Difference between revisions of "Mikhail Gorbachev"
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Following the death of Communist leader [[Konstantin Chernenko]] in 1985, Gorbachev was elected General Secretary.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037405/Mikhail-Gorbachev</ref> As General Secretary, Gorbachev improved relations with the [[United States]] and embarked on an extensive mission of attempying to reform the Communist Soviet Union under policies known as ''[[glasnost]]'' ("openness") and ''[[perestroika]]'' ("restructuring"). It is questioned to what extent he intended to bring about the wholesale changes that swept the Soviet Union and its satellites and how much events moved out of control. | Following the death of Communist leader [[Konstantin Chernenko]] in 1985, Gorbachev was elected General Secretary.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037405/Mikhail-Gorbachev</ref> As General Secretary, Gorbachev improved relations with the [[United States]] and embarked on an extensive mission of attempying to reform the Communist Soviet Union under policies known as ''[[glasnost]]'' ("openness") and ''[[perestroika]]'' ("restructuring"). It is questioned to what extent he intended to bring about the wholesale changes that swept the Soviet Union and its satellites and how much events moved out of control. | ||
| − | In 1989, after [[Soviet]] troops moved into [[Tbilisi]] to crack down on protests and killed at least 20 people,<ref>https://www.rferl.org/a/georgia-soviet-demonstrations/25324233.html</ref> Gorbachev was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for his efforts to preserve [[communism]] in what was then an [[slavery|enslaved]] Republic of the [[Soviet Union]]. | + | In 1989, after [[Soviet]] troops moved into [[Tbilisi]] to crack down on protests and killed at least 20 people,<ref>https://www.rferl.org/a/georgia-soviet-demonstrations/25324233.html</ref> Gorbachev was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for his efforts to preserve [[communism]] in what was then an [[slavery|enslaved]] Republic of the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/ Nobel Peace Prize]</ref> |
[[Image:Bush and Gorbachev sign agreements.jpg|thumb|300px|Left|Gorbachev (left) signs agreement with President G.H.W. Bush]] | [[Image:Bush and Gorbachev sign agreements.jpg|thumb|300px|Left|Gorbachev (left) signs agreement with President G.H.W. Bush]] | ||
| − | After surviving the unsuccessful August Coup of 1991, and following subsequent referendums in the constituent Soviet republics seeking independence, Gorbachev was forced to resign office on December 25, 1991. The Soviet Union was dissolved the following day. Although still thought of fondly in the West, Gorbachev did not maintain his popularity at home. After his "retirement" he was forced to live on a pension that deteriorated quickly in value as the Russian currency collapsed in the post-Communist era. | + | After surviving the unsuccessful August Coup of 1991, and following subsequent referendums in the constituent Soviet republics seeking independence, Gorbachev was forced to resign office on December 25, 1991. The Soviet Union was dissolved the following day. Although still thought of fondly in the West, Gorbachev did not maintain his popularity at home. After his "retirement" he was forced to live on a pension that deteriorated quickly in value as the Russian currency collapsed in the post-Communist era. |
In 1992 Gorbachev founded The International Foundation for Socio-Economic and Political Studies (The Gorbachev Foundation), an independent think tank committed to "democratic values and moral, humanistic principles in the life of society".<ref>http://www.gorby.ru/en/rubrs.asp?rubr_id=302</ref> He is also the founding president and a board member of the environmental group [[Green Cross International]].<ref>http://dev.gci.creativ-conseil.ch/joomy/</ref> An advocate of [[population control]], Gorbachev is also a member of Club of Madrid. | In 1992 Gorbachev founded The International Foundation for Socio-Economic and Political Studies (The Gorbachev Foundation), an independent think tank committed to "democratic values and moral, humanistic principles in the life of society".<ref>http://www.gorby.ru/en/rubrs.asp?rubr_id=302</ref> He is also the founding president and a board member of the environmental group [[Green Cross International]].<ref>http://dev.gci.creativ-conseil.ch/joomy/</ref> An advocate of [[population control]], Gorbachev is also a member of Club of Madrid. | ||
Revision as of 11:06, January 11, 2023
| Mikhail Gorbachev | |
 | |
General Secretary of the Communist Party of Russia
| |
| In office March 11, 1985 – August 24, 1991 | |
| Preceded by | Konstantin Chernenko |
|---|---|
| Succeeded by | Boris Yeltsin (as President of Russia) |
President of the Soviet Union
| |
| In office March 15, 1990 – December 25, 1991 | |
| Born | 2 March 1931 Privolnoye, Stavropol Krai, Russia |
| Died | 30 August 2022 (aged 91) Moscow, Russia |
| Spouse(s) | Raisa Gorbacheva (m. 1952 - 1999) |
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, a Russian national (2 March 1931 - 30 August 2022), was the last effective leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 till 1991. Embarking on a new openness with the outside not previously seen under Soviet rule, Gorbachev became quite popular among Democratic Socialists in the West.
Gorbachev was an enthusiast for the conservative game of chess, which may have influenced his outlook.[1]
Early life
Born in the agricultural region of Stavropol, Gorbachev attended Moscow University, where he studied law. In 1953 he married Raisa Titorenko, a fellow student. He returned to Stavropol and began to move gradually upward in the Communist Party.
General Secretary
Following the death of Communist leader Konstantin Chernenko in 1985, Gorbachev was elected General Secretary.[2] As General Secretary, Gorbachev improved relations with the United States and embarked on an extensive mission of attempying to reform the Communist Soviet Union under policies known as glasnost ("openness") and perestroika ("restructuring"). It is questioned to what extent he intended to bring about the wholesale changes that swept the Soviet Union and its satellites and how much events moved out of control.
In 1989, after Soviet troops moved into Tbilisi to crack down on protests and killed at least 20 people,[3] Gorbachev was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to preserve communism in what was then an enslaved Republic of the Soviet Union.[4]
After surviving the unsuccessful August Coup of 1991, and following subsequent referendums in the constituent Soviet republics seeking independence, Gorbachev was forced to resign office on December 25, 1991. The Soviet Union was dissolved the following day. Although still thought of fondly in the West, Gorbachev did not maintain his popularity at home. After his "retirement" he was forced to live on a pension that deteriorated quickly in value as the Russian currency collapsed in the post-Communist era.
In 1992 Gorbachev founded The International Foundation for Socio-Economic and Political Studies (The Gorbachev Foundation), an independent think tank committed to "democratic values and moral, humanistic principles in the life of society".[5] He is also the founding president and a board member of the environmental group Green Cross International.[6] An advocate of population control, Gorbachev is also a member of Club of Madrid.
Attitude toward religion
Gorbachev, as Soviet president, campaigned for the establishment of freedom of religion laws in the Soviet Union, viewing the exercise of religious expression as a valuable source of societal cohesion. However, he remains a lifelong atheist.[7]
In April 1990, Gorbachev granted a one-on-one meeting to arch anti-Communist Sun Myung Moon. Father Moon urged him to grant religious freedom to his nation, saying:
- "Mr. President, you have already achieved much success through perestroika, but that alone will not be sufficient for reform. You need to immediately allow freedom of religion in the Soviet Union. If you try to reform only the material world, without the involvement of God, perestroika will be doomed to fail. Communism is about to end. The only way to save this nation is to allow the freedom of religion. The time is now for you to act with the courage that you have shown in reforming the Soviet Union and become a president of the world who works to bring about world peace."[8]
He also asked him to revive diplomatic relations with South Korea.
- President Gorbachev met President Roh in San Francisco in June that year for a bilateral summit. Then, on September 30, 1990, South Korea and the Soviet Union signed a historic agreement to open diplomatic relations for the first time in eighty six years.[9]
References
- ↑ https://en.chessbase.com/post/che-for-peace-with-mikhail-gorbachev
- ↑ https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037405/Mikhail-Gorbachev
- ↑ https://www.rferl.org/a/georgia-soviet-demonstrations/25324233.html
- ↑ Nobel Peace Prize
- ↑ http://www.gorby.ru/en/rubrs.asp?rubr_id=302
- ↑ http://dev.gci.creativ-conseil.ch/joomy/
- ↑ http://www.christianpost.com/article/20080324/31660_Gorbachev_Dispels_'Closet_Christian'_Rumors%3B_Says_He_is_Atheist.htm
- ↑ “Allow Freedom of Religion in the Soviet Union”
- ↑ “Allow Freedom of Religion in the Soviet Union”
