Difference between revisions of "Partial fractions in integration"
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=== A Repeated 1st-Degree Denominator === | === A Repeated 1st-Degree Denominator === | ||
The formula for integrals where a first degree polynomial denominator is raised to a power greater than one is much different than the formula above. | The formula for integrals where a first degree polynomial denominator is raised to a power greater than one is much different than the formula above. | ||
| − | + | <br />Given: | |
| − | <br /><math>\int \frac{1}{(ax+b)^k}dx</math> | + | :<math>\int \frac{1}{(ax+b)^k}dx</math> |
| − | + | :<math>u = ax+b</math> | |
| − | + | :<math>= \int \frac{1}{u^k} \frac{du}{a} = \frac{1}{a} \int u^{-k)} du = \frac{1}{a} \cdot \frac{u^{k-1}}{-(k-1)} + C = {-1 \over (k-1)au^{k-1}} + C = {-1 \over {(k-1)a (ax+b)^{k-1}}} + C</math> | |
| − | + | Note that the above formula '''only''' works if <math>k \neq 1</math>. | |
<br />This means that integrals such as | <br />This means that integrals such as | ||
| − | + | :<math>\int {5 \over {(3x+17)^{12}}}dx</math> | |
| − | + | are now very easy: | |
| − | + | :<math>= {-5 \over {(3)(11)(3x+17)^{11}}}+C = {-5 \over {33(3x+17)^{11}}}+C</math> | |
== A 2nd-Degree Denominator == | == A 2nd-Degree Denominator == | ||
Revision as of 04:26, January 1, 2009
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This article/section deals with mathematical concepts appropriate for late high school or early college. |
Integration by partial fractions is a technique in Calculus to facilitate the integration of a rational expression by partial fraction decomposition.
Given an integral
where 
and 
are both polynomials, integration by partial fractions shows how to separate the problem into multiple integrals before integrating.
Contents
Integration by Partial Fractions
A 1st-Degree Denominator
These are a few methods of solving integrals with first degree denominators.
A 1st-Degree Denominator
Given:
Substitute 
This means that if given an integral such as:
The steps can be skipped by using the general formula above get:
A Repeated 1st-Degree Denominator
The formula for integrals where a first degree polynomial denominator is raised to a power greater than one is much different than the formula above.
Given:
Note that the above formula only works if 
.
This means that integrals such as
are now very easy:
A 2nd-Degree Denominator
2nd-Degree Denominators get more complicated, especially with those that do not factor.
A Reducible 2nd-Degree Polynomial Denominator
The first step is to factor the denominator as much as possible and get the form of the partial fraction decomposition. Doing this gives,
This allows the denominator to split the fraction in to sums by cross multiplying the denominators,
Therefore the problem can be restated,
Now it is possible to solve for A and B by substituting x with a value that allows the term to go to 0. For example,
Let :
,
Let :
,
Then plug in the values of A and B and get,
Now solve the integral.
