Falastin
Falastin, sometimes transliterated Filastin, (Arabic: فلسطين) periodical (1911-1967) was an Arabic-language newspaper. Founded in 1911 in Jaffa, then called Palestine, moved to area under Jordanian control in 1948.
Falastin began as a weekly publication, evolving into one of the most influential dailies in Ottoman and Mandatory Palestine.
Founded by the Arab cousins El-Issa in 1911. (Though the principle two cousins founders were Arab Christians, it took on an Islamist propaganda such as about the Temple Mount / Western Wall and beyond. It's important to bear in mind, many Arabs were heavily influenced by the surrounding [dominant] Islamic culture. For example, in 1937, Arab-Christians joined the Arab-Muslims in celebrating, Muhammad's birthday by displaying pictures of Hitler & Mussolini.[1] Such was the case with Nazism admirer Michel Aflaq[2] one of the founders of the Ba'ath. In addition, the masses the Falastin catered to were more of the Islamic faith, being Palestine's overall most prominent newspaper moreso in the 1920s. It followed the line by Islamic figure the Mufti al-Husseini and propagated for him). In 1928, despite Zionists conciliatory tone, the Arab press, such as the "Falastin, an extremist pro-Mufti newspaper,"[3] went as far as deny Jews' right to Jerusalem's holy place.
It was mouthpiece for the Mufti. Especially 1920s-1930s.[4][5][6] And even controlled by him. At least as seen already in 1929,[7] this Supreme Muslim Council offered journalist inducements, including women, if he would take the Mufti’s side and color the news according to his personal views and ambitions.[8]
Contents
1913-4: racism
An Islamist, Sheikh Suleiman al-Taji al-Faruqi [سليمان التاجي] (1882 - 1958), (called by some "the Maari of Palestine" [معري فلسطين]) was a member of the Ottoman Patriotic Party in Jaffa, had contributed to the written exchange with the Jews over land he owned in the area of Tel Aviv.
At the end of August 1913, al-Taji addressed an open letter to the mutasarrif and the prosecutor general in Jerusalem, which was published in Filastin under the banner "Freedom or Slavery: Justice or Tyranny?" He warned that the Jews had almost "conquered" Palestine, and that Jewish settlers near Zarnuqa despised the village and had waited for an opportunity to destroy it, which, in the event, was provided by nothing more than a dispute over a bunch of grapes on the vineyard.
In October 1913, Taji addressed another open letter to the mutasarrif that was distributed in the form of a leaflet, and in November he published a vile poem, entitled "the Zionist danger" in Filastin. In his poem, he combined Islamic motifs from the Qur'an and hadith to support his nationalist view, as well as tapping into classic European anti-Semitic tropes.[9][10][11][12][13]
It is such racist pieces that caused the Ottoman authorities to ban it.
In 1914-15, periodical 'Falastin' was banned for its anti-Jewish racism, hatred by Ottoman authorities.[14][15]
[In this inciting rhetoric by Arab personalities - atmosphere, and the Jaffa governor described as "irredeemably hostile to non-Turkish minorities,"[16] the Turks with Beduin police, in December 1914 expelled violently some 6,000 European Jews to Egypt.[17][18] Then again in 2017, it was only ceased after pressure by Henry Morgenthau and Germany after Jews protest].
Related on al-Taji al-Faruqi
He attended the Dec 4, 1920, "Palestine Arab Congress."[19]
In 1932, al-Taji al-Faruqi founded the al-Jami'a al-Islamiyya - [ [الجامعة الاسلامي Newspaper.[20]
In Jan 1935 [21]
Author in 1938:[22]The Germans in the country in Hitler's chariot
Germans and Arabs welcome "Heil Hitler"
The Arab newspapers report that in German circles in the country, joy was felt yesterday about the results of the referendum in the Saar district [Saarland]. The German churches in Jaffa rang the bells. The Wagner factory in Jaffa closed on Tuesday, as a holiday, and the workers received their wages. Arabs who met German friends greeted each other with the greeting "Heil Hitler."
"When will the dear Palestine return to the lap of the 'Arab nation'? - Al-Farouqi asks to know in a main article, regarding the results of the referendum in the Saar, in al-Islamiyya [الاسلامية]:
The Arab expresses joy at the results of the referendum, as "the German people were oppressed and oppressed. Now we must rejoice that the oppressor has passed."
El Jamiyah Arabiyah (al-Mar'ah al - Arabiyah?) snarls that "the English can stand the pride and impudence of the Jews, but the Arabs know what kind of vermin[sic] the J.. are and will know how to silence them." Another ready example is the editorial in Islamia on October 4, 1936, appealing to foreign Arabs not to confine themselves to mere boycott of Jews but to drink their blood. It may be seen again in the inflammatory circulars systematically scattered in Jerusalem, reading: "Kill the J..s until not one of them remains. Gird yourselves and satiate your souls that thirst for blood, souls that cannot be sated but with the blood of the . . . alien and loathsome J.."
He is revered in PA schoolbooks.[23]
1920s: violence
Overview:[14]
The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem
In 1914, the periodical Falastin – with its extremist Arab nationalist slant - was abolished by the Ottoman authorities because of its racist hate propaganda. The periodical had agitated against the immigration of Jewish refugees from Russia.
In the Twenties, the publication reappeared and led campaigns against Jewish immigration.
As a result of anti-Jewish propaganda and terror, the British government took measures between the Twenties and the Forties to restrict Jewish immigration to Palestine.
In 1921, an extremist, pan-Arab nationalist, Haji Amin al-Huseini, was appointed Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, a religious leader.
Three weeks after his appointment, he led a pogrom in which forty-three Jews were murdered.
From the beginning of the Second World War the Mufti led a rebellion of Iraqis, Syrians and Lebanese with support from Nazi Germany against the Allied Forces.
In April 1921, the British gave permission for the periodical to be reinstrated.[14] It caused great anxiety. It was weeks before the May-1921 riots.
Historian Kedourie:[15]
Two other incidents in April added to Yishuv anxiety. In Jaffa, citrus-owner. Samuel Tolkowsky complained that Government permission for the reappearance of Falastin, which had been closed down by the Turks for incitement to race-hatred in April 1914, could only be a source of discouragement to 'moderate' Arabs and an official invitation to 'extremists'.
Highlighted violent Arab anti-Jewish attacks incited by Haj Amin al-Husseini were 1920-21, and the 1929 Hebron massacre.[24] Most of those victims were non-Zionist ultra-orthodox pious Jews.[25][26]
1930s: fascism & Hitler
On Feb 26, 1930 it spoke of a supposed "the J.... conspiracy against nations."[27]
As early as 1932:[28]
In February 1932 the newspaper Falastin published an extensive article about Adolf Hitler; The thrilled writer enthusiastically and admiringly described the personality of Hitler, whom he called one of the greats of the New World or the "Iron Man of Germany."April 4, 1933, Falastin praises Hitler:[29]
Filastin expressed appreciation for Nazi leader Adolf Hitler and compared him to Palestinian leaders, saying: Hitler, who has proven himself a remarkable [sic] leader striving to redeem his people, did not rely on personal or family influence or on social, scientific and economic status.
He based his acts on the sincerity of his mission, while in Palestine the leaders are corrupt, liars, robbers, servants of the Mandate government, who prefer this government to the homeland and to the future of its sons.
In May, 1933, the Falastin ran a vile editorial against the Jews, glorifying Hitler dragging the debunked old "Protocols" into it too.[30]
[Once in a while, Falastin, for practical and appeasing the Brits, especially in face of threats of censoring it, it proclaimed a supposed "pro Allied" piece (as in June 1934) stating that Arabs were anti Zionists before Nazism, diminishes not the factor: the paper’s overall underline, Hitler glorification. Just over a year prior to this weak reply, Falastin wrote (May/1933): "Noble Hitler," justifying his persecution of the Jews. It also dragged into its piece, the favorite Nazi tool, the fake "Protocols." Well, of course Hitler admiration derived from anti-Jewish bigotry. That is the entire point. Despite Arab-anti-Semitism-apologist Achcar's pathetically celebratory quoting this "reply" to criticism, by Falastin, which proves nothing, as its main "exhibit" - knows fully well he can not wash Falastin's Nazism away. Though, Istiqlal's al-Difa'a was worse and more openly so].
In March 1934, Arab Palestinian newspapers criticized procession in Tel Aviv. The Falastin especially came out in defense of Hitler who was mocked at the Adloyada procession.[31]
A reader wrote in the July 1, 1934 issue of Falastin:
"Hitler was liked by the Arabs, the Orientals, because that is the way of the world: the enemy of my enemies is my friend and ally."[32]
Decried in 1936:[33]
the government permitted the Mufti's journal, "A Liva", to create the impression that all elements friendly to Zionism in England were in the pay of Jews. "The old Empire bows its head before Jews, because Jews [sic] have [sic] money," or further the Mandate is only apparently in English hands because Jews have purchased it long ago."
Another Arab paper "Falastin" agitated openly for an alliance between the nationalist movement and Sir Oswald Mosley.
The government seemed incapable of understanding that though it might be possible to treat fascist agitation humorously in London, amusement was out of place in Jaffa. The entire German population of Palestine numbers barely three thousand. Assuming that every one of them is a Nazi, they are still unable to publish a daily newspaper without assistance. The fact that a Nazi paper began to appear in Jerusalem, was in itself evidence enough that well-financed Hitler agents were in the country striving to establish contact with the Arab population. The government saw fit to ignore this.
Now it need not be surprised that the words "Heil Hitler" should be a magic pass-word, protecting the speaker from Arab attack.
Author, in 1938:[34]
The Arab journals Falastin and Al Difa[h] published regularly articles of a racial nature, together with large portraits of the various leaders of the Third Reich. They did not even attempt to conceal the fact that they had become tools of the Ministry of Propaganda in Berlin. The shout of 'Heil Hitler' became a catchword which rang insolently over all Palestine.
Overview:[35]
In September 1933, al-Difa' called the struggle against the Zionists a jihad (holy war), and warned that anyone who did not take a part in this war was committing a sin. The Arabic press also featured cartoon caricatures of the Jews, in the best tradition of Der Stürmer, the Nazi anti-Semitic weekly.
For instance, in September 1932, Filastin printed a cartoon depicting Zionism as an intimidating crocodile, opening its mouth wide to swallow two Arab peasants, while an armed British soldier stood by calmly.
Mir'at al-Sharq (Mirror of the World) was the only Arab newspaper that dared to go against the trend. In April 1935 it urged Arab-Jewish co-operation, arguing that the Arabs and the Jews were cousins, and Palestine was the only safe haven for them.
The paper was denounced by the rest of the Arabic press, and accused of collaborating with the Jews.
Historian Erlich:[36]
...But Falastin also reflected the overall view of fascism as a national and organizational prescription, for example the writer the physician and communist (and who was close to the 'Husseini' camp) Khalil al-Budeiri in Falastin, January 5, 1936:
It is very easy to explain our youth's sympathy for the fascist idea. All the news passed on to us about this movement illustrates it as a new human revival that promises hope and prosperity. We, too, who are at the beginning of our national revival, should strive to achieve similar goals and communicate with the movements that aspire to them, this and more, adolescence tends to admire power and heroism ...
No comprehensive research has yet been conducted on the mood of the Palestinians, but the journalism of the time (the same study by the historian Dr. Mustafa Kabha) shows a great deal of admiration for the power and solidity of Nazi Germany's achievements. May 14, 1933 The first months of the reign of the German dictator and exclaimed: "Will an Arab Hitler appear among us to awaken, unite and lead us to lead us to fight and defend our rights?"
Al-Difa's newspaper had long published translated excerpts from Hitler's Mein Kampf's book. He kept a regular correspondent in Berlin who persisted in sending sympathetic articles about the achievements of the Nazi regime. The paper's editor, Ibrahim al-Shanti, called on Arab youth (in an article from June 1, 1934) to "learn from Hitler's actions and imitate them in order to achieve similar national achievements." The Jaffa-based Falastin, which criticized Mussolini, supported Hitler, as did almost all the other newspapers ...
The first page of the Jaffa-based Falastin issue dated April 29, 1939. The headline announces "Hitler's historic speech," in which he rejects the Roosevelt letter, the cancellation of the naval agreement with Britain and the cancellation of the nonaggression pact on Poland. In the center of the page, around the image of the brazened face of the Nazi ruler.. the body of the report, the subtitle summarizes other parts of Hitler's speech...
This speech of Hitler was accepted by many in the world as an act of a madman who consciously degenerates humanity into the abyss. In this way, for example, even the leader of the "Young Egypt", Ahmed Hussein, responded to these words, but the Jaffa-based 'Falastin' does not hide its sympathy. The title he chose is a quote from the Fuhrer "I have built in peaceful [ways] what others have destroyed by force."
French magazine in 1938:[37][24]
Arab journals Falastin and Al Difa'a publish every week articles with a racial tendency and frequently reproduce large portraits of various leaders of the Third Reich. They do not even try to conceal the fact that they have become pupils of the Ministry of Propaganda in Berlin.
In 1937, Falastin became openly pro-fascist Italy.[38]
In the 1930s, prominent feature of the newspaper were the cartoons. His headlines were drafted and formatted in flashy language, and sometimes published unconfirmed "news." The cartoons were used for a propaganda campaign against the Jews, Zionism and the British Mandate. The Jews were described in them as having negative qualities and demonized. The English translation was intended for readers of the English language in general and British rule in particular. And was sometimes less blatant because of the cultural context, but also because of a practical fear of reaction and censorship. In 1936, Falastine was closed for six weeks by censorship order, following articles of incitement and cartoons used to slam Jewish society and British government.
The cartoons did convey antisemitic messages to the masses, aimed at revolting and widening the buffer between the two peoples. But through them the messengers found a way to ridicule the British Mandate rule and negative revelations, in their opinion, in the position of the Arabs in the Land of Israel (Palestine).[39]
Tesimony by noted journalist on her experience in 1938:[40]
The editors of Falastin were on the Husseini side, but as newspaper men they were too 'liberal' to endorse the Terror. They insisted that the Mufti was a direct and straightforward character, that he had all Arabs behind him save those of the Defense party. They denied that all the Mufti's supporters were Terrorists; there were four Arab parties in Palestine, but they all had one thing in common: their hatred of the Arab Defense Party and especially of Fakhri Bey Nashashibi, whom they dismissed as a traitor to the Arab cause and unimportant save for that.
During some period, it openly carried pro Hitlerism. During other periods, for example to avoid discipline, censorship and or penalties, it, for a while, used sneaky tricky ways, that is, to glorify Nazis by carefully selected "reports" elaborating on Axis advances and 'excite' its readers on Hitler while cherry picking negative or critical of the Allies steps citing sources from Western countries, so the investigators wouldn't act. In addition, often inserting "news" as a subtitle under those articles, as if its source is the same...
[41]
The following is an example of its pure anti-Jewish racism without any excuse of "anti Zionism" (1936-1939):
Researcher:[42]The Spanish Civil War and its reflection in the press
Another issue that received press coverage and attention in the Arab press during the strike was the Spanish Civil War. The newspaper that did much more than any other newspaper was Falastin. It was also the newspaper that took a clear stance of hostility towards the government forces that Russia supported. He justified his attacks on this camp by the fact that [sic] many Jews are fighting alongside it. He knew how to frequently report on the many "crimes" allegedly committed by the fighters of that camp, who murder, loot and rape 'any woman who gets in their way.
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April 24, 1939 Falastin issue publishes Hitler's speech and calls him 'the leader.'
If one Communist or two wrote something against Zionism and Fascism at the same time, or the that there were Arab soldiers who were paid[43] by Jews (who were the ones mobilized en masse) to join the Brits - do not change the overwhelming facts.
Though Falastin & Ad-Difa changed tunes according to power etc.,[44] yet, enough disastrous was the glorification of Hitler in 1932 and in 1933 to plant the seeds of venom, nor have they become less anti-Jewish while changing ("strategic") tunes.
The beginning of WW2 dilemma, how to appease the British in order not to get censored (as well as going against the world media), but still condemn the Jews?
The cartoonist came up with the idea, while routinely glorifying Hitler, it can be perfectly be alright to condemn the violent occupying lands (only) if presenting him as supposedly "Jewish." Inserting the infamous anti-Jewish tyrent in a body of his victim, all the while, dehumanizing as Filastin has done before, routinely, AKA, as a "wolf." [45] For Falastin, the only way Hitler could ever be in a bad light. The paper that had repeatedly admired him since 1933.
Noted in Dec, 1945:[46]
the Palestine Arabic newspaper Falastin, for instance, attacked the Nuremberg trials, asserting that the Allies had no right to try nazis and nazism since this was a political ideology just as democracy and socialism are.
Pro evacuation of Arabs from Palestine around 1948 war
Author reminds about the reasons for Arab Palestinian flight in 1948:[47]
the Lebanese newspaper Sada al-Janub has called for flights;the Jordanian Daily, Felastin, of 17.05.1955 describes how the evacuation of Akko of 17.05.1948 went according to plan;
in the Felastin of 19.02.1949 and in the Cairo Daily people call for an evacuation.
1960s
In the 1960s it published anti-Jewish pieces including libels.[48]
"In all frankness, we want to eliminate Israel…and care not when Israel protests that we contemplate war and jeopardize her security…because this is exactly our aim. Non-aggression pacts stand in the way of the realization of this aim."
Falastin on March 3, 1963:[51][52]
“It would appear, on the face of it, that the concentration of the Jews in the Occupied Region (i.e. israel), militates in favor of Zionism. In our view, however, in the long run it will favor the Arab nation…Why? Because this will turn Israel into one huge, worldwide grave for this whole Jewish concentration. And the day draws near for those who await it.”
References
- ↑ All Arabs Celebrate prophet's Birthday. The New York Times, May 23, 1937.
Palestine Arabs outdid themselves today in celebrating Mouled el Nebi, the birthday of the Prophet Mohammed. Never before have there been such elaborate festivities, decorations and processions as throughout the country today…
Several days prior to the festival all buildings in Arab quarters were elaborately decorated, and pictures of Hitler, Mussolini and Fawzi el Kaoukgi, an Iraqian who came to Palestine during the disturbances last Summer to organize an “Arab revolt” were displayed. The government immediately ordered the removal of Fawzi el Kaoukgi’s picture.
At Jaffa, the swastika was hoisted by Arabs over several building. - ↑ Adel Soheil (2018). "The Iraqi Ba'th Regime's Atrocities Against the Faylee Kurds Nation-State Formation Distorted."p. 55.
- ↑ Eliash, Shulamit. “THE TEMPLE MOUNT AS PART OF THE ARAB—JEWISH CONFLICT 1922—1933.” Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought, vol. 26, no. 1, 1991, pp. 22–38. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23260700.
An excerpt from Falastin, an extremist pro-Mufti newspaper, in English translation, 13.11.1928, S25/2977, CZA.
- ↑ [1] The Palestine Bulletin, 16 February 1931 "Falastin and the Mufti."
- ↑ [2] The Palestine Post, 21 April 1935
- ↑ The Palestine Post, 11 June 1939.
'Falastin' - the Mufti's Organ... - ↑ Van Paasen, Pierre Days of our Years New York: Garden City (1939).
Pierre Van Paassen was in Palestine and provides a graphic account of the 1929 pogrom against the Jews of Hebron in his book Days of Our Years, from which the following comes. Van Paasen shows that the Mufti of Jerusalem was behind the riots and slaughter and accuses the British administration of aiding and abetting the Mufti.
Falsified photographs showing the Omar mosque of Jerusalem in ruins, with an inscription that the edifice had been bombed by the Zionists, were handed out to the Arabs of Hebron as they were leaving their place of worship on Friday evening, August the twenty-third. A Jew passing by on his way to the synagogue was stabbed to death. When he heard of the murder, Rabbi Slonim, a man born and bred in the city and a friend of the Arab notables, notified the British police commander that the Arabs seemed to be strangely excited. He was told to mind his own business. An hour later the synagogue was attacked by a mob, and the Jews at prayer were slaughtered. On the Saturday morning following, the Yeshiva...was put to the sack, and the students were slain. A delegation of Jewish citizens thereupon set out to visit the police station, but was met by the lynchers. The Jews returned and took refuge in the house of Rabbi Slonim where they remained until evening, when the mob appeared before the door. Unable to batter it down, the Arabs climbed up the trees at the rear of the house and, dropping onto the balcony, entered through the windows on the first floor.
Mounted police--Arab troopers in the service of the government-- had appeared outside by this time, and some of the Jews ran down the stairs of Slonim's house and out into the roadway. They implored the policemen to dismount and protect their friends and relatives inside the house and clung around the necks of the horses. From the upper windows came the terrifying screams of the old people, but the police galloped off, leaving the boys in the road to be cut down by Arabs arriving from all sides for the orgy of blood.
What occurred in the upper chambers of Slonim's house could be seen when we found the twelve-foot-high ceiling splashed with blood. The rooms looked like a slaughterhouse. When I visited the place in the company of Captain Marek Schwartz, a former Austrian artillery officer, Mr. Abraham Goldberg of New York, and Mr. Ernst Davies, correspondent of the old Berliner Tageblatt, the blood stood in a huge pool on the slightly sagging stone floor of the house. Clocks, crockery, tables and windows had been smashed to smithereens. Of the unlooted articles, not a single item had been left intact except a large black-and-white photograph of Dr. Theodore Herzl, the founder of political Zionism. Around the picture's frame the murderers had draped the blood-drenched underwear of a woman.
We stood silently contemplating the scene of slaughter when the door was flung open by a British solder with fixed bayonet. In strolled Mr. Keith-Roach, governor of the Jaffa district, followed by a colonel of the Green Howards battalion of the King's African Rifles. They took a hasty glance around that awful room, and Mr. Roach remarked to his companion, "Shall we have lunch now or drive to Jerusalem first?"
In Jerusalem the Government published a refutation of the rumors that the dead Jews of Hebron had been tortured before they had their throats slit. This made me rush back to that city accompanied by two medical men, Dr. Dantziger and Dr. Ticho. I intended to gather up the severed sexual organs and the cut-off women's breasts we had seen lying scattered over the floor and in the beds. But when we came to Hebron a telephone call from Jerusalem had ordered our access barred to the Slonim house. A heavy guard had been placed before the door. Only then did I recall that I had inadvertently told a fellow newspaperman in Jerusalem about our gruesome discoveries.
On the same day of the Hebron massacre, the Arabs had rioted in Jerusalem, crying: "Death to the Jews! The government is with us!" The fact that the attacks on Jewish communities in different parts of the country had occurred simultaneously was interpreted by the Mufti's newspaper Falastin as irrefutable evidence of the spontaneity of the outburst of Arab indignation. The Acting High Commissioner, Mr. H.C. Luke, had informed newspapermen that the government had been completely taken unawares. Yet a full ten days earlier it was he who had ordered the various hospitals, and especially the Rothschild clinic of which Dr. Dantziger was chief surgeon, to have a large number of beds in readiness in view of the government's expectation of a riotous outbreak. - ↑ Jerusalem Grand Mufti Makes Sensational Attack on American Press, JTA, October 17, 1929.
The Arab newspaper “Felestin,” controlled by the Jerusalem Grand Mufti, made a sensational onslaught on American newspapers yesterday, singling out the “New York Times.” ...
The Mufti denied interviews with Joseph Levy, “New York Times” correspondent, Ketchum of the “London Daily Express,” and Pierre Van Paassen, representative of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency...
Mr. Van Paassen stated before his departure that when he called on the Mufti for the interview, the head of the Moslem Supreme Council offered him inducements, including women, if he would take the Mufti’s side and color the news according to his personal views and ambitions. - ↑ Sulaiman, K. A. (1984). Palestine and Modern Arab Poetry. United Kingdom: Zed. p.11.
- ↑ Wistrich, Robert S.. A Lethal Obsession: Anti-Semitism from Antiquity to the Global Jihad. United Kingdom: Random House Publishing Group, 2010. Ch.21 'The "Liberation" of Palestine.'
The Arab case against Zionism during the late Ottoman period was tainted by an anti-Jewishness that had become part of the "daily bread in Palestine," to quote one prescient observer. In November 1913,
a prominent leader of the Palestinian anti-Zionist campaign, Sheikh Sulayman al-Taji from Acre, published a poem entitled "The Zionist Danger" in Filastin. It related to Jews as [supposedly] "the weakest [sic. al-Taji] of all peoples and the least of them" who were constantly haggling with Arabs to obtain their land. - ↑ Morris, Benny. Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881-1999. United Kingdom: Knopf, 1999. p.65.
- ↑ Bartov, Omer. Israel-Palestine: Lands and Peoples. Germany: Berghahn Books, 2021. p. 270.
In 1913 the influential Jaffa daily Filastin published a poem by a local Palestinian leader that included the lines ...
- ↑ Gilbert, Martin. In Ishmael's House: A History of Jews in Muslim Lands. United Kingdom: Yale University Press, 2010. Ch.9.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Janrense Boonstra, "Antisemitism, a History Portrayed", SDU, Anne Frank Foundation,' 1989, p. 101.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Elie Kedourie, Sylvia G. Haim: 'Zionism and Arabism in Palestine and Israel' (RLE Israel and Palestine), Taylor & Francis, 2015. p. 8 [3]
- ↑ Debates of the Senate: Official Report (Hansard). Canada: Queen's Printer., 2007, p.1684.
- ↑ US actor’s family was deported from Jaffa to Egypt in 1914, JewishRefugees, Feb 15, 2023.
- ↑ Sachar, Howard M.. A History of the Jews in the Modern World. United Kingdom: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2007.
- ↑ The Palestine Arab Congress (1919 - 1931), JVL
- ↑ al-Jami'a al-Islamiyya al-Jami'a al-Islamiyya - الجامعة الاسلامية | Newspapers, Nli.
- ↑ Ha-Yarden - הירדן, 17 January 1935 —The Germans in the country in Hitler's chariot .
הגרמנים בארץ במרכבתו של היטלר - ↑ The rape of Palestine / William B. Ziff. (1938), HathiTrust Digital Library, pp. 402-6:
'SEMITIC BROTHERS'
If British plans ever materialize, Palestine will eventually come under Arab domination, presumably as part of the great Arab Confederacy. The fate of the Jews in this eventuality becomes an interesting conjecture. There is a pleasant fiction, implicitly believed by many Jews, that Israel has been well-treated by the followers of Mohammed ; that some sort of modus vivendi was established in the dim days of antiquity, so that the two groups got along famously together.
This fantasy grew out of the liaison between the Jews of Spain and their racial kinsmen, the invading Berbers, who were largely of direct Jewish and Phoenician descent...
Lloyd George states that "in science and art the superiority of the early Moslem is attributable to the Jews." Lecky tells us that "Jewish learning and Jewish genius contributed very largely to that bright . . . civilization which radiated from Toledo and Cordova." And H. G. Wells declares that it is "difficult to say . . . when the Jew ends and the Arab begins, so important and essential were its Jewish factors."
As the invading tribes began to be suffocated by mass conversions and the holding of innumerable concubines, whatever bond of attraction might have existed between the two peoples completely disappeared. Soon thereafter, to continue to this day, Moslem rulers placed a penalty of death on apostasy to Judaism. Jews were forbidden to ride on horses and were marked with special clothes. Politically they were consigned to the same second-rate citizenship which Nazi Germany is now introducing. In this cruel condition they remain, considered in the same light as dogs, creatures the true Believer utterly despises. The Arabic culture known to history was a modification of the several ancient civilizations absorbed bodily by the barbaric Arab tribes in their swift march of conquest. It never touched the Arabs of Arabia, the peninsular Arab. These, writes Bertram Thomas, "remained inviolate by their poverty, their remoteness, their unwillingness to change. . . An intolerance survives which is almost without parallel in the world today and explains why so few European explorers have penetrated deep into the peninsula — scarcely twenty throughout the ages."
As early as Roman times, when the Hebrews with their backs to the wall were struggling for their very existence, Tacitus in- forms us that "a considerable body of Arabs . . . took the field as avowed enemies of the Jewish nation."
Wherever the Arab has seized control since, a critical situation has risen for the Jews.
A modern instance is the revolt of Palestine Arabs in 1834 against the exactions of the Caliphate. Mobs converged on Jerusalem from all over the country, and for several weeks held the city. Venting their ugly passions on the horror-stricken Jews, they gave themselves over to a mad orgy of rapine, murder and pillage, until the Egyptian general Ibrahim, with equal barbarism and ferocity, annihilated them.
If one may judge from the tone of the Arab press, the lot of the Jew under the coming 'National Government' will be anything but pleasant. El Jamiyah Arabiyah snarls that "the English can stand the pride and impudence of the Jews, but the Arabs know what kind of vermin[sic] the J.. are and will know how to silence them." Another ready example is the editorial in Islamia on October 4, 1936, appealing to foreign Arabs not to confine themselves to mere boycott of Jews but to drink their blood. It may be seen again in the inflammatory circulars systematically scattered in Jerusalem, reading: "Kill the J..s until not one of them remains. Gird yourselves and satiate your souls that thirst for blood, souls that cannot be sated but with the blood of the . . . alien and loathsome J.."
Farago found that "Arab agitators visit the peasants and promise them that at the end of the struggle the land and wives of the Jews will be distributed amongst them. With this expectation the peasant digs up his money and buys rifles and ammunition from wandering gunrunners."
Like many other informed men, Duff gave blunt warning that "as soon as the Palestinian leaders understood that Great Britain had really left them to their own devices ... a general massacre of the Jews and the destruction of their colonies would occur." It need occasion no surprise that the words 'Heil Hi#ler' proved a magic password during the recent rebellion, protecting Europeans against attack.
In every Moslem country the situation of Israel is tragic and frightful. When the French came into Arab North Africa on a frank war of imperial conquest, the Jews were overjoyed. Their position had been so terrible that the invading French were looked on as if they had been the troops of Messiah. Even after European intervention, characteristic pogroms have flared up like a windswept flame. The fiendish attack on the Jewish quarter in Constantine, Algiers, in 1934, was a particularly atrocious event. When French troops finally arrived, they found a bloodcurdling scene of ruin and horror. Over a hundred Jews had been slaughtered. Whole families had been locked in their homes and burned to death. Houses were sacked, women vio- lated and children hacked to pieces. Among the countless injured were young girls with their breasts cut off, creatures mutilated beyond recognition but somehow alive.
In as dire misery are the one hundred and twenty thousand Jews in French Morocco.
In Tunis, Tripoli and Spanish Mo- rocco the picture is as wretched. Only the protection of European soldiers saved the North African Jews from an orgy of torture and merciful annihilation ; and some day, the Socialists promise, these troops will be withdrawn.
In Iraq the one hundred and ten thousand Jews live under a sanguinary reign of terror, not much different from that taking place in Germany. They are mercilessly boycotted. Savage beatings, murders and robberies are a daily occurrence. Jewish girls are forcibly seized and dragged into harems. Yusuf Malek assures us that "in Iraq a Moslem finds it more easy to kill a Jew than to kill a chicken."
In Syria Jews face famine and gradual extinction. Since they are completely Arabicized, their fate gives an abrupt answer to Arab claims that the tension in Palestine springs solely from a conflict of national aims. The Jewish population of Damascus has collapsed from twenty thousand after the War to less than four thousand in 1935. In the last five years, ten thousand Jews have emigrated from Damascus and Aleppo alone. In every city and village they are systematically terrorized and boycotted. In the streets and mosques they are openly threatened with the same fate as befell the unfortunate Assyrians in Iraq, just as soon as Syria obtains its independence.
The French Mandatory Authorities show little concern for Jews and are either vague or frankly indifferent. Nevertheless, the Jew views the day when a native government will be installed, with horror. The sudden move of .. Socialist ministry to make good on its theories by granting independence to Syria, threw all Syrian Jewry into a panic. To a man, they are trying to leave the country before the French-Syrian Treaty goes into effect. The only redeeming spot on the Syrian map is the autonomous Christian district of Lebanon. These people are the only friends the Jews have in Western Asia. Centuries of bloody persecu- tion have taught the Syrian Christian a lesson he has not forgot- ten. The Lebanon is completely and whole-souledly pro- Zionist. It wants the Jews for neighbors by the south, to lessen its isolation in this forever-menacing Moslem sea. When pan- Arab congresses held their anti-Jewish sessions, the Lebanese papers roundly denounced them.
The Government of the Lebanon Republic has even proclaimed the Jewish Day of Atonement, Yom Kippur, as an official holiday. Arabia Felix, that immense curtained mystery, is a graveyard in which lie buried the many strong Jewish tribes who once graced this area with their intelligence and learning. In this vast stronghold of the fanatic Ishmaelites no Jew may enter and live.
In Yemen, at the south end of the Peninsula, Jews are locked into ghettos as in the Middle Ages, reduced to conditions of economic desperation even worse, if that be possible, than the Jews of the pogrom areas of Europe. Their women are at the constant mercy of every wandering desperado who takes it into his mind to invade the ghetto. Jews must wear a distinctive dress. They must keep in the shadows. They are prohibited from riding on horseback. Their children, by edict of December 1928, must embrace Moslemism on the death of their parents.
Those who believe the assurances of the English have only to read the gory history of the Christian Assyrians in Iraq, after Britain terminated its Mandate there in 1932, to gain a picture of what is impending in Palestine. Just as the English made an arrangement with the Zionists, so they had made a similar one with the Assyrians, inviting them to rise against the Turks and promising them independence and protection if they would do so. Moved by these pledges, the Assyrians were the only people in what is now Iraq who took up the Allied cause and fought loyally for the British Empire.
Their territory was later placed under Arab rule because London was anxious to include the Mosul Oil District within Iraqian frontiers... - ↑ More Translated Pages from Palestinian Authority Schoolbooks, Israel Behind the News, Jan 1, 2011. [4].
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Hitler's war against Jews continues in 'Palestine' Richard Mather, JPost, March 16, 2015. In 1929, Husseini distributed pamphlets saying: “O Arabs, do not forget that the Jew is your worst enemy and has been the enemy of your forefathers.” He also announced that the Jews had “violated the honour of Islam.” This led to a pogrom in Jerusalem and a massacre in Hebron, where 60 Jews were killed and the town ethnically cleansed. The British attributed the attacks to “racial animosity on the part of the Arabs.”
- ↑ Michael J Cohen: "Britain's Moment in Palestine: Retrospect and Perspectives, 1917-1948", (Routledge, Feb 24, 2014), p. 216. 'In 1929, as in 1920, the historical community of Orthodox, non-Zionist Jews bore the brunt of Arab attacks – this time in the towns of Hebron'.
- ↑ Ritchie Ovendale: "The Origins of the Arab Israeli Wars" (Routledge, 2015), p. 71. 'In Hebron a community of non-Zionist Jews was wiped out'.
- ↑ Blum, Sasson. The attitude of the Arabs of the Land of Israel towards the Jewish settlement and its Zionist enterprise between the events of Av 1939 (August 1939) and the outbreak of the events of 1936-1936 (April 1936) [Yaḥasam shel ʼArviye Erets-Yiśraʼel el ha-Yishuv ha-Yehudi u-mifʻalo ha-Tsiyoni ben meʼoraʻot Av-5689 (Ogusṭ 1939) le-ven p'rots meʼoraʻot 5696-5699 (April 1939)]. Israel: Universiṭat Tel-Aviv, 1971. [5]
- ↑ Zmanim. (1998). Israel: Zemorah, Bitan, Modan. p. 2
- ↑ Kabahā, Muṣṭafá. The Palestinian Press as Shaper of Public Opinion 1929-39: Writing Up a Storm. United Kingdom: Vallentine Mitchell, 2007. p.142.
- ↑ The Palestine Post, May 22, 1933.
"Noble Hitler" — Says "Falastin"
"Falastin" considers the Jews to be quite in the wrong in their criticism of anti-Jewish acts in Germany. Hitler is [sic[ Innocent and Noble, strong and beloved by his people and has succeeded in saving [sic] his country from the vile (sic) Jews."
The Elders of Zion are also dragged into Falastin's article . They rule the world and do not like Hitler and are doing all they can to overthrow him, writes the Jaffa paper - ↑ ha-Arets - הארץ, 8 March 1934.
"פלשתין" להגנת היטלר.
'פלשתין' נתקנא כנראה ב"אל אסלמייה" וב"אל ג'אמעה", שפרסמו מאמרים נגד תהלוכת העדלידע בתל־אביב. ופרסם מאמר, שבו הוא מפנה את תשומת " לב הממשלה לתמונות הקריקטוריות שהיו בתהלוכת העדלידע...
Falastin in Defense of Hitler.
'Falastin' was apparently jealous of Al-Islamiyah and Al-Jama'ah, which published articles against the Adloyada procession in Tel Aviv. And published an article, in which he draws the government's attention to the cartoonish images that were in the Adloyada procession... - ↑ Blum, Sasson. The attitude of the Arabs of the Land of Israel towards the Jewish settlement and its Zionist enterprise between the events of Av 1939 (August 1939) and the outbreak of the events of 1936-1936 (April 1936) [Yaḥasam shel ʼArviye Erets-Yiśraʼel el ha-Yishuv ha-Yehudi u-mifʻalo ha-Tsiyoni ben meʼoraʻot Av-5689 (Ogusṭ 1939) le-ven p'rots meʼoraʻot 5696-5699 (April 1939)]. Israel: Universiṭat Tel-Aviv, 1971. [6].
Haifa based Al-Karmil (al-Karmal, El-carmel الكرمل, El-carmel, Jarīdat al-Karmal) asks in its issue of May 24, 1933:
"Will there rise among us an Arab Hitler who will awaken the Arabs, gather their dispersed, and lead them so that they will do what is necessary ...?"
A reader wrote in the July 1, 1934 issue of Falastin: "Hitler was liked by the Arabs, the Orientals, because that is the way of the world: the enemy of my enemies is my friend and ally."
On the great and growing influence of the Nazi ideology among the Arabs of the land in droves, because they conform to the anti-Jewish mindsets prevalent among them ...
There were soon growing signs of sympathy in the Arab street for Hitler and Nazism.
The swastika is seen more and more on Arab houses, on Arab cars, and even shoe polishers near the Jaffa Gate in Jerusalem adorned crates in this painting. - ↑
Jewish Frontier. United States: Labor Zionist Letters, Incorporated, 1936. 8.
[An Editorial... Though we realize that the crushing of the terrorists is no light task,] we feel that the government did not take sufficiently stringent measures at the right time in order to weaken their influence. Had the government expended the time, energy and money that it devotes to tracking down a few "illegal" Jewish immigrants, to discovering the identities of those "legal" residents who endanger the peace of the whole country through their criminal assaults, the situation would now be less serious. But the government displayed no special vigor in this regard. It tolerated incendiary propaganda in the Arab press. It permitted demonstrations in Nablus which shouted the slogan "Long live Al-Kassam's spirit" (Al-Kassam was one of the terrorist murderers slain by the police, who has now been canonized by Arab leaders as a national hero.) After the debate in the English parliament concerning the Legislative Council—a debate which—showed a sympathetic and understanding attitude toward Zionist aspirations, the government permitted the Mufti's journal, "A Liva", to create the impression that all elements friendly to Zionism in England were in the pay of Jews. "The old Empire bows its head before Jews, because Jews [sic] have [sic] money," or further the Mandate is only apparently in English hands because Jews have purchased it long ago." Another Arab paper "Falastin" agitated openly for an alliance between the nationalist movement and Sir Oswald Mosley. The government seemed incapable of understanding that though it might be possible to treat fascist agitation humorously in London, amusement was out of place in Jaffa. The entire German population of Palestine numbers barely three thousand. Assuming that every one of them is a Nazi, they are still unable to publish a daily newspaper without assistance. The fact that a Nazi paper began to appear in Jerusalem, was in itself evidence enough that well-financed Hitler agents were in the country striving to establish contact with the Arab population. The government saw fit to ignore this.
Now it need not be surprised that the words "Heil Hitler" should be a magic pass-word, protecting the speaker from Arab attack. - ↑ Ziff, William Bernard. The Rape of Palestine. New York: Longmans, Green And Co., 1938. Full text of "The Rape Of Palestine By William B. Ziff (1938) (with Page Links For The Table Of Contents)". pp. 403, 413, 417-8, 430.
Like many other informed men, Duff gave blunt warning that "as soon as the Palestinian leaders understood that Great Britain had really left them to their own devices... a general massacre of the Jews and the destruction of their colonies would occur." It need occasion no surprise that the words 'Heil Hitler' proved a magic pass- word during the recent rebellion, protecting Europeans against attack... All over Palestine groups of brown-clad storm troops were marching, shouting 'Heil Hitler.' At Nablus, boldly operating in the open, was a military training school for the Arab Scouts, prime leaders in the disturbances. Late in March a meeting of influential Arabs, practically all of them Government employees, was held at Safed to plan the uprising... On April 17, 1936 the funeral of a murdered Jew was made the occasion of a protest demonstration. In an ugly mood, the police fired into the crowd, wounding thirty persons. Immediately after, steelhelmeted officers invaded Tel Aviv, dragging out householders on suspicion of having been connected with the protest. Bearers of black-bordered Zionist flags of mourning were beaten into unconsciousness. Sullen, angry apprehension once more made the air of the Holy Land a tinder box. It was in the midst of this charged condition that the explosion was touched off. The actual lighting of the fuse took place on the nineteenth of April when a blood-curdling tale was circulated in Jaffa that four Arab men and women had been beheaded by Jews in Tel Aviv. Instead of counteracting these wild rumors, the Government added fuel to the fire by dispatching enlarged police units to Tel Aviv, obviously to protect Arabs from Jewish attack. The outbreaks were swiftly and shrewdly plotted. On the scheduled day not a single Arab was to be seen in Tel Aviv though they generally offer their vegetables for sale as early as five in the morning. Jews visiting Jaffa were irritably told by the Chief Officer there that he "really did not understand why they had come . . . since everybody had already known yesterday that anti-Jewish attacks were to take place." Not a finger was lifted by the Authorities. On the entire road from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem only one policeman was posted though the roads were almost bursting with armed and threatening men. Jaffa burst into flames with the familiar cry "the Government is with us" urging the demented horde on. By midday the streets were running with Jewish blood. Many were slaughtered and mutilated past identification, right under the eyes of the police who made no effort to interfere. The contagion spread to all parts of the country like wildfire. Little boys of six carried automatics, shooting them off on the streets of Jerusalem as if they were toy pistols. Unhindered, the Arab press beat a loud tattoo for murder and revolt. Gramophone records made their appearance in the shops, calling on the Arabs to annihilate the Jews. Nazi flags and pictures of Hitler were prominently displayed in store windows. Booklets explaining Nazi methods of forcing Jews from the Reich were distributed freely... Far more potent than any interference by Italian or Papist has been the German intervention, which the English studiously ignore. It has been shown that agitators now active in the Near East have been trained in a special school in the Brown House in Munich; that pamphlets in Arabic are printed in Berlin and Hamburg for distribution in Palestine. On October 22, 1933, it was announced that Eissael Bendek, member of the Arab Executive's Administrative Bureau, would direct a propaganda campaign in the interests of the Nazi Party. On June 8, 1934 the Jerusalem Arab daily, Mukkattam, reported the formation of an Arab Nazi Youth Organization. The French Weekly, Marianne, reported in 1937 that a great part of the arms employed in the rebellion were supplied by the Suhl and Erfurter Gewehrfabrik of Germany, which sent, in particular, many rifles and machine-guns.
The Arab journals Falastin and Al Difa[h] published regularly articles of a racial nature, together with large portraits of the various leaders of the Third Reich. They did not even attempt to conceal the fact that they had become tools of the Ministry of Propaganda in Berlin. The shout of 'Heil Hitler' became a catchword which rang insolently over all Palestine. - ↑ Michael J Cohen, "Britain's Moment in Palestine: Retrospect and Perspectives, 1917-1948," Taylor & Francis, 2014, p. 398
- ↑ Haggai Erlich, The Middle East Between the World Wars, The Open University Press, Tel Aviv, 2002, p. 81
- ↑ Excerpts from an article in the (1930-40 noted) French magazine Marianne, 1938. Quoted in Joseph B. Schechtman, The Mufti and the Fuehrer: The Rise and Fall of Haj Amin el-Husseini (New York: Yoseloff, 1965), p. 84; qtd by J. Jacoby of the Boston Globe May 12, 2019
- ↑ Waschitz, Joseph. The Arab in Erets Israel [Ha-Aravim be-Eretz Yisrael. Israel: hotsa'at ha-ḳibuts ha-artsi ha-Shomer ha-Tsa'ir] (Palestinian Arabs), 1947. pp. 329-330.
In terms of the external form, the Arab movement approached the glistening world of Fascism...
In April 1934, the Husseinis' "Al Jamia Al Arabia" (on the occasion of the opening of the Bari broadcast) wrote that Italy was the only power that had only economic and cultural trends and sought to move closer to the East.
In the same newspaper (35.4.4) Shakib Arslan wrote that Mussolini is a huge personality. The leader of European policy and that the Arabs should not be moved by the Abyssinian government that persecutes Muslims. During the Abyssinian War, the Husseinist newspapers in Italy and the opposition newspapers supported the Abyssinians.
(In 1937, "Falastin" also became pro-Italian).
Along the Italian side, Nazi Germany also began to raise its profile among the Arabs and succeeded in doing so, especially during the days of the events.
May 22, 1937, a holiday. Large Nazi flags fluttered in Jaffa. The front of the workers' association's house was adorned with swastikas. In many houses swastikas and pictures of the Fuhrer, the Douce and the leaders of the revolt were seen. In 1938, one hundred Palestine Arabs visited the Nazi party conference in Nuremberg. Needless to say, how great was the effect of the German victories, in the first period of the war, on the Arabs of the country, and how difficult was then the impression of their defeat: an Egyptian, who visited the country in the days after the conquest of Berlin wrote: "The people cry in the morning and sob in the evening. And blow to their cheek between morning and evening." [מבחינת הצורה החיצונית התקרבה התנועה הערבית לעולם־המליצות של הפאשיזם...
באפריל 1934 כתב "אל ג'אמיעה אל-ערביה" של החוסיינים (בהזדמנות פתיחת שידור בארי), שאיטליה היא המעצמה היחידה שיש לה מגמות כלכליות ותרבותיות בלבד והשואפת להתקרב אל המזרח.
באותו עתון כתב (35.4.4) שכיב ארסלאן, שמוסוליני הוא אישיות עצומה. מנהיג המדיניות האירופית ושאין הערבים צריכים לרגוש מחמת הממשלה החבשית הרודפת את המוסלמים. בימי מלחמת-חבש תמכו עתוני החוסיינים באיטליה, ועתוני האופוזיציה בחבשים.
(בשנת 1937 הפך גם "פאלשתין" פרו - איטלקי).
בצד איטליה התחילה גם גרמניה הנאצית להרים את קרנה בין הערבים והצליחה בכך, ביחוד בימי המאורעות.
ביום 22 במאי 1937, יום חג. התנפנפו דגלים נאציים גדולים ביפו. חזית הבית של אגודת הפועלים היתה מקושטת צלבי קרס. בבתים רבים נראו צלבי קרס ותמונות הפיהרר, הדוצ'ה ומנהיגי המרד. בשנת 1938 ביקרו מאה ערבים ארצישראליים בוועידת המפלגה הנאצית בנירנברג. אין צורך לתאר, מה גדולה היתה השפעת הנצחונות הגרמניים, בתקופה הראשונה של המלחמה, על ערביי הארץ, ומה קשה היה אחר כך רושם מפלתם: מצרי, שביקר בארץ בימים שלאחר כיבוש ברלין כתב: "העם בוכה בבוקר ומתייפח בערב. ומכה על לחיו בין בוקר וערב."]
- ↑ Kesher, no. 46, Spring, 2014, pp. 147-153.
A prominent feature of the newspaper were the cartoons published in it ... His headlines were drafted and formatted in flashy language ... and he sometimes published unconfirmed news. The cartoons were used for a propaganda campaign against the Jews, Zionism and the British Mandate. The Jews were described in them as having negative qualities ... identified with the figure of the serpent. The Crocodile and the Dog ... The English translation is intended for readers of the English language in general and British rule in particular. And was sometimes less blatant because of the cultural context, but also because of a practical fear of reaction and censorship. In 1936, Falestin was closed for six weeks by censorship order, following articles of incitement and cartoons used to slam Jewish society and British government ...
The cartoons did convey antisemitic messages to the masses, aimed at revolting and widening the buffer between the two peoples. But through them the messengers found a way to ridicule the British Mandate rule and negative revelations, in their opinion, in the position of the Arabs in the Land of Israel (Palestine). - ↑ Lindsley, Lorna Stimson., Lindsley, Lorna [Stimson]. War is People. United States: Houghton Mifflin, 1943. p.144.
- ↑ Studies in the Restoration of Israel: A Collection of the Problems of Zionism, the Yishuv and the State of Israel. 1992 [Iyunim Bitkumat Israel 2, 1992]. pp. 260-267.
Moshe Shemesh:
The position of the Jaffa (based) newspaper, Falastin, towards the Axis Powers and the democracies.
p. 260
It is not clear whether Falastin received assistance from Nazi Germany or Fascist Italy during the period under review. According to the newspaper's positive attitude towards these two countries, it is likely that it did indeed benefit from both or one of them.
The Arabs got hooked at Nazi racism and Aryan supremacy and especially by the principle of language as a unifying nationalist factor, such as the Arabic language that unites the Arab world.
This admiration of the Arab world was expressed, among other things, in political bodies that tried to emulate Nazi or fascist organizations, such as Al-Futuwwah and Al-Najjada in Palestine, the Misr al-Fatah in Egypt, or the Syrian National Party. The Palestinian nationalists, including the Husseinis, showed great sympathy for the Nazis. The Husseinis saw the Nazis as natural allies in their struggle against the Jews. This is also evidenced by the Mufti's personal connections..
The position of the Falastin newspaper towards the two camps - the dictatorships and the democracies - in the period reviewed until the outbreak of the war, will be examined in two areas: The formal position of the paper, as expressed in the main articles; The position of the newspaper as expressed in the manner in which the information was provided current events in Europe.
The formal position in the main articles ...
In general, it can be noted that during the years 1939-1938, there was a constant drift in the position of the newspaper and in the position of the Arab world in general towards democracies. This process stemmed from the aggravation of the global crisis and the prominence of Nazi Germany as the most powerful power, as well as the intensification of the struggle in the country.
The first half of 1938: During this period the paper tried to be "balanced" between the two camps, but in fact tended more towards the Axis countries. In general, the newspaper raised allegations against the democratic nature of Western regimes and implicitly implied some sympathy for the dictatorial regimes. "There is not a single person who understands the spirit of the time who would agree that Italian fascism or German Hitlerism would take over Europe or the whole world, after the real English democracy had disappeared. But what man is not inclined to sympathize with this fascism or this Hitlerism, if there is in this sympathy to help the hundreds of millions remove from their hearts the bitterness for the sake of saving the world from a war that could lead to the end of human culture?" Following this line and the hidden sympathy for Germany ...
At the same time, in order not to completely burn the bridges with the English, the editor tried to 'balance' these sharp articles in major articles that also criticized the dictatorial countries, though not on issues directly related to the Arabs but on issues related to Europe and tensions in the international arena. Due to the nature of this review. Its influence on Palestinian public opinion was minimal. The Palestinians were only slightly interested in what was happening in Europe, and most of their attention was focused on what was happening in Palestine and the struggle against the Jewish community and against Britain. This 'balance' did not, therefore, harm the positive image of the Axis powers, which prevailed in Arab public opinion at the time. Moreover, in the publication of the current information on what is happening in Europe, as will be seen later, the clear and sharp tendency to side with Germany stood...
Censorship and the penalties imposed on the newspaper required its editors to use an elusive technique in publishing the news, which on the one hand would not give a reason to the mandate or censorship authorities to punish it and on the other hand would allow the newspaper to express its views against Britain and the West. This method of publication makes it difficult for the researcher and requires him to decipher it in order to recreate the true position of the newspaper. Understanding the method of publication will undoubtedly help to understand the trends of the newspaper in the period under review. It is possible to summarize in this way the measures taken by Palestine to overcome the obstacles of censorship and the position of the Mandatory authorities when it comes to expressing its positions by providing the information:
A. The dominant method that stands out in reading the newspaper is a quote from a foreign press including the British, French, German and Italian press. In most cases the paper used to quote a British press. He frequently quoted from it news items, commentaries, and articles that included criticism of the administration and its policies and especially articles of sympathy for the Axis powers and articles that demonstrated tendencies toward conciliation toward them. In this context, the newspaper published commentaries and articles from the German or Italian press which criticized the West or tended to the position of the Arabs.
B. Falastin contented itself with mentioning the cities of London, Rome, Paris or Berlin as the source of its information and refrained from mentioning the news agency that sent them. In sensitive news, the city of London has often been mentioned as a clear source that such a score was intended to train the news in the eyes of the censor, especially when the news is based on a quote from a British newspaper.
C. An interesting phenomenon that I encountered a lot in the newspaper: a certain article, which London is excellent as a source, starts with giving details related to the headline, but then the newspaper moves to other news under subheadings unrelated to the headline and still continues to be based on the same source. This gives the impression that London is the source of further knowledge.
"An important speech that Hitler is about to deliver with very important statements on German foreign policy.'" - He did not do so with Chamberlain's speeches. It should be emphasized that it is not the news itself that is important here, but the proportions in delivering and emphasizing the news from Germany compared to similar news from the evening that were very few.
About Hitler comparing him to Napoleon. Similarly to his treatment of Mussolini in early 1938, Falastin (March, April and May 1939) published extensively information about Hitler's actions and his character and influence. These reports were the mainstay of the foreign news page of the paper and may even be said to be more central than the reports on Mussolini in early 1938. Although the descriptions were factual, the headlines given to them were positive in tone or so-called neutral and attention-grabbing.
In presenting Germany's positive stance on the Arab issue, the Islamic-religious element was also overemphasized, in order to highlight Hitler's sympathy for Islam and the Muslim world. Hitler is also interested in following Mussolini and getting the title of Muslim defender.
Characteristically, Hitler's reference to the Palestinian problem was emphasized in his April 1, 1939, speech. The role of Palestine and the Arabs in the Fuhrer speech; We will not interfere in the affairs of others and we do not want them to interfere in our affairs: we have never asked the British about the affairs of Palestine and what is happening in it and what they want. '
The shift towards a pro-German orientation was expressed in a broader report on Germany and in the emphasis on Germany's aggressive, rigid and 'bold' position in Europe ... - ↑ Kabha, Mustafa. The Palestinian Press as Shaper of Public Opinion 1929-39: Writing Up a Storm. 2004, p. 187.
The Spanish Civil War and its reflection in the press
Another issue that received press coverage and attention in the Arab press during the strike was the Spanish Civil War. The newspaper that did much more than any other newspaper was Falastin. It was also the newspaper that took a clear stance of hostility towards the government forces that Russia supported. He justified his attacks on this camp by the fact that [sic] many Jews are fighting alongside it. He knew how to frequently report on the many "crimes" allegedly committed by the fighters of that camp, who murder, loot and rape 'any woman who gets in their way. - ↑ Col (Res.) Dr. Raphael G. Bouchnik-chen, "Palestinian Arab Volunteers in the British Army in WWII: A Reality Check", Besa, December 9, 2019.
Notwithstanding Abbasi’s claim to have based his research on a variety of primary and secondary sources, he seems to have chosen his sources selectively, presumably to service the theory of a significant degree of Palestinian Arab resistance to the Nazis. Neither the quantitative nor the qualitative aspect of this theory is supported by the evidence.
Gen. Archibald Wavell, commander of the British forces in the Middle East, opposed the formation of a Jewish regiment in the British army. According to historian Marcel Roubicek, the British High Commissioner for Palestine also feared that Jewish enlistment would inflame Arab anger. To solve that problem, he made it a condition that Jews wishing to join up find an equivalent number of Palestinian Arab volunteers to join up as well.
To accomplish this, the Jews of the Yishuv offered financial compensation to Palestinian Arabs to enlist. They ultimately succeeded in raising enough manpower from both communities to permit the formation of a Jewish regiment.
The opportunity for Palestinian Arabs to join the ranks of the British Army was thus a direct outcome of the Jewish desire to render its utmost assistance to Britain in every sphere of war activity, a point Abbasi ignores.
He is similarly fuzzy on Palestinian Arab motivation. He states, “Most of the [Palestinian Arab] volunteers were villagers and of the urban lower class, and…the economic motive played a central role in volunteering,” noting that these “motives…differed from [that of] their Jewish friends, who enlisted in the army mainly because of opposition to Nazi Germany and its racial policy toward their people, besides other motives such as the revival of a Jewish army, and the serious employment situation in the country at the beginning of the war.”
Compensation as the prevailing motivation for Palestinian Arab enlistment is supported by the evidence, but Abbasi claims their motives were in fact manifold and varied. Some Palestinian Arabs, he states, enlisted for ideological reasons, to express their opposition to Nazi ideology and loyalty to the British and their values. This motive was especially true of the urban elite and the intellectuals, he alleges, who were highly influenced by British education and culture. He does not substantiate this point sufficiently and ignores available evidence documenting contemporary Palestinian contempt for the British Army (see, for example, Prof. Kimberly Katz’s A Young Palestinian’s Diary 1941-1945, The Life of Sami Amr).
Abbasi laments that “there is hardly any reference to the thousands of Palestinian volunteers, some of whom fell in battle, while others are still listed as missing in action, and no commemoration of the fallen can be found anywhere.” He suggests this “evil” is explained by “what the Palestinian people experienced during the Nakba and its aftermath, the destruction of archives and records in addition to the loss of personal documents, and the fact that no organization was established to commemorate the volunteers and their deeds.” He thus accuses Israel of covering up the Palestinian Arab role in defeating the Nazis.
It should be noted that Abbasi persistently uses the term “Palestinians” rather than “Palestinian Arabs” in his article, starting with the title. This manipulation services the popular narrative denying any linkage between the Jewish People and Palestine. In her book World War II – The Story of a Jewish Soldier, Jewish Women of Mandatory Palestine Serving in the British Army, Esther Herlitz (later an Israeli diplomat and politician who served as a member of the Knesset) wrote, “As far as the British were concerned, we from the Jewish Yishuv, and some Arabs, were Palestinians.” - ↑ Yaakov Shimoni, Arviyei Eretz Yisrael (The Arabs of Palestine), (Tel-Aviv, Palestine: Am Oved), 1947, p. 407.
"Al Difa" changed its flavor several times: at the time of its founding it was considered the mouthpiece of the Istiqlal circles, who were then extremists and fans of fascism; Stories of direct ties formed then between its editors and Germans. - ↑ Postcolonial Comics: Texts, Events, Identities. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2015. 176.
Filastin, 1 January, 1940. - ↑ The Arab League: Tool or Power?
Weinryb, Bernard D. Commentary; New York, N. Y. Vol. 1, (Dec 1, 1945): 50 [7]; Commentary Magazine, March 1946 Foreign Affairs.
[....] Formed in March 1945, the Arab League—consisting of Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Transjordan, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq and Yemen—made its international debut at the UNO conference in San Francisco soon after, and went on to open offices in London and Washington in October. The object of these offices was officially stated to be to supply information on aspects of modem Arab life, but the Washington office registered with the State Department as a foreign propaganda office, and Mr. Ahmed Shukairy, its head, declared that he was here to counteract Zionist propaganda...
Perhaps the most important motive for “playing to the gallery” is the widespread social unrest in the Middle East. The ruling groups, absorbed by political strife during the inter-war years, “forgot” the needs of the people and the social structure of Ottoman times remain unchanged. Because of the inflation and other economic developments during this war “the rich got richer while the poor got poorer.” Contrasts between the classes have become sharper, and have led to the demand for social reforms. The League, representing the ruling groups, will need to divert attention from social to political issues. And the techniques to be employed need not be invented.
As a matter of fact, techniques taken over from Hitler and the Nazis are already in use. We have seen the method of putting up a show, threatening the use of non-existent strength and might, resorting to nonsense for propaganda purposes and repeating this nonsense with such vigorous certainty that it becomes accepted as truth.
The “unity” ideal, in its “exclusivist” aspect, can be exploited for fascist purposes and the “unity” drive of the Arab League seems to be approaching that pan-Arab trend which Professor H. A. R. Gibb, of Oxford University, a friend of the Arabs, termed a few years ago “an ignorant, intolerant, explosive force; it substitutes wishing for thinking, fiercely resents not only Christian domination but anything that savors of Christian practice and ideas, dreams of driving European and Jew into the ocean and restoring the glorious empire of the caliphate.”
We have already seen efforts to camouflage the movement’s own weakness by sowing hatred, inciting to murder and pogroms, and assailing as enemies all those who are not on the League’s side. We have seen anti-Jewish riots in Egypt and Libya, the murder of statesmen, student riots against Great Britain and the Egyptian government, the slurring attack of the Arab press in Palestine on President Truman. It is now only a short step to acknowledging Nazi and fascist theories openly: the Palestine Arabic newspaper Falastin, for instance, attacked the Nuremberg trials, asserting that the Allies had no right to try nazis and nazism since this was a political ideology just as democracy and socialism are. - ↑ Bertina, B. J. (1970). zaal loopt leeg [The hall is empty]. Netherlands: Stichting IVIO. p.23.
To cite just one example: In the period from 1920-1940 is missed Hadj Amin el-Husseini... Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, the one who was the instigator of the riots of 1938 and the same who is immortalized in a photo with Hitler. Besides, nothing is said about the entire period from 1920 to 1945, except about the strike.
And it is precisely this period that is so important in history, because it can tell you a lot about the separation that then occurred between Jews and Arabs.
The last word has not yet been said about the reasons for the Palestinians' flight: the Lebanese newspaper Sada al-Janub has called for flights; the Jordanian Daily, Felastin, of 17.05.1955 describes how the evacuation of Akko of 17.05.1948 went according to plan; in the Felastin of 19.02.1949 and in the Cairo Daily people call for an evacuation.
All this while the Jews sometimes asked the Palestinians to stay (see e.g. the placard of the Haifa Worker's Council).
No, Dr. Wagtendonk, you have been misinformed a bit.
Also the disaster of Deir-Yassin would not have happened if the Arabs had not started firing after the 'white flag' had been raised. Moreover, the culprits were severely punished. I do not deny that the Palestinians have become victims.. but the history must be well described and then it is noticeable that the problem would not have arisen to the same extent if the Arab governments had not manipulated with the Arab Palestinians and that the vast majority of Arabs would have been absorbed into Israeli society. - ↑ "Facts," Vol. 16, 1965. Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, pp. 337, 343-4
- ↑ Arab Design for Israel's Annihilation, 1958-1967. United States: Embassy of Israel, 1967. 4.
- ↑ Under Fire: Israel's 20-year Struggle for Survival. United States: W. W. Norton, 1968. 238.
- ↑ Arab Design for Israel's Annihilation, 1958-1967. United States: Embassy of Israel, 1967. 5.
- ↑ Near East Report. United States: n.p., 1967. 9
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