Difference between revisions of "Narcissistic personality disorder"

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'''Narcissistic personality disorder''' entails behaviors and attitudes that are designed to preserve a self-image of perfection, entitlement, and superiority.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/Children-Self-Absorbed-Grown-ups-Getting-Narcissistic/dp/1572245611/ref=pd_cp_b_2?pf_rd_p=413864201&pf_rd_s=center-41&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0553381407&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=17W9J5MNJH0ERQZ8TGHR#reader Childen of the Self-Absorbed] by Nina W. Brown.</ref>
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[[Image:Michelangelo Caravaggio 065.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Image:Michelangelo Caravaggio 065.jpg|''[[Narcissus]]'' by [[Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio]].]]
 +
'''Narcissistic personality disorder''' (NPD) entails behaviors and attitudes that are designed to preserve a self-image of perfection, entitlement, and superiority.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/Children-Self-Absorbed-Grown-ups-Getting-Narcissistic/dp/1572245611/ref=pd_cp_b_2?pf_rd_p=413864201&pf_rd_s=center-41&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0553381407&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=17W9J5MNJH0ERQZ8TGHR#reader Chilrden of the Self-Absorbed] by Nina W. Brown.</ref>
  
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==Political Examples==
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According the [[Cleveland Clinic]]:
 +
{{Cquote|Experts aren’t sure how common NPD is. According to research data, between 0.5% and 5% of people in the U.S. may have it. Between 50% and 75% of cases affect men and people assigned male at birth (AMAB).
  
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[[Jimmy Carter]] (Blaming others for the problems he caused for the country)
+
However, many people hide narcissistic beliefs or behaviors (informally known as “covert narcissism”). Because of that, it’s hard to estimate how many people truly have NPD.<ref>[https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9742-narcissistic-personality-disorder Narcissitic personality disorder], Cleveland Clinic</ref>}}
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[[Bill Clinton]] (Denied the numerous accusations of sexual misbehavior of which he was credibly accused)
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[[Hillary Clinton]] (Ran the worst campaign in modern history, and blamed others for her failures)
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[[Joe Biden]] Spectacular corruption and nepotism; capable of winning only through massive voter fraud
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==See also==
+
NPD often goes undiagnosed because many people with the condition are reluctant they have issues with narcissism because they think that their problems associated with the condition are all about everyone else and not about them<ref>[https://www.psycom.net/personality-disorders/narcissistic Tell Me All I Need to Know About Narcissistic Personality Disorder], Psycom.net</ref> Due to what they they perceive as insults to self-esteem, it is often difficult for NPD patients to accept and follow through with treatment.<ref>[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/narcissistic-personality-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20366662#:~:text=People%20with%20narcissistic%20personality%20disorder%20may%20not%20want%20to%20think,or%20another%20mental%20health%20problem. Narcissistic personality disorder], Mayo Clinic</ref>
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*[[Racism]]
+
 
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*[[Genocide]]
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== Narcissistic personality disorder symptoms ==
 +
[[File:Green with envy.jpg|thumbnail|right|350px|People with narcissistic personality disorder are often [[Envy|envious]] of other people or believe that others are envious of them.<ref>[https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9742-narcissistic-personality-disorder Narcissistic Personality Disorder], Cleveland Clinic</ref>]]
 +
[[Narcissism|Narcissistic]] personality symptoms are:<ref>[https://www.dukehealth.org/blog/9-signs-of-narcissistic-personality-disorder Narcissism vs. Narcissistic Personality Disorder], Duke Health</ref><ref>[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/narcissistic-personality-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20366662 Narcissistic personality disorder], Mayo Clinic</ref><ref>[https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9742-narcissistic-personality-disorder Narcissistic Personality Disorder], Cleveland Clinic</ref><ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556001/ Narcissistic Personality Disorder], PubMed</ref>
 +
 
 +
*Sense of self-importance
 +
*Preoccupation with power, beauty, brilliance or success or the perfect mate
 +
*Sense of entitlement
 +
*Can only be around people who are important/special
 +
*Interpersonally exploitative for their own gain
 +
*Arrogant
 +
*Lack [[empathy]]
 +
*Must be admired. Requires constant, excessive admiration.
 +
*Fragile [[self-esteem]]
 +
*Frequently suffers from self-doubt, self-criticism or emptiness
 +
*Preoccupation with knowing what other people think of them
 +
*Fishes for the compliments of others
 +
*[[Envy|Envious]] of other people or believe that others are envious of them
 +
*Expect to be seen and recognized as superior even without achievements
 +
*Make their achievements and talents seem bigger than they actually are
 +
*Are critical of others and look down on others that they feel are not important
 +
*Demand special favors and expect others to do what they want without questioning them
 +
 
 +
=== Splitting and narcissistic personality disorder ===
 +
 
 +
''See also:'' [[Splitting (psychology)]]
 +
 
 +
[[Splitting (psychology)|Splitting]] is a [[psychology|psychological]] defense mechanism that causes individuals to engage in the extreme binary thinking of black-and-white thinking, all-or-nothing thinking and thinking in extremes.<ref>[https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-splitting-425210 Splitting and Borderline Personality Disorder] by Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, VeryWellMind.com</ref>
 +
 
 +
It occurs commonly in people with narcissistic personality disorder and [[borderline personality disorder]].<ref>[https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-splitting-425210 Splitting and Borderline Personality Disorder] by Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, VeryWellMind.com</ref><ref>Mary C. Zanarini; Jolie L. Weingeroff & Frances R. Frankenburg (April 2009). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3203733/ Defense Mechanisms Associated with Borderline Personality Disorder]". J Pers Disord. 23 (2): 113–121. doi:10.1521/pedi.2009.23.2.113. PMC 3203733. PMID 19379090.</ref>
 +
 
 +
== Narcissistic personality disorder and the psychological defense mechanisms of denialism and projection ==
 +
 
 +
''See also:'' [[Denialism]] and [[Projection]]
 +
 
 +
Individuals with narcissistic personality disorder often practice the defense mechanism of [[denialism]].<ref>[https://guilfordjournals.com/doi/abs/10.1521/psyc.2013.76.1.32 Defense Mechanisms in Schizotypal, Borderline, Antisocial, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders]</ref>
 +
 
 +
A majority of narcissists lack [[self-awareness]].<ref>[https://psychcentral.com/blog/psychology-self/2017/09/narcissistic-projection#1 5 Ways Narcissists Project and Attack You], PsychCentral.com</ref> Their [[self-esteem]]/self-worth is dependent on how other individuals perceive them, and as a result they often practice denialism and deny personal flaws in themselves and accuse others for their own failings, errors, and personal misfortunes.<ref>[https://psychcentral.com/blog/psychology-self/2017/09/narcissistic-projection#1 5 Ways Narcissists Project and Attack You], PsychCentral.com</ref><ref>[https://guilfordjournals.com/doi/abs/10.1521/psyc.2013.76.1.32 Defense Mechanisms in Schizotypal, Borderline, Antisocial, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders]</ref>  Individuals with narcissistic tendencies are [[projection]]-heavy people.<ref>[https://psychcentral.com/blog/psychology-self/2017/09/narcissistic-projection#1 5 Ways Narcissists Project and Attack You], PsychCentral.com</ref><ref>[https://encompass.eku.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=psych_doctorals Utilizing Attachment Theory in the Treatment of Interpersonal Dysfunction for Narcissistic Personality Disorder]</ref><ref>[https://ecommons.udayton.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6793&context=graduate_theses An investigation of narcissism and its relation to anger, hostility, rage, and antisocial tendencies]</ref>
 +
 
 +
Individuals with strong narcissistic, [[sociopathy|sociopathic]]/[[Psychopath|psychopathic]] issues [[denialism|deny]], [[projection|project]], accuse, and attempt to confuse and/or hurt others.<ref>[https://psychcentral.com/blog/psychology-self/2017/09/narcissistic-projection#1 5 Ways Narcissists Project and Attack You], PsychCentral.com</ref><ref>[https://guilfordjournals.com/doi/abs/10.1521/psyc.2013.76.1.32 Defense Mechanisms in Schizotypal, Borderline, Antisocial, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders]</ref>
 +
 
 +
== Narcissists often overestimate their intelligence ==
 +
 
 +
The Open University website indicates: "An individual who engages in reflective thinking will question their own assumptions and understanding, and think about issues from a variety of perspectives. This type of ‘higher-order’ thinking can be developed through practice, but it involves understanding, internalising and applying some key concepts to evaluate your own learning."<ref>[https://www.open.edu/openlearn/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=51386&section=2 What is reflective thinking?], Open University website</ref>
 +
 
 +
According to the University of Waterloo article ''Why narcissists aren't as smart as they think'':
 +
{{Cquote|Narcissists are less likely to use [[critical thinking]] processes that are important for [[Problem solving|solving problems]] and making sound decisions, new research from the University of Waterloo shows.
 +
 
 +
The researchers found that while many narcissists may perceive themselves as highly intelligent, critical thinkers, they are less likely to use important reflective thinking strategies when solving problems, Therefore, the high levels of confidence they have in their intellectual abilities are often misplaced.
 +
 
 +
Shane Littrell, lead author and cognitive psychology PhD student at Waterloo, said that while there is research connecting personality to behaviour, “our research takes a step toward understanding how personality is associated with reflective thinking.”<ref>[https://uwaterloo.ca/arts/news/why-narcissists-arent-smart-they-think ''Why narcissists aren't as smart as they think''], University of Waterloo website, 2019</ref>}}
 +
 
 +
== Narcisstic rage in individuals with narcissistic personality disorder ==
 +
[[File:Angry man on the phone.jpg|thumbnail|300px|right|[[Narcissistic rage]] is an outburst of intense anger or silence that can happen to someone with narcissistic personality disorder.<ref>[https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/narcissistic-rage ''What Is Narcissistic Rage, and What’s the Best Way to Deal with It?''], Healthline.com</ref>]]
 +
''See also:'' [[Narcissistic rage]]
 +
 
 +
Healthline.com's article ''What Is [[Narcissistic rage|Narcissistic Rage]], and What’s the Best Way to Deal with It?'' states:
 +
{{Cquote|Narcissistic rage is an outburst of intense anger or silence that can happen to someone with narcissistic personality disorder.
 +
 
 +
Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) happens when someone has an exaggerated or overly inflated sense of their own importance. It’s different from narcissism because NPD is linked to genetics and your environment.
 +
 
 +
Someone experiencing narcissistic rage may feel that someone else or an event in their life is threatening or may injure their self-esteem or self-worth.
 +
 
 +
They may act and feel grandiose and superior to others. For example, they may demand special treatment and honor even if it appears that they’ve done nothing to earn it.
 +
 
 +
People with NPD may have an underlying feeling of insecurity and feel unable to handle anything they perceive as criticism.
 +
 
 +
When their “true self” is revealed, a person with NPD may also feel threatened, and their self-esteem is crushed.
 +
 
 +
As a result, they may react with a variety of emotions and actions. Rage is only one of them, but it’s often one of the most visible.<ref>[https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/narcissistic-rage ''What Is Narcissistic Rage, and What’s the Best Way to Deal with It?''], Healthline.com</ref>}}
 +
 
 +
== Negative health effects of narcissistic personality disorder ==
 +
 
 +
Research indicates that men with narcissistic personality disorder have higher cortisol levels in their bloodstream even when such men are not under stress which increases their risk for developing cardiovascular problems.<ref>[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/240692#1 Narcissistic Men May Pay With Their Health], Medical News Today, 2012</ref><ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0092656610000917 Narcissism predicts heightened cortisol reactivity to a psychosocial stressor in men], Journal of Research in PersonalityVolume 44, Issue 5, October 2010, Pages 565-572</ref>
 +
 
 +
== Narcissism and the Dark Triad personality traits ==
 +
 
 +
''See also:'' [[Dark Triad personality traits]]
 +
 
 +
The three [[Dark Triad personality traits]] are [[Subclinical (psychology)|subclinical]] [[narcissism]], [[Machiavellianism (psychology)|Machiavellianism]] and subclinical [[psychopath]].<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36256568/ Rethinking aversive personality: Decomposing the Dark Triad traits into their common core and unique flavors], ''Journal of Personality''. 2022 Oct 18. doi: 10.1111/jopy.12785. Online ahead of print.</ref><ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0092656602005056 The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy], ''Journal of Research in Personality''
 +
Volume 36, Issue 6, December 2002, Pages 556-563</ref> Overall, the Dark Triad personality traits share certain features, such as emotional coldness, duplicity, and aggressiveness.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/science/dark-triad Dark triad - psychology], Encylopedia Britannica</ref> The dark-triad personality traits are found to be more prominent in men than in women.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/science/dark-triad Dark triad - psychology], Encylopedia Britannica</ref>
 +
 
 +
"The “Dark Triad” [[personality]] traits are a toxic amalgamation of various negative traits and behaviors, such as they are domineering, violent, volatile, manipulative, remorseless, cynical, [[deceit]]ful, etc."<ref>[https://archive.md/ElEdd#selection-245.0-245.56 How to Identify And Deal With a “Dark Triad” Personality]</ref>
 +
 
 +
Health.com states concerning people with dark triad traits and one of the best ways to deal with them: "...people with dark triad personality traits may be able to change, but the likelihood of that happening is "minuscule," noted Hokemeyer. "The personality traits that make up a dark triad are deeply ingrained in their psyche and highly resistant to any sort of challenge that would manifest a change. The best strategy is to move away from them as quickly as possible."<ref>[https://www.health.com/condition/antisocial-personality-disorder/dark-triad#:~:text=People%20with%20the%20dark%20triad,it's%20best%20to%20avoid%20them. What Is the Dark Triad and Why Are People With These Traits So Dangerous?], Health.com, 2022</ref> Unlike the other personalities in the Dark Triad, Machiavellianism is not referred to in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for mental disorder V (DSM V).<ref>https://deborahbyrnepsychologyservices.com/what-is-machiavellianism/#</ref>
 +
[[File:The Dark Triad Traits.jpg|thumbnail|825px|center|The dark triad personality traits and their various sub-traits.]]
 +
{{Clear}}
 +
 
 +
== Narcissistic personality disorder and individuals who have had multiple divorces ==
 +
 
 +
''See also:'' [[Narcissism and individuals who have had multiple divorces]] and [[Psychological and sociological research about individuals with multiple divorces]]
 +
 
 +
The abstract for journal article ''Personality characteristics of Divorce-Prone individuals: A preliminary clinical study'' published in the journal ''Contemporary Family Therapy'' indicates:
 +
{{Cquote|This study focuses on Divorce-Prone individuals and the question of why some persons fail in one marriage after another. The authors studied 12 individuals who had each been divorced two or more times. They found that the cases fell into one of three broad and overlapping groups. The groups have been called the Self-Involved Narcissists, the Compliant Depressed, and the Casualties of Life's Vicissitudes. The individuals and the groups demonstrate a different etiology, different treatment problems, and a very different prognosis.<ref>''[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00891873 Personality characteristics of Divorce-Prone individuals: A preliminary clinical study]'' by  Robert M. Counts MD & Anita Sacks MSW, volume 8, pages111–123 (1986)</ref>}}
 +
 
 +
According to the psychologist Holly Parker who teaches the course "The Psychology of Close Relationships" at [[Harvard University]], "Research does suggest that people who marry multiple times are more likely (than people who do not marry multiple times) to have personality traits and issues with emotional health that make it difficult to maintain satisfying, long-term relationships. That can mean, even if you're not looking for anything lasting, you won't have much fun with a [[Narcissism|narcissist]] whose self-absorption and emotional detachment helped end several marriages."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190808110458/https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/ct-xpm-2013-01-16-sc-fam-0115-dating-divorced-20130115-story.html Dating in an age of multiple divorces] by Richard Asa, ''Chicago Tribune'', January 16, 2013</ref>
 +
 
 +
== Study: General public believes atheists are more narcissistic ==
 +
[[File:Beggar in Bankok.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A beggar in Bangkok, [[Thailand]] where the nontheistic form of [[Buddhism]] called the Theravada school of Buddhism is prevalent.
 +
<br />
 +
<br />
 +
In 2010, the Pew Research Forum indicated that 93.2% of the people of Thailand were Buddhists.<ref name="pew2010">[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf Pew Research Center - Global Religious Landscape 2010 - religious composition by country].</ref>
 +
<br /><br />
 +
[[Per capita]] [[atheism|atheists]] and [[agnosticism|agnostics]] in America give significantly less to charity than [[theism|theists]] even when church giving is not counted for theists (See: [[Atheism and charity|Atheism and uncharitableness]]). ]]
 +
''See also:'' [[Atheism and narcissism]]
 +
 
 +
The abstract for the 2017 journal article ''The perception of atheists as narcissistic'' which was originally published in the journal ''Psychology of Religion and Spirituality'' indicates:
 +
 
 +
:"Research into prejudice toward atheists has generally focused on broad characteristics. Some of these characteristics (i.e., self-centeredness, elitism, individualism, and immorality) indicate a possible prejudice of narcissism.
 +
 
 +
:"To investigate this specific prejudice, the present study used the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (Raskin & Terry, 1988), the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale (Hendin & Cheek, 1997), and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (Davis, 1983), which were adjusted so that the items of each measure were changed from first-person statements to third-person statements to measure participants’ perceptions.
 +
 
 +
:"Participants (N = 359) were given a description of a fictitious individual named Alex, portrayed to them as either male or female and atheist or religious, or male or female with no additional information (creating 6 experimental groups), and then asked to complete the measures as they thought the individual would. Participants consistently rated atheists higher on narcissism measures and lower on empathy measures, indicating a perception of greater narcissism and a lack of empathy compared with religious individuals and controls.
 +
 
 +
:"Participants’ perceptions of Alex were affected by his or her gender in conjunction with his or her religion, and the 2 variables of gender and religion interacted to create different patterns of perception. In general, interactions indicated differences in the way religion and gender impacted the perception of individuals as narcissistic, affecting perceptions of males more than females.
 +
 
 +
:"The results are consistent with research findings that perceptions of atheists tend to be negative and prejudicial. This study highlights the need to compare perceptions with actual personality differences between atheists and religious individuals."<ref>[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2016-37955-001 The perception of atheists as narcissistic], Dubendorff, S. J., & Luchner, A. F. (2017), ''Psychology of Religion and Spirituality'', 9(4), 368-376.</ref>
 +
 
 +
However, this study suffers from ambiguity in the definition of its concepts.  Joining the description "prejudicial" to the noun "perception" is a contradiction in terms.  If a person is able to perceive something, common usage indicates that the perceived object exists.  But if a notion is ''prejudicially'' formed, by definition that notion is too inadequate to be called a perception of its object due to the notion's lack of sufficient evidence.
 +
 
 +
So saying a prejudicial ''study'' or ''examination'' of an unknown object's or person's traits or characteristics instead results in the recognition of ''misperceptions'' by the author of the journal article, but actually saying so about a person's examination of facts personalizes the act of ''misperceiving'' to the point that it opens to the audited author of the thesis to charges of hypocrisy, because the manner of the author's own understanding of the alleged prejudices challenging the authenticity of the study or examination is not conveyed.
 +
 
 +
== External links ==
 +
 
 +
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ail9LucH7cw 8 Traits of Narcissistic Personality Disorder], Cleveland Clinic
 +
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LAXqPEOcX1A Narcissistic Personality Disorder | Duke Health]
 +
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lI-Va0-YETs What is Narcissistic Personality Disorder?], PsychHub
 +
*[https://youtu.be/E1rEC77fwbE Zelensky's regrets. He blames the West for his failures. Narcissistic behavior.]
  
 
==References==
 
==References==

Latest revision as of 07:21, April 8, 2024

Narcissus by Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio.

Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) entails behaviors and attitudes that are designed to preserve a self-image of perfection, entitlement, and superiority.[1]

According the Cleveland Clinic:

“ Experts aren’t sure how common NPD is. According to research data, between 0.5% and 5% of people in the U.S. may have it. Between 50% and 75% of cases affect men and people assigned male at birth (AMAB).

However, many people hide narcissistic beliefs or behaviors (informally known as “covert narcissism”). Because of that, it’s hard to estimate how many people truly have NPD.[2]

”

NPD often goes undiagnosed because many people with the condition are reluctant they have issues with narcissism because they think that their problems associated with the condition are all about everyone else and not about them[3] Due to what they they perceive as insults to self-esteem, it is often difficult for NPD patients to accept and follow through with treatment.[4]

Narcissistic personality disorder symptoms

People with narcissistic personality disorder are often envious of other people or believe that others are envious of them.[5]

Narcissistic personality symptoms are:[6][7][8][9]

  • Sense of self-importance
  • Preoccupation with power, beauty, brilliance or success or the perfect mate
  • Sense of entitlement
  • Can only be around people who are important/special
  • Interpersonally exploitative for their own gain
  • Arrogant
  • Lack empathy
  • Must be admired. Requires constant, excessive admiration.
  • Fragile self-esteem
  • Frequently suffers from self-doubt, self-criticism or emptiness
  • Preoccupation with knowing what other people think of them
  • Fishes for the compliments of others
  • Envious of other people or believe that others are envious of them
  • Expect to be seen and recognized as superior even without achievements
  • Make their achievements and talents seem bigger than they actually are
  • Are critical of others and look down on others that they feel are not important
  • Demand special favors and expect others to do what they want without questioning them

Splitting and narcissistic personality disorder

See also: Splitting (psychology)

Splitting is a psychological defense mechanism that causes individuals to engage in the extreme binary thinking of black-and-white thinking, all-or-nothing thinking and thinking in extremes.[10]

It occurs commonly in people with narcissistic personality disorder and borderline personality disorder.[11][12]

Narcissistic personality disorder and the psychological defense mechanisms of denialism and projection

See also: Denialism and Projection

Individuals with narcissistic personality disorder often practice the defense mechanism of denialism.[13]

A majority of narcissists lack self-awareness.[14] Their self-esteem/self-worth is dependent on how other individuals perceive them, and as a result they often practice denialism and deny personal flaws in themselves and accuse others for their own failings, errors, and personal misfortunes.[15][16] Individuals with narcissistic tendencies are projection-heavy people.[17][18][19]

Individuals with strong narcissistic, sociopathic/psychopathic issues deny, project, accuse, and attempt to confuse and/or hurt others.[20][21]

Narcissists often overestimate their intelligence

The Open University website indicates: "An individual who engages in reflective thinking will question their own assumptions and understanding, and think about issues from a variety of perspectives. This type of ‘higher-order’ thinking can be developed through practice, but it involves understanding, internalising and applying some key concepts to evaluate your own learning."[22]

According to the University of Waterloo article Why narcissists aren't as smart as they think:

“ Narcissists are less likely to use critical thinking processes that are important for solving problems and making sound decisions, new research from the University of Waterloo shows.

The researchers found that while many narcissists may perceive themselves as highly intelligent, critical thinkers, they are less likely to use important reflective thinking strategies when solving problems, Therefore, the high levels of confidence they have in their intellectual abilities are often misplaced.

Shane Littrell, lead author and cognitive psychology PhD student at Waterloo, said that while there is research connecting personality to behaviour, “our research takes a step toward understanding how personality is associated with reflective thinking.”[23]

”

Narcisstic rage in individuals with narcissistic personality disorder

Narcissistic rage is an outburst of intense anger or silence that can happen to someone with narcissistic personality disorder.[24]

See also: Narcissistic rage

Healthline.com's article What Is Narcissistic Rage, and What’s the Best Way to Deal with It? states:

“ Narcissistic rage is an outburst of intense anger or silence that can happen to someone with narcissistic personality disorder.

Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) happens when someone has an exaggerated or overly inflated sense of their own importance. It’s different from narcissism because NPD is linked to genetics and your environment.

Someone experiencing narcissistic rage may feel that someone else or an event in their life is threatening or may injure their self-esteem or self-worth.

They may act and feel grandiose and superior to others. For example, they may demand special treatment and honor even if it appears that they’ve done nothing to earn it.

People with NPD may have an underlying feeling of insecurity and feel unable to handle anything they perceive as criticism.

When their “true self” is revealed, a person with NPD may also feel threatened, and their self-esteem is crushed.

As a result, they may react with a variety of emotions and actions. Rage is only one of them, but it’s often one of the most visible.[25]

”

Negative health effects of narcissistic personality disorder

Research indicates that men with narcissistic personality disorder have higher cortisol levels in their bloodstream even when such men are not under stress which increases their risk for developing cardiovascular problems.[26][27]

Narcissism and the Dark Triad personality traits

See also: Dark Triad personality traits

The three Dark Triad personality traits are subclinical narcissism, Machiavellianism and subclinical psychopath.[28][29] Overall, the Dark Triad personality traits share certain features, such as emotional coldness, duplicity, and aggressiveness.[30] The dark-triad personality traits are found to be more prominent in men than in women.[31]

"The “Dark Triad” personality traits are a toxic amalgamation of various negative traits and behaviors, such as they are domineering, violent, volatile, manipulative, remorseless, cynical, deceitful, etc."[32]

Health.com states concerning people with dark triad traits and one of the best ways to deal with them: "...people with dark triad personality traits may be able to change, but the likelihood of that happening is "minuscule," noted Hokemeyer. "The personality traits that make up a dark triad are deeply ingrained in their psyche and highly resistant to any sort of challenge that would manifest a change. The best strategy is to move away from them as quickly as possible."[33] Unlike the other personalities in the Dark Triad, Machiavellianism is not referred to in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for mental disorder V (DSM V).[34]

The dark triad personality traits and their various sub-traits.

Narcissistic personality disorder and individuals who have had multiple divorces

See also: Narcissism and individuals who have had multiple divorces and Psychological and sociological research about individuals with multiple divorces

The abstract for journal article Personality characteristics of Divorce-Prone individuals: A preliminary clinical study published in the journal Contemporary Family Therapy indicates:

“ This study focuses on Divorce-Prone individuals and the question of why some persons fail in one marriage after another. The authors studied 12 individuals who had each been divorced two or more times. They found that the cases fell into one of three broad and overlapping groups. The groups have been called the Self-Involved Narcissists, the Compliant Depressed, and the Casualties of Life's Vicissitudes. The individuals and the groups demonstrate a different etiology, different treatment problems, and a very different prognosis.[35] ”

According to the psychologist Holly Parker who teaches the course "The Psychology of Close Relationships" at Harvard University, "Research does suggest that people who marry multiple times are more likely (than people who do not marry multiple times) to have personality traits and issues with emotional health that make it difficult to maintain satisfying, long-term relationships. That can mean, even if you're not looking for anything lasting, you won't have much fun with a narcissist whose self-absorption and emotional detachment helped end several marriages."[36]

Study: General public believes atheists are more narcissistic

A beggar in Bangkok, Thailand where the nontheistic form of Buddhism called the Theravada school of Buddhism is prevalent.

In 2010, the Pew Research Forum indicated that 93.2% of the people of Thailand were Buddhists.[37]

Per capita atheists and agnostics in America give significantly less to charity than theists even when church giving is not counted for theists (See: Atheism and uncharitableness).

See also: Atheism and narcissism

The abstract for the 2017 journal article The perception of atheists as narcissistic which was originally published in the journal Psychology of Religion and Spirituality indicates:

"Research into prejudice toward atheists has generally focused on broad characteristics. Some of these characteristics (i.e., self-centeredness, elitism, individualism, and immorality) indicate a possible prejudice of narcissism.
"To investigate this specific prejudice, the present study used the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (Raskin & Terry, 1988), the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale (Hendin & Cheek, 1997), and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (Davis, 1983), which were adjusted so that the items of each measure were changed from first-person statements to third-person statements to measure participants’ perceptions.
"Participants (N = 359) were given a description of a fictitious individual named Alex, portrayed to them as either male or female and atheist or religious, or male or female with no additional information (creating 6 experimental groups), and then asked to complete the measures as they thought the individual would. Participants consistently rated atheists higher on narcissism measures and lower on empathy measures, indicating a perception of greater narcissism and a lack of empathy compared with religious individuals and controls.
"Participants’ perceptions of Alex were affected by his or her gender in conjunction with his or her religion, and the 2 variables of gender and religion interacted to create different patterns of perception. In general, interactions indicated differences in the way religion and gender impacted the perception of individuals as narcissistic, affecting perceptions of males more than females.
"The results are consistent with research findings that perceptions of atheists tend to be negative and prejudicial. This study highlights the need to compare perceptions with actual personality differences between atheists and religious individuals."[38]

However, this study suffers from ambiguity in the definition of its concepts. Joining the description "prejudicial" to the noun "perception" is a contradiction in terms. If a person is able to perceive something, common usage indicates that the perceived object exists. But if a notion is prejudicially formed, by definition that notion is too inadequate to be called a perception of its object due to the notion's lack of sufficient evidence.

So saying a prejudicial study or examination of an unknown object's or person's traits or characteristics instead results in the recognition of misperceptions by the author of the journal article, but actually saying so about a person's examination of facts personalizes the act of misperceiving to the point that it opens to the audited author of the thesis to charges of hypocrisy, because the manner of the author's own understanding of the alleged prejudices challenging the authenticity of the study or examination is not conveyed.

External links

References

  1. ↑ Chilrden of the Self-Absorbed by Nina W. Brown.
  2. ↑ Narcissitic personality disorder, Cleveland Clinic
  3. ↑ Tell Me All I Need to Know About Narcissistic Personality Disorder, Psycom.net
  4. ↑ Narcissistic personality disorder, Mayo Clinic
  5. ↑ Narcissistic Personality Disorder, Cleveland Clinic
  6. ↑ Narcissism vs. Narcissistic Personality Disorder, Duke Health
  7. ↑ Narcissistic personality disorder, Mayo Clinic
  8. ↑ Narcissistic Personality Disorder, Cleveland Clinic
  9. ↑ Narcissistic Personality Disorder, PubMed
  10. ↑ Splitting and Borderline Personality Disorder by Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, VeryWellMind.com
  11. ↑ Splitting and Borderline Personality Disorder by Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, VeryWellMind.com
  12. ↑ Mary C. Zanarini; Jolie L. Weingeroff & Frances R. Frankenburg (April 2009). "Defense Mechanisms Associated with Borderline Personality Disorder". J Pers Disord. 23 (2): 113–121. doi:10.1521/pedi.2009.23.2.113. PMC 3203733. PMID 19379090.
  13. ↑ Defense Mechanisms in Schizotypal, Borderline, Antisocial, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders
  14. ↑ 5 Ways Narcissists Project and Attack You, PsychCentral.com
  15. ↑ 5 Ways Narcissists Project and Attack You, PsychCentral.com
  16. ↑ Defense Mechanisms in Schizotypal, Borderline, Antisocial, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders
  17. ↑ 5 Ways Narcissists Project and Attack You, PsychCentral.com
  18. ↑ Utilizing Attachment Theory in the Treatment of Interpersonal Dysfunction for Narcissistic Personality Disorder
  19. ↑ An investigation of narcissism and its relation to anger, hostility, rage, and antisocial tendencies
  20. ↑ 5 Ways Narcissists Project and Attack You, PsychCentral.com
  21. ↑ Defense Mechanisms in Schizotypal, Borderline, Antisocial, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders
  22. ↑ What is reflective thinking?, Open University website
  23. ↑ Why narcissists aren't as smart as they think, University of Waterloo website, 2019
  24. ↑ What Is Narcissistic Rage, and What’s the Best Way to Deal with It?, Healthline.com
  25. ↑ What Is Narcissistic Rage, and What’s the Best Way to Deal with It?, Healthline.com
  26. ↑ Narcissistic Men May Pay With Their Health, Medical News Today, 2012
  27. ↑ Narcissism predicts heightened cortisol reactivity to a psychosocial stressor in men, Journal of Research in PersonalityVolume 44, Issue 5, October 2010, Pages 565-572
  28. ↑ Rethinking aversive personality: Decomposing the Dark Triad traits into their common core and unique flavors, Journal of Personality. 2022 Oct 18. doi: 10.1111/jopy.12785. Online ahead of print.
  29. ↑ The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy, Journal of Research in Personality Volume 36, Issue 6, December 2002, Pages 556-563
  30. ↑ Dark triad - psychology, Encylopedia Britannica
  31. ↑ Dark triad - psychology, Encylopedia Britannica
  32. ↑ How to Identify And Deal With a “Dark Triad” Personality
  33. ↑ What Is the Dark Triad and Why Are People With These Traits So Dangerous?, Health.com, 2022
  34. ↑ https://deborahbyrnepsychologyservices.com/what-is-machiavellianism/#
  35. ↑ Personality characteristics of Divorce-Prone individuals: A preliminary clinical study by Robert M. Counts MD & Anita Sacks MSW, volume 8, pages111–123 (1986)
  36. ↑ Dating in an age of multiple divorces by Richard Asa, Chicago Tribune, January 16, 2013
  37. ↑ Pew Research Center - Global Religious Landscape 2010 - religious composition by country.
  38. ↑ The perception of atheists as narcissistic, Dubendorff, S. J., & Luchner, A. F. (2017), Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 9(4), 368-376.
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