Difference between revisions of "Federalist Papers"
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| − | [[File:Fed Papers1787 Cover.jpg|right| | + | [[File:Fed Papers1787 Cover.jpg|right|270px|thumb|Title page of ''The Federalist'' as a book publishing the essays in 1788 (note [[Roman numeral]] at bottom of page, year: MDCCLXXXVIII).<ref>Roman numeral MDCCLXXXVIII totals as MDCC=1700 + LXXX=80 + VIII=8 or 1788.</ref>]] |
| − | The '''Federalist Papers''' were a series of articles published anonymously in a New York newspaper during | + | The '''Federalist Papers''' were a series of articles published anonymously in a New York newspaper during 1787–1788 to encourage New York to ratify the [[U.S. Constitution]]. They were also collected as a book titled ''"The Federalist"'' published as 2 volumes in 1788 as '''The Federalist: A Collection of Essays, Written in Favour of the New Constitution, as Agreed upon by the Federal Convention, September 17, 1787''', and reprinted in later years. These articles, 51 by [[Alexander Hamilton]], 29 by [[James Madison]] and 5 by [[John Jay]], are often used today in interpreting the Constitution. All three authors wrote the articles under the pen name "[[Publius]]", a salute to Roman consul Publius Valerius Publicola. |
| − | A portion of the articles are undated, while the dated ones range from November 20, 1787 to April 4, 1788. Originally, they were numbered with [[Roman numeral]]s but later reprinted with [[Arabic numerals]]. | + | A portion of the articles are undated, while the dated ones range from November 20, 1787, to April 4, 1788. Originally, they were numbered with [[Roman numeral]]s but later reprinted with [[Arabic numerals]]. |
| − | The most famous article is ''Federalist No. 10'' by James Madison, where he argues that a union of the States will better combat factions, even factions within an individual State. | + | The most famous article is ''Federalist No. 10'' by James Madison, where he argues that a union of the States will better combat factions, even factions within an individual State. In ''Federalist No. 78'' by Alexander Hamilton, he explained why the federal judiciary should always be the "least dangerous" branch. On the Supreme Court, the five most cited Federalist Papers are: Federalist 42, Federalist 78, Federalist 81, Federalist 51, and Federalist 32.<ref>[https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1428&context=concomm The Most-Cited Federalist Papers], University of Minnesota</ref> |
| − | + | The full text and audio of the Federalist Papers are freely available online.<ref>http://www.foundingfathers.info/federalistpapers/</ref> | |
| − | The | + | The Federalist Papers are countered by the [[Anti-Federalist Papers]]. |
| + | |||
| + | ==Background== | ||
| + | During the [[Constitutional Convention]], delegates cited the experience of the past to show, that of all national governments, a democratic one was the most unstable, fluctuating, and short-lived; and that despotism, arising from a centralization of power in the national government on one hand, and anarchy, incident to the instability of democracy - "the levelling spirit of democracy" denounced by [[Elbridge Gerry]] as "the worst of political evils" - on the other, were the Scylla and Charybdis between which the republic would, in the opinion of their opponents, be placed, with almost a certainty of being destroyed. | ||
| + | |||
| + | These views were ably combated in a series of political essays written by Hamilton and Madison, with a few numbers by John Jay, which were published in two New York newspapers: ''The Independent Journal'' and the ''New York Packet''. The object of these essays being, as stated by Hamilton in the first number, "A discussion of the utility of the Union; the insufficiency of the confederation to preserve that Union;" and "the necessity of a government at least equally energetic with the one proposed, to the attainment of this object." These essays; under the general title of ''The Federalist'', were written with uncommon ability, exerted a powerful influence, and present an admirable treatise on the philosophy of our federal constitution. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Long and stormy debates occurred in the state conventions; and it was not until the twenty-first of June, 1788, that New Hampshire, the ninth state in order, ratified the constitution. It then became the organic law of the republic. The Congress, when testimonials of ratification were received from a sufficient number of states, appointed the first Wednesday of January, 1789, for the people of the United States to choose electors of a president in accordance with the provisions of the constitution; the first Wednesday in February following for the electors to meet and make a choice; and the first Wednesday in March ensuing for the new government to meet for organization in the city of New York.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FB7Jwoi-q9IC&pg=PA77 Washington and the American Republic], by [[Benson John Lossing]]</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Authors== | ||
| + | {|background="none" width="100%" border="0" | ||
| + | | | ||
| + | [[File:alexhamilton.jpg|center|180px|thumb]] | ||
| + | | | ||
| + | Alexander Hamilton is the principal author of the ''Federalist'', having authored 51 of the papers. | ||
| + | | | ||
| + | [[File:7648ruy6g.gif|center|250px|thumb]] | ||
| + | | | ||
| + | James Madison, pictured to the left, authored 29 of the ''Federalist''. | ||
| + | | | ||
| + | [[File:johnjay.jpg|center|210px|thumb]] | ||
| + | | | ||
| + | John Jay, pictured to the left, wrote 4 out of the first 5 essays. | ||
| + | |} | ||
==Influences== | ==Influences== | ||
| − | There were several major influences stated in the Federalist. Among them [[John Locke]](Federalist 2), [[Montesquieu]](Fed. 47), and important English works such as the [[Magna Carta]], The [[Petition of Right]], and the [[English Bill of Rights]](Fed. 84). | + | There were several major influences stated in the Federalist. Among them [[John Locke]] (Federalist 2), [[Montesquieu]] (Fed. 47), and important English works such as the [[Magna Carta]], The [[Petition of Right]], and the [[English Bill of Rights]] (Fed. 84). |
== Individual papers == | == Individual papers == | ||
| Line 22: | Line 45: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 1 | + | | [[Federalist No. 1]] |
| October 27, 1787 | | October 27, 1787 | ||
| General Introduction | | General Introduction | ||
| Line 28: | Line 51: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 2 | + | | [[Federalist No. 2]] |
| October 31, 1787 | | October 31, 1787 | ||
| Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence | | Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence | ||
| Line 34: | Line 57: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 3 | + | | [[Federalist No. 3]] |
| November 3, 1787 | | November 3, 1787 | ||
| The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence | | The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence | ||
| Line 40: | Line 63: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 4 | + | | [[Federalist No. 4]] |
| November 7, 1787 | | November 7, 1787 | ||
| The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence | | The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence | ||
| Line 46: | Line 69: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 5 | + | | [[Federalist No. 5]] |
| November 10, 1787 | | November 10, 1787 | ||
| The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence | | The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence | ||
| Line 52: | Line 75: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 6 | + | | [[Federalist No. 6]] |
| November 14, 1787 | | November 14, 1787 | ||
| Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States | | Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States | ||
| Line 58: | Line 81: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 7 | + | | [[Federalist No. 7]] |
| November 15, 1787 | | November 15, 1787 | ||
| The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States | | The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States | ||
| Line 64: | Line 87: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 8 | + | | [[Federalist No. 8]] |
| November 20, 1787 | | November 20, 1787 | ||
| The Consequences of Hostilities Between the States | | The Consequences of Hostilities Between the States | ||
| Line 70: | Line 93: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 9 | + | | [[Federalist No. 9]] |
| November 21, 1787 | | November 21, 1787 | ||
| The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection | | The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection | ||
| Line 76: | Line 99: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 10 | + | | [[Federalist No. 10]] |
| November 22, 1787 | | November 22, 1787 | ||
| The Same Subject Continued: The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection | | The Same Subject Continued: The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection | ||
| Line 82: | Line 105: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 11 | + | | [[Federalist No. 11]] |
| November 24, 1787 | | November 24, 1787 | ||
| The Utility of the Union in Respect to Commercial Relations and a Navy | | The Utility of the Union in Respect to Commercial Relations and a Navy | ||
| Line 88: | Line 111: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 12 | + | | [[Federalist No. 12]] |
| November 27, 1787 | | November 27, 1787 | ||
| The Utility of the Union In Respect to Revenue | | The Utility of the Union In Respect to Revenue | ||
| Line 94: | Line 117: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 13 | + | | [[Federalist No. 13]] |
| November 28, 1787 | | November 28, 1787 | ||
| Advantage of the Union in Respect to Economy in Government | | Advantage of the Union in Respect to Economy in Government | ||
| Line 100: | Line 123: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 14 | + | | [[Federalist No. 14]] |
| November 30, 1787 | | November 30, 1787 | ||
| Objections to the Proposed Constitution From Extent of Territory Answered | | Objections to the Proposed Constitution From Extent of Territory Answered | ||
| Line 106: | Line 129: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 15 | + | | [[Federalist No. 15]] |
| December 1, 1787 | | December 1, 1787 | ||
| The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union | | The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union | ||
| Line 112: | Line 135: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 16 | + | | [[Federalist No. 16]] |
| December 4, 1787 | | December 4, 1787 | ||
| The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union | | The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union | ||
| Line 118: | Line 141: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 17 | + | | [[Federalist No. 17]] |
| December 5, 1787 | | December 5, 1787 | ||
| The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union | | The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union | ||
| Line 124: | Line 147: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 18 | + | | [[Federalist No. 18]] |
| December 7, 1787 | | December 7, 1787 | ||
| The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union | | The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union | ||
| Line 130: | Line 153: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 19 | + | | [[Federalist No. 19]] |
| December 8, 1787 | | December 8, 1787 | ||
| The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union | | The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union | ||
| Line 136: | Line 159: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 20 | + | | [[Federalist No. 20]] |
| December 11, 1787 | | December 11, 1787 | ||
| The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union | | The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union | ||
| Line 142: | Line 165: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 21 | + | | [[Federalist No. 21]] |
| December 12, 1787 | | December 12, 1787 | ||
| Other Defects of the Present Confederation | | Other Defects of the Present Confederation | ||
| Line 148: | Line 171: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 22 | + | | [[Federalist No. 22]] |
| December 14, 1787 | | December 14, 1787 | ||
| The Same Subject Continued: Other Defects of the Present Confederation | | The Same Subject Continued: Other Defects of the Present Confederation | ||
| Line 154: | Line 177: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 23 | + | | [[Federalist No. 23]] |
| December 18, 1787 | | December 18, 1787 | ||
| The Necessity of a Government as Energetic as the One Proposed to the Preservation of the Union | | The Necessity of a Government as Energetic as the One Proposed to the Preservation of the Union | ||
| Line 160: | Line 183: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 24 | + | | [[Federalist No. 24]] |
| December 19, 1787 | | December 19, 1787 | ||
| The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered | | The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered | ||
| Line 166: | Line 189: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 25 | + | | [[Federalist No. 25]] |
| December 21, 1787 | | December 21, 1787 | ||
| The Same Subject Continued: The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered | | The Same Subject Continued: The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered | ||
| Line 172: | Line 195: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 26 | + | | [[Federalist No. 26]] |
| December 22, 1787 | | December 22, 1787 | ||
| The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered | | The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered | ||
| Line 178: | Line 201: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 27 | + | | [[Federalist No. 27]] |
| December 25, 1787 | | December 25, 1787 | ||
| The Same Subject Continued: The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered | | The Same Subject Continued: The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered | ||
| Line 184: | Line 207: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 28 | + | | [[Federalist No. 28]] |
| December 26, 1787 | | December 26, 1787 | ||
| The Same Subject Continued: The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered | | The Same Subject Continued: The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered | ||
| Line 190: | Line 213: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 29 | + | | [[Federalist No. 29]] |
| January 9, 1788 | | January 9, 1788 | ||
| Concerning the Militia | | Concerning the Militia | ||
| Line 196: | Line 219: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 30 | + | | [[Federalist No. 30]] |
| December 28, 1787 | | December 28, 1787 | ||
| Concerning the General Power of Taxation | | Concerning the General Power of Taxation | ||
| Line 202: | Line 225: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 31 | + | | [[Federalist No. 31]] |
| January 1, 1788 | | January 1, 1788 | ||
| The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation | | The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation | ||
| Line 208: | Line 231: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 32 | + | | [[Federalist No. 32]] |
| January 2, 1788 | | January 2, 1788 | ||
| The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation | | The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation | ||
| Line 214: | Line 237: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 33 | + | | [[Federalist No. 33]] |
| January 2, 1788 | | January 2, 1788 | ||
| The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation | | The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation | ||
| Line 220: | Line 243: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 34 | + | | [[Federalist No. 34]] |
| January 5, 1788 | | January 5, 1788 | ||
| The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation | | The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation | ||
| Line 226: | Line 249: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 35 | + | | [[Federalist No. 35]] |
| January 5, 1788 | | January 5, 1788 | ||
| The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation | | The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation | ||
| Line 232: | Line 255: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 36 | + | | [[Federalist No. 36]] |
| January 8, 1788 | | January 8, 1788 | ||
| The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation | | The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation | ||
| Line 238: | Line 261: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 37 | + | | [[Federalist No. 37]] |
| January 11, 1788 | | January 11, 1788 | ||
| Concerning the Difficulties of the Convention in Devising a Proper Form of Government | | Concerning the Difficulties of the Convention in Devising a Proper Form of Government | ||
| Line 244: | Line 267: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 38 | + | | [[Federalist No. 38]] |
| January 12, 1788 | | January 12, 1788 | ||
| The Same Subject Continued, and the Incoherence of the Objections to the New Plan Exposed | | The Same Subject Continued, and the Incoherence of the Objections to the New Plan Exposed | ||
| Line 250: | Line 273: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 39 | + | | [[Federalist No. 39]] |
| January 18, 1788 | | January 18, 1788 | ||
| The Conformity of the Plan to Republican Principles | | The Conformity of the Plan to Republican Principles | ||
| Line 256: | Line 279: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 40 | + | | [[Federalist No. 40]] |
| January 18, 1788 | | January 18, 1788 | ||
| The Powers of the Convention to Form a Mixed Government Examined and Sustained | | The Powers of the Convention to Form a Mixed Government Examined and Sustained | ||
| Line 262: | Line 285: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 41 | + | | [[Federalist No. 41]] |
| January 19, 1788 | | January 19, 1788 | ||
| General View of the Powers Conferred by the Constitution | | General View of the Powers Conferred by the Constitution | ||
| Line 268: | Line 291: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 42 | + | | [[Federalist No. 42]] |
| January 22, 1788 | | January 22, 1788 | ||
| The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered | | The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered | ||
| Line 274: | Line 297: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 43 | + | | [[Federalist No. 43]] |
| January 23, 1788 | | January 23, 1788 | ||
| The Same Subject Continued: The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered | | The Same Subject Continued: The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered | ||
| Line 280: | Line 303: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 44 | + | | [[Federalist No. 44]] |
| January 25, 1788 | | January 25, 1788 | ||
| Restrictions on the Authority of the Several States | | Restrictions on the Authority of the Several States | ||
| Line 286: | Line 309: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 45 | + | | [[Federalist No. 45]] |
| January 26, 1788 | | January 26, 1788 | ||
| The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered | | The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered | ||
| Line 292: | Line 315: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 46 | + | | [[Federalist No. 46]] |
| January 29, 1788 | | January 29, 1788 | ||
| The Influence of the State and Federal Governments Compared | | The Influence of the State and Federal Governments Compared | ||
| Line 298: | Line 321: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 47 | + | | [[Federalist No. 47]] |
| January 30, 1788 | | January 30, 1788 | ||
| The Particular Structure of the New Government and the Distribution of Power Among Its Different Parts | | The Particular Structure of the New Government and the Distribution of Power Among Its Different Parts | ||
| Line 304: | Line 327: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 48 | + | | [[Federalist No. 48]] |
| February 1, 1788 | | February 1, 1788 | ||
| These Departments Should Not Be So Far Separated as to Have No Constitutional Control Over Each Other | | These Departments Should Not Be So Far Separated as to Have No Constitutional Control Over Each Other | ||
| Line 310: | Line 333: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 49 | + | | [[Federalist No. 49]] |
| February 2, 1788 | | February 2, 1788 | ||
| Method of Guarding Against the Encroachments of Any One Department of Government | | Method of Guarding Against the Encroachments of Any One Department of Government | ||
| Line 316: | Line 339: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 50 | + | | [[Federalist No. 50]] |
| February 5, 1788 | | February 5, 1788 | ||
| Periodic Appeals to the People Considered | | Periodic Appeals to the People Considered | ||
| Line 322: | Line 345: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 51 | + | | [[Federalist No. 51]] |
| February 6, 1788 | | February 6, 1788 | ||
| The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments | | The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments | ||
| Line 328: | Line 351: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 52 | + | | [[Federalist No. 52]] |
| February 8, 1788 | | February 8, 1788 | ||
| The House of Representatives | | The House of Representatives | ||
| Line 334: | Line 357: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 53 | + | | [[Federalist No. 53]] |
| February 9, 1788 | | February 9, 1788 | ||
| The Same Subject Continued: The House of Representatives | | The Same Subject Continued: The House of Representatives | ||
| Line 340: | Line 363: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 54 | + | | [[Federalist No. 54]] |
| February 12, 1788 | | February 12, 1788 | ||
| The Apportionment of Members Among the States | | The Apportionment of Members Among the States | ||
| Line 346: | Line 369: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 55 | + | | [[Federalist No. 55]] |
| February 13, 1788 | | February 13, 1788 | ||
| The Total Number of the House of Representatives | | The Total Number of the House of Representatives | ||
| Line 352: | Line 375: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 56 | + | | [[Federalist No. 56]] |
| February 16, 1788 | | February 16, 1788 | ||
| The Same Subject Continued: The Total Number of the House of Representatives | | The Same Subject Continued: The Total Number of the House of Representatives | ||
| Line 358: | Line 381: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 57 | + | | [[Federalist No. 57]] |
| February 19, 1788 | | February 19, 1788 | ||
| The Alleged Tendency of the New Plan to Elevate the Few at the Expense of the Many | | The Alleged Tendency of the New Plan to Elevate the Few at the Expense of the Many | ||
| Line 364: | Line 387: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 58 | + | | [[Federalist No. 58]] |
| February 20, 1788 | | February 20, 1788 | ||
| Objection That The Number of Members Will Not Be Augmented as the Progress of Population Demands Considered | | Objection That The Number of Members Will Not Be Augmented as the Progress of Population Demands Considered | ||
| Line 370: | Line 393: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 59 | + | | [[Federalist No. 59]] |
| February 22, 1788 | | February 22, 1788 | ||
| Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members | | Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members | ||
| Line 376: | Line 399: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 60 | + | | [[Federalist No. 60]] |
| February 23, 1788 | | February 23, 1788 | ||
| The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members | | The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members | ||
| Line 382: | Line 405: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 61 | + | | [[Federalist No. 61]] |
| February 26, 1788 | | February 26, 1788 | ||
| The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members | | The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members | ||
| Line 388: | Line 411: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 62 | + | | [[Federalist No. 62]] |
| February 27, 1788 | | February 27, 1788 | ||
| The Senate | | The Senate | ||
| Line 394: | Line 417: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 63 | + | | [[Federalist No. 63]] |
| March 1, 1788 | | March 1, 1788 | ||
| The Senate Continued | | The Senate Continued | ||
| Line 400: | Line 423: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 64 | + | | [[Federalist No. 64]] |
| March 5, 1788 | | March 5, 1788 | ||
| The Powers of the Senate | | The Powers of the Senate | ||
| Line 406: | Line 429: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 65 | + | | [[Federalist No. 65]] |
| March 7, 1788 | | March 7, 1788 | ||
| The Powers of the Senate Continued | | The Powers of the Senate Continued | ||
| Line 412: | Line 435: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 66 | + | | [[Federalist No. 66]] |
| March 8, 1788 | | March 8, 1788 | ||
| Objections to the Power of the Senate To Set as a Court for Impeachments Further Considered | | Objections to the Power of the Senate To Set as a Court for Impeachments Further Considered | ||
| Line 418: | Line 441: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 67 | + | | [[Federalist No. 67]] |
| March 11, 1788 | | March 11, 1788 | ||
| The Executive Department | | The Executive Department | ||
| Line 424: | Line 447: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 68 | + | | [[Federalist No. 68]] |
| March 12, 1788 | | March 12, 1788 | ||
| The Mode of Electing the President | | The Mode of Electing the President | ||
| Line 430: | Line 453: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 69 | + | | [[Federalist No. 69]] |
| March 14, 1788 | | March 14, 1788 | ||
| The Real Character of the Executive | | The Real Character of the Executive | ||
| Line 436: | Line 459: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 70 | + | | [[Federalist No. 70]] |
| March 15, 1788 | | March 15, 1788 | ||
| The Executive Department Further Considered | | The Executive Department Further Considered | ||
| Line 442: | Line 465: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 71 | + | | [[Federalist No. 71]] |
| March 18, 1788 | | March 18, 1788 | ||
| The Duration in Office of the Executive | | The Duration in Office of the Executive | ||
| Line 448: | Line 471: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 72 | + | | [[Federalist No. 72]] |
| March 19, 1788 | | March 19, 1788 | ||
| The Same Subject Continued, and Re-Eligibility of the Executive Considered | | The Same Subject Continued, and Re-Eligibility of the Executive Considered | ||
| Line 454: | Line 477: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 73 | + | | [[Federalist No. 73]] |
| March 21, 1788 | | March 21, 1788 | ||
| The Provision For The Support of the Executive, and the Veto Power | | The Provision For The Support of the Executive, and the Veto Power | ||
| Line 460: | Line 483: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 74 | + | | [[Federalist No. 74]] |
| March 25, 1788 | | March 25, 1788 | ||
| The Command of the Military and Naval Forces, and the Pardoning Power of the Executive | | The Command of the Military and Naval Forces, and the Pardoning Power of the Executive | ||
| Line 466: | Line 489: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 75 | + | | [[Federalist No. 75]] |
| March 26, 1788 | | March 26, 1788 | ||
| The Treaty Making Power of the Executive | | The Treaty Making Power of the Executive | ||
| Line 472: | Line 495: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 76 | + | | [[Federalist No. 76]] |
| April 1, 1788 | | April 1, 1788 | ||
| The Appointing Power of the Executive | | The Appointing Power of the Executive | ||
| Line 478: | Line 501: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 77 | + | | [[Federalist No. 77]] |
| April 2, 1788 | | April 2, 1788 | ||
| The Appointing Power Continued and Other Powers of the Executive Considered | | The Appointing Power Continued and Other Powers of the Executive Considered | ||
| Line 484: | Line 507: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 78 | + | | [[Federalist No. 78]] |
| May 28, 1788 | | May 28, 1788 | ||
| The Judiciary Department | | The Judiciary Department | ||
| Line 490: | Line 513: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 79 | + | | [[Federalist No. 79]] |
| May 28, 1788 | | May 28, 1788 | ||
| The Judiciary Continued | | The Judiciary Continued | ||
| Line 496: | Line 519: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 80 | + | | [[Federalist No. 80]] |
| June 21, 1788 | | June 21, 1788 | ||
| The Powers of the Judiciary | | The Powers of the Judiciary | ||
| Line 502: | Line 525: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 81 | + | | [[Federalist No. 81]] |
| June 25, 1788 | | June 25, 1788 | ||
| The Judiciary Continued, and the Distribution of the Judicial Authority | | The Judiciary Continued, and the Distribution of the Judicial Authority | ||
| Line 508: | Line 531: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 82 | + | | [[Federalist No. 82]] |
| July 2, 1788 | | July 2, 1788 | ||
| The Judiciary Continued | | The Judiciary Continued | ||
| Line 514: | Line 537: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 83 | + | | [[Federalist No. 83]] |
| July 5, 1788 | | July 5, 1788 | ||
| The Judiciary Continued in Relation to Trial by Jury | | The Judiciary Continued in Relation to Trial by Jury | ||
| Line 520: | Line 543: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 84 | + | | [[Federalist No. 84]] |
| July 16, 1788 | | July 16, 1788 | ||
| Certain General and Miscellaneous Objections to the Constitution Considered and Answered | | Certain General and Miscellaneous Objections to the Constitution Considered and Answered | ||
| Line 526: | Line 549: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Federalist No. 85 | + | | [[Federalist No. 85]] |
| August 13, 1788 | | August 13, 1788 | ||
| Concluding Remarks | | Concluding Remarks | ||
| Line 541: | Line 564: | ||
* [https://librivox.org/the-federalist-papers-by-alexander-hamilton-john-jay-and-james-madison/ The Federalist Papers] - [[LibriVox]] | * [https://librivox.org/the-federalist-papers-by-alexander-hamilton-john-jay-and-james-madison/ The Federalist Papers] - [[LibriVox]] | ||
| − | + | {{The Federalist Papers}} | |
| − | + | ||
| − | [[Category: | + | [[Category:Federalist Papers|!]] |
Revision as of 01:13, November 7, 2018
Title page of The Federalist as a book publishing the essays in 1788 (note Roman numeral at bottom of page, year: MDCCLXXXVIII).[1]
The Federalist Papers were a series of articles published anonymously in a New York newspaper during 1787–1788 to encourage New York to ratify the U.S. Constitution. They were also collected as a book titled "The Federalist" published as 2 volumes in 1788 as The Federalist: A Collection of Essays, Written in Favour of the New Constitution, as Agreed upon by the Federal Convention, September 17, 1787, and reprinted in later years. These articles, 51 by Alexander Hamilton, 29 by James Madison and 5 by John Jay, are often used today in interpreting the Constitution. All three authors wrote the articles under the pen name "Publius", a salute to Roman consul Publius Valerius Publicola.
A portion of the articles are undated, while the dated ones range from November 20, 1787, to April 4, 1788. Originally, they were numbered with Roman numerals but later reprinted with Arabic numerals.
The most famous article is Federalist No. 10 by James Madison, where he argues that a union of the States will better combat factions, even factions within an individual State. In Federalist No. 78 by Alexander Hamilton, he explained why the federal judiciary should always be the "least dangerous" branch. On the Supreme Court, the five most cited Federalist Papers are: Federalist 42, Federalist 78, Federalist 81, Federalist 51, and Federalist 32.[2]
The full text and audio of the Federalist Papers are freely available online.[3]
The Federalist Papers are countered by the Anti-Federalist Papers.
Background
During the Constitutional Convention, delegates cited the experience of the past to show, that of all national governments, a democratic one was the most unstable, fluctuating, and short-lived; and that despotism, arising from a centralization of power in the national government on one hand, and anarchy, incident to the instability of democracy - "the levelling spirit of democracy" denounced by Elbridge Gerry as "the worst of political evils" - on the other, were the Scylla and Charybdis between which the republic would, in the opinion of their opponents, be placed, with almost a certainty of being destroyed.
These views were ably combated in a series of political essays written by Hamilton and Madison, with a few numbers by John Jay, which were published in two New York newspapers: The Independent Journal and the New York Packet. The object of these essays being, as stated by Hamilton in the first number, "A discussion of the utility of the Union; the insufficiency of the confederation to preserve that Union;" and "the necessity of a government at least equally energetic with the one proposed, to the attainment of this object." These essays; under the general title of The Federalist, were written with uncommon ability, exerted a powerful influence, and present an admirable treatise on the philosophy of our federal constitution.
Long and stormy debates occurred in the state conventions; and it was not until the twenty-first of June, 1788, that New Hampshire, the ninth state in order, ratified the constitution. It then became the organic law of the republic. The Congress, when testimonials of ratification were received from a sufficient number of states, appointed the first Wednesday of January, 1789, for the people of the United States to choose electors of a president in accordance with the provisions of the constitution; the first Wednesday in February following for the electors to meet and make a choice; and the first Wednesday in March ensuing for the new government to meet for organization in the city of New York.[4]
Authors
|
Alexander Hamilton is the principal author of the Federalist, having authored 51 of the papers. |
James Madison, pictured to the left, authored 29 of the Federalist. |
John Jay, pictured to the left, wrote 4 out of the first 5 essays. |
Influences
There were several major influences stated in the Federalist. Among them John Locke (Federalist 2), Montesquieu (Fed. 47), and important English works such as the Magna Carta, The Petition of Right, and the English Bill of Rights (Fed. 84).
Individual papers
| Paper | Date | Title | Author |
|---|---|---|---|
| Federalist No. 1 | October 27, 1787 | General Introduction | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 2 | October 31, 1787 | Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence | John Jay |
| Federalist No. 3 | November 3, 1787 | The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence | John Jay |
| Federalist No. 4 | November 7, 1787 | The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence | John Jay |
| Federalist No. 5 | November 10, 1787 | The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence | John Jay |
| Federalist No. 6 | November 14, 1787 | Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 7 | November 15, 1787 | The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 8 | November 20, 1787 | The Consequences of Hostilities Between the States | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 9 | November 21, 1787 | The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 10 | November 22, 1787 | The Same Subject Continued: The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection | James Madison |
| Federalist No. 11 | November 24, 1787 | The Utility of the Union in Respect to Commercial Relations and a Navy | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 12 | November 27, 1787 | The Utility of the Union In Respect to Revenue | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 13 | November 28, 1787 | Advantage of the Union in Respect to Economy in Government | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 14 | November 30, 1787 | Objections to the Proposed Constitution From Extent of Territory Answered | James Madison |
| Federalist No. 15 | December 1, 1787 | The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 16 | December 4, 1787 | The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 17 | December 5, 1787 | The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 18 | December 7, 1787 | The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union | James Madison |
| Federalist No. 19 | December 8, 1787 | The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union | James Madison |
| Federalist No. 20 | December 11, 1787 | The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union | James Madison |
| Federalist No. 21 | December 12, 1787 | Other Defects of the Present Confederation | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 22 | December 14, 1787 | The Same Subject Continued: Other Defects of the Present Confederation | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 23 | December 18, 1787 | The Necessity of a Government as Energetic as the One Proposed to the Preservation of the Union | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 24 | December 19, 1787 | The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 25 | December 21, 1787 | The Same Subject Continued: The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 26 | December 22, 1787 | The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 27 | December 25, 1787 | The Same Subject Continued: The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 28 | December 26, 1787 | The Same Subject Continued: The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 29 | January 9, 1788 | Concerning the Militia | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 30 | December 28, 1787 | Concerning the General Power of Taxation | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 31 | January 1, 1788 | The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 32 | January 2, 1788 | The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 33 | January 2, 1788 | The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 34 | January 5, 1788 | The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 35 | January 5, 1788 | The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 36 | January 8, 1788 | The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 37 | January 11, 1788 | Concerning the Difficulties of the Convention in Devising a Proper Form of Government | James Madison |
| Federalist No. 38 | January 12, 1788 | The Same Subject Continued, and the Incoherence of the Objections to the New Plan Exposed | James Madison |
| Federalist No. 39 | January 18, 1788 | The Conformity of the Plan to Republican Principles | James Madison |
| Federalist No. 40 | January 18, 1788 | The Powers of the Convention to Form a Mixed Government Examined and Sustained | James Madison |
| Federalist No. 41 | January 19, 1788 | General View of the Powers Conferred by the Constitution | James Madison |
| Federalist No. 42 | January 22, 1788 | The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered | James Madison |
| Federalist No. 43 | January 23, 1788 | The Same Subject Continued: The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered | James Madison |
| Federalist No. 44 | January 25, 1788 | Restrictions on the Authority of the Several States | James Madison |
| Federalist No. 45 | January 26, 1788 | The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered | James Madison |
| Federalist No. 46 | January 29, 1788 | The Influence of the State and Federal Governments Compared | James Madison |
| Federalist No. 47 | January 30, 1788 | The Particular Structure of the New Government and the Distribution of Power Among Its Different Parts | James Madison |
| Federalist No. 48 | February 1, 1788 | These Departments Should Not Be So Far Separated as to Have No Constitutional Control Over Each Other | James Madison |
| Federalist No. 49 | February 2, 1788 | Method of Guarding Against the Encroachments of Any One Department of Government | James Madison |
| Federalist No. 50 | February 5, 1788 | Periodic Appeals to the People Considered | James Madison |
| Federalist No. 51 | February 6, 1788 | The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments | James Madison |
| Federalist No. 52 | February 8, 1788 | The House of Representatives | James Madison |
| Federalist No. 53 | February 9, 1788 | The Same Subject Continued: The House of Representatives | James Madison |
| Federalist No. 54 | February 12, 1788 | The Apportionment of Members Among the States | James Madison |
| Federalist No. 55 | February 13, 1788 | The Total Number of the House of Representatives | James Madison |
| Federalist No. 56 | February 16, 1788 | The Same Subject Continued: The Total Number of the House of Representatives | James Madison |
| Federalist No. 57 | February 19, 1788 | The Alleged Tendency of the New Plan to Elevate the Few at the Expense of the Many | James Madison |
| Federalist No. 58 | February 20, 1788 | Objection That The Number of Members Will Not Be Augmented as the Progress of Population Demands Considered | James Madison |
| Federalist No. 59 | February 22, 1788 | Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 60 | February 23, 1788 | The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 61 | February 26, 1788 | The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 62 | February 27, 1788 | The Senate | James Madison |
| Federalist No. 63 | March 1, 1788 | The Senate Continued | James Madison |
| Federalist No. 64 | March 5, 1788 | The Powers of the Senate | John Jay |
| Federalist No. 65 | March 7, 1788 | The Powers of the Senate Continued | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 66 | March 8, 1788 | Objections to the Power of the Senate To Set as a Court for Impeachments Further Considered | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 67 | March 11, 1788 | The Executive Department | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 68 | March 12, 1788 | The Mode of Electing the President | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 69 | March 14, 1788 | The Real Character of the Executive | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 70 | March 15, 1788 | The Executive Department Further Considered | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 71 | March 18, 1788 | The Duration in Office of the Executive | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 72 | March 19, 1788 | The Same Subject Continued, and Re-Eligibility of the Executive Considered | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 73 | March 21, 1788 | The Provision For The Support of the Executive, and the Veto Power | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 74 | March 25, 1788 | The Command of the Military and Naval Forces, and the Pardoning Power of the Executive | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 75 | March 26, 1788 | The Treaty Making Power of the Executive | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 76 | April 1, 1788 | The Appointing Power of the Executive | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 77 | April 2, 1788 | The Appointing Power Continued and Other Powers of the Executive Considered | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 78 | May 28, 1788 | The Judiciary Department | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 79 | May 28, 1788 | The Judiciary Continued | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 80 | June 21, 1788 | The Powers of the Judiciary | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 81 | June 25, 1788 | The Judiciary Continued, and the Distribution of the Judicial Authority | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 82 | July 2, 1788 | The Judiciary Continued | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 83 | July 5, 1788 | The Judiciary Continued in Relation to Trial by Jury | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 84 | July 16, 1788 | Certain General and Miscellaneous Objections to the Constitution Considered and Answered | Alexander Hamilton |
| Federalist No. 85 | August 13, 1788 | Concluding Remarks | Alexander Hamilton |
References
- ↑ Roman numeral MDCCLXXXVIII totals as MDCC=1700 + LXXX=80 + VIII=8 or 1788.
- ↑ The Most-Cited Federalist Papers, University of Minnesota
- ↑ http://www.foundingfathers.info/federalistpapers/
- ↑ Washington and the American Republic, by Benson John Lossing
External links
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