Difference between revisions of "Rutherford B. Hayes"

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{{President
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{{Officeholder
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|image=Rutherford hayes.jpg
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|name=Rutherford B. Hayes
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|seq=19
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|image=Rutherford Hayes by Huntington.jpg
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|term_start=March 4, 1877
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|party=[[Republican]]
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|term_end=March 4, 1881
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|party=Republican
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|vp=William Wheeler
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|previous=Ulysses S. Grant
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|next=James Garfield
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|birth_date=October 4, 1822
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|birth_place=Delaware, Ohio
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|death_date=January 17, 1893
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|death_place=Fremont, Ohio
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|spouse=Lucy Webb Hayes
 
|spouse=Lucy Webb Hayes
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|spouse2=
 
 
|religion=[[Methodist]]
 
|religion=[[Methodist]]
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|offices=
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{{Officeholder/president
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|country=the United States
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|number=19th
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|terms=March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881
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|vp=[[William A. Wheeler]]
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|preceded=[[Ulysses S. Grant]]
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|former=y
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|succeeded=[[James Garfield]]
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}}
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{{Officeholder/governor
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|state=Ohio
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|lieutenant=Thomas L. Young
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|terms=January 10, 1876 – March 2, 1877
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|preceded=William Allen
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|former=y
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|succeeded=Thomas L. Young
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}}
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{{Officeholder/governor
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|state=Ohio
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|lieutenant=John Calvin Lee
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|terms=January 13, 1868 – January 8, 1872
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|preceded=[[Jacob Dolson Cox]]
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|former=y
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|succeeded=Edward Follansbee Noyes
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}}
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{{Officeholder/representative
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|state=Ohio
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|district=2nd
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|terms=March 4, 1865 – July 20, 1867
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|preceded=Alexander Long
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|former=y
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|succeeded=Samuel Fenton Cary
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}}
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|military=y
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|allegiance=[[United States]]
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|rank=Brigadier general
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|branch=[[United States Army]]
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|serviceyears=1861 - 1865
 
}}
 
}}
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'''Rutherford Birchard Hayes'''<ref>http://bioguide.congress.gov/biosearch/biosearch1.asp</ref> was the 19th [[President of the United States of America]], serving from 1877 to 1881. Hayes, a leading Ohio Republican was nominated because Ohio was a close and large state state. Previously he served one term as governor of Ohio, and served in Congress as a [[Radical Republican]] who supported [[Reconstruction]]. He gained local fame as a general in the Civil War. He was a relatively conservative chief executive who left little mark, but exemplified the honest, hard-working party leadership of the [[Third Party System]]. He was the beneficiary of the "Compromise of 1877" that ended opposition to his election, and ended [[Reconstruction]].
  
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'''Rutherford B. Hayes''' was the 19th [[President of the United States of America]], serving from 1877 to 1881. He was born October 4, 1822 in Delaware, [[Ohio]]. He served in the military as Colonel of the 23rd Ohio during the [[U.S. Civil War|civil war]].  He was wounded at the battle of South Mountain in [[Maryland]].  He was later on promoted to a brigade commander and saw action in the Shenandoah Valley.  During the war Hayes was wounded five times and had his horse shot out from under him five times.  For his bravery he was promoted to Brigadier General.  He resigned from the army on June 8, 1865. After the war he entered into politics in his home state of Ohio. He served in the [[House of Representatives]] and as [[U.S. Governor|Governor]] of Ohio. He was nominated President on the [[Republican]] ticket with [[William Wheeler]] as Vice President. He had a close election against his opponent Samuel Tilden which went all the way to the House of Representatives. He promised to bring troops out of the South which finally won him the election. He did not seek to run another term.  He died in Spiegel Grove, Ohio on January 17, 1893.  <ref>Encyclopedia of Presidents Rutherford B. Hayes by Zachary Kent, Children's Press, 1989. </ref>
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==Career==
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Hayes was a Victorian gentleman from a [[Yankee]] family that had resettled in Ohio. His father died before he was born, but his rich bachelor uncle Sardis Birchard took him under wing. He graduated from the local school, Kenyon College, and was the first president to attend Harvard Law School (Ll.B. 1845). He became a leading lawyer in Cincinnati, and inherited wealth from his uncle. His diary plainly reveals the ambivalence he felt when his political ambition clashed with his strict sense of morality, which told him that a man might gladly accept high office but should not actively seek it.
 +
 
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===Civil War===
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Hayes served in the army as colonel of the 23rd Ohio during the [[U.S. Civil War|Civil War]].  He was wounded at the battle of South Mountain in Maryland.  He was later on promoted to a brigade commander and saw action in the Shenandoah Valley.  During the war Hayes was wounded five times and had his horse shot out from under him five times.  For his bravery he was promoted to Brigadier General.   
 +
 
 +
==Presidency==
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Hayes had fewer popular votes than his opponent [[Samuel J. Tilden]], and so entered the White House with his title clouded by the disputed election of 1876. Opponents called him "His Fraudulency" and "Rutherfraud B. Hayes," but soon he began to reassert the authority of the presidency and the sarcasm faded away. Hayes promoted [[United States Civil Service Commission|Civil Service Reform]] to reduce the corruption inherent in the linkage between vote-seeking and office-holding. He named well-known reformers in high offices, and, ordering the last troops out of South Carolina and Louisiana, ended [[Reconstruction]]. He hoped to revive the Republican party in the South by persuading business-oriented conservatives (most of them ex-Whigs) to join a national party that would support their economic interests more effectively than the Democrats did. He failed because the South was polarized on race. His most notable achievement as President was sending down the Army to stop the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, which saw labor unions riot and briefly succeed in setting up a [[communist]] government in [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]]. Committed to the gold standard—the only basis, Hayes thought, of a sound currency—in 1878 he vetoed the Bland-Allison Silver Purchase bill, which called for the partial coinage of silver, but Congress passed it over his veto. He and First Lady Lucy Webb Hayes refused to serve alcoholic beverages, even at state functions; they called her "Lemonade Lucy."
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==See also==
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*[[Allen G. Thurman]]
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==Bibliography==
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* Bridges, Roger D.  ""The Betrayal of the Freedmen? Rutherford B. Hayes and the End of Reconstruction?" (1996) [http://www.rbhayes.org/hayes/scholarworks/display.asp?id=503 online edition]
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* DeSantis, Vincent P. ''Republicans Face the Southern Question'' (1959), looks at GOP attempts to find a substitute for their failed Reconstruction program.
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* Holt, Michael F. "Another Look at the Presidential Election of 1876" [http://www.rbhayes.org/hayes/scholarworks/display.asp?id=646 (2006) Hayes Lecture on the Presidency online ]
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* Hoogenboom, Ari. ''Rutherford B. Hayes: Warrior and President'' (1995), the standard scholarly biography.
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* Hoogenboom, Ari. ''The Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes'' (1988), the standard scholarly survey
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* Hoogenboom, Ari. "Inaugurating a 'Most Successful Administration'' [http://www.rbhayes.org/hayes/scholarworks/display.asp?id=499 (2002) Hayes Lecture on the Presidency online]
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* Hoogenboom, Ari. "Rutherford B. Hayes and African-Americans," (1996) [http://www.rbhayes.org/hayes/scholarworks/display.asp?id=507 online edition]
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* Hoogenboom, Ari. ''Outlawing the Spoils: A History of the Civil Service Reform Movement, 1865-1883'' (1961), the standard history.
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* Jordan, David M. ''Roscoe Conkling of New York'' (1971), on Hayes's toughest enemy
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* McPherson, James M. "Coercion or Conciliation? Abolitionists Debate President Hayes's Southern Policy," ''New England Quarterly'' 39 (1966) [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0028-4866(196612)39%3A4%3C474%3ACOCADP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5 in JSTOR]
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* Plesur, Milton. ''America's Outward Thrust'' (1971), argues Hayes's foreign policy was a forerunners of the more aggressive policies of McKinley and Roosevelt.
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* Polakoff, Keith Ian. ''The Politics of Inertia'' (1973), standard history of the disputed election of 1876 and its settlement.
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* Simpson, Brooks. "The Good Colonel: Rutherford B. Hayes Remembers the Civil War," [http://www.rbhayes.org/hayes/scholarworks/display.asp?id=498 (2003) Hayes Lecture on the Presidency online]
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* Trefousse, Hans L. ''Carl Schurz'' (1982), biography of the cabinet member closest to Hayes.
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* Vazzano, Frank. "Rutherford B. Hayes and the Politics of Discord," ''Historian,'' 68 (Fall 2006), 519–40.
 +
 
 +
===Primary sources===
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* Bishop, Arthur ed. ''Rutherford Hayes, 1822-1893'' (1969), contains lengthy excerpts from his most important state papers.  
 +
* Williams, Charles R. ed. ''Diary and Letters of Rutherford B. Hayes'' (5 vol  1922–1926); [http://www.rbhayes.org/hayes/diaries/ searchable online edition, 3000 pages]
 +
* Williams, T. Harry. ed., ''Hayes: The Diary of a President'' (1964), one volume abridged edition with many insights into Hayes' character and personality.
  
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
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 +
==External links==
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* [http://www.rbhayes.org/hayes/ Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center], a major resource for teachers and researchers
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* [https://librivox.org/author/11290 Works by Rutherford B. Hayes - text and free audio] - [[LibriVox]]
  
 
{{USPresidents}}
 
{{USPresidents}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hayes, Rutherford B.}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hayes, Rutherford B.}}
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[[Category:Presidents of the United States]]
 
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[[Category:United States Governors]]
 
 
[[Category:Ohio]]
 
[[Category:Ohio]]
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[[Category:Ohio Governors]]
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[[Category:Republicans]]
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[[Category:Republican Governors]]
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[[Category:Former Governors]]
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[[Category:Former United States Representatives]]
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[[Category:Half-Breeds (Republican Party)]]

Latest revision as of 17:12, December 20, 2021

Rutherford B. Hayes
Rutherford Hayes by Huntington.jpg
19th President of the United States
From: March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881
Vice President William A. Wheeler
Predecessor Ulysses S. Grant
Successor James Garfield
Former Governor of Ohio
From: January 10, 1876 – March 2, 1877
Lieutenant Thomas L. Young
Predecessor William Allen
Successor Thomas L. Young
Former Governor of Ohio
From: January 13, 1868 – January 8, 1872
Lieutenant John Calvin Lee
Predecessor Jacob Dolson Cox
Successor Edward Follansbee Noyes
Former U.S. Representative from Ohio's 2nd Congressional District
From: March 4, 1865 – July 20, 1867
Predecessor Alexander Long
Successor Samuel Fenton Cary
Information
Party Republican
Spouse(s) Lucy Webb Hayes
Religion Methodist
Military Service
Allegiance United States
Service/branch United States Army
Service Years 1861 - 1865
Rank Brigadier general

Rutherford Birchard Hayes[1] was the 19th President of the United States of America, serving from 1877 to 1881. Hayes, a leading Ohio Republican was nominated because Ohio was a close and large state state. Previously he served one term as governor of Ohio, and served in Congress as a Radical Republican who supported Reconstruction. He gained local fame as a general in the Civil War. He was a relatively conservative chief executive who left little mark, but exemplified the honest, hard-working party leadership of the Third Party System. He was the beneficiary of the "Compromise of 1877" that ended opposition to his election, and ended Reconstruction.

Career

Hayes was a Victorian gentleman from a Yankee family that had resettled in Ohio. His father died before he was born, but his rich bachelor uncle Sardis Birchard took him under wing. He graduated from the local school, Kenyon College, and was the first president to attend Harvard Law School (Ll.B. 1845). He became a leading lawyer in Cincinnati, and inherited wealth from his uncle. His diary plainly reveals the ambivalence he felt when his political ambition clashed with his strict sense of morality, which told him that a man might gladly accept high office but should not actively seek it.

Civil War

Hayes served in the army as colonel of the 23rd Ohio during the Civil War. He was wounded at the battle of South Mountain in Maryland. He was later on promoted to a brigade commander and saw action in the Shenandoah Valley. During the war Hayes was wounded five times and had his horse shot out from under him five times. For his bravery he was promoted to Brigadier General.

Presidency

Hayes had fewer popular votes than his opponent Samuel J. Tilden, and so entered the White House with his title clouded by the disputed election of 1876. Opponents called him "His Fraudulency" and "Rutherfraud B. Hayes," but soon he began to reassert the authority of the presidency and the sarcasm faded away. Hayes promoted Civil Service Reform to reduce the corruption inherent in the linkage between vote-seeking and office-holding. He named well-known reformers in high offices, and, ordering the last troops out of South Carolina and Louisiana, ended Reconstruction. He hoped to revive the Republican party in the South by persuading business-oriented conservatives (most of them ex-Whigs) to join a national party that would support their economic interests more effectively than the Democrats did. He failed because the South was polarized on race. His most notable achievement as President was sending down the Army to stop the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, which saw labor unions riot and briefly succeed in setting up a communist government in St. Louis, Missouri. Committed to the gold standard—the only basis, Hayes thought, of a sound currency—in 1878 he vetoed the Bland-Allison Silver Purchase bill, which called for the partial coinage of silver, but Congress passed it over his veto. He and First Lady Lucy Webb Hayes refused to serve alcoholic beverages, even at state functions; they called her "Lemonade Lucy."

See also

Bibliography

  • Bridges, Roger D. ""The Betrayal of the Freedmen? Rutherford B. Hayes and the End of Reconstruction?" (1996) online edition
  • DeSantis, Vincent P. Republicans Face the Southern Question (1959), looks at GOP attempts to find a substitute for their failed Reconstruction program.
  • Holt, Michael F. "Another Look at the Presidential Election of 1876" (2006) Hayes Lecture on the Presidency online
  • Hoogenboom, Ari. Rutherford B. Hayes: Warrior and President (1995), the standard scholarly biography.
  • Hoogenboom, Ari. The Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes (1988), the standard scholarly survey
  • Hoogenboom, Ari. "Inaugurating a 'Most Successful Administration (2002) Hayes Lecture on the Presidency online
  • Hoogenboom, Ari. "Rutherford B. Hayes and African-Americans," (1996) online edition
  • Hoogenboom, Ari. Outlawing the Spoils: A History of the Civil Service Reform Movement, 1865-1883 (1961), the standard history.
  • Jordan, David M. Roscoe Conkling of New York (1971), on Hayes's toughest enemy
  • McPherson, James M. "Coercion or Conciliation? Abolitionists Debate President Hayes's Southern Policy," New England Quarterly 39 (1966) in JSTOR
  • Plesur, Milton. America's Outward Thrust (1971), argues Hayes's foreign policy was a forerunners of the more aggressive policies of McKinley and Roosevelt.
  • Polakoff, Keith Ian. The Politics of Inertia (1973), standard history of the disputed election of 1876 and its settlement.
  • Simpson, Brooks. "The Good Colonel: Rutherford B. Hayes Remembers the Civil War," (2003) Hayes Lecture on the Presidency online
  • Trefousse, Hans L. Carl Schurz (1982), biography of the cabinet member closest to Hayes.
  • Vazzano, Frank. "Rutherford B. Hayes and the Politics of Discord," Historian, 68 (Fall 2006), 519–40.

Primary sources

  • Bishop, Arthur ed. Rutherford Hayes, 1822-1893 (1969), contains lengthy excerpts from his most important state papers.
  • Williams, Charles R. ed. Diary and Letters of Rutherford B. Hayes (5 vol 1922–1926); searchable online edition, 3000 pages
  • Williams, T. Harry. ed., Hayes: The Diary of a President (1964), one volume abridged edition with many insights into Hayes' character and personality.

References

  1. ↑ http://bioguide.congress.gov/biosearch/biosearch1.asp

External links


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