Difference between revisions of "European atheism and intelligence"

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== Notes ==
 
== Notes ==

Revision as of 07:02, March 17, 2017

In 2014, the Pew Research Forum indicated that Europe will go from 11% of the world's population to 7% of the world's population by 2050.[1]

From a global perspective, Europe is more secular/atheistic than the rest of the world although it does have a considerable amount of religious immigrants who have higher birth rates (see: Secular Europe and Atheist population and Global atheism).

The current atheist population mostly resides in East Asia (particularly China) and in secular Europe/Australia among whites.[2] See: Asian atheism and Western atheism and race

According to a poll measuring religious identification in the European Union in 2012 by Eurobarometer, 16% identify as non-religious/agnostic and 7% of EU citizens identify as atheists.[3][4]

The 2010 eurobarometer poll found that on total average, of the EU27 population, 51% "believe in a God", 26% believe in "some sort of spirit or life force" and 20% had neither of these forms of belief.[5]

As briefly mentioned above, Europe is presently experiencing desecularization forces through: religious immigrants who have higher fertility rates than moderately religious and the sub-replacement level of fertility of the irreligious in many European countries. This trend is expected to continue and the secular population is projected to plateau by 2050, or as early as 2021 (see also: European desecularization in the 21st century and Growth of global desecularization).[6]

IQ scores for various Irreligious European countries

  • UK: National IQ is 100.[7]

Higher intelligence in some East Asia coutnries compared to secular Europe

See: Asian atheism and intelligence

Degree of irreligion for some of the most irreligious countries of Europe

Sweden is one of the most atheistic countries in the world.[8] Sweden's national IQ is 99.[7]

Sweden is one of the most atheistic countries in the world and in secular Europe. The website adherents.com reported that in 2005 46 - 85% of Swedes were agnostics/atheists/non-believers in God.[9] Sweden also has the 3rd highest rate of belief in evolution as far as Western World nations.[10]

Denmark has the highest rate of belief in evolution in the Western World.[11] In addition, in 2005 Denmark was ranked the third most atheistic country in the world and the website adherents.com reported that in 2005 43 - 80% of Danes are agnostics/atheists/non-believers in God.[12]

Estonia is one of the least religious areas in the world. Merely 14% of the population declared religion an important part of their daily lives.[13]

From a historical perspective, the Czechs have been characterised as "tolerant and even indifferent towards religion".[14] According to the 2011 census, 34.2% of the Czech population declared they had no religion, 10.3% was Roman Catholic and 10.2% followed other forms of religion both denominational and nondenominational. Furthermore, 45.2% of the population did not answer the question about religion.[15] From 1991 to 2001 and further to 2011 the adherence to Roman Catholicism decreased from 39.0% to 26.8% and then subsequently to 10.3%.[16]

A Eurobarometer poll in 2010 reported that 37% of UK citizens "believed there is a God", 33% believe there is "some sort of spirit or life force" and 25% answered "I don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force".[17] See also: British atheism

France was ranked the 8th most atheistic country in the world in 2005.[18] France has the 4th highest rate of belief in evolution in the Western World.[19]

Germany is one of the most atheistic countries in the world and the website adherents.com reports that 41-49% of Germans are agnostics/atheists/non-believers in God.[20]

Finland was ranked the 7th most atheistic country in the world in 2005.[21] Finland has the 17th highest rate of belief in evolution in the Western World.[22]

In 2005, the Netherlands was ranked the 13th most atheistic country in the world and the website adherents.com reports that in 2005 39 - 44%% of the Dutch were agnostics/atheists/non-believers in God.[23] The Netherlands also has the 11th highest rate of belief in evolution as far as Western World nations.[24]

Recent intelligence trends in secular Europe/Australia and the religious United States

Sweden is one of the most atheistic countries in the world.[25] In Sweden, phenotypic intelligence is now declining.[26]

See also: Intelligence trends in religious countries and secular countries

To a certain extent intelligence is heritable and the link between higher IQ individuals having fewer kids is known as dysgenic fertility.[27]

Michael Blume, a researcher at the University of Jena in Germany, wrote about the sub-replacement level of fertility among atheistic populations: "Most societies or communities that have espoused atheistic beliefs have not survived more than a century."[28] Blume also indicated concerning concerning his research on this matter: "What I found was the complete lack of a single case of a secular population, community or movement that would just manage to retain replacement level."[29] See also: Atheism and fertility rates and Atheism and sexuality

Professor Eric Kaufmann's academic work and his book Shall the Religious Inherit the Earth? argue using a wealth of demographic data that due to the higher birth rates of religious conservatives (and the below replacement level of the irreligious) and religious immigration to the Western World, atheism/secularism will decline in the Western World as early as 2021 or by 2050.[30][31][32][33]

In his paper, The Rise and Fall of the World's IQ, Thomas Hally wrote:

“ In many areas phenotypic intelligence has been increasing (the Flynn Effect) while genotypic intelligence is decreasing due to the negative association between intelligence and that which is known as ³dysgenic fertility´. Gains of as much as 7.5 IQ points in phenotypic intelligence are much greater than the 0.43 IQ points per generation in the world-wide genotypic IQ that had been estimated for the period 1950-2000. The situation in the industrially developed world appears to follow the lead of the United States and a handful of other developed nations in so far as the phenotypic IQ has been increasing at a greater rate as a result of environmental improvements.

In Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Great Britain and Australia phenotypic intelligence has stabilized and is now declining.[34]

”
In godless Denmark, phenotypic intelligence is now declining.[35]

In 2012, it was reported that Norway was the eighth most godless country on earth.[36]

Sweden is one of the most atheistic countries in the world and the website adherents.com reported that in 2005 46 - 85% of Swedes were agnostics/atheists/non-believers in God.[37] In 2012, it was reported to be the 4rth most godless place on earth.[38] Sweden also has the 3rd highest rate of belief in evolution as far as Western World nations.[39] See also: Sexual immorality and Sweden

Denmark has the highest rate of belief in evolution in the Western World.[40] In addition, in 2005 Denmark was ranked the third most atheistic country in the world and the website adherents.com reported that in 2005 43 - 80% of Danes are agnostics/atheists/non-believers in God.[41]

According to Rabbi Shmuley Boteach and an article on Belief.net, Britain (which was the fountainhead of Darwinism) has become one of the most godless places on earth.[42] In 2012, Great Britain was reported to be the sixth most godless country on earth.[43]

Post World War II, Australia has become a highly secularized country.[44]

Secular Europe, culture and intelligence

See also: Atheism and culture

In atheistic Sweden, 81 percent of women said they had been harassed at some point after the age of 15 - compared to the EU average of 55 percent.[45] See: Irreligion and domestic violence

Children in dysfunctional homes/communities and/or homes/communities with financial problems often perform lower on intelligence tests as a result.[46][47]

Secular Europe and various matters of societal dysfunction:

Europe is an economically developed region with growing long term economic problems as can be see by the articles below:

Atheism, theism and culture

As far as a comparison between atheistic/theistic homes/individuals, see:

For more information, including how economic/societal deterioration is lowering intelligence scores in some secular countries, please see: Intelligence trends in religious countries and secular countries

Secular European countries, religious immigration and IQ

Developed countries with greater wealth, better educational systems and nutrition often have a cultural heritage of Christianity and often have significant Christian populations within them.[48][49]

Formerly Christian countries which have become secularized very often have sub-replacement fertility rates and policies which encourage immigration (and as noted above, many of these immigrants are religious). See also: Desecularization of secular Europe in the 21st century and Growth of evangelical Protestantism in Europe

Immigrant group's IQ can rise if there is economic opportunity

As far as immigrants, IQs differ by country which is not surprising since poverty and its attendant maladies such as poor nutrition lowers a nation's IQ. In short, factors such as greater wealth with its attendant better quality of education/health/nutrition help increase IQ scores.[50]

However, if there is economic opportunity for immigrants from poor countries, an immigrant group's IQ rises and can even surpass the native population's IQ depending on their ambition/discipline level since wealth and higher IQs is highly correlated (Thomas J. Stanley, Ph.D. points out that it is often a person's work ethic and frugality that leads to wealth more than a person's intelligence.[51] In addition, the social scientists Andrea L. Duckworth and Martin Seligman found that higher degrees of self-discipline better predict higher academic grades than IQ scores do among adolescents.[52]).

For example, Ron Untz wrote:

“ Perhaps the strongest evidence supporting this cultural rather than genetic hypothesis comes from the northwestern corner of Europe, namely Celtic Ireland. When the early waves of Catholic Irish immigrants reached America near the middle of the 19th century, they were widely seen as particularly ignorant and uncouth and aroused much hostility from commentators of the era, some of whom suggested that they might be innately deficient in both character and intelligence. But they advanced economically at a reasonable pace, and within less than a century had become wealthier and better educated than the average white American, including those of “old stock” ancestry. The evidence today is that the tested IQ of the typical Irish-American—to the extent it can be distinguished—is somewhat above the national white American average of around 100 and also above that of most German-Americans, who arrived around the same time.[53] ”

In addition, often immigrants are more entrepreneurial which can provide an economic boost to countries which will help boost their national IQ scores. In 2012, The Economist magazine pointed out that one of the significant factors for secular Europe's economic malaise is a chronic failure to encourage entrepreneurial activity.[54] Historically, atheists have often tilted to left in their politics and as a result socialism/communism has often been prevalent in atheistic countries rather than free market capitalism which encourages entrepreneurship (see: Atheism and politics and Atheism and communism).

Protestant work ethic, European immigrants, wealth and IQ

On July 12, 2012, the Christian Science Monitor reported:

“ French scholars say, evangelicalism is likely the fastest-growing religion in France – defying all stereotypes about Europe’s most secular nation...

Daniel Liechti, vice-president of the French National Evangelical Council, found that since 1970, a new evangelical church has opened in France every 10 days. The number of churches increased from 769 to 2,068 last year.[55]

”

As noted above, in terms of economic development, biblical Christianity has historically had a positive affect on countries.[56] Also, as mentioned above, Harvard University historian Niall Ferguson declared: "Through a mixture of hard work and thrift the Protestant societies of the North and West Atlantic achieved the most rapid economic growth in history." (See: Protestant work ethic and capitalism and Protestant cultural legacies).[57] European countries with a cultural heritage of Protestantism are often economically prosperous and have among the highest IQs in Europe (Yet, as noted above as they have become secularized some of the countries IQs are falling due to "dysgenic fertility").[58]

Accordingly, evangelical Christians from Africa and other countries could prove to be an economic long-term benefit to France/Europe and higher wealth is associated with higher IQs. Global Christianity, particularly conservative Christianity, is seeing a significant amount of growth in the world today which certainly could affect future European immigration.

Immigrant groups, IQ and discrimination/poor assimilation

On the other hand, as far as immigrants immigrating into a more prosperous country, if there is widespread discrimination against an immigrant group and/or poor assimilation, the immigrant's group IQ will not see as big a jump due to the slower economic progress of the immigrant group.

The London School of Economics and Political Science reported:

“ There is growing concern in France that Muslim immigrants from North Africa are poorly integrated into French society, often due to discrimination. But are they discriminated against because of their religion, or because of their national or ethnic origins? Claire Adida, David Laitin and Marie-Anne Valfort address this very issue, and find that Muslims face significantly higher levels of discrimination from rooted French (defined as French nationals with four grandparents born in metropolitan France) than do their Christian counterparts, and that the dynamics leading to such discrimination are likely to endure.[59] ”

In France, Britain, Sweden and other European countries, Muslims have often not assimilated well into countries and Muslim riots have ensued.[60][61][62][63] Islamic cultures are very different from cultures which have been influenced by Christiannity. For example, Muslim countries are often less democratic and frequently have significant corruption issues (NGO Transparency International's annual index finds Muslim-majority countries are 8 of 10 most corrupt nations[64]).

Corruption often depletes a countries wealth so many Muslim nations which lack natural resources such as Middle Eastern oil, have many poor citizens.[65][66]

In 2013, LiveLeak reported about Muslim economic performance:

“ The combined annual GDP of 57 Muslim countries remains under $2 trillion. America, just by herself, produces goods and services worth $10.4 trillion; China $5.7 trillion, Japan $3.5 trillion and Germany $2.1 trillion. Even India’s GDP is estimated at over $3 trillion (purchasing power parity basis).

Oil rich Saudi Arabia, U.A.E., Kuwait and Qatar collectively produce goods and services (mostly oil) worth $430 billion; Netherlands alone has a higher annual GDP while Buddhist Thailand produces goods and services worth $429 billion.

Muslims are 22 percent of the world population and produce less than five percent of global GDP.[67]

”

And since poverty is related to lower IQs, poor Muslim countries have lower national IQ scores than Western World countries.[68]

Another reason for culture clash among seculars/atheists and Muslims is that both groups have a history of intolerance and/or militancy (see: Militant atheism and Atheism and anger Suppression of alternatives to evolution and Atheism and Mass Murder and Islam and War), so a certain amount societal friction is a natural result. The atheist Pat Condell is among the most vociferous anti-Muslim video makers on YouTube. However, since atheists are often leftists and multiculturism is a part of leftism, many atheists decry anti-Muslim discrimination (The multiculturism of atheists frequently does not extend to Christian culture. In such cases, atheist tolerance of Muslims may be in some cases an example of "the enemy of my enemy is my friend"). In many Muslim countries, atheists often face severe punishments.[69]

New Atheists and accusations of Islamophobia

The New Atheists Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris and the late Christopher Hitchens have received multiple accusations of engaging in Islamophobic behavior.[70] On the other hand, defenders of atheist criticisms of Islam/Muslims indicated that New Atheists should be able to criticize Islam without being accused of Islamophobia.[71]

Future of immigration to Europe uncertain

The future of immigration to Europe is difficult to determine. Should Europe's economic condition worsen in the future it will be less attractive to immigrants and anti-immigration politics could heighten due to increased competition for scarcer job opportunities. In addition, anti-Muslim sentiments in Europe appear to be rising so the proportion of immigration from Muslim countries could be affected due to politicians catering to anti-Muslim public sentiments.

Secular Europe, alcoholism and brain impairment

See also: Secular Europe and alcoholism and Secular Europe and obesity and Secular Europe

According to the World Health Organization's (WHO) regional office in Europe, "The WHO European Region has the highest proportion in the world of total ill health and premature death due to alcohol.[72]

According to the World Health Organization's (WHO) regional office in Europe:

“ The WHO European Region has the highest proportion in the world of total ill health and premature death due to alcohol.

A country’s total per capita alcohol consumption is closely related to its prevalence of alcohol-related harm and alcohol dependence. This high level of harm hides enormous alcohol-related health inequalities between eastern and western Europe, particularly for injury deaths.

Both the volume of lifetime alcohol use and a combination of frequency of drinking and amount drunk per occasion increase the risk of health and social harm, largely in a dose-dependent manner.

The risk of death from a chronic alcohol-related condition is found to increase linearly from zero consumption in a dose–response manner with the volume of alcohol consumed.

At a societal level, the European Union is the heaviest-drinking region in the world, with over one fifth of the European population aged 15 years and above reporting heavy episodic drinking (five or more drinks on an occasion, or 60g alcohol) at least once a week. Heavy episodic drinking is widespread across all ages and all of Europe, and not only among young people or those from northern Europe.[73]

”

Atheism, alcoholism, binge drinking and brain damage

See also: Atheism and the brain and Atheism and intelligence

Alcoholism causes cognitive impairment.[74]

A 2012 study suggests that a habit of binge drink risks serious brain damage including increasing memory loss later in adulthood.[75][76]

Currently, there is a downward trend in intelligence scores in secular countries (see: Intelligence trends in religious countries and secular countries).

Atheism, obesity, secular countries and falling rates of intelligence

In May 2014, the British paper The Mirror reported that according to the British medical journal Lancet, British girls are the most overweight girls in Western Europe.[77] In Britain, which is a country less religious than many countries, phenotypic intelligence is now declining.[78][79] See: Intelligence trends in secular countries

See also: Atheism and obesity and Atheism, obesity, secular countries and falling rates of intelligence

Obesity is a significant problem in many atheistic/irreligious countries such as the countries in secular Europe (see: Secular Europe and obesity and China and obesity).

In the journal article Religion, self-regulation, and self-control: Associations, explanations, and implications, psychologists McCullough and Willoughby theorize that many of the positive links of religiousness with health and social behavior may be caused by religion's beneficial influences on self-control/self-regulation.[80][81] Furthermore, a 2012 Queen's University study published in Psychological Science found that religion replenishes self-control.[82][83] Also, numerous studies indicate that those who engage in regular spiritual practices have lower mortality rates.[84][85]

According to the Gallup Inc., "Very religious Americans are more likely to practice healthy behaviors than those who are moderately religious or nonreligious."[86]

For more information, please see: Atheism and obesity

Medical science studies indicate that excess weight impairs brain function (see also: Health effects of obesity and Obesity and its negative impact on intelligence)[87]

According to the World Health Organization:

“ Obesity is one of the greatest public health challenges of the 21st century. Its prevalence has tripled in many countries of the WHO European Region since the 1980s, and the numbers of those affected continue to rise at an alarming rate.[88] ”

To a certain extent intelligence is heritable and the link between higher IQ individuals having fewer kids is known as dysgenic fertility.[89]

In his paper, The Rise and Fall of the World's IQ, Thomas Hally wrote:

“ In many areas phenotypic intelligence has been increasing (the Flynn Effect) while genotypic intelligence is decreasing due to the negative association between intelligence and that which is known as ³dysgenic fertility´. Gains of as much as 7.5 IQ points in phenotypic intelligence are much greater than the 0.43 IQ points per generation in the world-wide genotypic IQ that had been estimated for the period 1950-2000. The situation in the industrially developed world appears to follow the lead of the United States and a handful of other developed nations in so far as the phenotypic IQ has been increasing at a greater rate as a result of environmental improvements.

In Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Great Britain and Australia phenotypic intelligence has stabilized and now is declining.[90]

”
In godless Denmark, phenotypic intelligence is now declining.[91]

In 2012, it was reported that Norway was the eighth most godless country on earth.[92]

Sweden is one of the most atheistic countries in the world and the website adherents.com reported that in 2005 46 - 85% of Swedes were agnostics/atheists/non-believers in God.[93] In 2012, it was reported to be the 4rth most godless place on earth.[94] Sweden also has the 3rd highest rate of belief in evolution as far as Western World nations.[95] See also: Sexual immorality and Sweden

Denmark has the highest rate of belief in evolution in the Western World.[96] In addition, in 2005 Denmark was ranked the third most atheistic country in the world and the website adherents.com reported that in 2005 43 - 80% of Danes are agnostics/atheists/non-believers in God.[97]

According to Rabbi Shmuley Boteach and an article on Belief.net, Britain (which was the fountainhead of Darwinism) has become one of the most godless places on earth.[98] In 2012, Great Britain was reported to be the sixth most godless country on earth.[99]

Post World War II, Australia has become a highly secularized country.[100]

Obesity and its negative impact on intelligence

See also: Obesity and its negative impact on intelligence

On October 15, 2006, The Telegraph reported in an article entitled The greater your weight, the lower your IQ, say scientists:

“ It is bad for your blood pressure, knocks years off your life and is a strain on your heart. Now scientists have discovered that gaining weight lowers your intelligence.

The findings follow last week's government figures that show Britain as the "fat man" of Europe, with nearly a quarter of adults and more than 14 per cent of children under 16 classified as obese.

The new five-year study of more than 2,200 adults claims to have found a link between obesity and the decline in a person's cognitive function. The research, conducted by French scientists, which is published in this month's Neurology journal, involved men and women aged between 32 and 62 taking four mental ability tests that were then repeated five years later.

The researchers found that people with a Body Mass Index – a measure of body fat – of 20 or less could recall 56 per cent of words in a vocabulary test, while those who were obese, with a BMI of 30 or higher, could remember only 44 per cent.[101]

”

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 10 projections for the global population in 2050 By Rakesh Kochhar, Pew Research Forum, February 3, 2014
  2. ↑ A surprising map of where the world’s atheists live, By Max Fisher and Caitlin Dewey, Washington Post, May 23, 2013
  3. ↑ Cultur de Europa
  4. ↑ Discrimination in the EU in 2012" (PDF), Special Eurobarometer, 383 (European Union: European Commission), p. 233, 2012, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-12-02, retrieved 14 August 2013 The question asked was "Do you consider yourself to be...?" With a card showing: Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Other Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu, Atheist, and Non-believer/Agnostic. Space was given for Other (SPONTANEOUS) and DK. Jewish, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu did not reach the 1% threshold.
  5. ↑ "Special Eurobarometer, biotechnology, page 204" (PDF). Fieldwork: Jan-Feb 2010.
  6. ↑ Shall the Religious Inherit the Earth?: Demography and Politics in the Twenty-First Century by Eric Kaufmann
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 WORLD RANKING OF COUNTRIES BY THEIR AVERAGE
  8. ↑ Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics(Zuckerman, 2005)
  9. ↑ Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics(Zuckerman, 2005)
  10. ↑ Photo: Evolution Less Accepted in U.S. Than Other Western Countries, Study Finds
  11. ↑ Photo: Evolution Less Accepted in U.S. Than Other Western Countries, Study Finds
  12. ↑ Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics(Zuckerman, 2005)
  13. ↑ Estonians least religious in the world. EU Observer (11 February 2009). Retrieved on 9 January 2014.
  14. ↑ Richard Felix Staar, Communist regimes in Eastern Europe, Issue 269, p. 90
  15. ↑ Richard Felix Staar, Communist regimes in Eastern Europe, Issue 269, p. 90
  16. ↑ Population by denomination and sex: as measured by 1921, 1930, 1950, 1991 and 2001 censuses (Czech and English). Czech Statistical Office. Retrieved on 2010-03-09.
  17. ↑ Special Eurobarometer, biotechnology, p. 204". Fieldwork: Jan-Feb 2010.
  18. ↑ Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics(Zuckerman, 2005)
  19. ↑ Photo: Evolution Less Accepted in U.S. Than Other Western Countries, Study Finds
  20. ↑ Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics(Zuckerman, 2005)
  21. ↑ Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics(Zuckerman, 2005)
  22. ↑ Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics(Zuckerman, 2005)
  23. ↑ Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics(Zuckerman, 2005)
  24. ↑ Photo: Evolution Less Accepted in U.S. Than Other Western Countries, Study Finds
  25. ↑ Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics(Zuckerman, 2005)
  26. ↑ The Rise and Fall of the World's IQ by Thomas Hally
  27. ↑ How the world's IQ is in decline July 31, 2010
  28. ↑ Atheist: A dying breed as nature favours faithful
  29. ↑ Atheist: A dying breed as nature favours faithful
  30. ↑ Shall the Religious Inherit the Earth?: Demography and Politics in the Twenty-First Century by Eric Kaufmann, Belfer Center, Harvard University/Birkbeck College, University of London
  31. ↑ Eric Kaufmann: Shall The Religious Inherit The Earth?
  32. ↑ Eric Kaufmann's Atheist Demographic series
  33. ↑ Eric Kaufmann: Shall the Religious Inherit the Earth?, Australian Broadcasting Corporation
  34. ↑ The Rise and Fall of the World's IQ by Thomas Hally
  35. ↑ The Rise and Fall of the World's IQ by Thomas Hally
  36. ↑ What’s the Most Godless Place on Earth? by Hemant Mehta, May 14, 2012
  37. ↑ Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics(Zuckerman, 2005)
  38. ↑ What’s the Most Godless Place on Earth? by Hemant Mehta, May 14, 2012
  39. ↑ Photo: Evolution Less Accepted in U.S. Than Other Western Countries, Study Finds
  40. ↑ Photo: Evolution Less Accepted in U.S. Than Other Western Countries, Study Finds
  41. ↑ Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics(Zuckerman, 2005)
  42. ↑ HAS GODLESSNESS TRULY ‘DOOMED’ GREAT BRITAIN? by Hallowell”Billy Hallowell
  43. ↑ What’s the Most Godless Place on Earth? by Hemant Mehta, May 14, 2012
  44. ↑ Buttrose, Larry. Buttrose, Larry. Sport, grog and godliness, The Australian. Retrieved on 11 September 2009
  45. ↑ Sweden stands out in domestic violence study Published: 05 Mar 2014 08:3
  46. ↑ Studies Link Childhood Abuse to Adult Social Dysfunction : Research: Neglect is tied to lower IQs and misuse of drugs, alcohol. Results also dispel notions related to temperament and prostitution. February 17, 1991|THOMAS H. MAUGH II | TIMES SCIENCE WRITER
  47. ↑ Received wisdom: Average IQ is falling in Britain and beyond, explains Philip Hunter by Philip Hunt, March 21, 2012, Published in April 2012 issue of Prospect Magazine
  48. ↑ Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Christian Population, Pew Forum, December 10, 2011
  49. ↑ These Were Christian Nations
  50. ↑ Received wisdom: Average IQ is falling in Britain and beyond, explains Philip Hunter by Philip Hunt, March 21, 2012, Published in April 2012 issue of Prospect Magazine
  51. ↑ The Millionaire Mind by Thomas J. Stanley, Ph.D.
  52. ↑ Self-Discipline Outdoes IQ in Predicting Academic Performance of Adolescents, Andrea L. Duckworth and Martin Seligman, Positive Psychology Center, University of Pennsylvania
  53. ↑ [http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/race-iq-and-wealth/ Race, IQ, and Wealth What the facts tell us about a taboo subject] By Ron Unz • July 18, 2012
  54. ↑ Les misérables
  55. ↑ In a France suspicious of religion, evangelicalism's message strikes a chord
  56. ↑ Random House, New York, 2005] by Lael Weinberger
  57. ↑ The Protestant Work Ethic: Alive & Well…In China By Hugh Whelchel on September 24, 2012
  58. ↑ IQs of countries
  59. ↑ Muslim immigrants have come to expect discrimination in France because of their religion, and this is unlikely to change
  60. ↑ Muslim riots in Britain
  61. ↑ Muslim riots in France
  62. ↑ 'Youth rioting' in Sweden? It's the Muslims, stupid
  63. ↑ Muslim Protestor in Europe
  64. ↑ Index: 8 Muslim-Majority Nations Among 10 Most Corrupt
  65. ↑ Effect of corruption on a country, Transparency International
  66. ↑ Muslims are the world’s poorest, weakest and illiterate
  67. ↑ Muslims are the world’s poorest, weakest and illiterate
  68. ↑ National IQs
  69. ↑ The Cost of Unbelief, The Economist
  70. ↑
  71. ↑ New Atheism should be able to criticise Islam without being accused of Islamophobia by Andrew Zak Williams, New Statesman, Published 19 April 2013
  72. ↑ World Health Organization's (WHO) regional office in Europe- Alcohol usage of Europe
  73. ↑ World Health Organization's (WHO) regional office in Europe- Alcohol usage of Europe
  74. ↑ Cognitive impairment in alcoholism by Ilia Theotoka, Annals of General Psychiatry
  75. ↑ http://alcoholism.about.com/cs/binge/a/aa000818a.htm
  76. ↑ http://www.scripps.edu/newsandviews/e_20121022/koob.html
  77. ↑ British girls are FATTEST in western Europe claims alarming new research by The Lancet, Mirror, Ben Burrows, May 29, 2014 10:52
  78. ↑ The Rise and Fall of the World's IQ by Thomas Hally
  79. ↑ What’s the Most Godless Place on Earth? by Hemant Mehta, May 14, 2012
  80. ↑ Religion, Self-Regulation, and Self-Control: Associations, Explanations, and Implications
  81. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19210054
  82. ↑ Religion Replenishes Self-Control, Psychological Science, June 2012 vol. 23 no. 6 635-642, Kevin Rounding, Albert Lee, Jill A. Jacobson and Li-Jun Ji at Queen’s University
  83. ↑ Study finds religion helps us gain self-control
  84. ↑ Religious involvement and mortality: a meta-analytic review. McCullough ME, Hoyt WT, Larson DB, Koenig HG, Thoresen C., Health Psychol. 2000 May;19(3):211-22.
  85. ↑ The role of spirituality in health care, roc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2001 October; 14(4): 352–357.
  86. ↑ http://www.gallup.com/poll/145379/Religious-Americans-Lead-Healthier-Lives.aspx
  87. ↑
  88. ↑ World Health Organization - Obesity in Europe
  89. ↑ How the world's IQ is in decline July 31, 2010
  90. ↑ The Rise and Fall of the World's IQ by Thomas Hally
  91. ↑ The Rise and Fall of the World's IQ by Thomas Hally
  92. ↑ What’s the Most Godless Place on Earth? by Hemant Mehta, May 14, 2012
  93. ↑ Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics(Zuckerman, 2005)
  94. ↑ What’s the Most Godless Place on Earth? by Hemant Mehta, May 14, 2012
  95. ↑ Photo: Evolution Less Accepted in U.S. Than Other Western Countries, Study Finds
  96. ↑ Photo: Evolution Less Accepted in U.S. Than Other Western Countries, Study Finds
  97. ↑ Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics(Zuckerman, 2005)
  98. ↑ HAS GODLESSNESS TRULY ‘DOOMED’ GREAT BRITAIN? by Hallowell”Billy Hallowell
  99. ↑ What’s the Most Godless Place on Earth? by Hemant Mehta, May 14, 2012
  100. ↑ Buttrose, Larry. Buttrose, Larry. Sport, grog and godliness, The Australian. Retrieved on 11 September 2009
  101. ↑ The greater your weight, the lower your IQ, say scientists, By Nina Goswami, The Telegraph, 12:01AM BST 15 Oct 2006
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