
 |-
 |Johann Sebastian Bach
@@ Line 512: / Line 512: @@
 |-
 |[[Il Duce]]
-|"The Leader." Name used by the fascists to identify Mussolini from about 1920 t 1943
+|"The Leader." Name used by the fascists to identify Mussolini from about 1920 to 1943
 |-
 |[[Nazi]]
@@ Line 686: / Line 686: @@
 |-
 |Benjamin Netanyahu
-|current leader of conservatives in Israel who is its current Prime Minister in 2011
+|a conservative leader in Israel who has been its Prime Minister since 2009
 |-
 |Mikhail Gorbachev
@@ Line 698: / Line 698: @@
 |-
 |Commonwealth of Independent States
-|the successor to the Soviet Union; most of its nations (including Russia) joined, except for the Baltic republics and Georgia
+|the successor to the Soviet Union; most of its nations (including Russia) joined, except for the Baltic republics and the nation of Georgia (no connection with the American state of Georgia)
 |-
 |Chechnya
@@ Line 704: / Line 704: @@
 |-
 |John Paul II
-|(reigned 1978-2005) the first Polish pope of the Catholic Church, who then opposed communism especially in his homeland of Poland
+|(reigned 1978-2005) the first Polish pope of the Catholic Church, who then opposed communism especially in his homeland of Poland, promising to return to Poland to fight against the Soviet Union if it invaded
 |-
 |Lech Walesa
-|a leader against communism in Poland, who led his political party Solidarity to power once free elections were held in April 1989
+|a leader against communism in Poland, who led his political party "Solidarity" to power once free elections were held in April 1989 as communism fell apart
 |-
 |Hungary
-|attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow communism in 1956 (the Soviet Union invaded to suppress the revolt), but Hungarians overthrew communism in October 1989
+|attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow communism in 1956 (the Soviet Union invaded to suppress the revolt), but Hungarians eventually overthrew communism in October 1989
 |-
 |East Germany
-|an atheistic, communist nation until demonstrations broke out in October 1989, which not even its ruthless dictator Erich Honecker could control; he resigned and his successor opened the Berlin Wall in November 1989, whereupon the people tore the wall down
+|an atheistic, communist nation until demonstrations broke out in October 1989, which not even its ruthless dictator Erich Honecker could control; he resigned and his successor opened the Berlin Wall in November 1989, whereupon the people then tore the wall completely down
 |-
 |Czechoslovakia
-|combination of diverse ethnic groups formed in 1919 out of the old Austria-Hungarian empire to promote [[Woodrow Wilson|Woodrow Wilson's]] "self-determination" principle, until Hitler invaded it in 1938; after WWII it was a communist-controlled nation until demonstrations forced its Communist Party leader to resign in November 1989; in 1993, the Czechoslovakia split along ethnic lines to form Slovakia and the Czech Republic
+|combination of diverse ethnic groups formed in 1919 out of the old Austria-Hungarian empire to promote [[Woodrow Wilson|Woodrow Wilson's]] "self-determination" principle, until Hitler invaded it in 1938; after WWII it was a communist-controlled nation until demonstrations forced its Communist Party leader to resign in November 1989. In 1993, the Czechoslovakia split along ethnic lines to form Slovakia and the Czech Republic
 |-
 |Romania
@@ Line 722: / Line 722: @@
 |-
 |Nicolae Ceausescu
-|communist dictator of Romania from 1965 to Christmas Day 1989; unlike most communists, Ceausescu was pro-life and he prohibited abortion
+|communist dictator of Romania from 1965 to Christmas Day 1989; unlike all other  communist dictators, Ceausescu was pro-life and he prohibited abortion.  In the 1990s, many Americans went to Romania to adopt children.
 |-
 |Yugoslavia
@@ Line 734: / Line 734: @@
 |-
 |Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
-|(1980s) also known as “Star Wars,” Reagan proposed developing advantaged technology to intercept and destroy fast-moving missiles that might be launched against the U.S.
+|(1980s) also known as “Star Wars,” Reagan proposed developing advanced technology to intercept and destroy fast-moving missiles that might be launched against the U.S.
 |-
 |Chairman Mao Zedong
-|(ruled 1949-1976) the ruthless dictator who founded communist China and then starved tens of millions to death; in 1965 he imposed the "Cultural Revolution" to senselessly eliminate people who were achievers
+|(ruled 1949-1976) the ruthless dictator who founded communist China and then starved tens of millions to death; in 1965 he imposed the "Cultural Revolution" to senselessly eliminate people who had been successful
 |-
 |Tiananmen Square
@@ Line 743: / Line 743: @@
 |-
 |Hong Kong
-|was a colony of Great Britain until July 1, 1997, when Britain's lease expired and it returned this colony to China, which promised to allow Hong Kong to remain capitalistic for another 50 years
+|was a colony of Great Britain until July 1, 1997, when Britain's lease expired and it returned this colony to China, which promised to allow Hong Kong to remain capitalist for another 50 years
 |-
 |9-11
-|(September 11, 2001) 19 Muslims, most from Saudi Arabia, hijacked American airplanes and flew one into each tower of the World Trade Center, a third into the Pentagon, and a fourth crashed in Pennsylvania as the passengers attempted to retake control of the plane from the terrorists.
+|(September 11, 2001) 19 Muslims, most from Saudi Arabia, hijacked American airplanes and flew one into each tower of the World Trade Center, which then collapsed, flew a third plane into the Pentagon, and a fourth crashed in Pennsylvania as the passengers attempted to retake control of the plane from the terrorists.
 |-
 |[[Arab Spring]]
-|2010-present: Muslims overthrowing the governments in [[Tunisia]], [[Egypt]] and [[Libya]], after which Islamic control was more complete and persecution of Christians increased.
+|2010-present: Muslims overthrowing governments in [[Tunisia]], [[Egypt]] and [[Libya]], after which Islamic control was complete and persecution of Christians increased.
 |-
 |Modern Era

@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 |-
 |Estates of France
-|the social rankings that led to the French Revolution: the First Estate was clergy, only 1% of population but in control of 10% of the land; the Second Estate was the nobility, only 2% of the population but in control of 20% of the land; and the Third Estate were the peasants, laborers and merchants, which was 97% of the population.
+|the social rankings that led to the French Revolution: the First Estate was clergy, only 1% of population but in control of 10% of the land; the Second Estate was the nobility, only 2% of the population but in control of 20% of the land; and the Third Estate was the peasants, laborers and merchants, which was 97% of the population.
 |-
 |Simón Bolívar
@@ Line 269: / Line 269: @@
 |-
 |James Clerk Maxwell
-|(1831-1879) British physicist, perhaps the greatest of the 1800s; he developed a single consistent electromagnetic theory and the "maxwell", a unit of magnetic flux, was named in his honor
+|(1831-1879) the greatest physicist of the 1800s, Maxwell was a devout British Christian who developed a single consistent electromagnetic theory and the "maxwell", a unit of magnetic flux, was named in his honor
 |-
 |Johann Sebastian Bach
@@ Line 512: / Line 512: @@
 |-
 |[[Il Duce]]
-|"The Leader." Name used by the fascists to identify Mussolini in the 1930s and during World War II.
+|"The Leader." Name used by the fascists to identify Mussolini from about 1920 t 1943
 |-
 |[[Nazi]]
@@ Line 563: / Line 563: @@
 |-
 |George Patton
-|homeschooled, this American was the finest field general in WWII and the only one the Germans truly feared; he was better at blitzkrieg-style tank warfare than the Germans were.  He style caused far more casualties in the enemy than suffered by his troops.
+|homeschooled, this American was the finest field general in WWII and the only one the Germans truly feared; he was better at blitzkrieg-style tank warfare than the Germans were.  His aggressive style caused far more casualties in the enemy than suffered by his troops.
 |-
 |[[Big Bang]]
-|1927: a scientific theory developed by a Catholic priest, initially ridiculed before being accepted by many physicists, that the universe had a unique, sudden creation rather than having existed forever
+|1927: a scientific theory developed by a Catholic priest, initially ridiculed before being accepted by many physicists, that the universe had a unique, sudden creation rather than having existed forever as other scientists claimed
 |-
 |quantum mechanics
@@ Line 680: / Line 680: @@
 |-
 |intifada
-|in general, "intifada" is a Muslim term that refers generally to an unorganized uprising, which can include violence; specifically, to a campaign by the Muslim PLO from 1987 to 1993 against Israelis.
+|in general, "intifada" is a Muslim term that refers generally to an unorganized uprising, which can include violence; more specifically, "intifada" refers to a campaign by the Muslim PLO from 1987 to 1993 against Israelis.
 |-
 |Declaration of Principles
@@ Line 772: / Line 772: @@
 |-
 |[[Battle of the Somme]]
-|This battle started with the British and French meeting at the Somme River to begin an attack on the Germans to distract them from Verdun. The Allies bombed the Germans lines then sent 200,000 troops to storm them. The Germans were prepared for the attack and the losses were great. The British lost 20,000 men and had 40,000 wounded. The British and the French lost nearly 750,000 men.
+|This battle started with the British and French meeting at the Somme River to begin an attack on the Germans to distract them from Verdun. The Allies bombed the Germans lines then sent 200,000 troops to storm them. The Germans were prepared for the attack and the losses were great, as were the British and French casualties.
 |-
 |[[Third Battle of Ypres]]

← Older revision	Revision as of 13:11, May 26, 2014
(No difference)

@@ Line 620: / Line 620: @@
 |-
 |Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
-|(1960) “OPEC” is a cartel (monopoly by a group) formed by Middle Eastern and a few other nations to keep the price of oil by avoiding competition.  In 2007, OPEC controlled about 2/3rds of the total oil market.
+|(1960) “OPEC” is a cartel (monopoly by a group) formed by Middle Eastern and a few other nations to keep the price of oil high by reducing competition.  In 2007, OPEC controlled about 2/3rds of the total oil market, and keeps the price of gas expensive.
 |-
 |Berlin Wall
@@ Line 626: / Line 626: @@
 |-
 |[[Pearl Harbor]]
-|Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese launched a surprise attack on US navy fleet in Hawaii; Congress declared war on Japan and entered WWII
+|Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese launched a surprise attack on US navy fleet in Hawaii; Congress then declared war on Japan and entered WWII.
 |-
-|[[Korematsu v. United States]]
+|''[[Korematsu v. United States]]''
 |(1944) Supreme Court decision upholding the forced removal of Japanese Americans to internment camps during WWII; the Court sided with the government, ruling that the exclusion order was constitutional
 |-
@@ Line 641: / Line 641: @@
 |-
 |Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
-|August 1964: in response to mysterious gunshots fired at an American ship in the Gulf of Tonkin near North Vietnam, Congress authorized sending troops; Congress never formally declared war on North Vietnam, and this Resolution became the substitute
+|August 1964: in response to mysterious gunshots fired at an American ship in the Gulf of Tonkin near North Vietnam, and pressure from President Lyndon Johnson as he sought to be reelected, Congress authorized sending troops; Congress never formally declared war on North Vietnam, and this Resolution became the substitute for a formal declaration of war.
 |-
 |Vietnam War
@@ Line 660: / Line 660: @@
 |Israel
 |established by the United Nations in 1948, having a size slightly smaller than New Jersey
 |-
 |Arab-Israeli wars
-|four major ones between 1948 and 1973 (1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973)
+|four major ones between 1948 and 1973 (in 1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973)
 |-
 |Six-Day War
@@ Line 677: / Line 674: @@
 |-
 |Camp David Accords
-|1979: President Jimmy Carter brokered a peace agreement between Egypt and Israel, whereby Egypt agreed to recognize Israel in exchange for receiving return of the Sinai Peninsula.
+|1979: President Jimmy Carter brokered a peace agreement between Egypt and Israel, whereby Egypt agreed to recognize Israel in exchange for receiving return of the Sinai Peninsula to Egyptian control.
 |-
 |Yasser Arafat
@@ Line 824: / Line 821: @@
 |[[cotton]]
 |Cotton is a natural fiber used in clothing. It comes from the seed of the cotton plant. People have grown cotton since 3000 B.C. and traded it for other goods.
 |-
 |[[slavery]]
@@ Line 847: / Line 847: @@
 |-
 |[[Thomas Malthus]]
-|Thomas Malthus was a British economist. He believed that exponential population growth, coupled with geometric advances in food production would mean that the world economy was inevitable going to collapse and fail.  His vision did not take into account advances in technology and a slowing of the world population growth.  Malthusian fears are also prevalent amongst liberal peak oil alarmism.
+|Thomas Malthus was a British economist. He believed that exponential population growth, coupled with geometric advances in food production would mean that the world economy was inevitable going to collapse and fail.  His vision did not take into account advances in technology and a slowing of the world population growth.
 |-
 |[[Communist League]]

@@ Line 551: / Line 551: @@
 |-
 |[[The Holocaust]]
-|Germany blamed Jews for its problems. In 1935 a law was passed to prevent Jews from holding government offices, and during WWII Germany established concentration camps that exterminated millions of Jews (and millions of Christians too).  Poland was the location of the most concentration camps (but they should be called "Nazi concentration camps," not "Polish concentration camps," because Poland was run by the Nazi conquerors).  Most of the victims of the Holocaust were Polish (both Jewish and Christian).
+|Germany blamed Jews for its problems. In 1935 a law was passed to prevent Jews from holding government offices, and during WWII Germany established concentration camps that exterminated millions of Jews (and millions of Christians too).  Poland was the location of the most Nazi concentration camps.  Most of the victims of the Holocaust were Polish (both Jewish and Christian).
 |-
 |[[Joseph Stalin]]
@@ Line 578: / Line 578: @@
 |-
 |Easter Rising
-|(April 24-30, 1916) Irishmen seeking independence from Britain captured key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic; British suppressed this and executed its leaders
+|(April 24-30, 1916) Irishmen seeking independence from Britain captured key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic; Britain suppressed this and executed its leaders
 |-
 |Irish Republic
@@ Line 590: / Line 590: @@
 |-
 |globalism
-|the opposite of “nationalism”; “globalism” views the world as one political unit, as one massive village
+|the opposite of “nationalism”, “globalism” views the world as one political unit, as one massive village
 |-
-|[[Gandhi]]
+|Mahatma [[Gandhi]]
-|spiritual Hindu leader who set out to win independence for India through peaceful civil disobedience
+|spiritual Hindu leader who achieved independence for India from Britain in 1947 by emphasizing peaceful civil disobedience
 |-
 |free trade
@@ Line 599: / Line 599: @@
 |-
 |GATT
-|(1947) stands for “General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,” in which western nations promoted free trade by first freezing tariffs (taxes on goods sent between nations), and later began reducing the tariffs
+|(1947) stands for “General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,” in which western nations promoted free trade by first prohibiting increases in tariffs (taxes on goods sent between nations), and by later reducing the tariffs
 |-
 |World Trade Organization

@@ Line 497: / Line 497: @@
 |-
 |Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
-|(1870-1924) leader of the Communist Party who overthrew the Russian government; Lenin was leader of the Bolsheviks and ruled the Soviet Union, imposing a system of Marxism-Leninism that remained until the 1990s; Lenin also ended Russia's support of the Allies in the war in 1918
+|(1870-1924) leader of the Communist Party who overthrew the Russian czars; Lenin led the violent Bolsheviks and then ruled the Soviet Union, imposing a system of Marxism-Leninism that remained until the 1990s; Lenin also ended Russia's support of the Allies in the war in 1918
 |-
 |Bolsheviks
-|(after 1903) the more extreme Marxist group, as opposed to the Mensheviks, who sought violent revolution soon
+|(after 1903) the more extreme Marxist group that caused a violent revolution, as opposed to the more peaceful Mensheviks who sought gradual change to communism
 |-
 |[[Expressionism]]
@@ Line 509: / Line 509: @@
 |-
 |[[King Victor Emmanuel]]
-|The King in Italy who surrendered his power to Mussolini
+|from 1861 to 1878, he was the king of Italy - its first king in more than 1000 years.
 |-
 |[[Il Duce]]
-|"The Leader." Name used by the fascists to identify Mussolini.
+|"The Leader." Name used by the fascists to identify Mussolini in the 1930s and during World War II.
 |-
 |[[Nazi]]
@@ Line 530: / Line 530: @@
 |-
 |aggression by Germany in the 1930s
-|In 1936, Germany invaded the buffer zone separating Germany from France:  the industrialized Rhineland; Germany annexed Austria in 1938 without much resistance, and on Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded and annexed western Poland despite armed resistance.
+|In 1936, Germany invaded the buffer zone separating Germany from France - the industrialized Rhineland; Germany annexed Austria in 1938 without much resistance, and on Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded and annexed western Poland by using tanks and air power to destroy the resistance.
 |-
 |[[Enigma]]
@@ Line 545: / Line 545: @@
 |-
 |[[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]
-|"FDR" was President during most of the Great Depression and WW II, where he wanted the U.S. to intervene to save Britain
+|"FDR" was President during most of the Great Depression and WW II, when he wanted the U.S. to intervene to save Britain
 |-
 |[[blitzkrieg]]
@@ Line 557: / Line 557: @@
 |-
 |[[Manhattan Project]]
-|(Dec. 6, 1941) one day before the attack at Pearl Harbor, American scientists began the construction of an atomic bomb
+|(Dec. 6, 1941) one day before the attack at Pearl Harbor, American scientists began developing an atomic bomb
 |-
 |D-Day

@@ Line 455: / Line 455: @@
 |-
 |[[Communism]]
-|an oppressive system of government, beginning in Russia, which states everyone must have the same amount of wealth, which discourages people from working hard
+|an oppressive system of government, beginning in Russia, which requires everyone to be equally poor and discourages people from working hard
 |-
 |[[Allies]]
 |The Allies in WWI were Britain (her colonies), France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and beginning in 1917, the United States; in WWII the Allies were Britain, America, France, and Russia.
 |-
-|[[The Axis]]
+|[[Central Powers]]
-|The Axis were the enemies of the Allies in WWII; the Axis consisted of Nazi Germany, Italy (at the start of the war), and Japan, they also included Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Croatia
+|The enemies of the Allies in WWI, and they were Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman empire.
 |-
 |[[Great War]]
-|1914-1918: later known as World War I, this was one of the deadliest wars in world history based on trench warfare; the Allies defeated the Central Powers and imposed terms of peace that were so unreasonable they led to World War II
+|1914-1918: later known as World War I, this was one of the deadliest wars in world history based on trench warfare; the Allies defeated the Central Powers and imposed terms of peace on Germany which were so unreasonable that they led to World War II
 |-
 |Schlieffen Plan
@@ Line 473: / Line 470: @@
 |-
 |Entrenchment
-|the first year and a half of World War I (1914-15) during which there were terrible casualties without either side gaining the upper hand.
+|the first year-and-a-half of World War I (1914-15) during which there were terrible casualties without either side gaining the upper hand.
 |-
 |[[First Battle of Marne]]
@@ Line 479: / Line 476: @@
 |-
 |[[U-boat]]
-|German submarines used to patrol the Atlantic in a terrifying manner and intercept British ships; the U-boats eventually sunk American ships too
+|German submarines used to patrol the Atlantic in a terrifying manner and destroy British ships; the U-boats eventually sunk American ships too
 |-
 |[[Gallipoli Campaign]]
@@ Line 485: / Line 482: @@
 |-
 |[[Lusitania]]
-|a British luxury liner sunk by a German submarine in the North Atlantic on May 7, 1915, killing 1,198 people, including 128 U.S. citizens; this outraged the American public and led later to the U.S. entry into WW I.
+|a British luxury liner sunk by a German submarine in the North Atlantic on May 7, 1915, killing 1,198 people, including 128 U.S. citizens; this outraged the American public and led later to the U.S. entry into WW I in 1917.
 |-
 |[[Battle of Verdun]]
-|(1916) longest battle of WWI with massive casualties with nothing gained by either side with nearly 1 million wounded or killed; began when Germans attacked the French city of Verdun
+|(1916) longest battle of WWI with massive casualties and nothing gained by either side with nearly 1 million wounded or killed; began when Germans attacked the French city of Verdun
 |-
 |[[Manfred von Richtofen]]
@@ Line 539: / Line 536: @@
 |-
 |[[World War I]] (WWI)
-|(1914-1918) also known as ''The Great War'', the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary fought against the Entente of Britain, France and Russia; the war ended with the economic collapse of the Central Powers in November 1918 after 4 years of brutal fighting and a successful blockade on Germany
+|(1914-1918) also known as ''The Great War'', the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary fought against the Entente of Britain, France and Russia (and later, the U.S.); the war ended with the economic collapse of the Central Powers in November 1918 after 4 years of brutal fighting and a successful blockade on Germany
 |-
 |[[World War II]] (WWII)
-|began in the 1930s when Germany invaded Poland, and lasted until 1945 when the Allied powers defeated the Axis powers and forced them to surrender
+|began on Sept. 1, 1939, when Germany invaded Poland, and lasted until 1945 when the Allied powers defeated the Axis powers and forced them to surrender
 |-
 |[[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]