Difference between revisions of "Archaeopteryx"

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Archaeopteryx
Scientific classification
Kingdom Information
Domain	Eukaryota
Kingdom	Animalia
Subkingdom	Bilateria
Branch	Deuterostomia
Phylum Information
Phylum	Chordata
Sub-phylum	Vertebrata
Infraphylum	Gnathostomata
Class Information
Superclass	Tetrapoda
Class	Aves
Order Information
Order	Archaeopterygiformes
Family Information
Family	Archaeopterygidae
Genus Information
Genus	Archaeopteryx
Species Information
Species	A. lithographica A. macrura A. recurva A. siemensii
Population statistics
Conservation status	Extinct

Archaeopteryx, an extinct bird known from a small number of fossilized remains found in southern Germany, is claimed by evolutionary biologists to be the first species of bird to appear on Earth^[1], as well as a so-called "transitional form" between reptiles and birds.

There are two criticisms of Archaeopteryx. The first is that the fossils are an elaborate hoax as claimed by the British astronomer and physicist, Sir Fred Hoyle; the second is that Archaeopterix is a true bird, and not a transitional form suggesting evolution.

Description

Archaeopterix was roughly crow-sized, with an over-all body length of 18 inches. Discounting the feather impressions in some of the fossil specimens, Archaeopterix had a build generally-similar to that of a small theropod dinosaur, with the species Compsognathus cited. Both wings ended in three-fingered claws. The tail was long, feathered on either side. Evidence that the legs were feathered as well was shown in the Berlin specimen as recently as 1880, prior to that fossil's preservation.

The bill, like modern birds, was capable of independent movement in both the upper and lower jaws; unlike modern birds, both jaws were studded with small teeth.

The hip bones are fully-formed and bird-like, i.e. the pubic bone points to the rear, unlike theropod dinosaurs (which had a forward-pointing pubic bone) from which evolution claims an ancestry. Despite this contradiction, some authorities prefer to place Archaeopterix within the order Avetheropoda, which includes such theropods as Tyrannosaurus rex and Spinosaurus^[2]

All known fossils - approximately ten - were found in the Solenhofen limestone formation of southern Bavaria, Germany.

Criticism

Evidence of fraud

In 1983, a half-dozen leading British scientists led by noted British Radio-astronomer Sir Fred Hoyle carefully studied the plates and counter-plates from the two best Archaeopteryx specimens, and found evidence of forgery.^[3] They discovered that the front and back slabs of each specimen do not match.^[4] They found that an alteration had been made to the left wing as depicted in an 1863 drawing.^[4] They concluded that the feather markings had been imprinted by hand.^[4] They also found that etching process had used cement blobs.^[4] When the scientists requested the ability to use an electronic microscope and carbon-14 dating, the museum refused and withdrew the specimens from the scientists.^[4] The same British Museum had been responsible for the Piltdown Man fraud. Scientists who have since inspected the London Archaeopteryx and other specimens have conlcuded these fossils are not forgeries^[5]. In particular, the found the feathers on the Maxburg fossil continue underneath the bones - precluding the possibility of them being added to a reptile fossil, tiny fractures that could not have been seen at the time of Archaeopteryx's discovery matched in the plate and counter-plate and the 'blobs' cited by Hoyle are also have matching impressions on the counter plate (suggesting they weren't added). The evidence that Archaeopteryx is not a fraud is so strong that creationist site Answers in Genesis suggests creationists don't use this argument ^[6]

Not a transitional

The second criticism of the Archaeopteryx, that it is not a transitional form, has been strengthened by the work of anatomist Dr. David Menton^[7] suggesting that Archaeopteryx is a true bird with flight feathers, not a transitional form at all. In 1994, an article explained that the Archaeopteryx was essentially a flying bird, with a large cerebellum and visual cortex. The fact that it had teeth is irrelevant to its alleged transitional status -- a number of extinct birds had teeth, while many reptiles do not (the South American hoatzin, Opisthocomus hoazin, also shares with Archaeopteryx clawed digits in its wings, albeit as juveniles).

Evidence for evolution?

In 1993, an article was published in Science magazine arguing that the Archaeopteryx had fully-formed flying feathers (including asymmetric vanes and ventral, reinforcing furrows as in modern flying birds), the classical elliptical wings of modem woodland birds, and a large wishbone for attachment of muscles responsible for the downstroke of the wings^[8]

While most evolutionary scientists agree that the flight feathers of Archaeopteryx were essentially modern, several papers since have argued against Feduccia's claims about the anatomy of Archaeopteryx^[9] Specimens such as the Thermoplis Specimen ^[10] are thought to clearly show that the arms, wishbone, tail, feet, hips, and palate of Archaeopteryx were more like meat-eating theropod dinosaurs than modern birds.

Specimens

There are currently only ten known specimens of Archaeopteryx.^[11] All were allegedly found in the limestone of the Solnhofen area in Germany and have not been substantiated by any discovery anywhere else in the world.^[12]

Image	Specimen	When found	Location found	People involved	Current location	Comments
	Feather[13]	1860	Near Solnhofen	Described by H. von Meyer	Humboldt Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin	Single feather only.
	London specimen[13][12]	1861	Near Langenaltheim	Announced by H. v Meyer	British Museum of Natural History, London	Missing the head and neck; detailed feather impressions.
	Berlin specimen[13][12]	1877	Near Blumenberg	Described by W. Dames	Humboldt Museum für Naturkunde	The most complete specimen
	Maxberg specimen[13][12]	1958	Near Langenaltheim	Found and owned by Eduard Opitsch	Maxberg Museum; currently lost or stolen	Torso, wings, and feather impressions
	Haarlem Specimen[13][12]	1855	Near Riedenburg	Described by H. von Meyer	Teylers Museum, Haarlem	Not classified as Archaeopteryx until 1970. Remains of wing claws and leg bones.
	Eichstätt Specimen[13][12]	1951	Near Workerszell	Described by Peter Wellnhofer	Jura Museum, Eichstätt	Smallest specimen
	Solnhofen Specimen[13][12]	1960s	Near Eichstätt	Described by Wellnhofer	Bürgermeister-Müller-Museum in Solnhofen	Nearly complete; no feather impressions.
	Munich specimen or Solnhofen-Aktien-Verein specimen[13][12]	1992	Near Langenaltheim	Described by Wellnhofer	Paläontologisches Museum München, Munich	First specimen to be found with an intact sternum, proving Archaeopteryx was capable of powered flight like modern birds
	Thermopolis specimen[14][15]				Wyoming Dinosaur Center in Thermopolis, Wyoming	Had been privately owned in Switzerland

Bibliography

• Anon., Archaeopteryx: The Thermopolis Specimen The Wyoming Dinosaur Center
• Bakalar, Nicholas, Earliest Bird Had Feet Like Dinosaur, Fossil Shows, National Geographic News, 1 December, 2005
• Feduccia, A., "Evidence from Claw Geometry Indicating Arboreal Habits of Archaeopteryx," Science, 259(5096):790-793, February 5, 1993 (abstract)
• Gish, Duane, As a Transitional Form Archaeopteryx Won't Fly Impact, September 1, 1989
• Hartman, Scott, Clarification statement on Thermopolis specimen 1st December 2005 (The Wyoming Dinosaur Center).
• Magovern, Charlie and Florence, Archaeopteryx
• Nedlin, Chris, All About Archaeopteryx, 1999 (The TalkOrigins Archive)
• Sarfati, Jonathan, Archaeopteryx (unlike Archaeoraptor) is NOT a hoax—it is a true bird, not a “missing link”, Creation Ministries International, March 24, 2000
• Sarfati, Jonathan, Bird evolution?, Chapter 4 of Refuting Evolution.
• Wieland, Carl, Archaeopteryx, Creation 1(1):12–16, June 1978.
• Wieland, Carl, Bird evolution flies out the window, Creation 16(4):16–19, September 1994

See also

• Feathered dinosaurs

References

1. ↑ "Archaeopteryx is the oldest bird in the fossil record." - John Wells [1]
2. ↑ http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicTaxonInfo&taxon_no=55483
3. ↑ Sarfati, 2000
4. ↑ ^{4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4} British Journal of Photography (March-June 1985).
   W.J. Broad, "Authenticity of Bird Fossil is Challenged," N.Y. Times C1, C14 (May 7, 1985).
   T. Nield, "Feathers Fly Over Fossil 'Fraud'," New Scientist 1467:49-50.
   G. Vines, "Strange Case of Archaeopteryx 'Fraud'," New Scientist 1447:3.
5. ↑ Charig et al. 1986. Archaeopteryx is not a forgery. Science 232: 622-626
6. ↑ http://www.answersingenesis.org/get-answers/topic/arguments-we-dont-use
7. ↑ http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/bios/d_menton.asp
8. ↑ Feduccia, 1993
9. ↑ "The tenth skeletal specimen of Archaeopteryx," Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 149:97-116, 2007.
10. ↑ Wyoming Dinosaur Center.
11. ↑ Wikipedia claims an eleventh specimen, but only lists ten.
12. ↑ ^{12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7} Magovern
13. ↑ ^{13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7} Nedlin, 1999 (The TalkOrigins Archive)
14. ↑ The Wyoming Dinosaur Center]
15. ↑ Hartman, 2005