Difference between revisions of "Mikhail Gorbachev"
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Under ''glasnost'' and ''perestroika'' the political activity of the population grew, and the meetings of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, which started in May 1989, were watched by the entire Soviet Union. No effective solutions were developed, and 'people power' turned into cheap [[populism]]. | Under ''glasnost'' and ''perestroika'' the political activity of the population grew, and the meetings of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, which started in May 1989, were watched by the entire Soviet Union. No effective solutions were developed, and 'people power' turned into cheap [[populism]]. | ||
| − | In March 1990, the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR abolished the 6th Article of the Constitution on the leading and guiding role of the [[CPSU]]. Thus, the [[ | + | In March 1990, the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR abolished the 6th Article of the Constitution on the leading and guiding role of the [[CPSU]]. Thus, the [[single party system]] in the country was ended. |
By this time the country was in a deep political and economic crisis. | By this time the country was in a deep political and economic crisis. | ||
Revision as of 11:37, January 11, 2023
| Mikhail Gorbachev | |
 | |
General Secretary of the Communist Party of Russia
| |
| In office March 11, 1985 – August 24, 1991 | |
| Preceded by | Konstantin Chernenko |
|---|---|
| Succeeded by | Boris Yeltsin (as President of Russia) |
President of the Soviet Union
| |
| In office March 15, 1990 – December 25, 1991 | |
| Born | 2 March 1931 Privolnoye, Stavropol Krai, Russia |
| Died | 30 August 2022 (aged 91) Moscow, Russia |
| Spouse(s) | Raisa Gorbacheva (m. 1952 - 1999) |
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, a Russian national (2 March 1931 - 30 August 2022), was the last effective leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 till 1991. Embarking on a new openness with the outside not previously seen under Soviet rule, Gorbachev became quite popular among Democratic Socialists in the West.
Gorbachev was an enthusiast for the conservative game of chess, which may have influenced his outlook.[1]
Contents
Early life
Born in the agricultural region of Stavropol, Gorbachev attended Moscow University, where he studied law. In 1953 he married Raisa Titorenko, a fellow student. He returned to Stavropol and began to move gradually upward in the Communist Party.
General Secretary
Following the death of Communist leader Konstantin Chernenko in 1985, Gorbachev was elected General Secretary.[2] As General Secretary, Gorbachev improved relations with the United States and embarked on an extensive mission of attempying to reform the Communist Soviet Union under policies known as glasnost ("openness") and perestroika ("restructuring"). It is questioned to what extent he intended to bring about the wholesale changes that swept the Soviet Union and its satellites and how much events moved out of control.
Chernobyl
On April 26, 1986, there was an accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant - an emergency that had no analogues in the history of nuclear energy. Under Gorbachev's glasnost openness program, the public was not informed. As a result, Chernobyl for many years became a hoard of rumors and myths.
Nagorno-Karabakh
The Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast within the Muslim Azerbaijan SSR was a region with a predominantly Christian Armenian population. The long-standing conflict between the two peoples flared up with renewed vigor in 1987. Gorbachev's team urged the parties to solve problems through discussion, completely ignorant of the Caucasian specifics. Moreover, Moscow's emissaries who came to Azerbaijan and Armenia made mutually exclusive promises, which only exacerbated the situation. Gradually, the matter turned to acts of violence.
In February 1988, pogroms on ethnic grounds took place in the satellite city of Baku Sumgait, the victims of which were more than 30 people. For almost three days, anarchy reigned in Sumgait, against the background of which extremists brutally killed local Armenians, including women and children.
Only the intervention of units of the Soviet Army stopped the massacre. The Sumgait nightmare demanded from Gorbachev quick and clear decisions in the field of national policy. But instead, a new round of talking began.
Moscow's inability to deal with the Nagorno-Karabakh problem showed the weakness of the Moscow center, which extremists in other Republics took advantage of.
Georgian Republic
In 1989, after Soviet troops moved into Tbilisi to crack down on protests and killed at least 20 people,[3] Gorbachev was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to preserve communism in what was then an enslaved Republic of the Soviet Union.[4]
End of single party rule
Under glasnost and perestroika the political activity of the population grew, and the meetings of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, which started in May 1989, were watched by the entire Soviet Union. No effective solutions were developed, and 'people power' turned into cheap populism.
In March 1990, the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR abolished the 6th Article of the Constitution on the leading and guiding role of the CPSU. Thus, the single party system in the country was ended.
By this time the country was in a deep political and economic crisis.
Putsch
After surviving the unsuccessful August Coup of 1991, and following subsequent referendums in the constituent Soviet republics seeking independence, Gorbachev was forced to resign office on December 25, 1991. The Soviet Union was dissolved the following day. Although still thought of fondly in the West, Gorbachev did not maintain his popularity at home. After his "retirement" he was forced to live on a pension that deteriorated quickly in value as the Russian currency collapsed in the post-Communist era.
Attitude toward religion
Gorbachev, as Soviet president, campaigned for the establishment of freedom of religion laws in the Soviet Union, viewing the exercise of religious expression as a valuable source of societal cohesion. However, he remains a lifelong atheist.[5]
In April 1990, Gorbachev granted a one-on-one meeting to arch anti-Communist Sun Myung Moon. Father Moon urged him to grant religious freedom to his nation, saying:
- "Mr. President, you have already achieved much success through perestroika, but that alone will not be sufficient for reform. You need to immediately allow freedom of religion in the Soviet Union. If you try to reform only the material world, without the involvement of God, perestroika will be doomed to fail. Communism is about to end. The only way to save this nation is to allow the freedom of religion. The time is now for you to act with the courage that you have shown in reforming the Soviet Union and become a president of the world who works to bring about world peace."[6]
He also asked him to revive diplomatic relations with South Korea.
- President Gorbachev met President Roh in San Francisco in June that year for a bilateral summit. Then, on September 30, 1990, South Korea and the Soviet Union signed a historic agreement to open diplomatic relations for the first time in eighty six years.[7]
Retirement
In 1992 Gorbachev founded The International Foundation for Socio-Economic and Political Studies (The Gorbachev Foundation), an independent think tank committed to "democratic values and moral, humanistic principles in the life of society".[8] He is also the founding president and a board member of the environmental group Green Cross International.[9] An advocate of population control, Gorbachev is also a member of Club of Madrid.
References
- ↑ https://en.chessbase.com/post/che-for-peace-with-mikhail-gorbachev
- ↑ https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037405/Mikhail-Gorbachev
- ↑ https://www.rferl.org/a/georgia-soviet-demonstrations/25324233.html
- ↑ Nobel Peace Prize
- ↑ http://www.christianpost.com/article/20080324/31660_Gorbachev_Dispels_'Closet_Christian'_Rumors%3B_Says_He_is_Atheist.htm
- ↑ “Allow Freedom of Religion in the Soviet Union”
- ↑ “Allow Freedom of Religion in the Soviet Union”
- ↑ http://www.gorby.ru/en/rubrs.asp?rubr_id=302
- ↑ http://dev.gci.creativ-conseil.ch/joomy/
