Difference between revisions of "Breast cancer"

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(→‎Ways of reducing the risk)
(→‎Risk factors: The increase in risk of breast cancer due to abortion is explained and supported with numerous citations in our abortion entry)
 
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'''Under construction'''
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Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer in women, striking 1 in 7.5 women during their lifetime in America, where the rate is among the highest in the world.  Breast cancer is the most fatal cancer for women after lung cancer. The number of cases has significantly increased in America since the early 1970s, when [[abortion]] was legalized. Although it is far less common in men, breast cancer can also affect them.<ref> http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/malebreast/healthprofessional</ref>
  
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A controversial [[Harvard abortion study]] concluded that childbearing before the age of 35 reduces a woman's breast cancer risk. <ref>"... childbearing before the age of 35 reduces a woman's breast cancer risk and breast-feeding also helps, said the new study's lead author Karin Michels of Harvard Medical School" [http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/us/AP-Abortion-Cancer.html?_r=3&oref=slogin&oref=slogin&oref=slogin] </ref>
  
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==Introduction==
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Another study in 1996:
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'''Breast cancer''' is the most common female cancer in the United States, the second most common cause of cancer death in women, and the one of the leading causes of death in women of all ages <ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/statistics/ CDC Breast Cancer Statistics]</ref>.
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*Animal studies have suggested that [[estrogen]] secreted early in pregnancy stimulates the multiplication of immature cells in the breast and that these cells do not mature fully until the end of pregnancy. Theoretically, then, when a woman's pregnancy is cut short through induced abortion, a lot of immature cells remain in the breast that are vulnerable to cancer-causing influences. [http://online.sfsu.edu/~rone/Buddhism/FivePrecepts/AbortionBreastCancer.html]
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The most important risk factors are family history and hormonal factors.  The term "breast cancer" itself refers to a number of distinct disease entities. Breast cancer occurs 100 times more frequently in women than in men.
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==Risk factors==  
 
==Risk factors==  
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Many factors affect the incidence of breast cancer in any given population of women including:
 
Many factors affect the incidence of breast cancer in any given population of women including:
  
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*'''Age''': this is a complex relationship, with the steepest rise in diagnosis occurring between the ages of 40 and 60, however pre- and post-menopausal breast cancers tend to behave differently. Increasing age increases the risk that at some point in her life a woman will contract breast cancer, rising from 1 in 231 (0.5% risk) aged under 40 to 1 in 7 at age 90. <ref> http://www.breastcancer.org/cmn_who_indrisk.html </ref>.<ref> http://www.breastcancer.org/cmn_who_indrisk.html </ref>
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* lack of having children, or postponing having children until later in life
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*'''Diet''' <ref> http://unisci.com/stories/20021/0104023.htm </ref>  
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* diet <ref> http://unisci.com/stories/20021/0104023.htm </ref>  
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*'''Race/ethnicity''': not a strong risk factor in the development of breast cancer, but affects time of diagnosis, and access to care.<ref> http://www.womenshealthnetwork.org/advocacy/wocbreastca/natam.htm </ref> 
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* obesity <ref> http://society.guardian.co.uk/cancer/story/0,,686105,00.html </ref>
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*'''Benign breast disease''' confers a slightly higher risk
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* [[abortion]]<ref>The increase in risk of breast cancer due to abortion is explained and supported with numerous citations in our [[abortion|abortion entry]].</ref>
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*'''Obesity''': this is a more significant risk factor in postmenopausal women.  Before menopause, the effect is unclear. <ref> http://society.guardian.co.uk/cancer/story/0,,686105,00.html </ref>
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* family history if such a history involves having several generations affected by breast cancer or having many relatives diagnosed with breast cancer at less than 50 years old <ref> http://www.breastcancer.org/cmn_who_indrisk.html </ref>
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*'''Family history''' if such a history involves having several generations affected by breast cancer or having many relatives diagnosed with breast cancer at less than 50 years old <ref> http://www.breastcancer.org/cmn_who_indrisk.html </ref>
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* prolonged uninterrupted exposure to estrogen (e.g. by having an early [[menarche]] and late [[menopause]] or by having no full-term pregnancies).<ref> http://www.breastcancer.org/cmn_who_indrisk.html </ref>
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*'''Prolonged uninterrupted exposure to estrogen''' (e.g. by having an early [[menarche]] and late [[menopause]] or by having no full-term pregnancies).<ref> http://www.breastcancer.org/cmn_who_indrisk.html </ref>
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* age: increasing age increases the risk that at some point in her life a woman will contract breast cancer, rising from 1 in 231 (0.5% risk) aged under 40 to 1 in 7 at age 90. <ref> http://www.breastcancer.org/cmn_who_indrisk.html </ref>
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*'''Personal history of breast cancer'''
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This concept of risk should be put into the context of other risks A woman's risk of dying of breast cancer is similar to her risk from radon by living in [[Cornwall]], England. <ref> http://www.cplusc.co.uk/risks.html </ref>
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==Ways of reducing the risk==
  
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Some studies have claimed that [[Abortion]] has been found to be a cause of breast cancer, but this has not been corroborated by any major medical groups and foundations.<ref>[http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ere]</ref><ref>[http://www.fwhc.org/abortion/abcancer.htm Abortion and Breast Cancer]</ref>  The National Breast Cancer Coalition does not endorse the view that induced abortions increase the risk of breast cancer.<ref>http://www.natlbcc.org/bin/index.asp?strid=364&depid=9</ref> Nor do the American Cancer Society, the US National Cancer Institute <ref>http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_6x_Can_Having_an_Abortion_Cause_or_Contribute_to_Breast_Cancer.asp</ref> and the World Health Organisation<ref>http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs240/en/index.html</ref> endorse this view. This would seem to be borne out by the experience of the Republic of Ireland, where [[abortion]] is illegal, and yet it has one of the highest rates of both breast cancer incidence and mortality in the EU. <ref> http://www.allirelandnci.org/pdf/publications/Stat-Report-1998-2000/4a.pdf </ref>
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Having children reduces the risk of breast cancer. If a woman breastfeeds her babies she greatly reduces her risk of breast cancer. <ref> http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn2570</ref> <ref>http://society.guardian.co.uk/cancer/story/0,8150,757869,00.html</ref>
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A higher risk factor for breast cancer than abortion, recent research reveals, is the eating of red meat. <ref> http://www.telegraph.co.uk/global/main.jhtml?xml=/global/2007/04/04/nmeat04.xml</ref>
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==Ways of reducing the risk==
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Maintaining a healthy weight and a healthy diet reduces the risk.<ref> http://society.guardian.co.uk/cancer/story/0,,686105,00.html </ref> <ref> http://unisci.com/stories/20021/0104023.htm </ref>
 
Maintaining a healthy weight and a healthy diet reduces the risk.<ref> http://society.guardian.co.uk/cancer/story/0,,686105,00.html </ref> <ref> http://unisci.com/stories/20021/0104023.htm </ref>
  
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Breast self-examination carried out every month, ideally one week after beginning a [[menstrual period]], is a common-sense preventive measure, but current research shows that it may not actually reduce mortality.  It is still recommended.<ref> http://www.kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/girls/bse.html </ref> For women over the age of 40, [[mammogram]] screenings are another preventive measure that can detect cancer earlier, when it is easier to treat. However, not all medical authorities agree on whether there is any benefit from having annual mammograms below the age of 50. <ref> http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/women/9909/27/bcam.mammography/</ref>
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Breast self-examination carried out every month, ideally one week after beginning a [[menstrual period]], is a common-sense measure to aid early detection of suspicious changes. <ref> http://www.kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/girls/bse.html </ref> For women over the age of 40, mammogram screenings are another measure that can detect cancer earlier, when it is easier to treat. However, not all medical authorities agree on whether there is any benefit from having annual mammograms below the age of 50. <ref> http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/women/9909/27/bcam.mammography/</ref>
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Breast-feeding lowers risk. {{fact}} Term pregnancies reduce risk, as an interruption to estrogen exposure, decrease risk compared to women with no pregnancies.
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==Diagnosis==
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In the modern era, the majority of breast cancers are diagnosed as a result of an abnormal mammogram and subsequent biopsy. Up to 20 percent of new breast cancers are not detected or visible on a mammogram. MRI is becoming an important diagnostic test in certain situations.<ref>Kriege, M. "Efficacy Of MRI and Mammography for Breast-Cancer Screening in Women With a Familial or Genetic Predisposition." New England Journal of Medicine. July 29, 2004, Vol. 351, No. 5, pp. 427-437.</ref>
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==Staging==
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There are a few different staging schemes. Staging is primarily accomplished surgically.  A common current method is "sentinel node biopsy" which identifies the nearest lymph node draining the tumor, avoiding the need for more invasive lymph node dissection. One common staging system follows:
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:Early stage
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:*Stage I: this is defined as tumor <2cm with no positive lymph nodes
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:*Stage II: <2cm tumor with lymph nodes involved on the same side, or tumor >2cm without positive nodes.
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:*Stage III: Locally advanced: extensive lymph node involvement, direct extension of tumor outside of the breast
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:*Stage IV, metastatic disease.  Breast cancer cells found outside of the immediate area of the original tumor.
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==Treatment==
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'''under construction'''
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Treatment is based on several factors, including the stage of the disease, age and menopausal status of the patient, and the hormone-receptor status of the tumor.  Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy are used alone or in combination.
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*Surgery: There are many surgical options, depending on tumor size and lymph node status.  For small, localized tumors, lumpectomy followed by radiation is as effective as mastectomy. 
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*Hormone therapy: really, a subset of chemotherapy, hormone therapy cuts the tumor off from chemicals it needs to grow.
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*Chemotherapy: this therapy will kill tumor cells throughout the body.
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==Prognosis==
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'''Under construction'''
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Outcomes in breast cancer depend on the stage of the disease at diagnosis, the hormone receptor status, and a variety of other factors.
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==References==
 
==References==
  
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
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[[category:Diseases]]
 
  
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==See also==
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==See Also==
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*[[Mystery:Young Hollywood Breast Cancer Victims]]
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==External links==
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*[http://online.sfsu.edu/~rone/Buddhism/FivePrecepts/AbortionBreastCancer.html  Analysis of Studies Suggests Abortion Can Raise Breast Cancer Risk] - New York Times - October 12, 1996
  
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*[[skin cancer]]
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[[Category:Diseases]]

Latest revision as of 22:40, May 5, 2010

Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer in women, striking 1 in 7.5 women during their lifetime in America, where the rate is among the highest in the world. Breast cancer is the most fatal cancer for women after lung cancer. The number of cases has significantly increased in America since the early 1970s, when abortion was legalized. Although it is far less common in men, breast cancer can also affect them.[1]

A controversial Harvard abortion study concluded that childbearing before the age of 35 reduces a woman's breast cancer risk. [2]

Another study in 1996:

  • Animal studies have suggested that estrogen secreted early in pregnancy stimulates the multiplication of immature cells in the breast and that these cells do not mature fully until the end of pregnancy. Theoretically, then, when a woman's pregnancy is cut short through induced abortion, a lot of immature cells remain in the breast that are vulnerable to cancer-causing influences. [2]

Risk factors

Many factors affect the incidence of breast cancer in any given population of women including:

  • lack of having children, or postponing having children until later in life
  • diet [3]
  • obesity [4]
  • abortion[5]
  • family history if such a history involves having several generations affected by breast cancer or having many relatives diagnosed with breast cancer at less than 50 years old [6]
  • prolonged uninterrupted exposure to estrogen (e.g. by having an early menarche and late menopause or by having no full-term pregnancies).[7]
  • age: increasing age increases the risk that at some point in her life a woman will contract breast cancer, rising from 1 in 231 (0.5% risk) aged under 40 to 1 in 7 at age 90. [8]

Ways of reducing the risk

Having children reduces the risk of breast cancer. If a woman breastfeeds her babies she greatly reduces her risk of breast cancer. [9] [10]

Maintaining a healthy weight and a healthy diet reduces the risk.[11] [12]

Breast self-examination carried out every month, ideally one week after beginning a menstrual period, is a common-sense measure to aid early detection of suspicious changes. [13] For women over the age of 40, mammogram screenings are another measure that can detect cancer earlier, when it is easier to treat. However, not all medical authorities agree on whether there is any benefit from having annual mammograms below the age of 50. [14]

References

  1. ↑ http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/malebreast/healthprofessional
  2. ↑ "... childbearing before the age of 35 reduces a woman's breast cancer risk and breast-feeding also helps, said the new study's lead author Karin Michels of Harvard Medical School" [1]
  3. ↑ http://unisci.com/stories/20021/0104023.htm
  4. ↑ http://society.guardian.co.uk/cancer/story/0,,686105,00.html
  5. ↑ The increase in risk of breast cancer due to abortion is explained and supported with numerous citations in our abortion entry.
  6. ↑ http://www.breastcancer.org/cmn_who_indrisk.html
  7. ↑ http://www.breastcancer.org/cmn_who_indrisk.html
  8. ↑ http://www.breastcancer.org/cmn_who_indrisk.html
  9. ↑ http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn2570
  10. ↑ http://society.guardian.co.uk/cancer/story/0,8150,757869,00.html
  11. ↑ http://society.guardian.co.uk/cancer/story/0,,686105,00.html
  12. ↑ http://unisci.com/stories/20021/0104023.htm
  13. ↑ http://www.kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/girls/bse.html
  14. ↑ http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/women/9909/27/bcam.mammography/

See Also

External links

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