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Writing the '''date in Japanese''' also makes use of the system of [[Japanese numerical system|numbers and counters]]. Thus, when the date is written out in full, the format is as follows: | Writing the '''date in Japanese''' also makes use of the system of [[Japanese numerical system|numbers and counters]]. Thus, when the date is written out in full, the format is as follows: | ||
− | yyyy年mm月dd日, where 年 is the counter for years, 月 for months and 日 for days. Thus 13 September | + | yyyy年mm月dd日, where 年 is the counter for years, 月 for months and 日 for days. Thus 13 September 2008 would be written as 2008年9月13日. |
Sometimes, instead of the Western year being used, the year of the current [[Akihito|Emperor's]] reign is used. Thus, 2008 could be written as Heisei (平成) 20, or to use the date format above: 平成20年9月13日. To arrive at a Western date, based on an era, you take the commencement date of the era (1989 in the case of Heisei), subtract 1 (as 1989 would be year 1 of Heisei, not year 0) and add the number of years of the era. Thus Heisei 20 = 1989 - 1 + 20 = 2008. The specific eras will be discussed in more detail below. | Sometimes, instead of the Western year being used, the year of the current [[Akihito|Emperor's]] reign is used. Thus, 2008 could be written as Heisei (平成) 20, or to use the date format above: 平成20年9月13日. To arrive at a Western date, based on an era, you take the commencement date of the era (1989 in the case of Heisei), subtract 1 (as 1989 would be year 1 of Heisei, not year 0) and add the number of years of the era. Thus Heisei 20 = 1989 - 1 + 20 = 2008. The specific eras will be discussed in more detail below. | ||
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===Calculating Year Periods=== | ===Calculating Year Periods=== | ||
− | When calculating either the nengō, or corresponding Western year, remember that the first year of the era is 1, not 0. Thus, to calculate the dates of the Heisei era, which began in 1989, add or subtract 1988 (1989 - 1) from the year in question. Thus 2007 was Heisei 19 ( | + | When calculating either the nengō, or corresponding Western year, remember that the first year of the era is 1, not 0. Thus, to calculate the dates of the Heisei era, which began in 1989, add or subtract 1988 (1989 - 1) from the year in question. Thus 2007 was Heisei 19 (2007–1988), and conversely Heisei 5 would be 1988 + 5 = 1993. |
===Modern ''Nengō''=== | ===Modern ''Nengō''=== | ||
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It was only with the reign of Emperor [[Meiji]] that the system of "one reign, one era" (一世一元 ''issei-ichigen'') came into use, meaning that era names would change only on Imperial succession. | It was only with the reign of Emperor [[Meiji]] that the system of "one reign, one era" (一世一元 ''issei-ichigen'') came into use, meaning that era names would change only on Imperial succession. | ||
− | The first year of an era is called ''gan-nen'' (元年). Subsequent years are counted from the beginning of the following calendar year. For example, the Shōwa era commenced on 25 December | + | The first year of an era is called ''gan-nen'' (元年). Subsequent years are counted from the beginning of the following calendar year. For example, the Shōwa era commenced on 25 December 1926, and the second year of Shōwa started a week later on 1 January 1927. It would also imply that 1926, can be written as both [[Taisho|Taishō]] 15 (the era name of the deceased Emperor) and Shōwa 1. |
The practice of ''issei-ichigen'' was only formalised in 1979, when the Era Name Law (元号法, ''gengō-hō'') was passed. Thus since 1868, there have been only four ''nengō'': Meiji (明治), Taishō (大正), Shōwa (昭和) and Heisei (平成).<ref>http://www.ndl.go.jp/koyomi/e/</ref> | The practice of ''issei-ichigen'' was only formalised in 1979, when the Era Name Law (元号法, ''gengō-hō'') was passed. Thus since 1868, there have been only four ''nengō'': Meiji (明治), Taishō (大正), Shōwa (昭和) and Heisei (平成).<ref>http://www.ndl.go.jp/koyomi/e/</ref> | ||
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===Historical ''Nengō''=== | ===Historical ''Nengō''=== | ||
− | Prior to the convention that started with the Meiji Era, the start of a new era could be declared for any number of reasons. The main reasons for declaring a new era would be the first, fifth and | + | Prior to the convention that started with the Meiji Era, the start of a new era could be declared for any number of reasons. The main reasons for declaring a new era would be the first, fifth and 58th years of the "sexagenary cycle" (十干十二支 ''jikkan jūnishi''), based on the [[Chinese]] system of 60 combinations of the two basic cycles, the ten calendar signs and the twelve signs of the [[Chinese zodiac]], the ascension of a new Emperor to the throne, an auspicious event, or a natural disaster. |
− | Many periods were only three or four years long and the names had nothing to do with the Emperor of the time. Furthermore, a change of emperor did not necessarily mean an immediate change to a new era; this normally occurred between one | + | Many periods were only three or four years long and the names had nothing to do with the Emperor of the time. Furthermore, a change of emperor did not necessarily mean an immediate change to a new era; this normally occurred between one and two years after the Emperor's death.<ref>Ryusaku Tsunoda, et. al., comp., Sources of Japanese Tradition, Columbia University Press, 1958</ref> |
The ''nengō'' system in use today was initiated by Emperor Mommu (697 - 707) in 701, after two previous attempts by Emperor Kōtoku in 654, and Emperor Temmu in 686 were abandoned. The current system has continued uninterrupted through today. Eras prior to 701 are generally linked to the first year of the relevant emperor's reign. Thus the first year of the era of Emperor Jimmu from 660 to 581 B.C. is referred to as ''Jimmu-Tennou gannen'' (神武天皇元年), or the "first year of Emperor Jimmu".<ref>Aston, W. G., trans., Nihongi : chronicles of Japan from the earliest times to A.D. 697, London : Allen and Unwin</ref> | The ''nengō'' system in use today was initiated by Emperor Mommu (697 - 707) in 701, after two previous attempts by Emperor Kōtoku in 654, and Emperor Temmu in 686 were abandoned. The current system has continued uninterrupted through today. Eras prior to 701 are generally linked to the first year of the relevant emperor's reign. Thus the first year of the era of Emperor Jimmu from 660 to 581 B.C. is referred to as ''Jimmu-Tennou gannen'' (神武天皇元年), or the "first year of Emperor Jimmu".<ref>Aston, W. G., trans., Nihongi : chronicles of Japan from the earliest times to A.D. 697, London : Allen and Unwin</ref> | ||
− | ===Complete List of Japanese Eras <ref>Varley, H. Paul , "A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley | + | ===Complete List of Japanese Eras <ref>Varley, H. Paul , "A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980</ref>=== |
====Ancient Age (Prior to 1185 AD)==== | ====Ancient Age (Prior to 1185 AD)==== | ||
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|-valign=top align="center" | |-valign=top align="center" | ||
|1384 | |1384 | ||
− | |Shi | + | |Shi''''toku |
|<font size=3>至徳</font> | |<font size=3>至徳</font> | ||
|-valign=top align="center" | |-valign=top align="center" | ||
Line 1,080: | Line 1,080: | ||
|-valign=top align="center" | |-valign=top align="center" | ||
|1596 | |1596 | ||
− | |Keichō | + | |[[Emperor Go-Mizunoo#Keichō|Keichō]] |
|<font size=3>慶長</font> | |<font size=3>慶長</font> | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|-valign=top align="center" | |-valign=top align="center" | ||
|1615 | |1615 | ||
− | |[[ | + | |[[Emperor Go-Mizunoo#Genna|Genna]] |
|<font size=3>元和</font> | |<font size=3>元和</font> | ||
|-valign=top align="center" | |-valign=top align="center" | ||
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|-valign=top align="center" | |-valign=top align="center" | ||
|1652 | |1652 | ||
− | |[[ | + | |[[Emperor Go-Sai#Jōō|Jōō]] |
|<font size=3>承応</font> | |<font size=3>承応</font> | ||
|-valign=top align="center" | |-valign=top align="center" | ||
|1655 | |1655 | ||
− | |[[ | + | |[[Emperor Go-Sai#Meireki|Meireki]] |
|<font size=3>明暦</font> | |<font size=3>明暦</font> | ||
|-valign=top align="center" | |-valign=top align="center" | ||
|1658 | |1658 | ||
− | |[[ | + | |[[Emperor Go-Sai#Manji|Manji]] |
|<font size=3>万治</font> | |<font size=3>万治</font> | ||
|-valign=top align="center" | |-valign=top align="center" | ||
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|-valign=top align="center" | |-valign=top align="center" | ||
|1912 | |1912 | ||
− | |[[Taisho|Taishō ]] | + | |[[Taisho|Taishō]] |
|<font size=3>大正</font> | |<font size=3>大正</font> | ||
|-valign=top align="center" | |-valign=top align="center" | ||
Line 1,269: | Line 1,269: | ||
|<font size=3>平成</font> | |<font size=3>平成</font> | ||
|-valign=top align="center" | |-valign=top align="center" | ||
+ | |2019 | ||
+ | |[[Emperor Naruhito|Reiwa]] | ||
+ | |<font size=3>令和</font> | ||
|} | |} | ||
− | ==External | + | ==External links== |
− | [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2272.html Convert from Gregorian years to Japanese nengō and vice versa] | + | * [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2272.html Convert from Gregorian years to Japanese nengō and vice versa] |
==References== | ==References== | ||
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− | [[ | + | [[Category:Japanese]][[Category:Japanese History]] |
Latest revision as of 01:33, April 23, 2019
This entry makes use of Japanese characters and will require Japanese language support to be installed on your computer in order to avoid the characters being replaced by question marks, or blanked out.
Writing the date in Japanese also makes use of the system of numbers and counters. Thus, when the date is written out in full, the format is as follows:
yyyy年mm月dd日, where 年 is the counter for years, 月 for months and 日 for days. Thus 13 September 2008 would be written as 2008年9月13日.
Sometimes, instead of the Western year being used, the year of the current Emperor's reign is used. Thus, 2008 could be written as Heisei (平成) 20, or to use the date format above: 平成20年9月13日. To arrive at a Western date, based on an era, you take the commencement date of the era (1989 in the case of Heisei), subtract 1 (as 1989 would be year 1 of Heisei, not year 0) and add the number of years of the era. Thus Heisei 20 = 1989 - 1 + 20 = 2008. The specific eras will be discussed in more detail below.
Days of the Week
With the Japanese names for the days of the week, counters are built into the names themselves, with each name being broken down into three parts - the first being the name of the day, the second indicating it is a weekday (you 曜) and the third,bi (日) being the counter for days. The days themselves are named after the Sun and Moon, as well as the five elements - fire, water, metal, earth and wood.
Weekday | Kanji | Japanese | Meaning |
Monday | 月曜日 | getsuyoubi | Moon |
Tuesday | 火曜日 | kayoubi | Fire / Mars |
Wednesday | 水曜日 | suiyoubi | Water / Mercury |
Thursday | 木曜日 | mokuyoubi | Wood/ Jupiter |
Friday | 金曜日 | kinyoubi | Metal / Venus |
Saturday | 土曜日 | doyoubi | Earth / Saturn |
Sunday | 日曜日 | nichiyoubi | Sun |
Months of the Year
Although there are Japanese names for each month of the year, in recent times, they have taken a far more pragmatic approach and simply named each month for its corresponding number. Thus January is ichigatsu (一月) or "first month". The table below sets out the new and old names for the months of the year.
Month | Kanji | Current Japanese | Old Japanese | Kanji | Meaning |
January | 一月 | ichigatsu | mutsuki | 睦月 | Month of Harmony |
February | 二月 | nigatsu | kisaragi | 如月 | Month of wearing extra layers of clothes |
March | 三月 | sangatsu | yayoi | 弥生 | Month of growth |
April | 四月 | shigatsu | uzuki | 卯月 | Month of unohana |
May | 五月 | gogatsu | satsuki | 早月 | Month of planting rice sprouts |
June | 六月 | rokugatsu | minazuki | 水無月 | Month of no water |
July | 七月 | shichigatsu | fumizuki | 文月 | Month of literary |
August | 八月 | hachigatsu | hazuki | 葉月 | Month of leaves |
September | 九月 | kugatsu | nagatsuki | 長月 | Autumn long month |
October | 十月 | juugatsu | kannazuki | 神無月 | Month of no gods |
November | 十一月 | juuichigatsu | shimotsuki | 霜月 | Month of frost |
December | 十二月 | juunigatsu | shiwasu | 師走 | Month of running priests |
The Era System
The Japanese Era System is a common calendar scheme used in Japan, which identifies a year by the combination of the Japanese era name (Nengō 年号, meaning "year name") and the year number within the era.
For example, the year 2008 is Heisei 20, written as 平成20年. Sometimes an era name is expressed with the first letter of the romanized name. For example, S50年 would mean Shōwa 50, or 1975.
Calculating Year Periods
When calculating either the nengō, or corresponding Western year, remember that the first year of the era is 1, not 0. Thus, to calculate the dates of the Heisei era, which began in 1989, add or subtract 1988 (1989 - 1) from the year in question. Thus 2007 was Heisei 19 (2007–1988), and conversely Heisei 5 would be 1988 + 5 = 1993.
Modern Nengō
It was only with the reign of Emperor Meiji that the system of "one reign, one era" (一世一元 issei-ichigen) came into use, meaning that era names would change only on Imperial succession.
The first year of an era is called gan-nen (元年). Subsequent years are counted from the beginning of the following calendar year. For example, the Shōwa era commenced on 25 December 1926, and the second year of Shōwa started a week later on 1 January 1927. It would also imply that 1926, can be written as both Taishō 15 (the era name of the deceased Emperor) and Shōwa 1.
The practice of issei-ichigen was only formalised in 1979, when the Era Name Law (元号法, gengō-hō) was passed. Thus since 1868, there have been only four nengō: Meiji (明治), Taishō (大正), Shōwa (昭和) and Heisei (平成).[1]
Historical Nengō
Prior to the convention that started with the Meiji Era, the start of a new era could be declared for any number of reasons. The main reasons for declaring a new era would be the first, fifth and 58th years of the "sexagenary cycle" (十干十二支 jikkan jūnishi), based on the Chinese system of 60 combinations of the two basic cycles, the ten calendar signs and the twelve signs of the Chinese zodiac, the ascension of a new Emperor to the throne, an auspicious event, or a natural disaster.
Many periods were only three or four years long and the names had nothing to do with the Emperor of the time. Furthermore, a change of emperor did not necessarily mean an immediate change to a new era; this normally occurred between one and two years after the Emperor's death.[2]
The nengō system in use today was initiated by Emperor Mommu (697 - 707) in 701, after two previous attempts by Emperor Kōtoku in 654, and Emperor Temmu in 686 were abandoned. The current system has continued uninterrupted through today. Eras prior to 701 are generally linked to the first year of the relevant emperor's reign. Thus the first year of the era of Emperor Jimmu from 660 to 581 B.C. is referred to as Jimmu-Tennou gannen (神武天皇元年), or the "first year of Emperor Jimmu".[3]
Complete List of Japanese Eras [4]
Ancient Age (Prior to 1185 AD)
The Yamato (大和時代) and Nara (奈良時代) Periods
First year (gannen) | Name | Kanji |
701 | Taihō | 大宝 |
704 | Keiun | 慶雲 |
708 | Wadō | 和銅 |
715 | Reiki | 霊亀 |
717 | Yōrō | 養老 |
724 | Jinki | 神亀 |
729 | Tenpyō | 天平 |
749 | Tenpyō-kanpō | 天平感宝 |
749 | Tenpyō-shōhō | 天平勝宝 |
757 | Tenpyō-hōji | 天平宝字 |
765 | Tenpyō-jingo | 天平神護 |
767 | Jingo-keiun | 神護景雲 |
770 | Hōki | 宝亀 |
781 | Ten'ō | 天応 |
782 | Enryaku | 延暦 |
The Heian Period (平安時代) 794 - 1185
First year (gannen) | Name | Kanji |
806 | Daidō | 大同 |
810 | Kōnin | 弘仁 |
824 | Tenchō | 天長 |
834 | Jōwa | 承和 |
848 | Kajō | 嘉祥 |
851 | Ninju | 仁寿 |
854 | Saikō | 斉衡 |
857 | Tennan | 天安 |
859 | Jōgan | 貞観 |
877 | Gangyō | 元慶 |
885 | Ninna | 仁和 |
889 | Kanpyō | 寛平 |
898 | Shōtai | 昌泰 |
901 | Engi | 延喜 |
923 | Enchō | 延長 |
931 | Jōhei | 承平 |
938 | Tengyō | 天慶 |
947 | Tenryaku | 天暦 |
957 | Tentoku | 天徳 |
961 | Ōwa | 応和 |
964 | Kōhō | 康保 |
968 | Anna | 安和 |
970 | Tenroku | 天禄 |
973 | Ten'en | 天延 |
976 | Jōgen | 貞元 |
978 | Tengen | 天元 |
983 | Eikan | 永観 |
985 | Kanna | 寛和 |
987 | Eien | 永延 |
988 | Eiso | 永祚 |
990 | Shōryaku | 正暦 |
995 | Chōtoku | 長徳 |
999 | Chōhō | 長保 |
1004 | Kankō | 寛弘 |
1012 | Chōwa | 長和 |
1017 | Kannin | 寛仁 |
1021 | Jian | 治安 |
1024 | Manju | 万寿 |
1028 | Chōgen | 長元 |
1037 | Chōryaku | 長暦 |
1040 | Chōkyū | 長久 |
1044 | Kantoku | 寛徳 |
1046 | Eishō | 永承 |
1053 | Tengi | 天喜 |
1058 | Kōhei | 康平 |
1065 | Jiryaku | 治暦 |
1069 | Enkyū | 延久 |
1074 | Jōhō | 承保 |
1077 | Jōryaku | 承暦 |
1081 | Eihō | 永保 |
1084 | Ōtoku | 応徳 |
1087 | Kanji | 寛治 |
1094 | Kahō | 嘉保 |
1096 | Eichō | 永長 |
1097 | Jōtoku | 承徳 |
1099 | Kōwa | 康和 |
1104 | Chōji | 長治 |
1106 | Kajō | 嘉承 |
1108 | Tennin | 天仁 |
1110 | Ten'ei | 天永 |
1113 | Eikyū | 永久 |
1118 | Gen'ei | 元永 |
1120 | Hōan | 保安 |
1124 | Tenji | 天治 |
1126 | Daiji | 大治 |
1131 | Tenshō | 天承 |
1132 | Chōshō | 長承 |
1135 | Hōen | 保延 |
1141 | Eiji | 永治 |
1142 | Kōji | 康治 |
1144 | Ten'yō | 天養 |
1145 | Kyūan | 久安 |
1151 | Ninpei | 仁平 |
1154 | Kyūju | 久寿 |
1156 | Hōgen | 保元 |
1159 | Heiji | 平治 |
1160 | Eiryaku | 永暦 |
1161 | Ōhō | 応保 |
1163 | Chōkan | 長寛 |
1165 | Eiman | 永万 |
1166 | Ninnan | 仁安 |
1169 | Kaō | 嘉応 |
1171 | Jōan | 承安 |
1175 | Angen | 安元 |
1177 | Jishō | 治承 |
1181 | Yōwa | 養和 |
1182 | Juei | 寿永 |
1184 | Genryaku | 元暦 |
Middle Ages (1185 to 1573)
The Kamakura Period (鎌倉時代) 1185 - 1333
First year (gannen) | Name | Kanji |
1185 | Bunji | 文治 |
1190 | Kenkyū | 建久 |
1199 | Shōji | 正治 |
1201 | Kennin | 建仁 |
1204 | Genkyū | 元久 |
1206 | Ken'ei | 建永 |
1207 | Jōgen | 承元 |
1211 | Kenryaku | 建暦 |
1213 | Kenpō | 建保 |
1219 | Jōkyū | 承久 |
1222 | Jōō | 貞応 |
1224 | Gennin | 元仁 |
1225 | Karoku | 嘉禄 |
1227 | Antei | 安貞 |
1229 | Kanki | 寛喜 |
1232 | Jōei | 貞永 |
1233 | Tenpuku | 天福 |
1234 | Bunryaku | 文暦 |
1235 | Katei | 嘉禎 |
1238 | Ryakunin | 暦仁 |
1239 | En'ō | 延応 |
1240 | Ninji | 仁治 |
1243 | Kangen | 寛元 |
1247 | Hōji | 宝治 |
1249 | Kenchō | 建長 |
1256 | Kōgen | 康元 |
1257 | Shōka | 正嘉 |
1259 | Shōgen | 正元 |
1260 | Bun'ō | 文応 |
1261 | Kōcho | 弘長 |
1264 | Bun'ei | 文永 |
1275 | Kenji | 建治 |
1278 | Kōan | 弘安 |
1288 | Shōō | 正応 |
1293 | Einin | 永仁 |
1299 | Shōan | 正安 |
1302 | Kengen | 乾元 |
1303 | Kagen | 嘉元 |
1306 | Tokuji | 徳治 |
1308 | Enkei | 延慶 |
1311 | Ōchō | 応長 |
1312 | Shōwa | 正和 |
1317 | Bunpō | 文保 |
1319 | Gen'ō | 元応 |
1321 | Genkyō | 元亨 |
1324 | Shōchū | 正中 |
1326 | Karyaku | 嘉暦 |
1329 | Gentoku | 元徳 |
1331 | Genkō | 元弘 |
The Muromachi Period (室町時代) 1333 - 1573
Nanbokucho Period (南北朝時代) 1336 - 1392
During this time, Japan was divided between the rival Southern and Northern Imperial courts, each with their own eras. It was decided in 1910 that the Southern Court had been the legitimate court during the period,[5] so the "Southern era" names are provided in official lists. However, as the "Northern era" names were actually used in most of the country, these are also provided.
- Southern Court
First year (gannen) | Name | Kanji |
1334 | Kemmu | 建武 |
1336 | Engen | 延元 |
1340 | Kōkoku | 興国 |
1346 | Shōhei | 正平 |
1370 | Kentoku | 建徳 |
1372 | Bunchū | 文中 |
1375 | Tenju | 天授 |
1381 | Kōwa | 弘和 |
1384 | Genchū | 元中 |
- Northern Court
First year (gannen) | Name | Kanji |
1338 | Ryakuō | 暦応 |
1342 | Kōei | 康永 |
1345 | Jōwa | 貞和 |
1350 | Kannō | 観応 |
1352 | Bunna | 文和 |
1356 | Enbun | 延文 |
1361 | Kōan | 康安 |
1362 | Jōji | 貞治 |
1368 | Ōan | 応安 |
1375 | Eiwa | 永和 |
1379 | Kōryaku | 康暦 |
1381 | Eitoku | 永徳 |
1384 | Shi'toku | 至徳 |
1387 | Kakei | 嘉慶 |
1389 | Kōō | 康応 |
1390 | Meitoku | 明徳 |
Upon reunification in 1393, Genchū 9 became Meitoku 3.
Remainder of the Muromachi Period (室町時代) 1393 - 1573
First year (gannen) | Name | Kanji |
1394 | Ōei | 応永 |
1428 | Shōchō | 正長 |
1429 | Eikyō | 永享 |
1441 | Kakitsu | 嘉吉 |
1444 | Bun'an | 文安 |
1449 | Hōtoku | 宝徳 |
1452 | Kyōtoku | 享徳 |
1455 | Kōshō | 康正 |
1457 | Chōroku | 長禄 |
1460 | Kanshō | 寛正 |
1466 | Bunshō | 文正 |
1467 | Ōnin | 応仁 |
1469 | Bunmei | 文明 |
1487 | Chōkyō | 長享 |
1489 | Entoku | 延徳 |
1492 | Meiō | 明応 |
1501 | Bunki | 文亀 |
1504 | Eishō | 永正 |
1521 | Daiei | 大永 |
1528 | Kyōroku | 享禄 |
1532 | Tenbun | 天文 |
1555 | Kōji | 弘治 |
1558 | Eiroku | 永禄 |
1570 | Genki | 元亀 |
Early Modern Ages (1573 to 1868)
Azuchi-Momoyama (安土桃山) 1573 - 1603
First year (gannen) | Name | Kanji |
1573 | Tenshō | 天正 |
1592 | Bunroku | 文禄 |
1596 | Keichō | 慶長 |
The Edo Period (江戸時代) 1603 - 1868
First year (gannen) | Name | Kanji |
1615 | Genna | 元和 |
1624 | Kan'ei | 寛永 |
1644 | Shōhō | 正保 |
1648 | Keian | 慶安 |
1652 | Jōō | 承応 |
1655 | Meireki | 明暦 |
1658 | Manji | 万治 |
1661 | Kanbun | 寛文 |
1673 | Enpō | 延宝 |
1681 | Tenna | 天和 |
1684 | Jōkyō | 貞享 |
1688 | Genroku | 元禄 |
1704 | Hōei | 宝永 |
1711 | Shōtoku | 正徳 |
1716 | Kyōhō | 享保 |
1736 | Genbun | 元文 |
1741 | Kanpō | 寛保 |
1744 | Enkyō | 延享 |
1748 | Kan'en | 寛延 |
1751 | Hōreki | 宝暦 |
1764 | Meiwa | 明和 |
1772 | An'ei | 安永 |
1781 | Tenmei | 天明 |
1789 | Kansei | 寛政 |
1801 | Kyōwa | 享和 |
1804 | Bunka | 文化 |
1818 | Bunsei | 文政 |
1830 | Tenpō | 天保 |
1844 | Kōka | 弘化 |
1848 | Kaei | 嘉永 |
1858 | Ansei | 安政 |
1860 | Man'en | 万延 |
1861 | Bunkyū | 文久 |
1864 | Genji | 元治 |
1865 | Keiō | 慶応 |
The Modern Age (近代) 1868 - 1945
First year (gannen) | Name | Kanji |
1868 | Meiji | 明治 |
1912 | Taishō | 大正 |
1926 | Shōwa | 昭和 |
The Present (現代) 1945 -
First year (gannen) | Name | Kanji |
1989 | Heisei | 平成 |
2019 | Reiwa | 令和 |
External links
References
- ↑ http://www.ndl.go.jp/koyomi/e/
- ↑ Ryusaku Tsunoda, et. al., comp., Sources of Japanese Tradition, Columbia University Press, 1958
- ↑ Aston, W. G., trans., Nihongi : chronicles of Japan from the earliest times to A.D. 697, London : Allen and Unwin
- ↑ Varley, H. Paul , "A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980
- ↑ Morris, Ivan. The Nobility of Failure: Tragic Heroes in the History of Japan, New American Library, 1975.