View source for B-29 Superfortress

{{Infobox warplane
|image=B-29.jpg
|image_size=350
|caption=B-29 in flight over the [[Pacific Ocean]]
|func=Heavy, long-range [[bomber]]
|dates=1943-1953
|obsplane=[[B-17 Flying Fortress]]
|newplane=[[B-36 Peacemaker]]
|contr=[[Boeing]]
|arms=10 50-calibre machine guns<br/>1 20-mm tail-mounted cannon
|load=20,000 [[pound]]s of [[bomb]]s
|engines=4 [[Wright R-3350]]s, 2,200 hp each
|maxspeed=358 mph at 25,000 [[feet]]
|cruisespeed=220 mph
|range=3,700 [[mile]]s
|servceil=23,950 [[foot (length)|feet]]
|combceil=36,150 [[foot (length)|feet]]
|length=99 feet 0 [[inch]]es
|height=29 feet 7 inches
|span=141 feet 3 inches
|emptywt=70,140 pounds
|towt=124,000 pounds
|crew=10 (12 in the B-50)
|cost=US $639,000
}}
The '''B-29 Superfortress''' was a long-range heavy [[bomber]] first placed into service in [[World War II]] in the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] theater of that war. The most famous missions that this aircraft ever performed were the dropping of the two [[atomic bomb]]s on [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki]], [[Japan]]. After the war, the B-29 was the first bomber used by the [[Strategic Air Command]].

== Development ==
The Air Corps recognized the need for a very high altitude, long-range bomber late in the 1930s.<ref name=NASM>Willie, S., and Lee, R.E. "[http://www.nasm.si.edu/research/aero/aircraft/boeing_b29.htm Boeing B-29]." [http://www.nasm.si.edu/ National Air and Space Museum], Smithsonian Institution, 2004. Retrieved August 7, 2007.</ref> In February 1940, the Army issued a specification for a bomber that could carry 2,000 [[bomb]]s at 400&nbsp;mph for at least 5000 miles.<ref name=NASM/><ref name=ace>Authors unknown. "[http://www.acepilots.com/planes/b29.html Boeing B-29 Superfortress]." ''[http://www.acepilots.com/index.html#top AcePilots.com]''. Retrieved August 8, 2007.</ref><ref name=Baugher>Baugher, Joseph. "[http://www.csd.uwo.ca/Elevon/baugher_us/b029i.html Boeing B-29 Superfortress]." ''Joe Baugher's Encyclopedia of Military Aircraft.'' May 29, 1998. Retrieved August 8, 2007.</ref>

Four aircraft builders submitted proposals to the army. [[Boeing]], with its Model 345, won the contest.<ref name=NASM/><ref name=Boeing1>Authors unknown. "[http://www.boeing.com/history/boeing/b29.html Boeing B-29 Superfortress]." [http://www.boeing.com/ Boeing Group], product history section. Retrieved August 8, 2007.</ref>

Model 345 boasted many features that Boeing had had under development since 1934, among them:

* A long, narrow, high-[[aspect ratio|aspect-ratio]] wing with Fowler flaps for increased lift. This allowed for much heavier base and take-off weights.<ref name=Boeing1/>
* Three pressurized crew areas: flight deck, gunner's compartment, and tail gunner's station.<ref name=NASM/><ref name=Boeing1/> The first two of these were connected by a long tube over the bomb bays;<ref name=ace/> the tail gunner's station remained isolated, and ingress and egress were possible only on the ground or at an altitude that did not require pressurization.<ref name=ace/><ref name=Boeing1/>
* Remote-control gun turrets, and a sighting system that allowed one gunner to control two or more turrets at once to concentrate on a single target.<ref name=NASM/>
* Advanced radar systems for aid in navigation, targeting, and air-to-air defense.<ref name=NASM/>

Two XB-29s were built, and the first of these was delivered on September 21, 1942. Fourteen YB-29 service-test planes were delivered beginning in 1943. Finally, in April 1944, the first 130 operational B-29s began to arrive in India for the Twentieth Air Force.
===Technology===
The B-29 represented the highest achievement of traditional (pre-jet) aeronautics.  Its four 2,200 horsepower Wright R-3350 supercharged engines could carry six tons of bombs 3,500 miles at 33,000 feet (high above Japanese flak or fighters).  Computerized fire-control mechanisms made its 12 50-cal. machine guns (and one 20mm cannon) lethal against fighters. It carried a crew of 10, and weighed 140,000 pounds loaded.

Boeing itself built 2766 B-29s at its plants in [[Wichita]], [[Kansas]], and [[Renton]], [[Washington]]. In addition, [[Bell Aircraft]] built 668 planesand the [[Glenn L. Martin Company]] built 536.<ref name=Boeing1/> The total cost of the program was $3 billion US.<ref name=Lewis>Lewis, P. "[http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/st/~plewis/0%7Eindex.html The B-29 Superfortress]." University of San Diego, 1995. Retrieved August 8, 2007.</ref>

== Deployment ==
===Target: Japan===
[[Image:B-29-bombs.jpg|thumb|300px|loading 500 pound bombs in B-29 in China, June 1944]]

==Bombing Japan==
Since 1941 American strategy against Japan was built around heavy raids against the flimsy, easily burned cities.  Plans to base [[B-17]] bombers in the Philippines failed when Japan attacked the airbases and overran the islands. The B-29 had the range to give the Americans the weapon they needed to reach Japan.  The B-29 was first deployed from bases in India and China in summer and fall 1944. The result was failure—it was extremely expensive to supply the planes (all the gasoline and bombs had to be flown in over "the Hump," the very high Himalayan mountains), and anyway the Japanese Army overran the American bases in China. The Mariana Islands, captured in June 1944, provided a much better airbase within range of all Japanese industrial centers. However, the systematic raids that began in late 1944 were also unsatisfactory, because the AAF had learned too much in Europe; it overemphasized self-defense.  AAF commander General Hap Arnold, in personal charge of the campaign (bypassing the theater commanders) brought in a new leader, brilliant, indefatigable, hard-charging General [[Curtis LeMay]].  

=== Conventional Bombing of Japan ===
At first the B-29 groups tried to duplicate the results of [[daylight precision bombing]] that had been used in Europe. The results were poor.

In early 1945, General [[Curtis LeMay]] ordered a radical change in tactics: remove the heavy fire control gear and machine guns (and gunners), and fly at low altitudes at night. (Much fuel was used to get to 30,000 feet; it could now be replaced with more bombs.)  It was a fearsome gamble, but it paid off in increased bombing accuracy and lower casualties in men and aircraft.<ref name=Swinhart>[http://www.aviation-history.com/swinhart.htm Swinhart, Earl]. "[http://www.aviation-history.com/boeing/b29.html Boeing B-29 Superfortress]." [http://www.aviation-history.com/index.html Aviation-history.com]. Retrieved August 8, 2007.</ref>

===Fire bombing of Japanese cities===
In March 1945, General LeMay changed the orders again. From then on, the B-29s flew low-altitude (5,000 feet) night strikes with incendiary bombs.<ref name=NASM/><ref name=ace/> LeMay reasoned that because the Japanese economy depended largely on [[cottage industry|cottage industries]] spread out over a large number of cities (and because many of the buildings in Japanese cities were still built of wood), massive incendiary bombing would be more effective than precision high-explosive bombing. The results were devastating against Japanese industry and infrastructure.<ref name=NASM/><ref name=ace/> By April 1945, the Japanese could no longer build engines for their aircraft. The incendiary campaign continued into August 1945.<ref name=ace/><ref name=Baugher/><ref name=Swinhart/>

The Japanese radar, fighter, and anti-aircraft systems were so ineffective that they could not hit the bombers. The B-29s carried incendiary bombs. To counter them the Japanese built firebreaks and installed shelters, but not nearly enough.  Fires raged through the 50 largest cities, and millions of civilians fled to the small towns and villages (which were not bombed).  

Tokyo was hit repeatedly. LeMay sent 325 B-29s over Tokyo on March 9–10 to drop 1665 tons of incendiaries. An unstoppable fire storm burned out 16 square miles and killed over 80,000, most of whom suffocated in bomb shelters when the firestorm consumed the oxygen. One fourth of the buildings in the entire city were destroyed.<ref>Craven and Cate, ''AAF'' 5:615-16</ref>  Half the city's 7.4 million people fled to the countryside (which was not bombed). The raid marked a turning point in the American strategic air war against Japan. Previously, most raids were "precision" raids that used high explosives against industrial targets; thereafter, most raids were "area" raids that used incendiary bombs to burn Japanese cities and kill civilians. 

LeMay's strategic shift did not depart radically from the air war in Europe or from prewar planning. The Pentagon had always intended for LeMay to lead the air campaign against Japan and had always viewed incendiary raids against cities and American policy since the 1930s had focused on the burning of Tokyon—and the killing of civilian war workers—as a way to destroy an enemy's industrial capability.<ref>Thomas R. Searle, "'It Made a Lot of Sense to Kill Skilled Workers': the Firebombing of Tokyo in March 1945." ''Journal of Military History'' 2002 66(1): 103-133.</ref>

On June 5, 51,000 buildings in four miles of Kobe were burned out by 473 B-29s; Japanese opposition was fierce, as 11 B-29s went down and 176 were damaged. Osaka, where one-sixth of the Empire's munitions were made, was hit by 1,733 tons of incendiaries dropped by 247 B-29s. A firestorm burned out 8.1 square miles, including 135,000 houses; 4,000 died. The police reported: 
:Although damage to big factories was slight, approximately   one-fourth of some 4,000 lesser factories, which operated hand-in-hand with the big factories, were completely destroyed by fire.... Moreover, owing to the rising fear of air attacks, workers in general were reluctant to work in the factories, and the attendance fluctuated as much as 50%. 

Japanese munitions output plummeted, and by July, 1945, Japan no longer had an industrial base.  The problem was that it still had an Army, which was not based in the cities, and was largely undamaged by the raids.  The Army was short of food and gasoline, but, as the battles of [[Iwo Jima]] and [[Okinawa]] proved, was capable of ferocious resistance.  

=== The Atomic Bomb Missions ===
Late in 1944, the AAF ordered a special batch of fifteen modified B-29s, called "Silverplate" models. These planes had no gun turrets except for the tail turret, no armor plate, and new Curtiss electric propellers. These planes were specifically designed to carry one of the two [[atomic bomb]]s from the [[Manhattan Project]]: either [[Little Boy]] or [[Fat Man]].<ref name=NASM/>

The 509th Composite Group, [[Colonel]] [[Paul Tibbetts]] commanding, took possession of these aircraft for the atomic attacks on [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki]]. Ten of these aircraft are known to have taken part in what became Special Missions 13 and 16 against Hiroshima and Nagasaki, respectively. The most famous of these, of course, was [[Enola Gay]],<ref name=Boeing1/> which dropped [[Little Boy]] on Hiroshima, and [[Bockscar]],<ref name=Boeing1/> which dropped [[Fat Man]] on Nagasaki.<ref name=NASM/><ref name=Baugher/> (The other aircraft performed weather reconnaissance, blast measurement, and strike photography duties in connection with these missions.)<ref name=wagoner>Wagoner, Sally Ann. "[http://home.att.net/~sallyann2/b29.html The B-29 Then and Now]." 2007. Retrieved August 8, 2007.</ref>

The destruction of Hiroshima took place on August 6, 1945. The Japanese did not respond to this, perhaps because the Japanese high command did not fully appreciate the magnitude of a disaster that had virtually cut off all communications from one of Japan's largest cities. Then on August 9, 1945, came the destruction of Nagasaki. On that day the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet Union]] formally declared war on Japan and launched an invasion of Japanese-occupied [[Manchuria]] in [[China]]. The Emperor of Japan then instructed his government to surrender unconditionally.<ref name=ace/><ref name=Lewis/><ref name=Swinhart/>

=== [[Strategic Air Command]] ===
In 1946, the [[Strategic Air Command]] acquired many of the B-29s still in service. However, these planes were largely antiquated and had seen heavy use during the war. Boeing responded to SAC's need, first with the B-29D, a much-improved model that the new [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] redesignated as the B-50. This aircraft had 59 percent more power than the original B-29, along with better aerodynamic surfaces, larger flaps, faster-retracting landing gear, and improved hydraulic control systems. It also sported a higher tail that could fold during storage, and a stronger, lighter wing. It also had twelve guns (the original B-29 had ten) and required a crew of twelve. In all, Boeing built 371 B-50s, including 79 B-50As.<ref name=boeing2>Authors unknown. "[http://www.boeing.com/history/boeing/b50.html B-50 Bomber]." [http://www.boeing.com/ Boeing Group], product history section. Retrieved August 8, 2007.</ref>

B-29 and B-50 squadrons saw intensive action during the [[Korean War]], this time against jet fighter/interceptors using electronic weaponry.<ref name=Boeing1/> Losses were correspondingly much heavier (Five bombers downed in the month of October 1951 alone.<ref>''Rolling Thunder:  Jet Combat from World War II to the Gulf War'', by Ivan Rendall, Dell Publishing, 1997</ref>). The last B-50s (actually KB-50D tankers) were retired from active service in 1965.<ref name=Baugher/><ref name=boeing2/>

=== [[Broken Arrows- Nuclear Weapons Accidents]] ===
The B-29 has been involved in two Broken Arrows, or nuclear weapons accidents. The first occurred on April 11, 1950 when a B-29 departed Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico and hit Manzano mountain several minutes later. The crew of 13 was killed and the Mark 4 bomb was demolished on impact. On August 5, 1950, a B-29 departed Fairfield-Suison AFB, California and crashed while attempting an emergency landing. The aircraft burned, and after 15 minutes the Mark 4 bomb's high explosive detonated, killing 19 firefighters, crewmembers, and rescue personnel.[14]

=== Flight test ===
[[Image:B-29 and x-1.jpg|250px|right]]
A specially modified B-29 served as the launch aircraft for the [[X-1]], the plane in which then-Captain [[Charles Yeager]] achieved the first supersonic flight.<ref name=Baugher/>

== Post-retirement disposition ==
Very few B-29s survive today, primarily because the Air Force was late in declaring the B-29 to be war surplus.<ref name=ace/> The researchers at [http://www.acepilots.com/index.html#top AcePilots.com] have identified sixteen B-29s that they know have survived and remain on display today.

The Enola Gay has been fully restored and is on display at the Paul E. Garber facility of the [[National Air and Space Museum]].<ref name=NASM/> The Bockscar, likewise, is on display at [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]] as part of the National Museum of the United States Air Force.<ref name=AF2>Authors unknown. "[http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2546 Fact Sheet: Boeing B-29 Bockscar]." [[United States Air Force]]. Retrieved August 8, 2007.</ref>

In July 1948, a B-29A, on a climate research mission, crashed into [[Lake Mead]], [[California]]. All five aboard the plane got out safely. The plane sank to the bottom of the lake, where it lay for 53 years until divers were able to spot it again.<ref name=LakeMead>Authors unknown. "[http://www.indepthconsulting.com/B29/B29Lost.htm Lake Mead's B-29 Bomber]." In Depth Consulting, 2006. Retrieved August 8, 2007.</ref>

On May 21, 1995, efforts to recover a B-29 that had landed on a frozen lake in [[Greenland]] were abandoned after the aircraft caught fire and burned.<ref name=ace/>

== Soviet copy ==
Late in 1944, three B-29s made emergency landings in [[Vladivostok]], [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|USSR]]. The Soviets detained the crews, then quietly allowed them to escape—but not with their aircraft. Then in 1947, the Soviets demonstrated their newest bomber: the [[Tu-4]], an exact replica of the B-29. With this aircraft, the US-Soviet [[arms race]] might be said to have begun.<ref name=ace/><ref name=Baugher/>

== The B-29 in Popular Culture ==
* The [[motion picture]] [[Test Pilot (film)|Test Pilot]] (1938) featured an aircraft similar in many respects to the B-29 (though not specifically identified as such) undergoing speed and load trials. This is a truly remarkable example of art anticipating life, especially considering that the first XB-29 was still years away from its maiden flight.

* The film [[Dive Bomber (film)|Dive Bomber]] (1941) alluded to many of the advanced features under development in the between-wars period that the film covered, including pressurized crew compartments and pressure suits for pilots. Because the B-29 had pressurized flight deck and gunnery spaces, this film can also be said to have anticipated one of the B-29's key features.

* The film [[Command Decision (film)|Command Decision]] (1949) made repeated allusions to "a B-29 command" in the Pacific theater being an assignment presenting a good opportunity for the holder of such a command either to advance professionally or to demonstrate the utility of the fortress-like bombers of that era.

* The film [[Strategic Air Command (film)|Strategic Air Command]] (1955) features as its lead character a former B-29 pilot recalled to the Air Force and learning how to fly [[B-36 Peacemaker]]s and [[B-47 Stratojet]]s. The film also makes several comparisons between the B-29 and the B-36.

==See also==
* [[B-17 Flying Fortress]]


==Bibliography==
* Craven, Wesley F., and James L. Cate, eds. ''The Army Air Forces in World War II'' (1948-1958), 7 vol; ''v. 5. The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki, June 1944 to August 1945'' [http://www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/Publications/fulltext/aaf_wwii-v5.pdf online edition]
* Craven, Wesley F., and James L. Cate, eds. ''The Army Air Forces in World War II'' (1948-1958), 7 vol; ''v. 6. Men and planes'' [http://www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/Publications/fulltext/aaf_wwii-v6.pdf online edition]
* Dorr, Robert. ''B-29 Units of World War II'' (2002) [https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1841762857/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4827826-5463040#reader-link excerpt and text search]
*  Polmar, Norman. ''The Enola Gay: The B - 29 That Dropped the First Atomic Bomb'' (2004) [https://books.google.com/books?id=8C1y_TRiFnIC&pg=PT8&dq=intitle:%22b-29%22&num=30&as_brr=0&sig=hCLjyd389ZBUHaep6RV034lZQZA excerpts and text search]
* Ralph, William W. "Improvised Destruction: Arnold, LeMay, and the Firebombing of Japan," ''War in History'', Vol. 13, No. 4, 495-522 (2006) [http://wih.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/13/4/495 online at Sage]
* Searle, Thomas R. "'It Made a Lot of Sense to Kill Skilled Workers': The Firebombing of Tokyo in March 1945" ''The Journal of Military History,'' Vol. 66, No. 1 (Jan., 2002), pp.&nbsp;103–133 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0899-3718(200201)66%3A1%3C103%3A%22MALOS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q in JSTOR]
*  Vander Meulen, Jacob. ''Building the B-29'' (1995)
 
== See also ==
* [[Strategic Air Command]]
* [[World War II in the Air]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.nps.gov/archive/amme/wwii_museum/air_offensive/b29_operations.html B-29 Bombers Operating From Saipan And Tinian]." World War Two Virtual Museum, [[National Park Service]].
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GtIL_VjBUGo Watch a 7-minute video] of a radio-controlled B-29 scale model carrying aloft a model [[X-1]] and launching it. The demonstration includes aerobatics and a simulated bail-out. Both planes make safe landings. (Video courtesy of user "winchesterz" on <https://www.youtube.com/>.)
*[http://www.historynet.com/korean-war-the-boeing-b-29-superfortress-served-throughout-the-air-war.htm The Boeing B-29 Superfortress in the Korean War]

== References ==
<references/>


[[Category:United States Air Force]]
[[Category:World War II]]
[[Category:World War II Aircraft]]
[[Category:Air Power]]